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Cleaned, corrected and unnecessary
single dashes removed by Tronar
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No, I don't know...
a few people.
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I was... it was terrible.
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Tomorrow's will be better.
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I don't think I can say that.
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Say it in a public forum.
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I need... I need evidence.
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It's big, no?
9
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Ever since I entered physics,
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people have been talking about
this machine.
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The Large Hadron Collider,
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the biggest machine
ever built by human beings,
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is finally going to turn on.
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And after many, many years
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of waiting and theorizing
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about how matter got created
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and about what
the deep fundamental theory
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of nature is...
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all those theories
are finally going to be tested,
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and we're gonna know something.
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And we don't know
what it's gonna be now,
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but we will know,
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and it's gonna change
everything.
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And if the LHC
sees new particles,
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we're on the right track.
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And if it doesn't, not
only have we missed something,
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but we may not ever know
how to proceed.
28
00:04:14,664 --> 00:04:16,562
We are at a fork in the road,
29
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and it's either going to be
a golden era...
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Oh!
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Or it's going to be quite stark.
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And I've never heard of
a moment like this in history,
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where an entire field
is hinging on a single event.
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- Hi.
- Hi.
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- I'm David.
- I'm Fabiola.
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Fabiola, nice to meet you.
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00:04:38,399 --> 00:04:41,865
So, look, I have suggested
to be on this side
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because this big wheel
is quite spectacular.
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Yeah, yeah.
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More than ever,
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this will require
the collaboration
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between the theory
and experimentalists,
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so it would be
a very nice period
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00:04:54,065 --> 00:04:55,998
where we work together and,
uh...
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Well, it's fun to finally
interact with experimentalists.
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I mean, I used to be
just in my office,
47
00:05:01,534 --> 00:05:04,706
coming up with, you know,
crazy ideas.
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00:05:10,699 --> 00:05:12,499
It's a big thing.
49
00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:15,499
There is a general sense waiting
for this machine to start,
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00:05:15,500 --> 00:05:19,833
this massive machine that has
taken so many years to build.
51
00:05:19,834 --> 00:05:23,533
We are all in great anticipation
of what it might find.
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00:05:23,534 --> 00:05:25,899
And every time
there's even a rumor
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that a new particle
is discovered...
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00:05:28,167 --> 00:05:30,365
even before it turns on...
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00:05:30,366 --> 00:05:34,932
the entire field
goes into a fever pitch.
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The experiment was designed
initially in the mid '80s
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and has taken
this long to construct.
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There are 10,000 people
of over 100 nationalities.
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That includes countries
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00:05:49,667 --> 00:05:51,767
which are mortal enemies
of each other,
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like India and Pakistan,
and Georgia and Russia,
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and Iran and Israel.
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00:05:57,235 --> 00:06:00,167
All have physicists
working on this machine.
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00:06:00,168 --> 00:06:03,003
These big blue things
are 7-ton
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superconducting magnets,
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which have to be cooled
with liquid helium
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to the coldest temperatures
on Earth,
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colder than empty space.
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There are 100,000 computers
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connected all over the world
to deal with the data.
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In fact, the worldwide web
was invented at CERN
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so that physicists
all over the planet
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could share the data.
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The United States was building
a machine just like this,
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in fact, a bigger machine,
in Texas,
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00:06:33,070 --> 00:06:37,535
but they ran into
a small technical difficulty.
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I doubt anyone believes
that the most pressing issues
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facing the nation include
an insufficient understanding
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of the origins of the universe.
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Unfortunately, the
Superconducting Super Collider
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was canceled by Congress
in 1993.
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And finally, he's saying,
"Well, if we don't do it,
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the Europeans will do it."
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00:07:01,536 --> 00:07:03,403
Let them do it!
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We'll steal their technology
like they steal our technology.
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00:07:05,570 --> 00:07:08,335
It got very political.
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It was very expensive,
very complicated.
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It's hard for physicists
to explain
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why we do
these kinds of experiments.
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The purpose of the machine
is not military application.
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It's not commercial application.
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It's to understand something
about the basic laws of physics.
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There are two kinds
of particle physicists:
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there are the experimentalists.
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They built the big machines,
run the experiments,
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analyze the data,
and try to discover things,
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00:07:40,905 --> 00:07:43,405
like new particles;
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And then there are
the theorists, like me.
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We construct the theories
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that try to explain everything
we see in nature.
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Without us, the experimentalists
are in the dark,
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00:07:58,038 --> 00:08:00,105
but without them,
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00:08:00,106 --> 00:08:02,541
we'll never know the truth.
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00:08:05,672 --> 00:08:07,737
I mean, if you go,
it won't be so terrible.
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00:08:07,738 --> 00:08:10,005
When I was at Stanford,
I had a mentor:
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00:08:10,006 --> 00:08:12,437
Savas Dimopoulos.
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Savas only likes to work
on the biggest puzzles.
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Now, just for fun,
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I wanted to tell you that the
enabling technologies that...
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00:08:21,671 --> 00:08:24,272
He has
some of the most famous theories
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00:08:24,273 --> 00:08:26,405
that will be tested at the LHC,
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00:08:26,406 --> 00:08:30,240
but he doesn't know
if any of them are true,
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so there's an intensity with
which he approaches physics.
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If he works on a paper that
could result in a Nobel Prize,
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he doesn't allow more
than three people on the paper,
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because you can only share
the Nobel Prize
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with three people.
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That's the level
at which he's operating
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and the impact
he's trying to have.
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...takes us beyond the
confines of atomic physics.
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In particle physics,
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you have to have a threshold
amount of intelligence,
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whatever that means.
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00:09:00,741 --> 00:09:03,272
But the thing
that differentiates scientists
125
00:09:03,273 --> 00:09:06,874
is purely an artistic ability
126
00:09:06,875 --> 00:09:11,507
to discern what is a good idea,
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what is a beautiful idea,
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00:09:13,174 --> 00:09:15,607
what is worth spending time on,
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00:09:15,608 --> 00:09:18,739
and, most importantly,
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00:09:18,740 --> 00:09:23,840
what is a problem that
is sufficiently interesting,
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yet sufficiently difficult
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that it hasn't yet been solved,
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but the time
for solving it has come now?
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So people have been waiting
for this experiment,
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00:10:00,742 --> 00:10:02,778
the LHC, for a very long time.
136
00:10:03,440 --> 00:10:05,174
Nothing like it
has ever happened.
137
00:10:05,175 --> 00:10:06,674
All the superlatives
are justified.
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00:10:06,675 --> 00:10:09,842
This is the case
where the hype is...
139
00:10:09,844 --> 00:10:11,741
the hype
is approximately accurate.
140
00:10:11,742 --> 00:10:14,276
To get, you know, 3,000 people
141
00:10:14,277 --> 00:10:15,708
to work
on an experiment together,
142
00:10:15,709 --> 00:10:17,408
whose goal is to understand
143
00:10:17,409 --> 00:10:19,575
what's going on at distances
a thousand times smaller
144
00:10:19,576 --> 00:10:21,242
than the proton...
145
00:10:21,243 --> 00:10:24,210
this is... this is a really
extraordinary testament
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00:10:24,211 --> 00:10:28,842
to what...
to some of the highest ideals
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00:10:28,843 --> 00:10:31,109
we can have as human beings.
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00:10:31,110 --> 00:10:32,777
It's...
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00:10:32,778 --> 00:10:35,775
Nima and I got our PhDs
around the same time.
150
00:10:35,776 --> 00:10:37,575
He's a couple years ahead of me.
151
00:10:37,576 --> 00:10:41,711
And Nima
is the star of our generation,
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00:10:41,712 --> 00:10:45,611
and he's the guy we all followed
and looked up to
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00:10:45,612 --> 00:10:47,008
and tried to keep up with
154
00:10:47,009 --> 00:10:50,082
and tried to outpace
if we could.
155
00:10:54,078 --> 00:10:55,842
Since the mid '70s,
156
00:10:55,843 --> 00:10:58,577
we've had an amazingly
successful theory of nature
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00:10:58,578 --> 00:11:01,211
that we call the Standard Model
of particle physics.
158
00:11:01,212 --> 00:11:03,877
But sitting in the heart
of the theory is a sickness,
159
00:11:03,878 --> 00:11:07,444
very, very glaring
conceptual problems
160
00:11:07,446 --> 00:11:09,654
that infected
this fantastic understanding.
161
00:11:11,544 --> 00:11:13,877
Why is the universe big?
162
00:11:13,878 --> 00:11:16,544
Why is gravity so much weaker
than all the other forces?
163
00:11:16,545 --> 00:11:19,277
The kinds of answers that this
theory gives to these questions
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00:11:19,278 --> 00:11:21,878
seems so patently absurd
165
00:11:21,879 --> 00:11:26,111
that we think that we're missing
something very, very big.
166
00:11:26,112 --> 00:11:28,244
And on top of all of that,
167
00:11:28,245 --> 00:11:30,412
there is one prediction
of this theory...
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00:11:30,413 --> 00:11:32,011
absolutely crucial
for it to even make
169
00:11:32,012 --> 00:11:34,111
internal theoretical sense...
170
00:11:34,112 --> 00:11:36,578
and this is
the famous Higgs particle.
171
00:11:36,579 --> 00:11:38,378
The Higgs, or something like it,
must show up.
172
00:11:38,379 --> 00:11:39,880
If it doesn't show up,
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00:11:39,881 --> 00:11:42,211
there's something
truly, deeply wrong,
174
00:11:42,212 --> 00:11:43,545
very, very, deeply wrong
175
00:11:43,546 --> 00:11:45,412
with the way
we think about physics.
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00:11:45,413 --> 00:11:46,846
There are strong reasons
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00:11:46,847 --> 00:11:48,211
to think that some
of these questions
178
00:11:48,212 --> 00:11:50,279
will find answers at the LHC.
179
00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:51,711
There's been no shortage
of ideas
180
00:11:51,712 --> 00:11:54,079
for what they might be,
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00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:57,546
but this is really
this generation of people's...
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00:11:57,547 --> 00:11:59,545
my generation of people's...
only shot.
183
00:12:12,414 --> 00:12:14,580
Ah, so the boss comes.
184
00:12:23,249 --> 00:12:26,613
I first came to CERN in 1987.
185
00:12:26,614 --> 00:12:29,745
I was a very young
undergraduate student,
186
00:12:29,746 --> 00:12:32,748
and I remember the first time
I entered the site.
187
00:12:32,749 --> 00:12:35,281
I was a bit scared
by the corridors
188
00:12:35,282 --> 00:12:37,781
in the CERN main site,
189
00:12:37,782 --> 00:12:40,548
so I was almost lost
in those corridors.
190
00:12:40,549 --> 00:12:42,280
For me, it has been
a wonderful experience,
191
00:12:42,281 --> 00:12:44,013
because I had the chance
of being involved
192
00:12:44,014 --> 00:12:45,780
right from the beginning
193
00:12:45,781 --> 00:12:49,781
and to see, really, an
experiment from starting and...
194
00:12:49,782 --> 00:12:51,448
from zero, essentially.
195
00:12:51,449 --> 00:12:53,248
I've seen two inventors
place out of the ten,
196
00:12:53,249 --> 00:12:54,681
and we probably have seen...
197
00:12:54,682 --> 00:12:56,215
I don't think
I can describe right now
198
00:12:56,216 --> 00:12:58,080
the excitement about first beam.
199
00:12:58,081 --> 00:13:00,514
I mean, the entire control room
200
00:13:00,515 --> 00:13:04,948
is like a group
of six-year-olds
201
00:13:04,949 --> 00:13:07,416
whose birthday is next week,
you know,
202
00:13:07,417 --> 00:13:08,782
and there's going to be cake,
203
00:13:08,783 --> 00:13:10,381
and there's going to be
presents,
204
00:13:10,382 --> 00:13:12,047
and all their friends
are going to be there,
205
00:13:12,048 --> 00:13:13,516
and they just, you know...
206
00:13:13,517 --> 00:13:16,115
they just know
it's going to be great.
207
00:13:16,116 --> 00:13:18,181
You know,
they're kind of scattered,
208
00:13:18,182 --> 00:13:20,414
and I can't imagine, 'cause
they're not that big, right?
209
00:13:20,415 --> 00:13:21,848
I've been a postdoc here
for a year,
210
00:13:21,849 --> 00:13:23,214
so I'm a relative newcomer.
211
00:13:23,215 --> 00:13:24,898
But my timing
is sort of perfect.
212
00:13:25,583 --> 00:13:27,283
I mean,
to be on the ground floor
213
00:13:27,284 --> 00:13:28,882
when the data first comes...
214
00:13:28,883 --> 00:13:30,115
it's awesome.
215
00:13:30,116 --> 00:13:32,549
That means I have 5,000 emails.
216
00:13:32,550 --> 00:13:34,915
There's a huge difference
217
00:13:34,916 --> 00:13:37,783
between theorists
and experimentalists.
218
00:13:37,784 --> 00:13:39,849
I mean, when I started college,
219
00:13:39,850 --> 00:13:43,382
I absolutely did not
want to do physics.
220
00:13:43,383 --> 00:13:45,803
Physics meant to me
everything that was boring:
221
00:13:46,550 --> 00:13:50,516
textbooks, theories, proofs.
222
00:13:50,517 --> 00:13:52,779
But then I discovered
the experimental side,
223
00:13:53,551 --> 00:13:57,518
and the experimental side
is the hands-on aspect.
224
00:13:57,519 --> 00:13:59,382
It's about taking a theory,
225
00:13:59,383 --> 00:14:03,250
which is abstract,
and making it real.
226
00:14:03,251 --> 00:14:04,829
How do you build an experiment
227
00:14:05,551 --> 00:14:09,385
to discover something
that the theory predicts?
228
00:14:09,386 --> 00:14:12,552
And that aspect is what I love.
229
00:14:27,253 --> 00:14:29,951
Of course, when constructing
the whole thing,
230
00:14:29,952 --> 00:14:31,884
we several times thought,
231
00:14:31,885 --> 00:14:34,784
"What if the whole thing
just does not work?"
232
00:14:34,785 --> 00:14:36,718
I really believe now
this will work,
233
00:14:36,719 --> 00:14:39,750
but the next thing is,
will we ever find something?
234
00:14:39,751 --> 00:14:42,752
So maybe we will
just find nothing new.
235
00:14:42,753 --> 00:14:45,052
It would be a catastrophe
for physics.
236
00:14:45,053 --> 00:14:46,917
We would, somehow...
237
00:14:46,918 --> 00:14:49,584
none of the open questions
which we have at the moment
238
00:14:49,585 --> 00:14:52,718
would've been answered.
239
00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:58,851
So the LHC is basically the
most fundamental of experiments.
240
00:14:58,852 --> 00:15:01,620
It's like what any child
would design as an experiment.
241
00:15:01,621 --> 00:15:05,753
You take two things,
and you smash them together.
242
00:15:05,754 --> 00:15:08,684
And you get a lot of stuff that
comes out of that collision,
243
00:15:08,685 --> 00:15:11,919
and you try
to understand that stuff.
244
00:15:11,921 --> 00:15:13,785
Now, in this case,
245
00:15:13,786 --> 00:15:16,851
what we're smashing together
is tiny protons,
246
00:15:16,852 --> 00:15:20,353
which are inside the center
of every atom.
247
00:15:20,354 --> 00:15:23,118
And in order to get them
going as fast as possible,
248
00:15:23,119 --> 00:15:27,185
we have to build
this huge 17-mile ring,
249
00:15:27,186 --> 00:15:30,753
and we run those protons
around the ring multiple times
250
00:15:30,754 --> 00:15:34,419
to build up speed,
almost to the speed of light,
251
00:15:34,420 --> 00:15:37,719
and then we collide two beams
going in opposite directions
252
00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:39,621
at four points,
253
00:15:39,622 --> 00:15:42,953
and at those four points
are four different experiments:
254
00:15:42,954 --> 00:15:47,920
ATLAS, LHCb, CMS, and ALICE.
255
00:15:47,921 --> 00:15:49,888
Now, I work
on the ATLAS experiment.
256
00:15:49,889 --> 00:15:52,423
And ATLAS is like
a huge seven-story camera
257
00:15:53,421 --> 00:15:57,588
that takes a snapshot
of every single collision,
258
00:15:57,589 --> 00:16:00,355
and that's billions
of collisions.
259
00:16:00,356 --> 00:16:04,288
And the hope is that we'll see
the very famous Higgs particle.
260
00:16:04,289 --> 00:16:07,088
But every time we've turned on
the new accelerator
261
00:16:07,089 --> 00:16:08,521
at a higher energy,
262
00:16:08,522 --> 00:16:10,288
we've always been surprised.
263
00:16:10,289 --> 00:16:13,788
So the real hope
is that we'll see the Higgs,
264
00:16:13,789 --> 00:16:16,157
but that there's also something
amazingly new.
