All language subtitles for World.War.II.With.Tom.Hanks.S01E05.The.War.At.Sea.720p.eng.nohi

Prime Minister Winston Churchill
and President Franklin Roosevelt

are navy men.

They understand
that World War II will be won

by the side that controls the seas.

Early in the war,
Germany dominates the Atlantic

and threatens Great Britain,

while Japan is attempting
to build an empire

across the Asia-Pacific theatre.

The attack on Pearl Harbor

and Germany's declaration of war

brings America
directly into the conflict,

a global struggle
that will range across many seas

and many oceans.

But the US Navy has a new weapon -

the aircraft carrier -
which extends its reach

and allows it to challenge an enemy
thousands of miles away.

All wars change the world.

But none of them changed the world
like the Second World War did.

Japan's on the march,
Germany's on the march.

No one can imagine
the nightmare

they're about to unleash.

The most destructive war
in human history.

Suddenly, the world
is turned upside down,

and all hell is let loose.

The West is stunned
by the speed of the advance.

You get the Allies
led by the big three -

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.

Men who were dealing with
immensely complicated questions.

It's the biggest military
operation of human history.

The Allies have to come together

not just militarily,
but industrial scale -

it's a global perspective.

They have to fight
in every climate

from the Arctic,
to the jungles of the Pacific,

to the deserts of Africa
and the depths of the ocean.

But there was
no certainty of victory.

It was going to be
a horrific bloodbath.

We see humans
at their absolute worst,

how they treat other human beings.

And we see them
at their absolute best,

willing to give their lives
that others might live.

World War II was a struggle
in which there could be

one victor and one vanquished.

In late 1940,

British cities are
pounded from the air

by the German Luftwaffe

almost every night.

Led by Prime Minister
Winston Churchill,

the people of Great Britain
show no sign of surrender.

But most of the food and material

the island nation needs to survive

must be brought from abroad...

...in British ships.

And Nazi U-boats threaten
every one of them.

More than two-thirds
of Britain's food comes in by ship.

Over 90% of Britain's oil
comes by ship.

Britain also needs raw materials.

You can't build
a Lancaster bomber

or a Spitfire out of steel.

You need aluminium.

Britain has no aluminium,

so it needs to ship it all
across the Atlantic.

Most of what Britain
needs comes from one source -

America.

President Franklin D Roosevelt

has declared the United States
an arsenal of democracy.

A lifeline is established -

American resources
carried by British convoys.

But it's a perilous journey.

In 1940 alone,

over 500 British
merchant ships are lost.

The Germans are able to sink three
million tons of British shipping

between the summer of 1940
and the end of the year.

That's unsustainable.

If Churchill can't keep up
the flow of supplies to Britain,

well, you're in existential trouble.

The man directing
Germany's U-boat campaign

is Admiral Karl Doenitz,

a World War I
U-boat commander himself.

Throughout the Great War,

the Germans used
unrestricted submarine warfare

to attempt to choke Britain
into submission.

Doenitz's mind
is pure mathematics.

You sink more merchant ships
than can be built...

to starve the British,

to deprive Britain
of the raw materials

and the calories needed
to fight the war.

In 1940,
Doenitz devises a new tactic.

He groups up to 20 U-boats

and orders them
to hunt British convoys.

They're called "wolfpacks".

The moment one U-boat
finds a convoy,

it radios back to Doenitz.

Doenitz then looks
at where all his U-boats are.

Doenitz then vectors
all other U-boats

in and around those waters

onto the same target.

The wolfpack tactic
requires good communication...

...good coordination.

Nobody attacks
until they're all present...

...and then they pounce.

Imagine what it's like
to be in a convoy under attack.

Even if your ship
doesn't get hit,

you cannot stop
to pick up survivors.

You hear them screaming.

You want to help them,
but you cannot stop.

Because if you do,

you know a submarine
is waiting to sink you.

Through 1940,
the wolfpacks are so successful,

their crews refer to it
as the "Happy Time".

