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HAWKING: WE ALL HAVE QUESTIONS.
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00:00:06,273 --> 00:00:08,107
BIG QUESTIONS.
3
00:00:08,175 --> 00:00:10,576
MAN: DID THE UNIVERSE
HAVE A BEGINNING?
4
00:00:13,014 --> 00:00:16,382
HAWKING: IT'S PART
OF WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN.
5
00:00:16,450 --> 00:00:18,650
WOMAN: WHERE WAS THE BIG BANG?
6
00:00:18,719 --> 00:00:20,986
AND IT'S JUST MIND-BLOWING.
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00:00:21,055 --> 00:00:23,122
HAWKING: MY NAME IS
STEPHEN HAWKING,
8
00:00:23,190 --> 00:00:26,525
AND I BELIEVE THAT ANYONE
CAN ANSWER BIG QUESTIONS
9
00:00:26,594 --> 00:00:28,227
FOR THEMSELVES.
10
00:00:28,295 --> 00:00:29,528
[TIRES SQUEALING]
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00:00:29,597 --> 00:00:32,398
SO WITH THE HELP
OF SOME ORDINARY PEOPLE...
12
00:00:32,466 --> 00:00:33,532
WOMAN: PAUL, YOU'RE NOT
EVEN CLOSE.
13
00:00:33,601 --> 00:00:35,534
I'M SORRY. HEH HEH.
14
00:00:35,603 --> 00:00:37,603
HAWKING:
AND A TEAM OF EXPERTS...
15
00:00:37,671 --> 00:00:39,538
MAN: WE COULD UNDERSTAND
THE ORIGIN OF EVERYTHING.
16
00:00:41,208 --> 00:00:43,842
HAWKING: WE ARE GOING
ON THE ULTIMATE VOYAGE,
17
00:00:43,911 --> 00:00:46,245
A QUEST TO ANSWER
THE GREATEST MYSTERIES
18
00:00:46,313 --> 00:00:47,446
OF THE UNIVERSE...
19
00:00:47,515 --> 00:00:48,680
HUH.
20
00:00:48,749 --> 00:00:51,183
USING THE POWER
OF THE HUMAN MIND.
21
00:00:53,054 --> 00:00:54,820
BRILLIANT!
22
00:00:54,889 --> 00:00:56,255
BECAUSE ANYONE CAN THINK
23
00:00:56,323 --> 00:00:57,389
LIKE A GENIUS.
24
00:01:02,997 --> 00:01:04,630
ANNOUNCER: "GENIUS BY
STEPHEN HAWKING"
25
00:01:04,698 --> 00:01:06,165
WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY
26
00:01:06,233 --> 00:01:08,667
CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS
STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.
27
00:01:08,736 --> 00:01:10,102
THANK YOU.
28
00:01:10,171 --> 00:01:11,470
VOICES: WHERE DID
THE UNIVERSE COME FROM?
29
00:01:15,709 --> 00:01:18,644
HAWKING: HAVE YOU EVER LOOKED
UP AT THE NIGHT SKY
30
00:01:18,712 --> 00:01:22,114
AND WONDERED
WHERE IT ALL CAME FROM?
31
00:01:22,183 --> 00:01:24,883
IT IS HARD TO THINK
OF A BIGGER QUESTION.
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00:01:24,952 --> 00:01:27,219
[RUMBLING]
33
00:01:29,423 --> 00:01:32,591
THE ANSWER, AS MOST PEOPLE
CAN TELL YOU,
34
00:01:32,660 --> 00:01:33,826
IS THE BIG BANG.
35
00:01:33,894 --> 00:01:36,128
[BANG]
36
00:01:36,197 --> 00:01:38,897
EVERYTHING IN EXISTENCE
37
00:01:38,966 --> 00:01:44,803
EXPANDING EXPONENTIALLY
IN EVERY DIRECTION
38
00:01:44,872 --> 00:01:48,207
FROM AN INFINITELY SMALL,
INFINITELY HOT,
39
00:01:48,275 --> 00:01:50,542
AND INFINITELY DENSE POINT...
40
00:01:52,713 --> 00:01:56,181
CREATING A COSMOS FILLED
WITH ENERGY AND MATTER.
41
00:02:01,655 --> 00:02:04,223
BUT WHAT DOES THAT REALLY MEAN
42
00:02:04,291 --> 00:02:05,924
AND WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN?
43
00:02:08,462 --> 00:02:13,198
I THINK THAT WITH A LITTLE HELP
ANYONE CAN WORK IT OUT,
44
00:02:13,267 --> 00:02:15,601
SO LET'S SEE IF I'M RIGHT.