265
00:16:18,723 --> 00:16:23,889
You can liken it to
when we put a man on the moon.
266
00:16:23,890 --> 00:16:25,586
It's that level
of collaborative effort.
267
00:16:25,587 --> 00:16:27,555
I would say,
even bigger than that.
268
00:16:27,556 --> 00:16:29,221
This is closer to something like
269
00:16:29,222 --> 00:16:31,954
human beings
building the Pyramids.
270
00:16:31,955 --> 00:16:33,422
Why did they do it?
271
00:16:33,423 --> 00:16:34,723
Why are we doing it?
272
00:16:34,724 --> 00:16:36,422
We actually have two answers.
273
00:16:36,423 --> 00:16:38,689
One answer
is what we tell people,
274
00:16:38,690 --> 00:16:41,523
and the other answer
is the truth.
275
00:16:42,757 --> 00:16:44,622
I'll tell you both.
276
00:16:44,623 --> 00:16:47,421
And there's nothing incorrect
about the first answer.
277
00:16:47,422 --> 00:16:50,355
It's just... it doesn't... it's
not the thing that drives us.
278
00:16:50,356 --> 00:16:52,122
It's not how we think about it,
279
00:16:52,123 --> 00:16:54,122
but it's something
you can say quickly,
280
00:16:54,358 --> 00:16:57,756
and the person you're talking to
won't, you know,
281
00:16:57,757 --> 00:17:01,123
get diverted or pass out
or pick up the SkyMall catalog
282
00:17:01,124 --> 00:17:03,555
if you happen to be next to them
on an airplane.
283
00:17:03,556 --> 00:17:05,090
Answer number one:
284
00:17:05,091 --> 00:17:09,189
we are reproducing the physics,
285
00:17:09,190 --> 00:17:12,191
the conditions,
just after the big bang.
286
00:17:12,192 --> 00:17:14,056
We're doing it in this Collider,
287
00:17:14,057 --> 00:17:16,856
and we're reproducing that
so we can see what it was like
288
00:17:16,857 --> 00:17:18,623
when the universe just started.
289
00:17:18,624 --> 00:17:20,055
This is what we tell people.
290
00:17:20,057 --> 00:17:22,723
Okay, answer two:
291
00:17:22,724 --> 00:17:25,391
we are trying to understand
the basic laws of nature.
292
00:17:25,392 --> 00:17:27,957
It sounds slightly more mild,
293
00:17:27,958 --> 00:17:31,791
but this is really where we are
and what we're trying to do.
294
00:17:31,792 --> 00:17:35,223
We study particles,
because just after the big bang,
295
00:17:35,224 --> 00:17:37,424
all there was was particles,
296
00:17:37,425 --> 00:17:42,524
and they carried the information
about how our universe started
297
00:17:42,525 --> 00:17:45,391
and how it got to be
the way it is
298
00:17:45,392 --> 00:17:48,756
and its future.
299
00:17:48,757 --> 00:17:51,225
At the beginning of the 1900s,
300
00:17:51,226 --> 00:17:54,791
it became clear
that all known matter,
301
00:17:54,792 --> 00:17:56,591
everything that we know about,
302
00:17:56,592 --> 00:17:58,092
is made of atoms,
303
00:17:58,093 --> 00:18:01,626
and that atoms are made
of just three particles:
304
00:18:01,627 --> 00:18:05,628
the electron, the proton,
and the neutron.
305
00:18:07,626 --> 00:18:11,358
In the '30s,
other particles were discovered,
306
00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:13,426
and by the 1960s,
307
00:18:13,427 --> 00:18:15,459
there were hundreds
of new particles,
308
00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:18,426
with a new particle discovered
every week.
309
00:18:18,427 --> 00:18:21,058
And there was mass confusion,
310
00:18:21,059 --> 00:18:25,192
until a number
of theorists realized
311
00:18:25,193 --> 00:18:27,427
that there was a simple
mathematical structure
312
00:18:27,428 --> 00:18:30,225
that explained all of this,
313
00:18:30,226 --> 00:18:32,025
that most of these particles
314
00:18:32,026 --> 00:18:33,793
were made of the same
three little bits
315
00:18:33,794 --> 00:18:35,793
we call quarks,
316
00:18:35,794 --> 00:18:37,074
and that there are only
a handful
317
00:18:37,260 --> 00:18:39,126
of truly fundamental particles,
318
00:18:39,127 --> 00:18:42,058
which all fit together
in a nice, neat pattern.
319
00:18:42,059 --> 00:18:45,029
And there was born
the Standard Model.
320
00:18:48,026 --> 00:18:50,925
Eventually, all the particles
in the theory
321
00:18:50,926 --> 00:18:55,062
were discovered,
except one: the Higgs.
322
00:18:57,060 --> 00:19:01,226
And the Higgs
is unlike any other particle.
323
00:19:01,227 --> 00:19:04,559
It's the linchpin
of the Standard Model.
324
00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:08,294
Its theory was written down
in the 1960s by Peter Higgs
325
00:19:08,295 --> 00:19:10,760
and a number of other theorists.
326
00:19:10,761 --> 00:19:13,528
We believe
it is the crucial piece
327
00:19:13,529 --> 00:19:16,459
responsible
for holding matter together.
328
00:19:16,460 --> 00:19:20,760
It is connected to a field
which fills all of space
329
00:19:20,761 --> 00:19:24,261
and which gives particles,
like the electron, mass
330
00:19:24,262 --> 00:19:27,295
and allowed them
to get caught in atoms
331
00:19:27,296 --> 00:19:30,196
and thus is responsible
for the creation of atoms,
332
00:19:30,197 --> 00:19:32,795
molecules, planets, and people.
333
00:19:32,796 --> 00:19:36,230
Without the Higgs, life
as we know it wouldn't exist.
334
00:19:38,228 --> 00:19:40,061
But to prove that it's true,
335
00:19:40,062 --> 00:19:43,395
we have to smash particles
together at high enough energy
336
00:19:43,397 --> 00:19:48,062
to disturb the field
and create a Higgs particle.
337
00:19:48,063 --> 00:19:49,928
If the Higgs exists,
338
00:19:49,929 --> 00:19:53,127
the LHC is the machine
that will discover it.
339
00:19:53,128 --> 00:19:55,761
Let's assume you're successful
and everything comes out okay.
340
00:19:55,762 --> 00:19:57,861
- Sure.
- What do we gain from it?
341
00:19:57,862 --> 00:19:59,462
What's the economic return?
342
00:19:59,463 --> 00:20:01,060
How do you justify all this?
343
00:20:01,061 --> 00:20:02,962
By the way, I am an economist.
344
00:20:02,963 --> 00:20:06,029
I don't hold it against you.
345
00:20:06,030 --> 00:20:10,030
The question
by an economist was,
346
00:20:10,031 --> 00:20:13,930
"What is the financial gain of
running an experiment like this
347
00:20:13,931 --> 00:20:17,529
and the discoveries that we
will make in this experiment?"
348
00:20:17,530 --> 00:20:19,963
And it's a very,
very simple answer.
349
00:20:19,964 --> 00:20:23,230
I have no idea.
350
00:20:23,231 --> 00:20:24,762
We have no idea.
351
00:20:24,763 --> 00:20:26,796
When radio waves
were discovered,
352
00:20:26,797 --> 00:20:28,728
they weren't called radio waves,
353
00:20:28,729 --> 00:20:30,629
because there were no radios.
354
00:20:30,630 --> 00:20:33,563
They were discovered
as some sort of radiation.
355
00:20:33,564 --> 00:20:37,362
Basic science
for big breakthroughs
356
00:20:37,363 --> 00:20:39,062
needs to occur at a level
357
00:20:39,063 --> 00:20:41,798
where you're not asking,
"What is the economic gain?"
358
00:20:41,799 --> 00:20:44,097
You're asking,
"What do we not know,
359
00:20:44,098 --> 00:20:45,898
and where
can we make progress?"
360
00:20:45,899 --> 00:20:49,062
So what is the LHC good for?
361
00:20:49,063 --> 00:20:52,963
Could be nothing other than
just understanding everything.
362
00:21:03,299 --> 00:21:06,364
The first time
I ever saw ATLAS was in 2005.
363
00:21:06,365 --> 00:21:08,697
I had come out just to see
what ATLAS would look like
364
00:21:08,698 --> 00:21:11,231
because there was a possibility
that I could be working on it
365
00:21:11,232 --> 00:21:14,264
as a postdoc.
366
00:21:14,266 --> 00:21:17,931
I can remember walking in
and just being like...
367
00:21:17,932 --> 00:21:19,564
You know, just stunned.
368
00:21:19,565 --> 00:21:21,398
I mean, me, stunned,
you know, just, you know,
369
00:21:21,399 --> 00:21:23,464
already kind of having an idea
of the magnitude.
370
00:21:23,465 --> 00:21:25,764
People tell you,
"Oh, it's five stories tall."
371
00:21:25,765 --> 00:21:27,431
And you go, "Oh, okay,
five stories tall."
372
00:21:27,432 --> 00:21:29,298
And then you see.
373
00:21:29,299 --> 00:21:34,969
Five stories completely filled
with microelectronics...
374
00:21:37,967 --> 00:21:41,632
All custom designed,
all hand-soldered.
375
00:21:41,633 --> 00:21:46,267
You know, it's like as if
it's a five-story Swiss watch.
376
00:23:51,272 --> 00:23:53,604
There was this issue
about the BCIDs.
377
00:23:53,605 --> 00:23:55,237
We had our extended barrel
out earlier,
378
00:23:55,238 --> 00:23:58,403
but it should be back in,
and we should be...
379
00:23:58,404 --> 00:24:00,702
everything running normal.
380
00:24:00,704 --> 00:24:03,037
Okay, so one more announcement.
381
00:24:03,038 --> 00:24:05,738
We have to be extremely careful
382
00:24:05,740 --> 00:24:06,770
what we do to the system.
383
00:24:06,970 --> 00:24:08,471
I mean, we know that anybody
384
00:24:08,472 --> 00:24:10,770
who's even updating
a number somewhere
385
00:24:10,771 --> 00:24:13,570
might stop our system for
more than an hour quite easily.
386
00:24:13,571 --> 00:24:17,204
So please be absolutely sure
that you yourself
387
00:24:17,205 --> 00:24:19,737
and everybody in your system
is not touching the system,
388
00:24:19,738 --> 00:24:23,037
unless it's been agreed
by the shift leader, yeah?
389
00:24:23,039 --> 00:24:26,206
Nothing should be touched, yeah?
390
00:24:26,207 --> 00:24:27,639
And that includes all things
391
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:29,105
that you're absolutely
dead certain
392
00:24:29,106 --> 00:24:30,790
they will not do anything wrong.
393
00:24:31,771 --> 00:24:33,106
Especially those things.
394
00:24:34,872 --> 00:24:38,603
It's being called the
largest scientific experiment
395
00:24:38,604 --> 00:24:40,105
in history,
396
00:24:40,106 --> 00:24:43,038
and some say
one that could cause Armageddon.
397
00:24:43,039 --> 00:24:45,372
It's the strangest
experiment ever:
398
00:24:45,373 --> 00:24:47,272
mankind's most ambitious attempt
399
00:24:47,273 --> 00:24:50,407
to understand
how we all got here.
400
00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:54,639
Thousands of scientists
from around the world
401
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:58,238
spent 20 years designing
an extraordinary machine.
402
00:24:58,239 --> 00:25:02,771
It cost £5 billion
and will switching on very soon.
403
00:25:02,772 --> 00:25:04,873
This is a genesis machine,
404
00:25:04,874 --> 00:25:06,141
a window on creation.
405
00:25:11,206 --> 00:25:14,140
Five months of testing on...
406
00:25:17,214 --> 00:25:20,107
They're looking for something
called the God Particle,
407
00:25:20,108 --> 00:25:22,540
but skeptics are saying nobody
knows what will happen
408
00:25:22,541 --> 00:25:24,275
when they turn on the switch.
409
00:25:24,276 --> 00:25:27,207
A group of French scientists
believe the Collider
410
00:25:27,208 --> 00:25:28,705
might create a black hole
411
00:25:28,706 --> 00:25:30,607
that could swallow up the earth,
412
00:25:30,608 --> 00:25:34,110
and they filed suit to stop
the project from going forward.
413
00:25:38,041 --> 00:25:40,375
Hello?
414
00:25:40,376 --> 00:25:42,107
No, absolutely not.
415
00:25:42,108 --> 00:25:45,239
Well, no, there is no scientific
ground to what they say.
416
00:25:45,240 --> 00:25:48,273
It's not possible that the LHC
is going to destroy the world.
417
00:25:48,274 --> 00:25:49,808
It's absolutely ridiculous.
418
00:25:49,809 --> 00:25:52,040
Okay, it is 9:15.
419
00:25:52,041 --> 00:25:55,940
We are 15 minutes away
from beam.
420
00:25:55,941 --> 00:25:58,309
We've been sitting here,
about 7:00,
421
00:25:58,310 --> 00:26:01,642
and absolutely nobody
brought food.
422
00:26:01,643 --> 00:26:03,407
Again, 15 minutes to beam.
423
00:26:03,408 --> 00:26:04,775
- Ciao, ciao.
- Stress levels are high.
424
00:26:04,776 --> 00:26:06,375
Ciao.
425
00:26:06,376 --> 00:26:08,041
But since I'm in a room
full of Italians,
426
00:26:08,042 --> 00:26:09,541
the stress level's
pretty cool here.
427
00:26:09,542 --> 00:26:10,942
But we have no coffee either.
428
00:26:10,943 --> 00:26:12,708
No coffee.
Who didn't bring coffee?
429
00:26:12,709 --> 00:26:14,240
What we're going to see today
430
00:26:14,241 --> 00:26:17,908
is the launch
of the first beam of protons
431
00:26:17,909 --> 00:26:20,409
around this enormous ring.
432
00:26:21,943 --> 00:26:25,408
Very shortly, Lyn Evans,
the project director,
433
00:26:25,409 --> 00:26:28,074
is going to be addressing
CERN staff,
434
00:26:28,075 --> 00:26:30,108
who are gathered
at different points
435
00:26:30,109 --> 00:26:33,475
around this massive complex.
436
00:26:33,476 --> 00:26:39,309
It's just the first glimpse
at the fact the machine can run.
437
00:26:39,310 --> 00:26:40,877
I mean, so what you need,
really,
438
00:26:40,878 --> 00:26:42,576
is, you need two beams
colliding together
439
00:26:42,578 --> 00:26:44,276
for quite a few...
440
00:26:44,277 --> 00:26:46,209
quite a long period of time
before you calculate,
441
00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:47,743
get enough...
442
00:26:47,744 --> 00:26:50,443
sufficient statistics
in which to actually
443
00:26:50,444 --> 00:26:52,576
be able to look
for the new physics.
444
00:26:52,577 --> 00:26:54,643
But single beam,
the first beam, isn't even that.
445
00:26:54,644 --> 00:26:56,277
You're not even getting
any collisions.
446
00:26:56,278 --> 00:26:58,744
It's just one beam
going around in a circle,
447
00:26:58,745 --> 00:27:00,409
not even at the high energies.
448
00:27:00,410 --> 00:27:02,376
Just one beam going
around in the low energy circle,
449
00:27:02,377 --> 00:27:04,544
that sort of says, "Okay,
we made it around the ring once
450
00:27:04,545 --> 00:27:05,576
for the first time."
451
00:27:05,777 --> 00:27:07,311
And it's a huge event.
452
00:27:07,312 --> 00:27:09,311
Right, after 19 years,
you've been waiting
453
00:27:09,312 --> 00:27:10,975
for this first step.
454
00:27:10,976 --> 00:27:12,709
Let's get started, everybody.
455
00:27:12,711 --> 00:27:15,643
Now comes the day of reckoning.
456
00:27:15,644 --> 00:27:19,810
Five, four, three,
457
00:27:19,811 --> 00:27:22,743
two, one...
458
00:27:22,744 --> 00:27:25,143
Now.
459
00:27:25,144 --> 00:27:26,644
No beam.
460
00:27:28,610 --> 00:27:30,076
Yeah.
461
00:27:30,077 --> 00:27:33,977
So where are we
with the injection kicker?
462
00:27:33,978 --> 00:27:36,812
Oh, well...
they're out.
463
00:27:36,813 --> 00:27:39,811
Okay, never mind.
464
00:27:39,812 --> 00:27:41,310
Let's go.
465
00:27:41,311 --> 00:27:45,077
Five, four, three,
466
00:27:45,078 --> 00:27:49,245
two, one, zero.
467
00:27:56,746 --> 00:27:58,310
We get a beam on this pulse?
468
00:27:58,311 --> 00:28:00,646
I hope so.
469
00:28:13,481 --> 00:28:14,381
Yes!
470
00:28:30,014 --> 00:28:32,480
Well, last night I was,
like, waking up constantly.