Doenitz's plan to strangle
Great Britain is working.

Attacked by sea and by air,

Britain's survival falls largely
on the shoulders of one man -

Winston Churchill.

In November 1940, Churchill
is told in no uncertain terms

by government officials
that there are simply

not enough supplies
getting into Britain.

Britain is not going to be able
to continue the war.

He said it gnawed at his bowels.

He said it's the only thing
that kept him up at night

in the Second World War...

was the German threat
in the Atlantic.

Desperate, Prime Minister Churchill

writes to President Roosevelt.

Franklin Roosevelt had been
Assistant Secretary of the Navy

during the First World War.

He understood the role of sea power.

In early December,
Roosevelt sets aside

the burdens of office
for a few days in the Caribbean.

And a seaplane brings
a letter from Churchill.

And Churchill says,
this is the most important letter

I will ever write.

Churchill is terrified.

He's coming closer to losing
than he ever has.

He says, "I need help."

"I need planes, ships,
guns, and money."

Roosevelt has long understood

the threat Nazi Germany poses
to the United States.

But he's been constrained from
offering direct aid to the British

because of Americans' anxiety

over getting involved
in another world war.

Roosevelt had read
Mein Kampf in German.

He understood, in a way
that not many Americans did,

what Hitler was about.

But 80% or 90% of the country
had no interest

in being involved in any way

in military conflict
in the Old World.

FDR understands
that if the United States

is to take its place
as a leader of the world,

he's got to do it
very, very carefully.

Roosevelt returns
to Washington with a plan.

He calls it Lend-Lease.

I ask this Congress
for authority and for funds

sufficient to manufacture
additional munitions

and war supplies of many kinds

to be turned over to those nations

which are now in actual war

with aggressor nations.

Churchill's letter
has been answered.

As he put it, if my
neighbour's house is on fire,

I lend him the hose.

I don't make him pay for it.

I just ask for it back afterward.

Churchill had been thrown
a lifeline.

Lend-Lease would keep Britain alive.

President Roosevelt shepherds

the Lend-Lease legislation,
designated HR-1776,

through Congress.

American weapons,
including tanks and planes,

are headed for Great Britain.

But these convoys will move
through hazardous waters.

Spring, 1941.

American ships carrying
Lend-Lease supplies to Britain

are threatened
by Doenitz's wolfpacks.

Roosevelt understands the risk.

But because
he knows what's at stake,

it's a risk
he believes worth taking.

He writes
to Prime Minister Churchill.

"I believe that the outcome
of this struggle

is going to be decided
in the Atlantic.

And unless Hitler can win there,

he cannot win anywhere
in the world."

FDR extends
the US maritime security zone

to 26 degrees west.

A significant part of the Atlantic

is now patrolled by the US Navy.

He takes over
more than half of the Atlantic

and turns it into an American lake.

Roosevelt is now saying,

we will attack anyone
who goes to war in those areas,

knowing the only people
who are going to make attacks

in that area
is the Germans in submarines.

As American
and British interests align,

President Roosevelt
and Prime Minister Churchill

agree to a summit
to discuss strategy...

...not just for
the battle in the Atlantic,

but for the whole war.

They will meet
in a bay just off Newfoundland

on the eastern edge of Canada.

Roosevelt tells
the Washington press

that he's taking a vacation
on the presidential yacht,

the Potomac.

But once at sea, he transfers
to the heavy cruiser Augusta

and sets sail to meet Churchill.

And events were conspiring
to bring them on stage

at the same hour
at a cataclysmic moment.

Roosevelt wanted Churchill
as close as possible.

Churchill travels to meet Roosevelt

on the battleship
HMS Prince of Wales,

escorted by Royal Navy destroyers.

But summer storms
prevent the escorts

from staying with
the Prime Minister's ship.

Alone, the HMS Prince of Wales

travels through
U-boat-menaced waters...

...the same journey
that British ships

continue to make every day.

On August 9th,

the President
and the Prime Minister meet.