45
00:02:20,074 --> 00:02:22,708
I HAVE ASKED 3 CURIOUS MINDS
46
00:02:22,776 --> 00:02:25,277
TO JOIN ME ON A JOURNEY
OF DISCOVERY.
47
00:02:27,848 --> 00:02:30,415
A SERIES OF FUN CHALLENGES
AWAITS THEM.
48
00:02:30,484 --> 00:02:32,117
[TIRES SQUEALING]
49
00:02:32,186 --> 00:02:35,387
THEY WILL BE GIVEN TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT.
50
00:02:35,456 --> 00:02:39,124
CAN THEY FOLLOW
THE GREATEST THINKERS IN HISTORY
51
00:02:39,193 --> 00:02:41,860
AND DISCOVER THE ORIGIN
OF THE UNIVERSE?
52
00:02:41,929 --> 00:02:43,095
WOW!
53
00:02:43,164 --> 00:02:44,463
WHAT A QUESTION.
HA HA HA!
54
00:02:44,532 --> 00:02:46,165
WHERE DO YOU EVEN
START WITH THAT?
55
00:02:46,233 --> 00:02:49,768
I THINK THE UNIVERSE
BEGAN IN SPACE AT SOME POINT.
56
00:02:49,837 --> 00:02:51,370
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER: I THINK
IT'S CALLED THE BIG BANG
57
00:02:51,438 --> 00:02:53,672
BECAUSE IT WAS A BANG
AND IT WAS BIG.
58
00:02:53,741 --> 00:02:55,374
IT'S SOMETHING THAT'S
ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE
59
00:02:55,442 --> 00:02:56,708
TO GET YOUR HEAD AROUND.
60
00:02:59,747 --> 00:03:01,647
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS'
FIRST CHALLENGE
61
00:03:01,715 --> 00:03:04,683
IS TO GRASP THE ENORMITY
OF THE UNIVERSE
62
00:03:04,752 --> 00:03:07,619
BY CALCULATING
THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GALAXIES
63
00:03:07,688 --> 00:03:09,021
VISIBLE FROM EARTH.
64
00:03:10,791 --> 00:03:15,627
SO I'VE BROUGHT THEM SOMEWHERE
WITH PLENTY OF SPACE
65
00:03:15,696 --> 00:03:18,030
AND GIVEN THEM THIS IMAGE.
66
00:03:18,098 --> 00:03:19,598
MARCIA: IT LOOKS LIKE,
UH, STARS.
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00:03:19,667 --> 00:03:20,766
A PICTURE
OF THE UNIVERSE.
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00:03:20,834 --> 00:03:22,100
YEAH. ALL RIGHT.
69
00:03:22,169 --> 00:03:23,769
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
THERE APPEARS TO BE STARS,
70
00:03:23,837 --> 00:03:27,272
BUT CLEARLY UNDERNEATH,
IT SAYS, "10,000 GALAXIES."
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00:03:27,341 --> 00:03:28,607
LOOK AT ALL
THE DIFFERENT
SHAPES AND COLORS.
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00:03:28,676 --> 00:03:29,875
PAUL: I KNOW.
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00:03:29,944 --> 00:03:32,177
EVERY SPECK
OF LIGHT HERE--
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00:03:32,246 --> 00:03:33,979
IS A SEPARATE GALAXY.
75
00:03:34,048 --> 00:03:37,149
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: IT SURPRISED
ME THAT 10,000 OF ANYTHING
76
00:03:37,218 --> 00:03:42,187
COULD FIT IN A SQUARE FOOT,
LET ALONE PICTURES OF GALAXIES.
77
00:03:42,256 --> 00:03:44,289
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
IT'S A BEAUTIFUL PICTURE.
78
00:03:44,358 --> 00:03:45,791
CLEARLY, IT'S
A SCIENTIFIC PICTURE.
79
00:03:45,859 --> 00:03:48,293
IT'S A VIEW THAT YOU WOULD
NEVER SEE WITH YOUR OWN EYES.
80
00:03:51,832 --> 00:03:54,299
HAWKING: THE PHOTO IS
A FAMOUS ONE CALLED
81
00:03:54,368 --> 00:03:56,868
THE ULTRA-DEEP FIELD IMAGE.
82
00:03:58,839 --> 00:04:03,175
IT'S A PART OF THE NIGHT SKY
LIKE ANY OTHER,
83
00:04:03,244 --> 00:04:07,246
TAKEN BY
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE.