471
00:28:32,481 --> 00:28:34,045
Like, "Did we set that right?
472
00:28:34,046 --> 00:28:36,360
What about... did we disable...
oh, my gosh!"
473
00:28:40,079 --> 00:28:41,480
Marzio.
474
00:28:41,481 --> 00:28:44,212
I have a plot for you.
475
00:28:44,213 --> 00:28:46,311
Okay, check this out.
476
00:28:46,312 --> 00:28:47,714
This is Z.
477
00:28:47,715 --> 00:28:49,981
This is timing, in nanoseconds,
478
00:28:49,982 --> 00:28:51,815
which we knew
from the cosmic data.
479
00:28:51,816 --> 00:28:53,948
- That is very nice.
- Yes.
480
00:28:53,949 --> 00:28:56,379
Upstairs, I think people
were more excited about this.
481
00:28:56,380 --> 00:28:59,146
If you're in Google,
that means... that's the world.
482
00:28:59,147 --> 00:29:01,047
This is the most important thing
today.
483
00:29:01,048 --> 00:29:02,314
This is the first,
484
00:29:02,315 --> 00:29:03,648
and this tells us
a lot of things.
485
00:29:03,649 --> 00:29:05,313
It tells us that
the magnetic properties
486
00:29:05,314 --> 00:29:06,613
of the machine are good,
487
00:29:06,614 --> 00:29:08,313
that the aperture is clear.
488
00:29:08,314 --> 00:29:10,780
There's nothing is sticking into
the beam pipe anywhere.
489
00:29:10,781 --> 00:29:14,814
So a very, very encouraging sign
and remarkable progress.
490
00:29:14,815 --> 00:29:16,714
Did you guys see
our beautiful plot?
491
00:29:16,715 --> 00:29:18,447
- What?
- Okay, I want to show you this.
492
00:29:18,647 --> 00:29:20,147
Come on, show them the plot.
493
00:29:20,148 --> 00:29:22,114
You can take a picture of...
here you go.
494
00:29:22,115 --> 00:29:24,481
Well, see if you can get it.
495
00:29:24,482 --> 00:29:25,815
I don't think
there's anyone else
496
00:29:25,816 --> 00:29:27,880
I can show my plot to, so...
497
00:29:27,882 --> 00:29:29,248
It worked.
498
00:29:29,249 --> 00:29:31,048
It just worked.
499
00:29:31,049 --> 00:29:33,315
And there are so few times
in life where it just works.
500
00:29:33,316 --> 00:29:35,715
And there are so
even fewer times in life
501
00:29:35,716 --> 00:29:38,548
where it just works great.
502
00:29:38,549 --> 00:29:39,815
We rocked.
503
00:29:39,816 --> 00:29:42,152
I mean, Tile, first beam...
504
00:29:44,151 --> 00:29:46,050
We destroyed that shit.
505
00:29:46,051 --> 00:29:48,382
They got a beam circulating.
506
00:29:48,383 --> 00:29:52,048
They've had beams circulating
for a full 30 seconds.
507
00:29:52,049 --> 00:29:53,283
So let me understand.
508
00:29:53,284 --> 00:29:56,382
This is one beam going one way?
509
00:29:56,383 --> 00:29:58,148
They have one beam
going one way,
510
00:29:58,149 --> 00:30:00,281
and then they went to the
other beam going the other way.
511
00:30:00,282 --> 00:30:01,387
Well, does it work?
512
00:30:01,587 --> 00:30:03,216
The second beam,
did it go fully around?
513
00:30:03,217 --> 00:30:05,449
- Everything...
- they both went around.
514
00:30:05,450 --> 00:30:07,649
I think
they had the beam go around
515
00:30:07,650 --> 00:30:08,915
about a million times.
516
00:30:08,916 --> 00:30:10,384
Something like that.
517
00:30:10,385 --> 00:30:13,782
Yeah, their Twitter feed
said 10 million.
518
00:30:13,783 --> 00:30:17,783
Now we'll become, you know,
CERN Twitter junkies.
519
00:30:21,218 --> 00:30:23,249
I guess this is exciting.
520
00:30:23,250 --> 00:30:26,949
My logical self
wants to be excited.
521
00:30:26,950 --> 00:30:31,397
My psychological self
is very cautious.
522
00:30:45,384 --> 00:30:47,149
My parents are both Iranian
523
00:30:47,151 --> 00:30:50,251
and both physicists,
524
00:30:50,252 --> 00:30:54,418
and my father in particular
had real political difficulties
525
00:30:54,419 --> 00:30:55,553
with the regime,
526
00:30:56,552 --> 00:30:59,417
and we had to go underground
for a number of years,
527
00:30:59,418 --> 00:31:02,653
and we ended up escaping
from Iran
528
00:31:02,654 --> 00:31:06,819
through the border of Turkey.
529
00:31:06,820 --> 00:31:11,418
But then, through
a number of wonderful accidents,
530
00:31:11,419 --> 00:31:13,218
we ended up in Canada.
531
00:31:13,219 --> 00:31:15,917
I got interested in physics
532
00:31:15,918 --> 00:31:17,918
when I was 13 or 14 years old.
533
00:31:17,919 --> 00:31:21,451
It just offered the way
to combine the two things
534
00:31:21,452 --> 00:31:22,952
I really loved:
535
00:31:22,953 --> 00:31:25,753
mathematics
and things in the natural world.
536
00:31:25,754 --> 00:31:27,285
You almost done?
537
00:31:27,286 --> 00:31:29,051
Yeah.
538
00:31:29,052 --> 00:31:31,250
- It's just saying "What if?"
- It's, uh... yeah.
539
00:31:31,251 --> 00:31:33,118
You're preparing
a broader audience for this.
540
00:31:33,119 --> 00:31:35,651
Okay, now I'm going
to just do something fun.
541
00:31:35,652 --> 00:31:37,319
Just do something fun.
542
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:39,453
What would be fun?
543
00:31:39,454 --> 00:31:41,086
No, don't write "hell."
It's a public...
544
00:31:41,087 --> 00:31:42,587
All right, I'm sorry!
545
00:31:43,787 --> 00:31:45,417
- How about that?
- There we go.
546
00:31:45,418 --> 00:31:47,885
Thinking about the LHC
has been the center
547
00:31:47,886 --> 00:31:53,584
of my intellectual life
for about 15, 16 years now.
548
00:31:53,585 --> 00:31:56,219
Depending on what happens
with the LHC,
549
00:31:56,220 --> 00:31:57,819
you know, these are 15 years
550
00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,952
I could come to see
as the best possible thing
551
00:31:59,953 --> 00:32:01,952
I could've been doing
with this time,
552
00:32:01,953 --> 00:32:04,653
or it could just be
that the entire 15 years
553
00:32:04,654 --> 00:32:06,053
might as well have not happened,
554
00:32:06,054 --> 00:32:07,653
had no impact,
555
00:32:07,654 --> 00:32:09,920
and then that's just 15 years
that are gone.
556
00:32:09,921 --> 00:32:11,289
It's not the sort of thing
557
00:32:11,488 --> 00:32:14,254
where there's
a consolation prize.
558
00:32:14,255 --> 00:32:18,788
You know,
it's a fairly binary situation.
559
00:32:18,789 --> 00:32:20,788
I definitely won't feel,
"Oh, well,
560
00:32:20,789 --> 00:32:22,621
"I gave it
a good old college try.
561
00:32:22,622 --> 00:32:23,887
"It's all fine anyway.
562
00:32:23,888 --> 00:32:25,120
It's just trying that counts."
563
00:32:25,121 --> 00:32:26,753
I don't believe that.
564
00:32:26,754 --> 00:32:28,320
I don't believe
it's just trying that counts.
565
00:32:28,321 --> 00:32:29,820
I believe getting it right
is what counts.
566
00:32:29,821 --> 00:32:32,555
Okay, please take your seats.
567
00:32:32,556 --> 00:32:36,321
Now it's time
for the entertainment part.
568
00:32:36,322 --> 00:32:39,753
So as with every
great physics event,
569
00:32:39,754 --> 00:32:42,821
we're going to start
with a big bang,
570
00:32:42,822 --> 00:32:44,821
the ATLAS big bang event,
571
00:32:44,823 --> 00:32:48,221
and that's going to follow
with music all evening,
572
00:32:48,222 --> 00:32:50,823
people from ATLAS, who are
going to be performing for you.
573
00:32:50,824 --> 00:32:53,222
So let's get started.
574
00:32:53,223 --> 00:32:57,721
Take 2,000 intelligent,
ambitious,
575
00:32:57,722 --> 00:32:59,290
type "A" personalities.
576
00:32:59,291 --> 00:33:02,456
You make them work 16-hour days,
577
00:33:02,457 --> 00:33:06,487
high-pressure situation,
lots of stress.
578
00:33:06,488 --> 00:33:10,056
You know, that's the recipe
for disaster.
579
00:33:10,057 --> 00:33:13,108
Or at least it's a recipe for
a reality television program.
580
00:33:14,123 --> 00:33:15,756
But all that physics,
581
00:33:15,757 --> 00:33:20,255
Higgs, extra dimensions,
supersymmetry,
582
00:33:20,256 --> 00:33:22,889
microscopic black holes,
macroscopic black holes,
583
00:33:22,890 --> 00:33:25,723
Z-primes, you name it,
584
00:33:25,724 --> 00:33:31,057
the physics that the theorists
only dream of
585
00:33:31,058 --> 00:33:32,891
is ours to discover.
586
00:33:34,323 --> 00:33:37,657
Thank you.
587
00:34:15,892 --> 00:34:16,838
♪ Oh, yeah ♪
588
00:34:22,791 --> 00:34:25,091
♪ Thanks to
the Large Hadron Collider ♪
589
00:34:25,092 --> 00:34:27,334
Thank you, ATLAS!
590
00:34:36,325 --> 00:34:39,658
I grew up in Turkey
from Greek parents
591
00:34:39,659 --> 00:34:43,892
and a middle-class family,
592
00:34:43,893 --> 00:34:48,227
and then, in the '60s,
we became refugees.
593
00:34:48,228 --> 00:34:49,827
We had to leave Turkey
594
00:34:49,828 --> 00:34:52,792
because of ethnic tensions
between Greeks and Turks
595
00:34:52,793 --> 00:34:55,625
over the island of Cyprus,
596
00:34:55,626 --> 00:34:59,159
and there were a lot
of political cross currents,
597
00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:00,758
left, right,
598
00:35:00,759 --> 00:35:03,927
and I was a young,
impressionable 13-year-old
599
00:35:03,928 --> 00:35:06,659
hearing the pro-left
and pro-right arguments,
600
00:35:06,660 --> 00:35:09,560
so one day I would be convinced
that one side was right.
601
00:35:09,561 --> 00:35:10,960
The other day,
I would be convinced
602
00:35:10,961 --> 00:35:12,592
the other side was right.
603
00:35:12,593 --> 00:35:14,127
And then I was getting confused.
604
00:35:14,128 --> 00:35:15,927
How could both of these things
be true
605
00:35:15,928 --> 00:35:18,325
if they were contrary
to each other?
606
00:35:18,326 --> 00:35:22,160
So I decided to focus on a field
607
00:35:22,161 --> 00:35:26,093
where the truth didn't depend
on the eloquence of the speaker.
608
00:35:26,094 --> 00:35:27,929
The truth was absolute.
609
00:35:29,927 --> 00:35:31,993
Of course, when I started out,
610
00:35:31,994 --> 00:35:34,959
I thought that within
maybe five years
611
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:37,760
the theories
that I was working on
612
00:35:37,761 --> 00:35:39,660
were going to be tested
613
00:35:39,661 --> 00:35:42,961
and I was going to know
the experimental truth
614
00:35:42,962 --> 00:35:46,228
and move on to the next round
of ideas after that.
615
00:35:46,229 --> 00:35:49,126
Little did I know
that the experiments
616
00:35:49,127 --> 00:35:50,762
would take far longer,
617
00:35:50,763 --> 00:35:53,394
and here I am, 30 years after,
618
00:35:53,395 --> 00:35:56,432
still not knowing the truth.
619
00:36:01,428 --> 00:36:03,960
Peter?
620
00:36:03,961 --> 00:36:05,661
I can show you
here a nice event.
621
00:36:05,662 --> 00:36:07,093
Did you see this from...
622
00:36:07,094 --> 00:36:08,961
- Ah, no.
- Andreas showed me this.
623
00:36:08,962 --> 00:36:10,993
- I haven't seen it.
- This is from yesterday night.
624
00:36:10,994 --> 00:36:13,962
This is now a real
beam gas event.
625
00:36:13,963 --> 00:36:16,495
So you see the tracks
also bent...
626
00:36:16,496 --> 00:36:18,628
- Bent by the field?
- Very nice.
627
00:36:18,629 --> 00:36:19,943
Ah, no, I haven't seen...
628
00:36:20,143 --> 00:36:22,262
In some sense, I started
form the wrong perspective
629
00:36:22,263 --> 00:36:23,929
and in the wrong way,
630
00:36:23,930 --> 00:36:26,296
because I'd been studying
a lot of literature
631
00:36:26,298 --> 00:36:28,895
when I was at high school level.
632
00:36:28,896 --> 00:36:32,295
So literature, art,
philosophy, history,
633
00:36:32,296 --> 00:36:35,262
and very little physics
and mathematics.
634
00:36:35,263 --> 00:36:36,929
I'd also been studying music,
piano,
635
00:36:36,930 --> 00:36:39,297
and so I was very much
attracted by art.
636
00:36:41,963 --> 00:36:45,830
There are many similarities
between music and physics.
637
00:36:45,831 --> 00:36:49,496
Classical music
follows rules of harmony,
638
00:36:49,497 --> 00:36:52,631
which are really rules
of physics and mathematics.
639
00:36:55,264 --> 00:36:58,630
But, also, I was fascinated
by big questions.
640
00:36:58,631 --> 00:37:00,497
That is the possibility
of addressing
641
00:37:00,498 --> 00:37:04,064
and answering big questions
about nature, the universe,
642
00:37:04,065 --> 00:37:06,297
why, when, how,
643
00:37:06,298 --> 00:37:08,463
and when I finished high school,
644
00:37:08,464 --> 00:37:11,796
I thought that physics allow us
645
00:37:11,797 --> 00:37:13,932
to address this big question
646
00:37:13,933 --> 00:37:17,831
in a more practical way
than, for instance, philosophy.
647
00:37:17,832 --> 00:37:20,631
That's why I decided
to study physics.
648
00:37:39,232 --> 00:37:41,433
Yes, we lost these two there...
649
00:37:52,382 --> 00:37:54,064
I managed to go through, like,
650
00:37:54,065 --> 00:37:57,011
the four gallons of milk
that I had in the fridge, but...
651
00:38:00,050 --> 00:38:02,450
We were just waiting for
collisions, waiting for collisions,
652
00:38:02,460 --> 00:38:06,760
and finally,
then this, uh, this helium leak,
653
00:38:06,833 --> 00:38:10,898
which really, uh...
it's really frustrating.
654
00:38:10,899 --> 00:38:15,933
We cannot even go there
and investigate what happened.
655
00:38:15,934 --> 00:38:19,098
You have to warm up the magnets,
656
00:38:19,099 --> 00:38:21,667
and warming up the magnets
needs to be done
657
00:38:21,668 --> 00:38:26,165
on a very slow pace and...
in order not to break them...
658
00:38:26,166 --> 00:38:28,743
then you can investigate
and cool them down again.
659
00:38:50,267 --> 00:38:52,401
The world's largest
atom smasher,
660
00:38:52,402 --> 00:38:55,267
the Large Hadron Collider,
661
00:38:55,268 --> 00:38:57,400
is to be shut down
for at least two months.
662
00:38:57,401 --> 00:38:59,668
CERN, the European Organization
for Nuclear Research...
663
00:38:59,669 --> 00:39:02,332
Scientists at CERN are trying
to put on a brave face.
664
00:39:02,333 --> 00:39:05,334
A faulty electrical connection
between two magnets
665
00:39:05,335 --> 00:39:06,900
led to a ton of liquid helium
666
00:39:06,901 --> 00:39:09,667
being leaked into
the 27-kilometer tunnel.
667
00:39:09,668 --> 00:39:11,768
The first high-speed
particle collisions
668
00:39:11,769 --> 00:39:13,802
were due to take place
later this month.
669
00:39:13,803 --> 00:39:15,501
The goal now
670
00:39:15,502 --> 00:39:20,786
is simply to get this
vastly complex machine working.
671
00:40:08,137 --> 00:40:09,736
Fucking hell, look at that.
672
00:40:09,737 --> 00:40:11,771
This is just unbelievable.
673
00:40:11,772 --> 00:40:14,937
You've got magnets
just sheared off their jacks.
674
00:40:14,938 --> 00:40:16,725
We've actually
put in enough energy
675
00:40:17,003 --> 00:40:21,135
to melt it and to vaporize
a whole tube of...