It's a deeply emotional
and powerful moment

because it's their first meeting

as the leaders
of their respective countries.

Franklin Roosevelt
and Winston Churchill

were very similar men in many ways.

They both believed
that they were destined to play

a great role in the lives
of their nations and of the world.

It was very important to FDR

to stand when he met Churchill.

Because of the polio,

this was a pure effort of will.

He did not want to be seated

in front of men who were fighting.

You can see the beginnings

of what would become

arguably the most important
political friendship

in history, in those first moments.

Churchill's boyishly happy

and is so excited that the President

of the United States
is receiving him.

It's also important
to remember the intimacy

of being together at sea,
in the vast ocean,

where they're looking
each other in the eye.

They want to get along.

They want to please the other.

The two leaders also want
to map a way forward for the world.

They produce the Atlantic Charter,

with joint war aims and a blueprint
to prevent another world war.

They knew that history
had mysteriously

but unmistakably
cast them in this drama.

And it was a reminder,

an emotional reminder...

...of what was at stake.

When Churchill departs for home,

FDR sends two American warships

to accompany him as far as Iceland.

In fall 1941,
Roosevelt orders the US Navy

to escort British convoys
halfway across the Atlantic.

It puts US forces now
very close to Europe.

Everything about that is a way
to be more aggressive to Germany.

On September 4, 1941,

the USS Greer is attacked
by a German U-boat.

The Greer strikes back.

Roosevelt responds
with a shoot on sight order.

I tell you the blunt fact

that the German submarine
fired first

upon this American destroyer Greer

with deliberate design to sink us.

What we are seeing are

tensions ratcheting up
in the Atlantic,

an undeclared war
almost certainly at some point

going to turn into a shooting one.

On October 17th,
the USS Kearny

is damaged by a torpedo
from a German U-boat.

11 sailors are killed.

Two weeks later,

the USS Reuben James
is torpedoed and sunk.

115 sailors are killed.

Roosevelt again
condemns German barbarism,

German brutality.
"How can they do this?"

But Roosevelt doesn't declare war.

He realises this isn't quite enough

to base an entry
into the Second World War.

At the end of 1941,

preserving Great Britain's
Atlantic lifeline

is FDR's chief naval concern.

But in the Pacific...

a different threat
is about to launch.

December 7, 1941.

Six Japanese aircraft carriers

with over 300 dive bombers
and torpedo planes

approach America's largest
naval base in the Pacific.

We interrupt this broadcast

to bring you this important bulletin
from the United Press.

Flash, Washington.

The White House announces
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

What is the country that finally
attacks America on American soil?

It's Japan.

Messages from Tokyo say that

Japan has announced
a formal declaration of war

against both the United States
and Britain.

Churchill learns about
Pearl Harbor from the BBC.

He hears the broadcast
announcing this.

He calls FDR.

FDR says, "It's true.

We're all in the same boat now."

Four days later,

Germany declares war
on the United States.

America will fight a war
across both the Atlantic

and Pacific oceans.

And FDR is now a wartime president.

Roosevelt comes under
a great pressure.

He really finds
the first few months of 1942

probably the most difficult
in the war.

And if you're Roosevelt,
everyone's yelling at you.

The British are yelling at you
to convoy in the North Atlantic.

The navy's yelling at you for more
resources to go to the Pacific.

To fight the war in the Pacific,

FDR appoints Admiral Chester Nimitz

as the new Commander-in-Chief
Pacific, CINCPAC.

Nimitz arrives to assume
command of the Pacific fleet

while Pearl Harbor
is still a burning mess.

It just stinks of death
and fire and destruction.

Nimitz takes command
of a weakened Pacific Fleet.

Most American battleships
are destroyed

or damaged at Pearl Harbor.

But its aircraft carriers
were at sea

and escaped the attack.

Nimitz is relying on admirals
like William "Bull" Halsey

to press the fight
against the Japanese.

He sees that
American naval strategy

based on the battleship is all gone.