84
00:04:07,314 --> 00:04:10,916
IT REVEALS NEARLY
10,000 GALAXIES,
85
00:04:10,985 --> 00:04:15,954
SOME OVER 13 BILLION
LIGHT YEARS AWAY,
86
00:04:16,023 --> 00:04:21,526
YET BECAUSE THIS IMAGE COVERS
ONLY A FRACTION OF THE SKY,
87
00:04:21,595 --> 00:04:25,631
IT SHOWS JUST A SMALL NUMBER
OF THE GALAXIES OUT THERE.
88
00:04:25,699 --> 00:04:27,332
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: TO SOMEHOW
COME UP WITH A NUMBER
89
00:04:27,401 --> 00:04:29,401
OF HOW MANY GALAXIES
THERE ARE IN OUR UNIVERSE,
90
00:04:29,470 --> 00:04:33,338
THAT WE CAN SEE, UH,
WHERE TO START--
91
00:04:33,407 --> 00:04:36,041
WHERE TO START
WITH THAT ONE?
92
00:04:36,110 --> 00:04:39,144
LET'S ASSUME THIS
IS PLANET EARTH...
MARCIA: RIGHT.
93
00:04:39,213 --> 00:04:40,646
AND THEN WE JUST
HAVE TO SEE
94
00:04:40,714 --> 00:04:41,847
HOW MANY OF THESE
TILES WE NEED
95
00:04:41,915 --> 00:04:43,915
TO COVER THE WHOLE--
RIGHT.
96
00:04:43,984 --> 00:04:45,684
AND OBVIOUSLY,
THIS IS JUST
ONE POINT,
97
00:04:45,753 --> 00:04:47,419
BUT THE SKY--
OR SPACE, UNIVERSE
98
00:04:47,488 --> 00:04:49,855
IS ALL AROUND
THE SPHERE.
99
00:04:49,923 --> 00:04:51,056
WE STARTED COMING UP
WITH IDEAS,
100
00:04:51,125 --> 00:04:52,391
AND WE SAID, "OK. HOLD ON.
101
00:04:52,459 --> 00:04:54,760
"THIS IS JUST A PIECE
OF THE SKY.
102
00:04:54,828 --> 00:04:58,730
COULD WE JUST REPLICATE
THIS PICTURE?"
103
00:04:58,799 --> 00:05:01,066
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS
HAVE FIGURED OUT
104
00:05:01,135 --> 00:05:04,069
THEY NEED TO IMAGINE
THE NIGHT SKY AS A SPHERE
105
00:05:04,138 --> 00:05:07,139
SURROUNDING OUR PLANET.
106
00:05:07,207 --> 00:05:10,642
IF THEY CAN WORK OUT
HOW MANY PATCHES OF SKY
107
00:05:10,711 --> 00:05:13,011
THE SIZE OF THEIR HUBBLE IMAGE
IT WOULD TAKE
108
00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:15,514
TO COVER THIS SPHERE,
109
00:05:15,582 --> 00:05:17,883
THEN THEY WILL BE ABLE
TO CALCULATE
110
00:05:17,951 --> 00:05:20,819
HOW MANY GALAXIES THERE ARE
VISIBLE FROM EARTH.
111
00:05:23,457 --> 00:05:24,723
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
THE SCALE WAS--WAS CLEARLY
112
00:05:24,792 --> 00:05:28,093
THE, UM--THE CRUX
OF THIS MATTER.
113
00:05:28,162 --> 00:05:30,629
WE HAD TO FIGURE OUT
HOW MUCH OF THE SKY
114
00:05:30,698 --> 00:05:32,497
THAT PICTURE COVERED.
115
00:05:32,566 --> 00:05:34,066
HOW MANY ARE WE
GONNA NEED...
116
00:05:34,134 --> 00:05:36,034
TO COVER THE WHOLE--
TO COVER
THE ENTIRE SKY
117
00:05:36,103 --> 00:05:38,103
AND OF COURSE WHAT'S
BELOW OUR FEET?
118
00:05:38,172 --> 00:05:40,238
FROM HERE,
119
00:05:40,307 --> 00:05:42,774
WE'RE GONNA TALK
ABOUT, I DON'T KNOW,
WHAT, 600?
120
00:05:42,843 --> 00:05:45,143
YEAH.
AND THAT'S AT
OUR ARMS' LENGTH.
121
00:05:45,212 --> 00:05:48,547
IMAGINE--IMAGINE
I'M ALL THE WAY
BACK HERE.
122
00:05:48,615 --> 00:05:49,915
ALEJANDRO: YEAH.
IT JUST GROWS
EXPONENTIALLY.