676
00:40:21,136 --> 00:40:24,505
And the stuff's all covered in
a sort of black, metallic dust.
677
00:40:24,506 --> 00:40:25,770
Completely catastrophic, eh?
678
00:40:25,771 --> 00:40:27,436
Completely catastrophic.
679
00:40:27,437 --> 00:40:29,403
There's no more vacuum
in the beam vacuum,
680
00:40:29,404 --> 00:40:32,270
so can as well open it up and
see whether there's any dust,
681
00:40:32,271 --> 00:40:33,604
because if there's dust,
682
00:40:33,605 --> 00:40:35,736
it means
we have to clean all the way
683
00:40:35,737 --> 00:40:37,169
until it's...
684
00:40:37,170 --> 00:40:38,837
I hope, in the worst case,
685
00:40:38,838 --> 00:40:44,947
we have not to take out
more than 20 or so magnets.
686
00:40:53,938 --> 00:40:58,138
Both my family and my students
687
00:40:58,139 --> 00:41:02,171
detect a definite level of...
688
00:41:02,172 --> 00:41:05,509
let's say pessimism
and disappointment.
689
00:41:08,506 --> 00:41:10,671
The built expectation
690
00:41:10,672 --> 00:41:14,271
that now we were going to know
the truth,
691
00:41:14,272 --> 00:41:16,605
it fizzled and delayed,
692
00:41:16,606 --> 00:41:19,010
and it's just, uh...
693
00:41:24,005 --> 00:41:26,909
I thought
I was stronger than this.
694
00:41:28,907 --> 00:41:31,971
It surprised me.
695
00:41:31,972 --> 00:41:34,172
I did say that I thought
it was a mistake
696
00:41:34,174 --> 00:41:35,905
for CERN to have
this gigantic celebration
697
00:41:35,906 --> 00:41:38,573
for things just when
it just had a few protons
698
00:41:38,574 --> 00:41:40,973
wandering around in one
direction around the ring,
699
00:41:40,974 --> 00:41:43,407
that it was just a bad idea
to have so much hoopla
700
00:41:43,408 --> 00:41:45,106
before anything
was actually happening.
701
00:41:45,108 --> 00:41:46,606
At the time
when people were asking me
702
00:41:46,607 --> 00:41:48,005
if I was going to CERN
to celebrate,
703
00:41:48,006 --> 00:41:49,572
I said, "I'm going to go to CERN
704
00:41:49,574 --> 00:41:51,439
"when there's a reason
to celebrate, you know,
705
00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:53,238
"when things are colliding
into each other,
706
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:54,840
"when something
is starting to happen,
707
00:41:54,841 --> 00:41:57,773
not for some crappy PR reason."
708
00:41:57,774 --> 00:41:59,340
And that backfired.
709
00:41:59,341 --> 00:42:01,140
That, I think... really,
that really backfired,
710
00:42:01,141 --> 00:42:03,074
and I think
that was a PR disaster.
711
00:42:03,075 --> 00:42:05,273
It was a PR disaster
largely of CERN's own making.
712
00:42:05,274 --> 00:42:06,974
You don't go around, you know,
713
00:42:06,975 --> 00:42:09,708
having gigantic parties
before anything has happened.
714
00:42:36,242 --> 00:42:39,941
So the magnets that have
come out are being refurbished,
715
00:42:39,942 --> 00:42:41,808
and so they're sort of
trundling through
716
00:42:41,809 --> 00:42:43,508
about six magnets a week now.
717
00:42:43,509 --> 00:42:46,242
So that's no longer
the bottleneck.
718
00:42:46,243 --> 00:42:48,274
Now they're kind of
getting to the state
719
00:42:48,275 --> 00:42:50,808
where they're ready to start
redoing the interconnects
720
00:42:50,809 --> 00:42:52,642
in the tunnel,
721
00:42:52,643 --> 00:42:56,107
and they're already about a week
or two behind on that.
722
00:42:56,108 --> 00:42:57,608
Given the complexity...
723
00:42:57,609 --> 00:42:59,276
The other thing
is that they're drilling
724
00:42:59,277 --> 00:43:00,975
these bloody holes
in the magnets.
725
00:43:00,976 --> 00:43:03,508
- Because they, like...
- what I heard this last time,
726
00:43:03,509 --> 00:43:05,741
they were saying that
all their tools are breaking
727
00:43:05,742 --> 00:43:07,175
and that sort of business.
728
00:43:07,176 --> 00:43:08,342
But it begs the question,
of course,
729
00:43:08,343 --> 00:43:09,941
you know, what are the risks?
730
00:43:09,942 --> 00:43:11,741
I mean, you kind of basically,
you're going...
731
00:43:11,742 --> 00:43:12,976
I don't know.
732
00:43:12,977 --> 00:43:14,509
We didn't actually think so much
733
00:43:14,510 --> 00:43:16,275
about the collateral effects
of the helium.
734
00:43:16,276 --> 00:43:17,509
- Nobody has.
- Yeah, nobody.
735
00:43:17,510 --> 00:43:19,009
- Yeah.
- Nobody.
736
00:43:19,010 --> 00:43:20,742
Well, there's been
a lot of investigations
737
00:43:20,743 --> 00:43:22,342
into the cause
of the original problem,
738
00:43:22,344 --> 00:43:24,308
and the general agreement
is that we run
739
00:43:24,309 --> 00:43:26,642
at half design energy.
740
00:43:26,643 --> 00:43:29,909
Experimentalists aren't
going to be happy.
741
00:43:29,910 --> 00:43:31,411
Well...
742
00:43:31,412 --> 00:43:34,576
So, yeah...
so the latest schedule is this:
743
00:43:34,577 --> 00:43:36,611
we just put out is D-Day,
744
00:43:36,612 --> 00:43:38,742
beams back on
the 21st of September.
745
00:43:38,743 --> 00:43:40,975
Isn't that a bit optimistic?
746
00:43:40,976 --> 00:43:43,610
Isn't that a bit
optimistic for, uh, this year?
747
00:43:43,611 --> 00:43:45,610
When you're dealing
with something
748
00:43:45,611 --> 00:43:47,276
that is a long-term project...
749
00:43:47,277 --> 00:43:49,578
and the LHC
is a long-term project.
750
00:43:49,579 --> 00:43:52,177
It's a 20-year project.
751
00:43:52,178 --> 00:43:54,077
You can't think about the end.
752
00:43:54,078 --> 00:43:55,516
Ever.
753
00:43:58,512 --> 00:44:01,177
If you start out
a marathon thinking,
754
00:44:01,178 --> 00:44:03,077
"I can't wait
to get to the finish line;
755
00:44:03,078 --> 00:44:05,910
"I'm gonna have my Gatorade
at the finish line;
756
00:44:05,911 --> 00:44:09,077
I'm gonna have my greasy french
fries at the finish line,"
757
00:44:09,078 --> 00:44:11,311
or whatever motivates you...
758
00:44:11,312 --> 00:44:13,245
if you start thinking that
at mile one
759
00:44:13,246 --> 00:44:16,078
and it's, like,
ten minutes into the race,
760
00:44:16,079 --> 00:44:17,744
and you're thinking to yourself,
761
00:44:17,745 --> 00:44:20,345
"Wow, I'm only at mile one.
762
00:44:20,346 --> 00:44:26,079
I've got 25.2 miles to go."
763
00:44:26,080 --> 00:44:28,344
And if you're thinking that
at the start,
764
00:44:28,345 --> 00:44:29,612
then you're done.
765
00:44:29,613 --> 00:44:30,946
Mentally, you are done.
766
00:44:32,479 --> 00:44:34,793
This is what doing
discovery physics means.
767
00:44:35,779 --> 00:44:37,746
This is what doing
discovery means.
768
00:44:59,314 --> 00:45:01,979
Why do people have curiosity?
769
00:45:01,980 --> 00:45:06,414
Why do we care about how
distant parts of the universe,
770
00:45:06,415 --> 00:45:08,512
things that happened
billion years ago,
771
00:45:08,513 --> 00:45:09,980
like the big bang,
772
00:45:09,981 --> 00:45:11,581
why do we find them
that interesting?
773
00:45:11,582 --> 00:45:14,279
It doesn't affect
what we do day-to-day.
774
00:45:14,280 --> 00:45:17,947
But nevertheless,
once you have curiosity,
775
00:45:17,948 --> 00:45:19,913
you can't control it.
776
00:45:23,814 --> 00:45:26,014
It'll ask questions
about the universe.
777
00:45:26,015 --> 00:45:29,746
It will ask questions
about harmonic patterns
778
00:45:29,747 --> 00:45:34,447
that create art, music.
779
00:45:34,448 --> 00:45:36,414
- That's a sculpture?
- That's a sculpture.
780
00:45:36,415 --> 00:45:38,482
Yeah, doesn't it look like
a bunch of broken tiles?
781
00:45:38,483 --> 00:45:40,146
That's what it's supposed
to look like.
782
00:45:40,147 --> 00:45:41,980
And it's, uh...
and when I saw it,
783
00:45:41,982 --> 00:45:44,282
I thought it was just rubble
left over from the construction.
784
00:45:44,283 --> 00:45:45,515
Right, yeah.
785
00:45:45,516 --> 00:45:46,848
You can, in principle, move it.
786
00:45:46,849 --> 00:45:48,448
So people go up
and move pieces?
787
00:45:48,449 --> 00:45:51,447
- No, people don't.
- But people could.
788
00:45:51,448 --> 00:45:53,248
Why would they have it
so you can move it around
789
00:45:53,249 --> 00:45:54,781
if you weren't going
to move it around?
790
00:45:54,782 --> 00:45:56,247
No, I think you're right.
791
00:45:56,248 --> 00:45:57,913
I think you're allowed
to move it around.
792
00:45:57,914 --> 00:45:59,814
It's certainly
a different experience of it.
793
00:45:59,815 --> 00:46:01,180
I agree.
794
00:46:01,182 --> 00:46:03,114
See, I thought
that that belonged here.
795
00:46:03,115 --> 00:46:04,483
It's just...
it's the perfect spot.
796
00:46:04,484 --> 00:46:05,915
It certainly
changes everything.
797
00:46:05,916 --> 00:46:08,515
- It does.
- Slate and granite.
798
00:46:08,516 --> 00:46:11,647
I guess that's the granite,
and that's the slate.
799
00:46:11,648 --> 00:46:13,419
Hmm.
800
00:46:16,417 --> 00:46:19,015
It's interesting.
801
00:46:19,016 --> 00:46:20,683
There's something
philosophically
802
00:46:20,684 --> 00:46:23,349
about this piece of art
that bothers me.
803
00:46:23,350 --> 00:46:25,682
It's taking a lot of
sort of random things
804
00:46:25,683 --> 00:46:26,982
and making some order out of it.
805
00:46:26,983 --> 00:46:28,515
Yes.
806
00:46:28,516 --> 00:46:30,282
It's trying to make order
out of something
807
00:46:30,283 --> 00:46:31,816
where there isn't any,
808
00:46:31,817 --> 00:46:33,849
instead of taking things
that don't seem ordered
809
00:46:33,850 --> 00:46:36,615
and figuring out
that there is order.
810
00:46:36,616 --> 00:46:40,251
The way we try to reduce
the complexity of the world
811
00:46:40,252 --> 00:46:43,748
is by looking for patterns,
812
00:46:43,749 --> 00:46:46,016
what we call symmetries.
813
00:46:46,017 --> 00:46:49,316
We take all the particles
we know today,
814
00:46:49,317 --> 00:46:50,749
and we attempt to fit them
815
00:46:50,750 --> 00:46:52,748
into some kind
of underlying structure.
816
00:46:53,651 --> 00:46:57,085
Are they the remnants
of some more beautiful
817
00:46:57,086 --> 00:47:01,286
and complete picture
of the laws of nature?
818
00:47:03,284 --> 00:47:07,951
It's like, you go to Egypt,
and you see ruins.
819
00:47:07,952 --> 00:47:10,484
If you look at it the right way,
820
00:47:10,485 --> 00:47:11,641
I could draw a pyramid
821
00:47:12,618 --> 00:47:14,650
and see that
these chunks of stone
822
00:47:14,651 --> 00:47:17,983
are actually the remains
of something very clean
823
00:47:17,985 --> 00:47:19,483
and very symmetric,
824
00:47:19,484 --> 00:47:22,417
very beautiful.
825
00:47:22,418 --> 00:47:25,753
We know that the Standard Model
is incomplete.
826
00:47:27,751 --> 00:47:29,984
We know that there's
other stuff out there,
827
00:47:29,985 --> 00:47:33,185
that there are other particles
that we haven't seen yet.
828
00:47:33,186 --> 00:47:36,285
Dark matter
is a speculated particle
829
00:47:36,286 --> 00:47:39,917
which we think
actually dominates the universe,
830
00:47:39,918 --> 00:47:42,418
and yet we've never seen it
directly,
831
00:47:42,419 --> 00:47:45,118
and it's not part
of the Standard Model.
832
00:47:45,119 --> 00:47:47,851
That's one of those rocks.
833
00:47:47,852 --> 00:47:50,519
We think, possibly,
834
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:54,185
that that and many other
particles are still out there
835
00:47:54,186 --> 00:47:56,588
and are all part
of a much bigger symmetry,
836
00:47:57,587 --> 00:47:59,252
a much bigger theory
837
00:47:59,253 --> 00:48:02,124
that includes the Standard
Model, but much more.
838
00:48:08,118 --> 00:48:11,953
The most popular theory
is called supersymmetry,
839
00:48:11,954 --> 00:48:14,119
or SUSY for short.
840
00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:18,320
Supersymmetry was a theory
that sort of started to develop
841
00:48:18,321 --> 00:48:19,785
in the late '70s.
842
00:48:19,786 --> 00:48:22,352
Savas was one
of the first authors
843
00:48:22,353 --> 00:48:26,620
of the first theories
of supersymmetry.
844
00:48:26,621 --> 00:48:29,821
It is the unfathomable
depths of...
845
00:48:29,822 --> 00:48:35,688
Supersymmetry is our best
guess of what else is out there,
846
00:48:35,689 --> 00:48:37,787
the bigger theory
that incorporates
847
00:48:37,788 --> 00:48:39,354
our current theories,
848
00:48:39,355 --> 00:48:41,653
the Standard Model.
849
00:48:41,654 --> 00:48:43,786
But for it to be true,
850
00:48:43,787 --> 00:48:47,364
we have to discover
those other particles.
851
00:48:57,351 --> 00:48:59,454
If I could choose a dream
of any theory
852
00:48:59,455 --> 00:49:01,187
that the LHC could find,
853
00:49:01,188 --> 00:49:03,821
actually, I would love
for them to see supersymmetry.
854
00:49:03,822 --> 00:49:09,755
Supersymmetry says,
for every type of particle,
855
00:49:09,756 --> 00:49:11,287
say the electron,
856
00:49:11,289 --> 00:49:13,955
there's a heavy superpartner.
857
00:49:13,956 --> 00:49:15,653
So you have the...
858
00:49:15,654 --> 00:49:17,622
and they have really stupid
names, unfortunately,
859
00:49:17,623 --> 00:49:19,154
called the selectron.
860
00:49:19,155 --> 00:49:21,354
You just add an S to the name.
The squark.
861
00:49:21,355 --> 00:49:25,421
Uh, the sup, the sdown.
862
00:49:25,422 --> 00:49:27,255
Supersymmetry, or SUSY,
863
00:49:27,257 --> 00:49:30,522
is extremely important
for the theoretical community
864
00:49:30,523 --> 00:49:33,156
because it solves
many mathematical problems
865
00:49:33,157 --> 00:49:35,088
with the Standard model.
866
00:49:35,089 --> 00:49:38,822
Now, experimentally, it would be
the experimentalists' dream.
867
00:49:38,823 --> 00:49:42,022
You know, tons of particles
that are just coming out,
868
00:49:42,023 --> 00:49:43,855
and you just don't even know
what to do with...
869
00:49:43,856 --> 00:49:45,689
you know, can't even
write the data fast enough
870
00:49:45,690 --> 00:49:47,022
in order to discover them.
871
00:49:47,023 --> 00:49:50,293
So that'd be my dream.
872
00:49:53,095 --> 00:49:55,356
It used to be
that in the control room life,
873
00:49:55,357 --> 00:49:56,656
it was kind of a luxury.
874
00:49:56,657 --> 00:49:58,488
You know, you could kind of...
875
00:49:58,489 --> 00:50:00,521
you could, you know, kind
of style your hair for the day
876
00:50:00,523 --> 00:50:02,655
because you didn't have to wear
a hard helmet all day.
877
00:50:02,656 --> 00:50:04,357
You could wear nice shoes,
you know,
878
00:50:04,358 --> 00:50:06,425
because you were in
the control room environment.