But we still have aircraft carriers
and we still have submarines.

Chester Nimitz understands,

OK, out with the old,
in with the new.

Nimitz adjusts
American naval strategy

to rely on aircraft carriers
and a series of raids.

Because those
aircraft carriers are available,

he does have a tool
to punch back at Japan.

The Imperial Japanese Navy

is well-trained and well-equipped.

They dominate and control
the western half of the Pacific.

April 1942.

Four months after Pearl Harbor,

Admiral Nimitz is eager
to go on the offensive.

But where?

The navy's top cryptanalyst,
Commander Joseph Rochefort,

and his team decode signals

that reveal
the Japanese navy's plans.

The intelligence that Rochefort

is bringing to Nimitz is not
necessarily all that clear cut.

But the picture that is developing

is one of continued Japanese
interest in the South Pacific.

Rochefort believes
the Japanese are going

to invade southern New Guinea.

From there,
they could block the sea lanes

that connect the United States
and Australia...

and possibly strike Australia...

...which is the key to the American
strategy in the South Pacific.

The Japanese would control
everything from Japan to Australia,

that entire linkage
to the Indian Ocean,

and, oh, by the way,
a principal ally

in the southern part
of the hemisphere.

Nimitz dispatches
two aircraft carriers -

the Lexington and the Yorktown -

to intercept the Japanese force.

They are the only
two carriers available.

His basic game plan
is to cruise in the Coral Sea

and wait for the Japanese moves

and deliver an attack
against the Japanese.

It's hard sometimes to remember,

because we have satellites
that illuminate the whole world

in real time,

that for most of military history,

the fog of war is huge.

And at sea,
it's an even bigger deal.

Trying to find your enemy
is half the battle.

A large fleet can
become almost invisible.

And then once you find it,

you have to hit them
before they find you.

Rochefort's intelligence is correct.

American reconnaissance aircraft

spot the Japanese fleet
in the Coral Sea.

Both American carriers
launch their plans.

This attack is really
the first sign

that what we have here
is what's called an "RMA" nowadays,

a Revolution in Military Affairs.

The two fleets
are more than 100 miles apart.

They're attacking with aircraft
from far away.

They're not exchanging salvos
from big guns.

The Americans had never done
anything like that

with aircraft carriers before.

American dive bombers strike first,

finding the Japanese carrier Shoho.

She's hit and sinks
in less than an hour.

Shoho is the first
Japanese carrier

that's going to be sunk
during this war.

When you throw a punch
in boxing,

you open yourself up
to a counterpunch.

So your choices are "don't fight"

or "fight and open yourself up
to a devastating blow".

The United States Navy
has struck first.

But now Nimitz's force faces
the Japanese counterattack.

The US Navy sinks their first

Japanese aircraft carrier
in the Coral Sea.

But the next day,
Japanese planes

locate and target
the USS Lexington,

America's oldest carrier,
nicknamed "Lady Lex".

She takes four direct hits.

She's still seaworthy,

but a gas line ignites
and she catches fire.

She burns to the waterline...

...and is scuttled to avoid capture.

To protect their remaining carriers,

the Japanese call off the invasion.

The Battle of the Coral Sea

is the first time
that the United States

has turned back
a Japanese offensive.

From Nimitz's standpoint,

he's learned to trust
his intel officers.

He's also learned that the carriers
are going to be the way to go.

Even though this is
kind of the Wild West

of naval combat at this point,
carriers are effective.

They can sink enemy warships.

Fearing a long war
with America,

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto,
the architect of Pearl Harbor,

is always seeking a knockout blow
against the US Navy.

So he says, I need
to destroy these American carriers.

But how do I do it?

And so they cook up this plan,
the Japanese naval staff,

is that they'll attack
a vital American place.

And they decide Midway Island,
so called because it's midway

between the West Coast
of the United States and China.

It is American territory.

It's something the Americans value.

That might be enough to lure

the Americans out
to defend that territory.