123
00:05:49,983 --> 00:05:52,718
NOW HOW MANY IS IT?
YEAH.
124
00:05:52,786 --> 00:05:54,186
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
IT QUICKLY BECAME EVIDENT
125
00:05:54,254 --> 00:05:57,022
THAT WE NEEDED SOME
REFERENCE POINTS HERE.
126
00:05:57,091 --> 00:05:58,857
WE COULDN'T JUST GUESS
AS TO HOW FAR AWAY
WE NEEDED TO BE.
127
00:05:58,926 --> 00:06:01,159
EXCELLENT.
128
00:06:01,228 --> 00:06:02,928
HAWKING: I HAVE GIVEN THEM
THE CRUCIAL PIECE
129
00:06:02,996 --> 00:06:05,297
OF EQUIPMENT THEY'LL NEED.
130
00:06:05,366 --> 00:06:06,898
OOH! TELESCOPE.
OH, WOW. OK.
131
00:06:06,967 --> 00:06:09,935
NICE!
OH, WOW.
132
00:06:10,003 --> 00:06:11,503
HAWKING:
THIS TELESCOPE REPRESENTS
133
00:06:11,572 --> 00:06:13,805
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE.
134
00:06:13,874 --> 00:06:18,477
IT SEES EXACTLY
THE SAME AMOUNT OF SKY,
135
00:06:18,545 --> 00:06:22,180
SO IF MY VOLUNTEERS CAN
PRECISELY FIT THE IMAGE
136
00:06:22,249 --> 00:06:25,584
I'VE GIVEN THEM INTO
THE TELESCOPE'S FIELD OF VIEW,
137
00:06:25,652 --> 00:06:30,322
THAT WILL HELP THEM WORK OUT
HOW MUCH OF THE SKY IT COVERS.
138
00:06:30,391 --> 00:06:33,825
WE COULD TAKE
THIS IMAGE AWAY
FROM THE TELESCOPE
139
00:06:33,894 --> 00:06:35,894
UNTIL IT FILLS
THE VIEWFINDER,
140
00:06:35,963 --> 00:06:37,329
AND THEN WE'LL
MEASURE THE DISTANCE
141
00:06:37,398 --> 00:06:40,799
BETWEEN THE IMAGE
AND THE TELESCOPE
142
00:06:40,868 --> 00:06:41,967
THAT ACTUALLY
MADE THE IMAGE.
143
00:06:42,035 --> 00:06:43,535
YEAH, YEAH.
144
00:06:43,604 --> 00:06:46,905
HAWKING: HOW FAR AWAY WILL THEY
NEED TO TAKE THE IMAGE?
145
00:06:46,974 --> 00:06:48,340
PAUL: YOU READY?
YEAH.
146
00:06:48,409 --> 00:06:49,474
OK. LET'S DO IT.
147
00:06:55,716 --> 00:06:58,583
HAWKING: WILL 300 FEET
BE FAR ENOUGH?
148
00:06:58,652 --> 00:07:00,619
PAUL, YOU'RE NOT
EVEN CLOSE. I'M SORRY.
149
00:07:00,687 --> 00:07:01,887
HA HA HA!
150
00:07:01,955 --> 00:07:03,388
PAUL: OK. WE'LL KEEP
GOING BACK.
151
00:07:03,457 --> 00:07:05,323
YOU'RE LOOKING
SO SMALL.
152
00:07:05,392 --> 00:07:06,458
[BOTH LAUGHING]
153
00:07:08,662 --> 00:07:11,263
HAWKING: THIS TIME, THEY'RE
TRYING 600 FEET.
154
00:07:11,331 --> 00:07:12,664
PAUL: OK, MARCIA.
HOW WE DOING?
155
00:07:12,733 --> 00:07:13,899
DO WE NEED TO GO
FURTHER?
156
00:07:13,967 --> 00:07:16,735
YEAH, A LOT FURTHER.
SORRY, PAUL.
157
00:07:16,804 --> 00:07:18,103
THAT'S OK.
I'LL KEEP GOING.
158
00:07:18,172 --> 00:07:20,372
ALEJANDRO: LET'S GO.
159
00:07:20,441 --> 00:07:22,441
WELL, I'VE JUST
STARTED THINKING
ABOUT HOW LITTLE
160
00:07:22,509 --> 00:07:25,510
AREA OF SKY
WE'VE GOT HERE
ON THIS THING.
161
00:07:35,989 --> 00:07:39,124
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS AREN'T
THE FIRST TO UNDERESTIMATE
162
00:07:39,193 --> 00:07:40,659
THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE.