879
00:50:06,426 --> 00:50:09,090
Now, it's all back to, you know,
880
00:50:09,091 --> 00:50:11,257
bring the dirtiest clothes
that you own to work
881
00:50:11,458 --> 00:50:13,756
because you're gonna be crawling
around in, like,
882
00:50:13,757 --> 00:50:15,457
you know, hard helmets,
steel-toed boots.
883
00:50:15,458 --> 00:50:16,823
Not the most attractive shoes,
884
00:50:16,824 --> 00:50:18,611
but, you know,
I kind of like them.
885
00:50:21,258 --> 00:50:23,091
We're pulling out
the electronics.
886
00:50:23,092 --> 00:50:25,190
We're fixing things that
we didn't actually have time
887
00:50:25,191 --> 00:50:28,357
to get to
during the last shutdown.
888
00:50:28,358 --> 00:50:30,456
The goal of this is
that it would be
889
00:50:30,457 --> 00:50:33,828
in even better shape
for next beam.
890
00:50:36,824 --> 00:50:43,325
Okay, so that is, I think,
all that I have to say.
891
00:50:43,326 --> 00:50:47,091
Hope the theorists
aren't driving you crazy.
892
00:50:47,092 --> 00:50:49,424
Don't listen to them,
by the way,
893
00:50:49,425 --> 00:50:51,357
because theorists,
894
00:50:51,358 --> 00:50:55,259
they can sometimes...
895
00:50:56,259 --> 00:50:57,858
Just telling you.
896
00:50:57,859 --> 00:50:59,624
You got to come back
to the experimental world
897
00:50:59,625 --> 00:51:03,759
so that you can touch bases
with reality.
898
00:51:03,760 --> 00:51:06,793
All right,
I'll talk to you soon.
899
00:51:11,020 --> 00:51:13,492
One of the most basic facts
about the universe
900
00:51:13,493 --> 00:51:14,693
is that it's big.
901
00:51:14,694 --> 00:51:17,191
So you might wonder,
902
00:51:17,192 --> 00:51:21,025
"Why is the universe big?"
903
00:51:21,026 --> 00:51:23,092
There's actually
a single number,
904
00:51:23,093 --> 00:51:24,692
called
the cosmological constant,
905
00:51:24,693 --> 00:51:26,760
that plays a crucial role
906
00:51:26,761 --> 00:51:29,325
in determining
what the universe looks like.
907
00:51:29,326 --> 00:51:32,093
In fact, around ten years ago,
908
00:51:32,094 --> 00:51:34,925
astronomers discovered
a really remarkable fact:
909
00:51:34,926 --> 00:51:37,826
the universe is getting bigger
and bigger
910
00:51:37,827 --> 00:51:40,262
at a faster and faster rate.
911
00:51:42,260 --> 00:51:45,660
But this rate
is a million, billion,
912
00:51:45,661 --> 00:51:50,292
billion, billion, billion,
billion, billion times slower
913
00:51:50,293 --> 00:51:52,529
than what we'd actually predict.
914
00:51:54,127 --> 00:51:56,695
When you're off by
a factor of a million, billion,
915
00:51:56,696 --> 00:51:58,861
billion, billion, billion,
billion, billion,
916
00:51:58,863 --> 00:52:00,528
there's something very wrong
917
00:52:00,529 --> 00:52:04,794
with your understanding
of basic physics.
918
00:52:04,795 --> 00:52:06,260
Even worse,
919
00:52:06,261 --> 00:52:08,294
this one number,
the cosmological constant,
920
00:52:08,295 --> 00:52:10,626
needs to have
this extremely precise value.
921
00:52:10,627 --> 00:52:13,759
And if the value
is different even by a tiny bit,
922
00:52:13,760 --> 00:52:17,197
we would radically change what
the world looks like around us.
923
00:52:20,194 --> 00:52:22,428
If you saw a situation where,
924
00:52:22,429 --> 00:52:24,794
if the parameter
has a very dangerous value
925
00:52:24,795 --> 00:52:26,828
and you change it a little bit,
926
00:52:26,829 --> 00:52:28,194
the world
would change radically,
927
00:52:28,195 --> 00:52:29,460
and we'd be dead.
928
00:52:29,461 --> 00:52:31,327
We couldn't possibly live.
929
00:52:31,328 --> 00:52:33,160
You would wonder
where that came from.
930
00:52:33,161 --> 00:52:35,661
You know, how is that possible?
931
00:52:35,662 --> 00:52:37,262
So just on the face of it,
932
00:52:37,264 --> 00:52:39,096
you would look at the situation
and say,
933
00:52:39,097 --> 00:52:42,328
"Wow, someone really cared
to put this parameter
934
00:52:42,329 --> 00:52:44,828
"at just the right value
so that we get to be here
935
00:52:44,829 --> 00:52:46,963
"and that
it's a pleasant universe
936
00:52:46,964 --> 00:52:50,197
and really cares a lot."
937
00:52:52,195 --> 00:52:55,366
This is the sort of thing that
really keeps you up at night.
938
00:52:56,964 --> 00:52:59,529
It really makes you wonder,
"Maybe we've got something
939
00:52:59,530 --> 00:53:01,696
"about the whole picture,
the big picture,
940
00:53:01,697 --> 00:53:03,381
totally, totally,
totally wrong."
941
00:53:19,264 --> 00:53:21,963
Before I went
to elementary school,
942
00:53:21,964 --> 00:53:27,128
my mother started telling me
biblical stories.
943
00:53:27,129 --> 00:53:29,364
She told me that if we are good,
944
00:53:29,365 --> 00:53:31,029
we'll go to paradise,
945
00:53:31,030 --> 00:53:33,534
and we will stay there forever.
946
00:53:35,531 --> 00:53:38,262
And when she said "forever,"
947
00:53:38,263 --> 00:53:41,697
I started panicking.
948
00:53:41,698 --> 00:53:43,196
I kept asking, "Forever?"
949
00:53:43,197 --> 00:53:44,462
"Forever?"
950
00:53:44,463 --> 00:53:46,163
You mean, it never ends?
951
00:53:46,164 --> 00:53:48,798
Like, you wake up,
and you know that then,
952
00:53:48,799 --> 00:53:50,129
you go back to sleep,
953
00:53:50,130 --> 00:53:52,364
and this never ends, never ends,
954
00:53:52,365 --> 00:53:53,836
never ends.
955
00:53:57,832 --> 00:53:59,831
I started crying.
956
00:53:59,832 --> 00:54:01,498
She told me,
"What's wrong with you?
957
00:54:01,499 --> 00:54:02,764
"This is paradise.
958
00:54:02,765 --> 00:54:05,130
"It will be a lot of fun.
959
00:54:05,131 --> 00:54:06,707
You'll be very happy there."
960
00:54:15,699 --> 00:54:18,864
But this idea of eternity,
961
00:54:18,865 --> 00:54:21,699
something infinite,
962
00:54:21,700 --> 00:54:23,998
scared me.
963
00:54:47,534 --> 00:54:49,433
There is
a scientific alternative
964
00:54:49,434 --> 00:54:51,833
to believing there's
someone out there who loves us,
965
00:54:51,834 --> 00:54:55,499
twiddling the dials very finely
for things to work out.
966
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:57,932
And this alternative,
said briefly,
967
00:54:57,933 --> 00:55:00,367
is that everything we see
in our observed universe
968
00:55:00,368 --> 00:55:02,532
is actually a very small part
969
00:55:02,533 --> 00:55:06,666
of a much,
much vaster multiverse.
970
00:55:06,667 --> 00:55:08,434
You might
literally imagine that,
971
00:55:08,435 --> 00:55:10,199
from some bird's eye
point of view,
972
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,033
if you went
to enormous distances,
973
00:55:13,034 --> 00:55:15,667
you would see that our universe
is actually a little pocket
974
00:55:15,668 --> 00:55:19,104
inside a vastly bigger space.
975
00:55:22,102 --> 00:55:24,868
In this picture,
these mysterious numbers,
976
00:55:24,869 --> 00:55:26,600
like the cosmological constant,
977
00:55:26,601 --> 00:55:29,837
are actually basically random.
978
00:55:31,835 --> 00:55:35,433
And out there in the multiverse,
next to us somewhere,
979
00:55:35,434 --> 00:55:38,434
is another region
where these numbers take on
980
00:55:38,436 --> 00:55:39,666
some other random value,
981
00:55:39,667 --> 00:55:41,334
and then another region
982
00:55:41,335 --> 00:55:43,535
where they take on
some other random value still.
983
00:55:43,536 --> 00:55:46,268
Only in a tiny sliver,
a minuscule part
984
00:55:46,269 --> 00:55:47,969
of this gigantic multiverse,
985
00:55:47,970 --> 00:55:50,367
for completely
accidental reasons,
986
00:55:50,368 --> 00:55:53,134
do these numbers take on
the very, very special values
987
00:55:53,135 --> 00:55:54,833
which allows structures to grow,
988
00:55:54,834 --> 00:55:58,435
stars to form, galaxies to form.
989
00:55:58,436 --> 00:56:00,307
Ultimately,
things like us to form.
990
00:56:03,303 --> 00:56:07,134
This is the really
opposite extreme interpretation
991
00:56:07,135 --> 00:56:09,269
of the presence of fine-tuning
992
00:56:09,270 --> 00:56:12,703
as intelligent designers
would want to give.
993
00:56:12,704 --> 00:56:15,134
If you believe
that someone out there cares
994
00:56:15,135 --> 00:56:18,001
and twiddles the parameters
so that you can exist,
995
00:56:18,002 --> 00:56:21,603
that puts our existence
at the very core of reality.
996
00:56:21,604 --> 00:56:24,469
If you believe
that our entire universe
997
00:56:24,470 --> 00:56:27,035
is a tiny, little,
minuscule spec
998
00:56:27,036 --> 00:56:30,003
in a gigantic multiverse
which is mostly lethal,
999
00:56:30,004 --> 00:56:32,169
that's a polar opposite
philosophy
1000
00:56:32,170 --> 00:56:35,870
for what the universe
looks like.
1001
00:56:35,871 --> 00:56:39,336
In fact, it's an idea
that many physicists loathe,
1002
00:56:39,337 --> 00:56:41,669
because certain questions
then become things
1003
00:56:41,670 --> 00:56:45,040
that we will not hope
to be able to understand.
1004
00:56:47,038 --> 00:56:50,836
Nima is now an advocate
for this idea
1005
00:56:50,837 --> 00:56:53,104
that the laws of physics
are different
1006
00:56:53,105 --> 00:56:56,170
in different parts
of this multiverse,
1007
00:56:56,171 --> 00:56:59,171
that what we measure
in experiments
1008
00:56:59,172 --> 00:57:02,671
are not deep mysteries
of nature,
1009
00:57:02,672 --> 00:57:06,004
but they're just random
accidents in our universe,
1010
00:57:06,005 --> 00:57:08,270
that maybe even the Higgs itself
1011
00:57:08,271 --> 00:57:11,302
is a random accident that
has occurred in our universe
1012
00:57:11,304 --> 00:57:14,871
and let's life exist,
but has no explanation.
1013
00:57:17,937 --> 00:57:20,809
In a sense,
it's the end of physics.
1014
00:57:23,805 --> 00:57:26,203
On the one hand,
we have the direction
1015
00:57:26,204 --> 00:57:28,638
that we've been on
for the last 400 years,
1016
00:57:28,639 --> 00:57:33,770
towards increasing beauty,
simplicity, symmetry,
1017
00:57:33,771 --> 00:57:36,339
and a path
that has time and time again
1018
00:57:36,340 --> 00:57:38,605
paid off with deeper
and deeper insights
1019
00:57:38,606 --> 00:57:40,279
about the way the world works.
1020
00:57:46,271 --> 00:57:50,271
On the other hand, we have
the idea of the multiverse,
1021
00:57:50,273 --> 00:57:53,272
which would move us
to a real picture
1022
00:57:53,273 --> 00:57:56,506
not of symmetry and beauty
and order,
1023
00:57:56,507 --> 00:58:01,510
but fundamentally of chaos
on enormous distances.
1024
00:58:04,506 --> 00:58:08,440
This is the really
very, very big-scale question
1025
00:58:08,441 --> 00:58:10,281
which the LHC
is going to push us in
1026
00:58:10,974 --> 00:58:13,822
one way or the other.
1027
00:58:33,972 --> 00:58:35,708
What happens, for example,
if...
1028
00:58:35,710 --> 00:58:36,975
Oh, blimey.
1029
00:58:36,976 --> 00:58:38,607
Yeah, there's a lot of...
1030
00:58:38,608 --> 00:58:40,813
Hi, Katja.
You all right?
1031
00:58:47,508 --> 00:58:49,508
Oh, you're not recording this,
huh?
1032
00:58:49,509 --> 00:58:50,876
Yes, we're all on the...
1033
00:59:00,207 --> 00:59:02,521
Yeah, don't worry
about all the other crap.
1034
00:59:06,008 --> 00:59:08,442
We've got the beams
going around again.
1035
00:59:08,443 --> 00:59:10,141
The magnet repairs
are holding up well,
1036
00:59:10,142 --> 00:59:12,108
and our next challenge
is to take these beams
1037
00:59:12,109 --> 00:59:13,475
up to high energy
and collide them.
1038
00:59:13,476 --> 00:59:14,976
Okay.
1039
00:59:14,977 --> 00:59:17,942
We're very, very aware
of the damage we can do.
1040
00:59:17,943 --> 00:59:19,608
Here we go.
1041
00:59:19,609 --> 00:59:22,986
That's what worries me stiff
at the moment.
1042
00:59:32,977 --> 00:59:38,543
The original proposal
for ATLAS was in 1989.
1043
00:59:38,544 --> 00:59:40,543
And you're kind of riding
this idea.
1044
00:59:40,544 --> 00:59:43,209
You've got this dream
of physics.
1045
00:59:43,210 --> 00:59:45,276
This dream of physics
is what pulled everyone along
1046
00:59:45,277 --> 00:59:46,277
for those 19 years.
1047
00:59:46,877 --> 00:59:50,376
And so here, now, today,
finally,
1048
00:59:50,377 --> 00:59:52,843
with high-energy collisions,
1049
00:59:52,844 --> 00:59:57,977
we can start to look
for that dream of new physics.
1050
00:59:57,978 --> 00:59:58,878
Uh, blue.
1051
00:59:59,877 --> 01:00:02,774
The control room, yes.
1052
01:00:02,775 --> 01:00:04,043
The control room.
1053
01:00:04,044 --> 01:00:05,451
This is the control room.
1054
01:00:12,444 --> 01:00:16,810
The pressure of it being
an event, of course, is there.
1055
01:00:16,811 --> 01:00:20,510
And, of course, anything
can go wrong, and it has.
1056
01:00:20,511 --> 01:00:23,544
Last weekend
was a complete disaster.
1057
01:00:23,545 --> 01:00:24,977
We were discussing
the possibility
1058
01:00:24,978 --> 01:00:27,310
that we do collisions
during the night
1059
01:00:27,311 --> 01:00:30,111
rather than the plan,
9:00 in the morning.
1060
01:00:30,112 --> 01:00:33,043
Of course,
this has caused major,
1061
01:00:33,044 --> 01:00:35,611
sort of knock-ons for,
one, the experiments,
1062
01:00:35,612 --> 01:00:38,701
and two, for the media service.
1063
01:01:01,680 --> 01:01:03,112
Good morning, everybody.
1064
01:01:03,113 --> 01:01:04,645
I propose we start.
1065
01:01:04,646 --> 01:01:06,380
I will take you briefly
over the whole summary
1066
01:01:06,381 --> 01:01:07,844
of the weekend,
1067
01:01:07,845 --> 01:01:09,945
just to get you
up to date what happened.
1068
01:01:09,946 --> 01:01:11,712
During the night,
we tried to set up again
1069
01:01:11,713 --> 01:01:12,979
for high intensities,
1070
01:01:12,980 --> 01:01:14,512
for 450 GeV collisions,
1071
01:01:14,513 --> 01:01:15,980
but then we were cut short
1072
01:01:15,981 --> 01:01:18,144
because we encountered a vacuum.
1073
01:01:18,145 --> 01:01:21,880
What everybody wants,
from a physics point of view
1074
01:01:21,881 --> 01:01:23,179
and from being sure,
1075
01:01:23,180 --> 01:01:25,179
is doing it secretly before
1076
01:01:25,180 --> 01:01:27,212
and showing it to the media
during the day.
1077
01:01:27,213 --> 01:01:29,345
And I think this was also
the wish of Fabiola.
1078
01:01:29,346 --> 01:01:31,312
It's the wish of everybody,
1079
01:01:31,313 --> 01:01:33,613
because this is, of course,
then you're much more certain.
1080
01:01:33,614 --> 01:01:36,311
But this does not work nowadays.
1081
01:01:36,313 --> 01:01:37,946
Media wants to see
this little risk.
1082
01:01:37,947 --> 01:01:39,445
I understand.