And if they do, then we can
annihilate their carriers

and have a free hand in the Pacific.

Yamamoto's plan is to
launch a surprise attack on Midway

with four of his carriers.

The Japanese will take
the strategic island

and believe Midway will then
radio Pearl Harbor for help,

prompting Nimitz to send his
carriers to defend the island.

Once the American carriers
get to Midway,

Yamamoto will appear
with the rest of his fleet.

He will trap them in jaws of iron,

crush them, and destroy
not only the American carriers,

but also their battleships,

at which point the Americans
will have no naval forces

of any worth left in the Pacific.

This could be a decisive strike

against the US Naval forces
in the Pacific.

In late May,

the Japanese task force
head to Midway Island.

There are 250 aircraft
on its carriers.

But cryptanalyst
Joseph Rochefort, once again,

has intercepted
the Japanese coded signals.

Rochefort believes Japan

is sending its fleet
to attack Midway.

The problem is the Japanese

aren't referring to Midway Island
as Midway Island.

They're saying, "AF".

"We're going to attack AF."

Rochefort has a plan
to reveal the identity of "AF".

Midway sends false radio messages

on a channel the Japanese monitor,

suggesting there's a problem
on the island.

Midway is going
to radio back in the clear

that, hey, our desalinisation plant
has just broken,

and we're running out
of fresh water.

And then they wait and listen.

And shortly thereafter,
a Japanese radio station

will send another message
back to the Japanese fleet

that AF has just run out
of fresh water.

And now, for the first time,
they know it's Midway.

Nimitz dispatches his
three remaining aircraft carriers

and a supporting fleet
towards Midway.

The US Navy is lying in wait

to intercept
the Japanese attack on Midway...

...if they can locate
the Japanese carriers.

This is the first time
many young pilots

will go into battle.

There are some that had never even
taken off a aircraft carrier before.

We do have a fascinating
bit of footage that shows VT-8,

that torpedo squadron,
on the USS Hornet.

When we look at that picture,
what you see is a bunch of

20-something-year-old
naval aviators.

And what you see is the swagger.

Now, probably in that swagger
and the smoking of the cigarettes,

it's probably hiding a little bit
of the fear of the unknown.

But even still,
you see that twinkle.

"This is our time."

At 6:30am,

Japanese aircraft attack Midway
and inflict heavy damage.

The battle starts off
really going perfectly,

according to the Japanese plan.

But the Japanese don't know

that the American fleet
has moved into position

to the northeast of Midway...

and are now ready
to launch a surprise attack.

Starting at 7:00am,
more than 100 aircraft

launch from the Hornet
and the Enterprise.

Squadrons search for
the Japanese fleet at 19,000 feet.

As an aviator in World War II,

you might have a set of binoculars
to help increase your vision.

But otherwise, you're looking at
about 30 square miles' worth of sea

and trying to figure out
where anything is.

Three squadrons fly due west...

...but can't find
the Japanese carriers.

One squadron of
Devastator torpedo planes, VT-8,

flies southwest.

Just after 9:00am,

through broken clouds,
they spot the Japanese fleet.

The torpedo planes are terrible.

It's only got a single machine gun.

And so these things
are just lumbering,

slow, vulnerable targets that are
going to be horribly exposed

to any sort of Japanese fighter
opposition if they run into it.

As VT-8 lines up
to attack the carriers,

they're intercepted
by Japanese Zeros.

The Japanese Zero
is the most advanced

Japanese aircraft that they have.

It is a world-class fighter.

It can manoeuvre like crazy.
It can climb like a banshee.

The Zeros fire on VT-8.

They just tear into
these formations

and began very quickly
sending them,

ones and twos, arrowing down
into the ocean in flames.

And the entire squadron
is wiped out.

Squadron VT-8 is destroyed.

It takes less than 15 minutes.

When we think about those guys
we see in the footage,

of the 15 aircraft that attacked,
14 of them will be shot down.

They get absolutely sacrificed.