1083
01:01:39,446 --> 01:01:41,881
So that means
we have to adapt to that.
1084
01:01:41,882 --> 01:01:42,782
Let's see.
1085
01:01:43,780 --> 01:01:47,313
This...
this is not it.
1086
01:01:47,314 --> 01:01:48,680
It doesn't seem like...
1087
01:01:48,681 --> 01:01:50,180
You got to hit the reload.
1088
01:01:50,181 --> 01:01:52,613
I'm reloading it.
1089
01:01:52,614 --> 01:01:55,478
Yeah, I wonder
if we should stop.
1090
01:01:55,479 --> 01:01:57,280
Everyone is reloading it.
1091
01:01:57,281 --> 01:01:59,017
Maybe we should stop.
1092
01:02:01,015 --> 01:02:02,281
There you go.
1093
01:02:02,282 --> 01:02:04,381
- Hey!
- All right.
1094
01:02:04,382 --> 01:02:06,483
Okay, now.
1095
01:02:08,481 --> 01:02:10,347
And, indeed, welcome to CERN,
1096
01:02:10,348 --> 01:02:12,347
the European Organization
for Nuclear Research,
1097
01:02:12,348 --> 01:02:13,646
in Geneva.
1098
01:02:13,647 --> 01:02:15,449
Welcome to
the CERN control center.
1099
01:02:43,483 --> 01:02:45,015
And here on the screen
1100
01:02:45,016 --> 01:02:47,114
we can see the four
different experiments:
1101
01:02:47,115 --> 01:02:51,481
ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, and ALICE.
1102
01:02:51,482 --> 01:02:55,683
And the program for today
is to first send one beam
1103
01:02:55,684 --> 01:02:58,550
in one direction, a second
beam in the opposite direction.
1104
01:02:58,551 --> 01:03:01,449
They will circulate
in parallel for a while,
1105
01:03:01,450 --> 01:03:04,481
and when everything is ready
and under control,
1106
01:03:04,482 --> 01:03:06,183
the separation
is going to be removed,
1107
01:03:06,184 --> 01:03:09,350
and the beams
are going to be made to collide
1108
01:03:09,351 --> 01:03:12,115
in the four points
around the LHC machine.
1109
01:03:12,116 --> 01:03:14,115
I just think to myself,
if you imagine, like,
1110
01:03:14,116 --> 01:03:16,182
Thomas Edison, like,
inventing the lightbulb...
1111
01:03:16,183 --> 01:03:18,317
if he had tried to invent
the lightbulb with, like,
1112
01:03:18,318 --> 01:03:20,182
a hundred camera crews
in his workshop,
1113
01:03:20,183 --> 01:03:21,849
and they would've been like,
"Oh, my God,
1114
01:03:21,850 --> 01:03:23,148
"you can't even turn it on?
1115
01:03:23,149 --> 01:03:24,516
"Come on!
Turn it on now!
1116
01:03:24,517 --> 01:03:26,350
"Come... ugh,
we're still waiting?
1117
01:03:26,351 --> 01:03:28,449
Come on. Ah, come on.
What's wrong with this guy?"
1118
01:03:28,450 --> 01:03:34,350
So the violet... there's always
one vertical, horizontal beam.
1119
01:03:34,351 --> 01:03:35,785
One beam.
1120
01:03:39,119 --> 01:03:40,518
Shh!
1121
01:03:41,818 --> 01:03:43,149
Please.
1122
01:03:43,150 --> 01:03:44,950
So a few minutes.
1123
01:03:44,951 --> 01:03:45,851
Okay, thank you.
1124
01:03:46,652 --> 01:03:48,222
Thank you, bye.
1125
01:03:53,219 --> 01:03:54,484
Wow.
1126
01:03:54,485 --> 01:03:56,024
Everybody hear?
1127
01:04:02,017 --> 01:04:05,351
Few minutes away.
1128
01:04:05,353 --> 01:04:08,851
So we should watch that one,
our trigger rate,
1129
01:04:08,852 --> 01:04:11,385
this one, the separation bumps,
and the event displays.
1130
01:04:11,386 --> 01:04:13,152
Okay, these are
the three screens to watch.
1131
01:04:13,153 --> 01:04:14,885
If you have three eyes,
one there, one here,
1132
01:04:14,886 --> 01:04:18,118
and one over there.
1133
01:04:18,119 --> 01:04:20,886
So, okay,
both beams are at 3.5 TeV,
1134
01:04:20,887 --> 01:04:23,784
and we've just collapsed
the separation bumps
1135
01:04:23,785 --> 01:04:25,385
and brought the beams
into collision
1136
01:04:25,386 --> 01:04:26,718
inside the four experiments.
1137
01:04:26,719 --> 01:04:28,020
- Starting.
- They're starting.
1138
01:04:28,021 --> 01:04:29,652
They're starting.
1139
01:04:29,653 --> 01:04:32,319
- Oh.
- Ooh.
1140
01:04:34,620 --> 01:04:35,951
Okay, they're starting.
1141
01:04:35,952 --> 01:04:38,285
Two beams,
one in blue, one in red,
1142
01:04:38,286 --> 01:04:42,153
each circulating
in opposite directions.
1143
01:04:42,154 --> 01:04:44,685
They have
to get closer and closer.
1144
01:04:44,686 --> 01:04:48,519
When the numbers
on the four readers say zero,
1145
01:04:48,520 --> 01:04:51,655
it means that the beams
are finally aligned.
1146
01:05:12,021 --> 01:05:14,703
This is the historical moment
we were all expecting.
1147
01:05:15,555 --> 01:05:18,191
It can be anytime now.
1148
01:06:19,156 --> 01:06:22,155
Wow! Wow!
1149
01:06:22,156 --> 01:06:23,390
Fantastic!
1150
01:06:23,391 --> 01:06:25,356
Beautiful.
1151
01:06:25,357 --> 01:06:28,625
- Wow.
- We are ready.
1152
01:06:38,625 --> 01:06:39,890
First things first.
1153
01:06:39,891 --> 01:06:43,457
I just have to say:
"data."
1154
01:06:43,458 --> 01:06:48,625
It's... it's unbelievable
how fantastic data is.
1155
01:07:07,797 --> 01:07:09,323
You have this invariant mass.
1156
01:07:09,324 --> 01:07:11,124
This is for the Z
to mu-mu channel.
1157
01:07:11,125 --> 01:07:12,891
And you have this mass peak
of the Z,
1158
01:07:12,893 --> 01:07:14,868
in order to estimate
your backgrounds.
1159
01:07:23,859 --> 01:07:28,724
It's like the world
at ATLAS and LHC and CMS
1160
01:07:28,725 --> 01:07:30,557
and all those places
has suddenly changed.
1161
01:07:30,558 --> 01:07:33,025
I mean, it's like,
all of a sudden, there's data.
1162
01:07:33,026 --> 01:07:34,958
And after so many years
of not having data
1163
01:07:34,959 --> 01:07:36,324
and new data, new physics,
1164
01:07:36,325 --> 01:07:37,958
there's just so much
possibility,
1165
01:07:37,959 --> 01:07:39,558
and even though
you're rediscovering
1166
01:07:39,559 --> 01:07:41,490
the Standard Model,
that is more exciting.
1167
01:07:41,491 --> 01:07:43,691
But the most exciting thing
about the data
1168
01:07:43,693 --> 01:07:45,557
is not the first collision.
1169
01:07:45,558 --> 01:07:47,291
Because the first collision,
okay, great.
1170
01:07:47,292 --> 01:07:49,857
First collision,
everyone loves the first.
1171
01:07:49,858 --> 01:07:52,826
But the most exciting thing
about the data is the, you know,
1172
01:07:52,827 --> 01:07:54,860
1 millionth collision
or the 2 millionth collision
1173
01:07:54,861 --> 01:07:57,026
or the fact that collisions
just keep coming and coming
1174
01:07:57,027 --> 01:07:58,560
and coming and coming,
1175
01:07:58,561 --> 01:08:00,560
and the more and more
collisions we have,
1176
01:08:00,561 --> 01:08:02,192
the more and more chance we have
1177
01:08:02,193 --> 01:08:04,024
to look
at the interesting physics,
1178
01:08:04,025 --> 01:08:07,193
because it just means more
and more and more data for us.
1179
01:08:07,194 --> 01:08:08,626
The running is pretty good.
1180
01:08:08,627 --> 01:08:10,658
But right now,
it's running amazingly.
1181
01:08:10,659 --> 01:08:12,193
Yeah, right now,
1182
01:08:12,194 --> 01:08:13,992
but the day of reckoning
is in several months.
1183
01:08:13,993 --> 01:08:15,494
We heard rumors on that.
1184
01:08:15,495 --> 01:08:17,060
Well, we should be hearing
rumors now.
1185
01:08:17,061 --> 01:08:18,693
We really should be
hearing rumors now.
1186
01:08:18,694 --> 01:08:20,027
I'm a little worried, actually.
1187
01:08:20,028 --> 01:08:21,727
Yeah.
1188
01:08:21,728 --> 01:08:23,661
- Well, we're hearing murmurs.
- What, what's...
1189
01:08:23,662 --> 01:08:25,060
Murmurs.
We're hearing murmurs.
1190
01:08:25,061 --> 01:08:26,826
There either...
there isn't much there,
1191
01:08:26,827 --> 01:08:28,894
or they're doing a very good job
keeping a poker face.
1192
01:08:28,895 --> 01:08:30,727
Or they're still at the point
where half of...
1193
01:08:30,728 --> 01:08:32,361
where they're still trying
to figure out
1194
01:08:32,362 --> 01:08:34,226
what's a murmur
and what's a rumor, internally.
1195
01:08:34,227 --> 01:08:36,060
And I think
that's probably actually true.
1196
01:08:36,061 --> 01:08:37,328
Right.
1197
01:08:37,329 --> 01:08:38,626
The problem is that, also,
1198
01:08:38,627 --> 01:08:40,326
I take completely innocent
remarks
1199
01:08:40,327 --> 01:08:42,159
and vastly over-interpret them.
1200
01:08:42,160 --> 01:08:44,526
Obviously, we're going to
learn about the first discovery
1201
01:08:44,528 --> 01:08:46,126
on Twitter and Facebook.
1202
01:08:46,127 --> 01:08:47,627
That's so sad,
but I think it's true.
1203
01:08:47,628 --> 01:08:49,126
It is.
1204
01:08:49,127 --> 01:08:50,960
You mean, I shouldn't check
the arXiv
1205
01:08:50,961 --> 01:08:53,161
first thing in the morning...
I need to check my Facebook?
1206
01:08:53,162 --> 01:08:55,294
- The arXiv is the last thing.
- The arXiv is the last...
1207
01:08:55,295 --> 01:08:56,994
First, like,
check Nima's Twitter feed.
1208
01:08:56,995 --> 01:08:58,327
Then check the arXiv.
1209
01:08:58,328 --> 01:09:00,061
If Nima has a Twitter feed,
1210
01:09:00,062 --> 01:09:02,270
then there's something
has been discovered.
1211
01:09:03,896 --> 01:09:08,794
It is August 7, 2011,
1212
01:09:08,795 --> 01:09:14,895
and, this is a significant time
for the LHC.
1213
01:09:14,896 --> 01:09:17,161
The first big set of data
1214
01:09:17,162 --> 01:09:21,461
was presented
at the end of July.
1215
01:09:21,462 --> 01:09:25,829
The data
has little extra bits in it
1216
01:09:25,830 --> 01:09:29,229
which could be interpreted
as a Higgs.
1217
01:09:29,230 --> 01:09:32,494
Even though the LHC
is running at half power,
1218
01:09:32,495 --> 01:09:35,661
it actually has gotten data
much, much faster
1219
01:09:35,662 --> 01:09:37,529
than anybody expected.
1220
01:09:37,530 --> 01:09:41,896
And that allowed them to be
sensitive to the Higgs boson.
1221
01:09:41,897 --> 01:09:43,728
It's fucking cool right now.
1222
01:09:43,729 --> 01:09:45,628
There was huge excitement
1223
01:09:45,629 --> 01:09:48,462
because the Higgs' results
of the two main detectors,
1224
01:09:48,463 --> 01:09:50,363
CMS and ATLAS, were first shown,
1225
01:09:50,364 --> 01:09:52,696
together, in the same meeting.
1226
01:09:52,697 --> 01:09:54,530
For me, as Run Coordinator,
1227
01:09:54,531 --> 01:09:56,099
I discussed every little problem
1228
01:09:56,299 --> 01:09:58,030
where we lost here
a little bit of data
1229
01:09:58,031 --> 01:09:59,663
and there a little bit of data,
1230
01:09:59,664 --> 01:10:03,862
so somehow I really feel
attached to this data set.
1231
01:10:03,863 --> 01:10:07,698
So somehow it makes me proud
if the Higgs is found
1232
01:10:07,699 --> 01:10:09,299
or not with this data set.
1233
01:10:10,299 --> 01:10:12,696
The three, two, ones,
so the effect...
1234
01:10:12,697 --> 01:10:16,163
The mass of the Higgs,
namely the weight of the Higgs,
1235
01:10:16,164 --> 01:10:18,730
can actually tell us
or give us a hint
1236
01:10:18,731 --> 01:10:20,064
about what comes next.
1237
01:10:20,065 --> 01:10:25,331
If the mass
is on the lighter side,
1238
01:10:25,332 --> 01:10:28,631
then that's consistent
with some of the standard things
1239
01:10:28,632 --> 01:10:30,031
we've been looking for.
1240
01:10:30,033 --> 01:10:33,364
Supersymmetry generally favors
1241
01:10:33,365 --> 01:10:35,464
that the Higgs
is as light as possible.
1242
01:10:35,465 --> 01:10:38,498
About 115 times
the mass of the proton.
1243
01:10:38,499 --> 01:10:40,664
It's 115 GeV:
1244
01:10:40,665 --> 01:10:42,633
Giga electron volts.
1245
01:10:42,634 --> 01:10:47,030
If, on the other hand,
the Higgs is 140 GeV,
1246
01:10:47,031 --> 01:10:49,697
140 times the mass
of the proton,
1247
01:10:49,698 --> 01:10:50,803
it's a terrible mass,
1248
01:10:51,232 --> 01:10:55,798
because 140 GeV
is associated with theories
1249
01:10:55,799 --> 01:10:58,164
that rely on the multiverse.
1250
01:10:58,165 --> 01:11:00,997
ATLAS has a little bump here,
1251
01:11:00,998 --> 01:11:04,132
a small excess visible near 140.
1252
01:11:04,133 --> 01:11:06,166
And now, holy crap.
1253
01:11:06,167 --> 01:11:08,031
It's 140!
1254
01:11:08,032 --> 01:11:11,131
It's starting to look like
nature has made its choice.
1255
01:11:11,132 --> 01:11:13,365
What do we learn
if the LHC does discover
1256
01:11:13,366 --> 01:11:15,465
a Higgs at 140 and nothing else?
1257
01:11:15,467 --> 01:11:17,731
Chaos. Okay?
1258
01:11:17,732 --> 01:11:19,364
The problem with the multiverse
1259
01:11:19,366 --> 01:11:20,833
is that it says the Higgs
1260
01:11:20,834 --> 01:11:23,201
might be the last particle
we ever see.
1261
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:27,332
- So what we should do...
- I think the Higgs mass issue...
1262
01:11:27,333 --> 01:11:30,300
If we don't see any new
particles besides the Higgs,
1263
01:11:30,301 --> 01:11:33,131
we don't get any explanation
for dark matter.
1264
01:11:33,132 --> 01:11:36,534
We don't know
how the Higgs itself got a mass.
1265
01:11:36,535 --> 01:11:41,000
We never get access
to the deeper theory.
1266
01:11:41,001 --> 01:11:42,868
All that information
1267
01:11:42,869 --> 01:11:46,004
could be in the other universes.
1268
01:11:48,002 --> 01:11:51,699
We may be at the end
of the road.
1269
01:11:51,700 --> 01:11:54,069
That's it.
1270
01:11:56,067 --> 01:12:00,570
I guess, um...
1271
01:12:01,569 --> 01:12:05,734
Well, if it's right
at that number,
1272
01:12:05,735 --> 01:12:07,733
then it would be
so fucking astounding.
1273
01:12:08,167 --> 01:12:10,200
Where the F is SUSY, right?
1274
01:12:10,201 --> 01:12:11,667
I mean, there's nothing.
1275
01:12:11,668 --> 01:12:13,066
I mean,
where's all the other stuff?
1276
01:12:13,067 --> 01:12:14,467
Where are the other particles?
1277
01:12:14,468 --> 01:12:16,300
What happened to dark matter?
I mean...
1278
01:12:16,301 --> 01:12:18,134
I've heard of many theories
saying that new particles
1279
01:12:18,135 --> 01:12:19,400
might be
at even higher energies, so...
1280
01:12:19,401 --> 01:12:21,069
Right.
1281
01:12:21,070 --> 01:12:23,302
Who knows? I mean,
it always comes differently.
1282
01:12:23,303 --> 01:12:24,968
Who knows if there
are other interesting things.
1283
01:12:24,969 --> 01:12:26,501
You know, somehow
it always comes differently
1284
01:12:26,502 --> 01:12:28,167
than you expect.
1285
01:12:28,168 --> 01:12:30,669
I know that the theorists
are all up in arms,
1286
01:12:30,670 --> 01:12:32,401
because, you know,
it could be a heavy Higgs,
1287
01:12:32,402 --> 01:12:33,966
but, you know,
I've always said, like,
1288
01:12:33,967 --> 01:12:35,336
the worst-case scenario,
1289
01:12:35,337 --> 01:12:37,502
I think,
would be Higgs and Higgs only.
1290
01:12:37,503 --> 01:12:39,002
- Who knows?
- I know. I know.
1291
01:12:39,003 --> 01:12:40,635
Come on,
it's just a little excess.
1292
01:12:40,637 --> 01:12:42,502
If this doesn't show up
by the end of next year,
1293
01:12:42,503 --> 01:12:44,068
then we can change subject,
I think.
1294
01:12:44,069 --> 01:12:46,069
If you don't see
any supersymmetric signal...
1295
01:12:46,070 --> 01:12:48,301
Well, but if it's 140,
that would be serious.
1296
01:12:48,302 --> 01:12:49,701
Yeah, yeah.
1297
01:12:49,702 --> 01:12:51,980
Yeah.
1298
01:13:02,970 --> 01:13:04,904
Don't tell me.
1299
01:13:04,905 --> 01:13:06,705
This is my nightmare.
1300
01:13:08,703 --> 01:13:11,538
It's only 30 for me.
1301
01:13:15,837 --> 01:13:17,571
At the moment, it's scary.
1302
01:13:17,572 --> 01:13:19,726
- At the moment, it's scary.
- It's scary.
1303
01:13:29,305 --> 01:13:32,503
Yes, then we have to wait
another couple of years
1304
01:13:32,504 --> 01:13:34,641
for the next round.
1305
01:13:36,639 --> 01:13:38,909
No, another two years,
I'm saying...
1306
01:13:42,574 --> 01:13:44,204
But still, it doesn't matter.
1307
01:13:44,205 --> 01:13:45,576
You'll be working harder.
1308
01:13:48,459 --> 01:13:50,037
No, but independent of that,
1309
01:13:50,038 --> 01:13:54,505
I think you'll know the truth.
1310
01:13:54,506 --> 01:13:56,238
Yes, yes, no.
1311
01:13:56,239 --> 01:13:58,707
And that's the important thing.
1312
01:13:59,706 --> 01:14:02,974
No, you're right.
Yes, of course.
1313
01:14:05,971 --> 01:14:07,760
Coffee
is a very serious business
1314
01:14:08,039 --> 01:14:10,171
in the life of a theorist.
1315
01:14:10,172 --> 01:14:12,304
It's not like physics research,
1316
01:14:12,305 --> 01:14:14,172
where you can wait for 30 years
1317
01:14:14,173 --> 01:14:18,805
before you know
if you are right.
1318
01:14:18,806 --> 01:14:22,739
Within a few minutes,
it pays off.
1319
01:14:22,740 --> 01:14:26,041
If you succeed, it's great.
1320
01:14:27,040 --> 01:14:29,972
If you fail,
you get to try another one
1321
01:14:29,973 --> 01:14:31,906
in another minute.
1322
01:14:31,907 --> 01:14:33,840
In particle physics,
1323
01:14:33,842 --> 01:14:37,838
you construct
a theory 20 years ago,
1324
01:14:37,840 --> 01:14:39,840
and it may take that long
1325
01:14:39,841 --> 01:14:42,872
before you know
if you're on the right track.
1326
01:14:42,874 --> 01:14:45,373
Jumping from failure to failure
1327
01:14:45,374 --> 01:14:47,805
with undiminished enthusiasm
1328
01:14:47,806 --> 01:14:51,972
is the big secret to success.
1329
01:14:51,973 --> 01:14:58,307
Well, the hint
that the Higgs was 140 GeV
1330
01:14:58,308 --> 01:15:01,039
has disappeared.
1331
01:15:01,040 --> 01:15:06,174
All of the new data
that just came in
1332
01:15:06,175 --> 01:15:08,674
didn't make the peak bigger.
1333
01:15:08,675 --> 01:15:11,474
It sort of filled in the gaps.
1334
01:15:11,475 --> 01:15:15,640
And now the peak
doesn't look very good.
1335
01:15:15,641 --> 01:15:19,841
In fact, the belief
is that it's gone away
1336
01:15:19,842 --> 01:15:25,175
and that the Higgs
can't be 140 GeV.
1337
01:15:25,176 --> 01:15:28,475
In order for us to believe
that we've discovered it,
1338
01:15:28,476 --> 01:15:30,174
that peak needs to be big
1339
01:15:30,175 --> 01:15:33,408
and basically keep growing
as the data comes in.
1340
01:15:33,409 --> 01:15:36,241
It's a statistical thing.
1341
01:15:36,242 --> 01:15:38,675
We call it the Greek letter
"sigma."
1342
01:15:38,676 --> 01:15:42,008
If you reach a height
of 5 sigma,
1343
01:15:42,009 --> 01:15:45,407
that's when you know
that you've seen something.
1344
01:15:45,408 --> 01:15:48,875
And the probability that
that just happens by accident
1345
01:15:48,876 --> 01:15:52,379
is 1 in 31/2 million.
1346
01:15:55,375 --> 01:15:59,241
But the Higgs, it's not at 140,
1347
01:15:59,242 --> 01:16:01,642
which is a bit of a relief,
1348
01:16:01,643 --> 01:16:06,309
because there's still hope
it might be down around 115.
1349
01:16:06,310 --> 01:16:07,910
We like 115,
1350
01:16:07,911 --> 01:16:10,309
because if the Higgs
is that light,
1351
01:16:10,310 --> 01:16:13,308
the theory says
there has to be new particles,
1352
01:16:13,309 --> 01:16:15,208
like supersymmetry,
1353
01:16:15,209 --> 01:16:19,876
otherwise the universe
is unstable.
1354
01:16:19,877 --> 01:16:22,679
It wouldn't have survived
this long.
1355
01:16:24,976 --> 01:16:29,041
This is one of the one
of the few truly perfect
1356
01:16:29,042 --> 01:16:30,676
academic institutions
in the world.
1357
01:16:30,677 --> 01:16:32,977
I mean, there's no excuse...
1358
01:16:32,978 --> 01:16:34,676
no excuse at all...
1359
01:16:34,677 --> 01:16:39,210
not to think and work
1360
01:16:39,211 --> 01:16:40,809
and get things done.
1361
01:16:40,810 --> 01:16:42,143
That's its only problem.
1362
01:16:42,144 --> 01:16:43,743
There's no excuse at all
not to think
1363
01:16:43,744 --> 01:16:45,643
and work and get things done.
1364
01:16:45,644 --> 01:16:47,877
You can't blame it on anything
if it doesn't work.
1365
01:16:47,878 --> 01:16:51,810
Okay, supersymmetry
versus multiverse.
1366
01:16:51,811 --> 01:16:54,044
Oh, boy.
1367
01:16:57,211 --> 01:16:58,644
All right.
1368
01:16:58,645 --> 01:17:00,144
That's, uh...
1369
01:17:00,145 --> 01:17:01,543
If we're going to start
doing that,
1370
01:17:01,544 --> 01:17:03,680
this is going to be interesting.
1371
01:17:05,678 --> 01:17:08,511
We have been anticipating
that whatever happens
1372
01:17:08,512 --> 01:17:10,845
is going to throw the field
in one direction or another.
1373
01:17:10,846 --> 01:17:13,645
Oh, shit!
1374
01:17:13,646 --> 01:17:15,344
Now that we're really
on the doorstep
1375
01:17:15,345 --> 01:17:18,245
of actually knowing
the actual number,
1376
01:17:18,246 --> 01:17:22,513
I really care intensely
about what that number is.
1377
01:17:35,979 --> 01:17:38,012
Well, faster than we thought,
1378
01:17:38,013 --> 01:17:40,913
there's news that there's
going to be another announcement
1379
01:17:40,914 --> 01:17:43,178
about the Higgs.
1380
01:17:43,179 --> 01:17:44,913
I've heard tons of rumors,
1381
01:17:44,914 --> 01:17:46,812
and I've heard
they're things on blogs,
1382
01:17:46,813 --> 01:17:49,579
and there's already stuff
in the newspaper.
1383
01:17:49,580 --> 01:17:52,177
18 hours or so
until the announcement,
1384
01:17:52,178 --> 01:17:56,313
so I'm really looking forward
to what they're going to say,
1385
01:17:56,314 --> 01:17:58,546
and I want to be there.
1386
01:17:58,547 --> 01:18:01,179
Actually, I'm thinking
of going early in the morning,
1387
01:18:01,180 --> 01:18:04,045
or I'll send
my young colleagues,
1388
01:18:04,046 --> 01:18:09,413
who have more stamina to sit
and occupy a chair for me.
1389
01:18:09,414 --> 01:18:12,178
It is July 3rd...
1390
01:18:12,179 --> 01:18:15,048
the night of July 3, 2012,
1391
01:18:15,049 --> 01:18:19,347
and I am driving to Princeton,
to the Institute,
1392
01:18:19,348 --> 01:18:22,413
to hang out with Nima
and a big crowd,
1393
01:18:22,414 --> 01:18:26,146
who are all staying up
until 3:00 in the morning
1394
01:18:26,147 --> 01:18:30,547
because they're going to
present the Higgs data at CERN
1395
01:18:30,548 --> 01:18:33,248
at 9:00 in the morning
Geneva time.
1396
01:18:33,249 --> 01:18:35,381
Certainly the biggest thing
that's happened...
1397
01:18:35,382 --> 01:18:37,748
the discovery
of new fundamental particles...
1398
01:18:37,750 --> 01:18:39,346
in my lifetime.
1399
01:18:39,347 --> 01:18:42,180
And the Higgs is a particle
like no other,
1400
01:18:42,181 --> 01:18:44,380
like nothing
we've ever seen before,
1401
01:18:44,381 --> 01:18:46,914
and it is weird,
and we do not understand it,
1402
01:18:46,915 --> 01:18:50,246
but...
1403
01:18:50,247 --> 01:18:53,850
but, uh...
and I missed my exit.
1404
01:19:57,651 --> 01:20:03,017
Cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf.
1405
01:20:03,018 --> 01:20:04,583
You need quite some skills
to sit on it.
1406
01:20:04,584 --> 01:20:06,084
- It's possible.
- Okay.
1407
01:20:06,085 --> 01:20:07,651
You know,
there's one ball missing.
1408
01:20:07,652 --> 01:20:09,984
Oh, it's, uh... exactly.
1409
01:20:09,985 --> 01:20:11,550
No, there's one ball missing,
1410
01:20:11,551 --> 01:20:15,350
so it's... you always
think you fall down.
1411
01:20:15,351 --> 01:20:17,852
Okay.
1412
01:20:17,853 --> 01:20:19,917
Look at some of these people,
like, totally asleep.
1413
01:20:19,918 --> 01:20:22,318
Yeah, no,
those are the sleeping bags.
1414
01:20:40,853 --> 01:20:42,351
My volume is up.
1415
01:20:42,352 --> 01:20:44,186
I don't know why
I'm not getting sound.
1416
01:20:44,187 --> 01:20:47,218
There isn't like, a thing
on here with sound, is there?
1417
01:20:47,219 --> 01:20:49,751
Who reads lips here?
1418
01:20:49,752 --> 01:20:52,253
Can anyone see
if they get sound?
1419
01:20:52,254 --> 01:20:54,453
Try streaming it
in their offices or something?
1420
01:20:54,653 --> 01:20:57,281
Many apologies, guys.
I don't know what's going on.
1421
01:21:05,020 --> 01:21:06,819
- Ah, Peter Higgs.
- Ah, there he is.
1422
01:21:06,820 --> 01:21:08,555
- Here he is.
- Very good.
1423
01:21:13,152 --> 01:21:16,320
Someone with an iPad.
1424
01:21:28,854 --> 01:21:30,921
Not as well seated
as my summer student.
1425
01:21:30,922 --> 01:21:32,220
- No!
- Right.
1426
01:21:33,383 --> 01:21:35,486
Peter Higgs doesn't even get
a good seat.
1427
01:21:35,487 --> 01:21:38,153
Good morning,
everybody here in Geneva.
1428
01:21:38,154 --> 01:21:39,921
Today is a special day:
1429
01:21:39,922 --> 01:21:42,353
we hear two presentations
from the two experiments
1430
01:21:42,354 --> 01:21:43,921
ATLAS and CMS.
1431
01:21:43,922 --> 01:21:46,420
We are starting
in a non-alphabetical order,
1432
01:21:46,421 --> 01:21:50,855
and I ask Joe Incandela
from CMS to take the floor.
1433
01:21:53,220 --> 01:21:54,120
Okay.
1434
01:21:57,855 --> 01:21:59,487
Okay.
1435
01:21:59,488 --> 01:22:03,888
So I will give the status
of the CMS Higgs search.
1436
01:22:03,889 --> 01:22:06,388
I want to really dedicate this
to the CMS collaboration.
1437
01:22:06,589 --> 01:22:08,521
This is a picture
we took last week.
1438
01:22:08,522 --> 01:22:09,855
We had a party.
1439
01:22:09,856 --> 01:22:11,519
This is only 400 or 500 people.
1440
01:22:11,520 --> 01:22:14,421
Remember, there are 4,000 people
in the experiment.
1441
01:22:14,422 --> 01:22:16,854
This is not
the real CMS detector.
1442
01:22:16,855 --> 01:22:18,354
That's down underground.
1443
01:22:18,355 --> 01:22:20,406
This is the spare
that we keep upstairs.
1444
01:22:22,323 --> 01:22:24,055
So one page for the theorists.
1445
01:22:24,056 --> 01:22:26,522
That's all they deserve.
No, I'm kidding.
1446
01:22:26,523 --> 01:22:29,988
The Standard Model is here...
is shown here.
1447
01:22:29,989 --> 01:22:32,888
This is what we know.
1448
01:22:39,658 --> 01:22:41,924
And we have now...
1449
01:22:52,559 --> 01:22:54,822
But one of the big stories
of this year was,
1450
01:22:54,823 --> 01:22:56,391
as you know...
those of you in the field...
1451
01:22:56,392 --> 01:22:57,756
is pile-up.
1452
01:22:57,757 --> 01:22:59,588
We had to deal
with very intense beams
1453
01:22:59,589 --> 01:23:01,489
like never before seen
in the field
1454
01:23:01,490 --> 01:23:02,723
with many, many interactions,
1455
01:23:02,724 --> 01:23:04,557
and this slide shows...
1456
01:23:04,558 --> 01:23:08,557
the colors correspond to tracks
from different particles.
1457
01:23:08,558 --> 01:23:10,556
And it was in these
kind of events
1458
01:23:10,557 --> 01:23:14,057
that we're looking for one of
the rarest particles ever made,
1459
01:23:14,058 --> 01:23:16,025
and that's what we call
the Higgs.
1460
01:23:17,125 --> 01:23:19,190
And so this is where
things stood last week.
1461
01:23:19,191 --> 01:23:22,083
As you know, if you look
at the radiative corrections...
1462
01:23:26,661 --> 01:23:28,924
So if you know the W
and top mass very well,
1463
01:23:28,925 --> 01:23:30,924
you can actually predict
a long band.
1464
01:23:30,925 --> 01:23:32,557
Yeah, yeah,
so we're there at four.
1465
01:23:32,558 --> 01:23:34,057
One at the Tevatron.
1466
01:23:34,058 --> 01:23:35,990
They really had
a tour de force measurement.
1467
01:23:35,991 --> 01:23:39,858
Ah, sorry, yeah, here it is.
1468
01:23:39,859 --> 01:23:41,658
And we end up
with four event classes...
1469
01:23:41,659 --> 01:23:42,990
Ah, there it is!
1470
01:23:42,991 --> 01:23:45,024
Okay, so, to wrap up,
in summary:
1471
01:23:45,025 --> 01:23:47,091
we conclude by saying
that we have observed
1472
01:23:47,092 --> 01:23:51,494
a new boson with a mass
of 125.3 plus or minus 0.6 GeV
1473
01:23:52,493 --> 01:23:54,358
at 4.9 standard deviations.
1474
01:23:54,359 --> 01:23:55,593
Thank you.
1475
01:23:58,760 --> 01:24:00,225
125.3.
1476
01:24:00,226 --> 01:24:01,691
Okay, so now...
1477
01:24:01,693 --> 01:24:02,593
Wow, 125?