Some groups sacrifice
more than others,

and in that case,
they sacrificed all.

While Marine fighters
from Midway attack the Japanese,

they don't inflict real damage.

Other US squadrons
continue to search

for the Japanese fleet.

At about 9:30 in the morning,
things are going terribly.

The Americans
are losing this battle,

and Nimitz's battle plan
is falling apart.

If navy pilots
don't locate the Japanese carriers,

Midway will fall,

and America's strategy
in the Pacific

will be dealt a crushing blow.

Fighting Squadron Six
of Dauntless dive bombers

are searching for the Japanese fleet
that has attacked Midway.

This is the best aircraft
in the United States Navy

in 1941, '42.

It carries a 1,000-pound bomb,
and it can be extremely effective.

The squadron is led
by Navy Lieutenant Commander

Wade McClusky, a 15-year veteran.

Wade McClusky goes out
to the portion of ocean

where he expects
the Japanese to be located,

and there's nothing but sun

and sea and sky
and some clouds.

The squadron is in the air
for close to two hours.

By 9:30am,
they're running low on fuel.

But McClusky continues the search.

This is an incredibly gutsy move
on McClusky's part.

The fuel gauges are really bad.

Deciding to continue his search
and continue looking for the enemy,

that's really ballsy.

Oh, by the way,
everybody's barking at him,

"We're pretty low on fuel.
We got to get back."

But he implements a box search
and starts looking for the Japanese.

Flies north for a bit, nothing.

But finally,
as he's about to turn for home,

he sees a lone Japanese warship.

He goes, "He looks like
he's headed somewhere in a hurry."

"If I follow that ship,
it's going to take me someplace."

And he does.

30 minutes later,

McClusky spots
the Japanese aircraft carriers.

By chance, another squadron
of American dive bombers is nearby.

These planes
would show up out of the blue

through a break in the clouds.

And all of a sudden,

they're like a swarm of bees
closing in on your fleet.

And it happens insanely fast.

What you'd want to do
is come out of the sun.

And then you'd roll over
and roll back out,

and you'd set about
a 70-degree dive angle.

You want to get as close
as you can to that carrier,

about 1,500 feet.

If you've got a really good pilot,

you really can put this bomb
in a pickle barrel.

Three carriers take multiple hits,

the Akagi, Soryu, and Kaga.

In the span of four minutes,

United States dive bombers

knock out three
Japanese aircraft carriers.

The Japanese
have one remaining carrier,

the Hiryu.

At midday, its dive bombers

find and attack
the American carrier Yorktown.

After attempting
to save her for hours...

...the Yorktown's captain
finally orders the crew

to abandon ship.

But the Hiryu's victory
is short-lived.

American bombers find it

and sink the fourth
Japanese carrier of the day.

12 hours after the first
Japanese attack...

...Yamamoto's plans
to deliver a decisive blow

to the US fleet has collapsed.

Instead, America has delivered
a devastating

and decisive blow of its own.

Four of Yamamoto's carriers
are at the bottom of the ocean.

3,000 of his men are killed.

This is a turning point.

It's easy to forget now...

the feeling of revenge
that Americans felt

when they were finally able
to strike back at the Japanese.

President Roosevelt,
who has been monitoring the battle,

finally receives word
that America has won.

Midway is absolutely critical.

It allows Roosevelt to get
out of this defensive crouch

that we've been in for
the first seven months of this war

and begin thinking about, OK,

how would we like
to reshape this war?

Where would we like
to go on the offensive?

The emotional outcome of Midway
might be the biggest thing, right?

This is the psychological blow.

The idea that they come to Midway,
get smacked in the face,

and turn around and go back home,

psychologically devastating
to the Japanese.

Oh, by the way, for the Americans,

the idea that we can fight and win

against the Japanese...

that's powerful.

After Midway,

the United States takes
the upper hand in the Pacific.

For the first time, the country wins

a decisive victory
against the Japanese.

America is now on the offensive
in the Pacific.

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