1478
01:24:03,494 --> 01:24:04,913
Do you know ATLAS's result?
1479
01:24:05,493 --> 01:24:06,927
This isn't...
1480
01:24:08,660 --> 01:24:09,871
You heard about this?
1481
01:24:14,492 --> 01:24:16,258
Okay.
1482
01:24:16,259 --> 01:24:18,825
I think I can only say
congratulations to everybody.
1483
01:24:18,826 --> 01:24:21,259
I will say a few words more
later.
1484
01:24:21,260 --> 01:24:24,426
Now we go immediately to ATLAS.
1485
01:24:24,427 --> 01:24:25,892
Fabiola Gianotti, please.
1486
01:24:25,893 --> 01:24:27,227
Thank you.
1487
01:24:30,927 --> 01:24:32,425
Good morning.
1488
01:24:32,426 --> 01:24:36,927
ATLAS is very pleased to present
here today
1489
01:24:36,928 --> 01:24:39,492
updated results
on Standard Model Higgs searches
1490
01:24:39,493 --> 01:24:44,259
based on up to 10.7
inverse femtobarn of data
1491
01:24:44,260 --> 01:24:47,927
recorded in 2011 and 2012,
1492
01:24:47,928 --> 01:24:51,360
and it's a big honor
and a big emotion for me
1493
01:24:51,361 --> 01:24:55,227
to represent this fantastic
collaboration at this occasion.
1494
01:24:55,228 --> 01:24:57,859
So let's go to the results
for this channel.
1495
01:24:57,860 --> 01:25:02,359
You can see here
the results for the 2011 to 2012
1496
01:25:02,360 --> 01:25:04,759
and the combination of the two.
1497
01:25:04,760 --> 01:25:06,827
The gamma jet
and jet-jet background
1498
01:25:06,828 --> 01:25:08,594
with one or both jet...
1499
01:25:08,595 --> 01:25:10,093
requirement that the energy
1500
01:25:10,094 --> 01:25:12,661
in a cone around the photon
is below...
1501
01:25:12,662 --> 01:25:14,494
a structure
which reproduces very well
1502
01:25:14,495 --> 01:25:16,527
the LHC bunch rate
with three bunch,
1503
01:25:16,528 --> 01:25:17,929
small gaps...
1504
01:25:17,930 --> 01:25:19,613
so then, of course,
we collect...
1505
01:25:25,530 --> 01:25:27,227
Yeah.
1506
01:25:27,228 --> 01:25:30,694
A few GeV and a few hundred
GeV at the level...
1507
01:25:30,695 --> 01:25:32,894
is fit in the nine
different categories
1508
01:25:32,895 --> 01:25:36,563
with an exponential function
to model the background,
1509
01:25:36,564 --> 01:25:38,160
so, no theoretical prediction,
1510
01:25:38,161 --> 01:25:40,228
no Monte Carlo.
1511
01:25:40,229 --> 01:25:43,194
The background is determined
from the side bands
1512
01:25:43,195 --> 01:25:44,429
of the possible signal.
1513
01:25:44,430 --> 01:25:46,329
From this spectrum,
1514
01:25:46,330 --> 01:25:49,762
the background fit,
you get this plot here.
1515
01:25:49,763 --> 01:25:51,428
Now the grand combination.
1516
01:25:51,429 --> 01:25:52,994
Here it goes.
1517
01:25:52,995 --> 01:25:54,727
So this distribution
is extremely clean,
1518
01:25:54,728 --> 01:26:01,095
except one big spike here...
in this region here.
1519
01:26:01,096 --> 01:26:04,229
Excess with a local significance
of 5.0 sigma
1520
01:26:04,230 --> 01:26:07,664
at a mass of 126.5 GeV.
1521
01:26:30,365 --> 01:26:32,063
Good.
1522
01:26:39,699 --> 01:26:42,830
As a layman, I would now say,
1523
01:26:42,831 --> 01:26:45,198
"I think we have it."
1524
01:26:52,231 --> 01:26:55,598
- Come, Lyn, come here.
- Come here!
1525
01:27:06,232 --> 01:27:07,665
Okay.
1526
01:27:07,666 --> 01:27:09,565
- There's Peter.
- Peter is there.
1527
01:27:09,566 --> 01:27:11,564
- Yeah. Get Peter.
- Peter's there.
1528
01:27:11,565 --> 01:27:13,365
Peter!
1529
01:27:23,033 --> 01:27:25,665
Well, I would like to add
my congratulations
1530
01:27:25,666 --> 01:27:29,199
to everybody involved
in this tremendous achievement.
1531
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:33,530
For me, it's really
an incredible thing
1532
01:27:33,531 --> 01:27:35,666
that it has happened
in my lifetime.
1533
01:27:35,667 --> 01:27:37,568
Not only in your lifetime,
Peter.
1534
01:27:48,066 --> 01:27:50,532
That's a great day, huh?
1535
01:27:50,533 --> 01:27:51,932
That's a great day.
1536
01:27:51,933 --> 01:27:53,732
And I think all of us,
1537
01:27:53,733 --> 01:27:57,066
and all of the people
outside watching it
1538
01:27:57,067 --> 01:27:59,333
in the different meeting rooms,
1539
01:27:59,334 --> 01:28:02,166
everybody who was involved
and is involved in the project
1540
01:28:02,167 --> 01:28:03,483
can be proud of this day.
1541
01:28:04,233 --> 01:28:05,535
Okay, enjoy it.
1542
01:28:08,233 --> 01:28:09,866
We found the Higgs!
1543
01:28:14,901 --> 01:28:17,266
Scientists
this morning announced
1544
01:28:17,267 --> 01:28:19,066
they are almost certain
they have discovered
1545
01:28:19,067 --> 01:28:21,001
what's being
called the "God Particle."
1546
01:28:21,002 --> 01:28:22,499
It is not every day
1547
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:24,167
that you see a whole bunch
of scientists
1548
01:28:24,168 --> 01:28:27,366
standing up with champagne
bottles and cheering.
1549
01:28:27,368 --> 01:28:29,534
Now, the God Particle,
we physicists wince
1550
01:28:29,535 --> 01:28:31,033
when we hear those words...
1551
01:28:31,034 --> 01:28:32,902
It's the last piece
of the puzzle
1552
01:28:32,903 --> 01:28:34,534
physicists have been looking for
for decades.
1553
01:28:34,535 --> 01:28:36,035
- Thank you all.
- Thank you for your attention.
1554
01:28:36,036 --> 01:28:37,534
Thanks to everybody
on the panel.
1555
01:28:37,536 --> 01:28:39,101
If I could just ask you all
to remain seated
1556
01:28:39,102 --> 01:28:40,567
just for a few minutes.
1557
01:28:40,568 --> 01:28:42,833
Clear passage here, please.
1558
01:28:42,834 --> 01:28:44,533
Clear passage here, please.
1559
01:28:44,534 --> 01:28:46,868
Can we have a clear passage?
1560
01:28:46,869 --> 01:28:48,434
- Thank you.
- Thank you.
1561
01:28:48,435 --> 01:28:49,835
Congratulations.
1562
01:28:49,836 --> 01:28:52,570
Thank you. Thank you.
1563
01:29:24,037 --> 01:29:31,002
I did feel a sense of pride
when the Higgs was announced,
1564
01:29:31,003 --> 01:29:34,869
but I felt a sense of pride
for humanity,
1565
01:29:34,870 --> 01:29:38,835
that, you know, we little people
on a little planet
1566
01:29:38,836 --> 01:29:40,702
with tiny brains
1567
01:29:40,703 --> 01:29:43,936
can go so deep
and understand what happens.
1568
01:29:43,937 --> 01:29:47,404
Now we're talking
about subnuclear distances
1569
01:29:47,405 --> 01:29:50,370
a thousand times smaller
than an atomic nucleus.
1570
01:29:50,371 --> 01:29:52,869
Nevertheless,
we can get things right,
1571
01:29:52,870 --> 01:29:56,175
and just the power
of the human mind.
1572
01:29:59,171 --> 01:30:03,871
It's astonishing that there are
any laws of nature at all,
1573
01:30:03,872 --> 01:30:07,939
that they're describable
by mathematics,
1574
01:30:07,940 --> 01:30:13,071
that mathematics is a tool
that humans can understand,
1575
01:30:13,072 --> 01:30:17,203
that the laws of nature
can be written on a page.
1576
01:30:17,204 --> 01:30:20,840
It's the greatest
of all mysteries.
1577
01:30:23,838 --> 01:30:30,604
There is a strong sense that we
are hearing nature talk to us.
1578
01:30:30,605 --> 01:30:32,871
Turns out, the Higgs mass
1579
01:30:32,872 --> 01:30:35,371
is about as interesting
as it could be.
1580
01:30:35,372 --> 01:30:38,204
It's sort of in no man's land.
1581
01:30:38,205 --> 01:30:40,372
It doesn't prefer symmetries,
1582
01:30:40,373 --> 01:30:42,238
and it doesn't prefer
multiverse,
1583
01:30:42,239 --> 01:30:43,939
but it's right in the middle.
1584
01:30:43,940 --> 01:30:47,837
The data is puzzling enough
1585
01:30:47,838 --> 01:30:52,705
that it hasn't excluded
any of the theories
1586
01:30:52,706 --> 01:30:54,205
I was involved with,
1587
01:30:54,206 --> 01:30:56,439
but it hasn't
confirmed them either.
1588
01:30:56,440 --> 01:31:00,705
But until we look at detailed
properties of the Higgs,
1589
01:31:00,706 --> 01:31:04,005
and until we have
the high-energy version
1590
01:31:04,006 --> 01:31:07,172
of the LHC in a couple of years,
1591
01:31:07,173 --> 01:31:10,674
we will not be able
to make a stronger statement.
1592
01:31:13,341 --> 01:31:15,204
The most important,
first lesson
1593
01:31:15,205 --> 01:31:17,272
of the discovery of the Higgs
1594
01:31:17,273 --> 01:31:20,105
is that physics works.
1595
01:31:20,106 --> 01:31:21,774
The Higgs, on the one hand,
1596
01:31:21,775 --> 01:31:24,074
completes the most successful
scientific theory
1597
01:31:24,075 --> 01:31:25,408
we've ever had,
1598
01:31:25,409 --> 01:31:27,240
on the other hand,
opens the door
1599
01:31:27,241 --> 01:31:32,607
to some very major paradoxes
that we now must address.
1600
01:31:32,608 --> 01:31:35,506
We're at a fork in the road,
and the LHC
1601
01:31:35,507 --> 01:31:38,105
is steadfastly refusing
to push us
1602
01:31:38,106 --> 01:31:40,242
in one direction or the other:
1603
01:31:40,243 --> 01:31:42,007
the multiverse on the one side,
1604
01:31:42,008 --> 01:31:46,607
and some beautiful symmetry
on the other side.
1605
01:31:46,608 --> 01:31:50,415
It's cranking up the suspense
as much as it possibly can.
1606
01:31:56,174 --> 01:31:58,541
Before the LHC started,
we would always say,
1607
01:31:58,542 --> 01:32:00,908
"New physics
is just around the corner."
1608
01:32:00,909 --> 01:32:02,241
And now we're kind of like,
1609
01:32:02,242 --> 01:32:03,942
"New physics
is still out there."
1610
01:32:03,943 --> 01:32:07,174
And, for one,
I'm not discouraged by this,
1611
01:32:07,175 --> 01:32:10,776
by any means, because we know
1612
01:32:10,777 --> 01:32:12,778
that new physics
has to be out there.
1613
01:32:14,776 --> 01:32:18,443
The next step is,
the LHC goes into a shutdown,
1614
01:32:18,444 --> 01:32:22,108
stays off for two years
for improvements and upgrades,
1615
01:32:22,109 --> 01:32:25,208
and when it returns, it's
going to be twice the energy.
1616
01:32:25,209 --> 01:32:29,013
And for sure,
my vote's for supersymmetry.
1617
01:32:33,009 --> 01:32:34,841
Jesus.
1618
01:32:34,842 --> 01:32:36,108
That was exciting.
1619
01:32:37,376 --> 01:32:39,876
If this is true,
1620
01:32:39,877 --> 01:32:43,708
the Higgs is about 125 GeV,
1621
01:32:43,709 --> 01:32:47,508
and that means...
1622
01:32:47,509 --> 01:32:52,008
um, yeah, actually
almost all of my models
1623
01:32:52,009 --> 01:32:53,709
are ruled out,
1624
01:32:53,710 --> 01:32:56,610
which...
all the supersymmetry models,
1625
01:32:56,611 --> 01:32:59,710
which is pretty cool.
1626
01:32:59,711 --> 01:33:02,510
I mean, supersymmetry
could still be true,
1627
01:33:02,511 --> 01:33:07,109
but it would have to be a very
strange version of the theory.
1628
01:33:07,110 --> 01:33:09,510
And if it's the multiverse...
1629
01:33:09,511 --> 01:33:13,210
well, other universes
would be amazing, of course,
1630
01:33:13,211 --> 01:33:18,844
but it could also mean no
other new particles discovered,
1631
01:33:18,845 --> 01:33:22,376
and then
a Higgs with a mass of 125
1632
01:33:22,377 --> 01:33:27,244
is right at a critical point
for the fate of our universe.
1633
01:33:27,245 --> 01:33:29,743
Without any other new particles,
1634
01:33:29,744 --> 01:33:31,876
that Higgs is unstable.
1635
01:33:31,877 --> 01:33:33,945
It's temporary.
1636
01:33:33,946 --> 01:33:36,912
And since the Higgs
holds everything together,
1637
01:33:37,911 --> 01:33:41,848
if the Higgs goes,
everything goes.
1638
01:33:44,846 --> 01:33:46,511
It's amazing that the Higgs,
1639
01:33:46,512 --> 01:33:48,711
the center
of the Standard Model,
1640
01:33:48,712 --> 01:33:50,510
the thing we've all
been looking for,
1641
01:33:50,511 --> 01:33:53,917
could actually also be the thing
that destroys everything.
1642
01:33:58,913 --> 01:34:02,284
The creator and the destroyer.
1643
01:34:07,280 --> 01:34:10,110
But we could discover
new particles,
1644
01:34:10,111 --> 01:34:12,716
and then none of that
would be true.
1645
01:34:14,714 --> 01:34:17,766
And anyway,
we have something to do.
1646
01:34:36,748 --> 01:34:41,179
There is a very nice sentence
in the Divine Comedy by Dante
1647
01:34:41,180 --> 01:34:44,779
who says, "Nati
non fummo a viver come bruti,
1648
01:34:44,780 --> 01:34:48,681
ma per seguir
virtute e canoscenza,"
1649
01:34:48,682 --> 01:34:51,014
which means, "We were not born
1650
01:34:51,015 --> 01:34:52,512
"to live as animals,
1651
01:34:52,513 --> 01:34:56,214
but to pursue knowledge
and virtue."
1652
01:34:56,215 --> 01:34:58,913
So science and knowledge
are very important,
1653
01:34:58,914 --> 01:35:02,248
like art is very important.
1654
01:35:02,249 --> 01:35:05,246
It's a need of mankind.
1655
01:35:05,247 --> 01:35:07,782
I just saw, two weeks ago,
1656
01:35:07,783 --> 01:35:10,181
Werner Herzog talking about
1657
01:35:10,182 --> 01:35:13,180
and then screening
his new movie.
1658
01:35:13,181 --> 01:35:14,781
But it was about
these incredible caves
1659
01:35:14,782 --> 01:35:17,014
that they discovered
a few years ago in France.
1660
01:35:17,015 --> 01:35:18,513
Stunningly beautiful.
1661
01:35:18,514 --> 01:35:21,715
Gorgeously drawn horses, bison,
1662
01:35:21,716 --> 01:35:24,448
rhinoceros, lions,
1663
01:35:24,449 --> 01:35:26,582
because, 40,000 years ago,
1664
01:35:26,583 --> 01:35:28,416
this is what was going on there.
1665
01:35:45,417 --> 01:35:50,115
In exploration...
and science is exploration...
1666
01:35:50,116 --> 01:35:52,785
there needs to be
the set of people
1667
01:35:53,784 --> 01:35:55,515
who have no rules,
1668
01:35:55,516 --> 01:35:58,784
and they are going
into the frontier
1669
01:35:59,783 --> 01:36:03,249
and come back
with the strange animals
1670
01:36:03,250 --> 01:36:06,616
and the interesting rocks
and the amazing pictures,
1671
01:36:06,617 --> 01:36:09,415
and to show us what's out there,
1672
01:36:09,416 --> 01:36:11,624
discover something.
1673
01:36:17,618 --> 01:36:20,083
Why do humans do science?
1674
01:36:20,084 --> 01:36:22,784
Why do they do art?
1675
01:36:22,785 --> 01:36:28,084
The things that are least
important for our survival
1676
01:36:28,085 --> 01:36:30,743
are the very things
that make us human.
127316
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