163
00:07:43,764 --> 00:07:47,165
MAN: IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY,
PEOPLE REALLY DIDN'T KNOW
164
00:07:47,234 --> 00:07:49,935
WHAT WAS BEYOND OUR GALAXY.
165
00:07:50,003 --> 00:07:52,137
THEY KNEW THERE WERE LOTS
OF STARS IN THE SKY,
166
00:07:52,206 --> 00:07:55,507
BUT FOR ALL THEY KNEW,
THERE WAS ONE GALAXY,
167
00:07:55,576 --> 00:07:57,742
UH, WHICH WE LIVED IN,
AND BEYOND THERE,
168
00:07:57,811 --> 00:08:01,112
THERE WAS JUST NOTHING.
169
00:08:01,181 --> 00:08:06,351
HAWKING: THEN CAME
REVOLUTIONARY MIND EDWIN HUBBLE.
170
00:08:06,420 --> 00:08:09,321
HE USED THE WORLD'S
MOST POWER TELESCOPE
171
00:08:09,389 --> 00:08:13,425
ON TOP OF MOUNT WILSON
TO STUDY SMUDGES OF LIGHT
172
00:08:13,494 --> 00:08:15,427
CALLED NEBULAE,
173
00:08:15,496 --> 00:08:17,462
THOUGHT TO BE JUST GAS AND DUST.
174
00:08:21,168 --> 00:08:23,635
WHAT HE SAW CHANGED EVERYTHING.
175
00:08:25,272 --> 00:08:28,940
TUROK: IT TOOK THE CONSTRUCTION
OF MOUNT WILSON IN 1926
176
00:08:29,009 --> 00:08:31,810
TO SHOW THAT THE NEBULAE,
THESE LITTLE CLOUDS OF GAS
177
00:08:31,879 --> 00:08:34,346
THAT THEY'D SEEN,
WERE ACTUALLY FULL OF STARS.
178
00:08:37,017 --> 00:08:39,584
AND SO FROM THAT POINT ON,
IT WAS CLEAR
179
00:08:39,653 --> 00:08:43,121
THAT THE UNIVERSE
WAS FULL OF GALAXIES.
180
00:08:45,859 --> 00:08:47,225
THE DISCOVERY SUDDENLY CHANGED
181
00:08:47,294 --> 00:08:48,994
OUR PICTURE
OF THE UNIVERSE COMPLETELY.
182
00:08:51,899 --> 00:08:55,467
HAWKING: ALMOST A CENTURY LATER,
THE SPACE TELESCOPE
183
00:08:55,536 --> 00:08:57,502
THAT BEARS HUBBLE'S NAME
184
00:08:57,571 --> 00:09:00,472
GIVES US OUR MOST
UP-TO-DATE ESTIMATE
185
00:09:00,541 --> 00:09:03,942
OF THE NUMBER OF OBSERVABLE
GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE...
186
00:09:06,947 --> 00:09:09,748
WHICH IS WHAT MY VOLUNTEERS
ARE TRYING TO WORK OUT
187
00:09:09,816 --> 00:09:10,916
ON THEIR OWN.
188
00:09:15,222 --> 00:09:16,922
OH! SOMEONE'S LEGS.
189
00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:18,223
PAUL: PROBABLY
MY LEGS.
190
00:09:18,292 --> 00:09:19,391
I'M STARTING
TO COME DOWN.
191
00:09:19,459 --> 00:09:20,592
YES!
192
00:09:23,463 --> 00:09:25,897
OH! I SEE WHITE BOARD.
193
00:09:25,966 --> 00:09:27,766
HEY, HEY!
194
00:09:27,834 --> 00:09:32,504
OK. NOW IF YOU CAN MOVE
IT TO THE RIGHT NOW.
195
00:09:32,573 --> 00:09:33,838
PERFECT.
196
00:09:33,907 --> 00:09:35,040
YEAH! WE GOT IT!
197
00:09:35,108 --> 00:09:36,274
HA HA HA!
198
00:09:36,343 --> 00:09:38,310
HEY, HEY!
199
00:09:38,378 --> 00:09:40,412
HAWKING: NOW THEY HAVE FRAMED
THEIR HUBBLE IMAGE
200
00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,481
WITHIN THEIR TELESCOPE'S
VIEWFINDER,
201
00:09:43,550 --> 00:09:45,684
THEY'RE READY TO MEASURE
THE DISTANCE BACK
202
00:09:45,752 --> 00:09:48,186
TO THE TELESCOPE.
203
00:09:48,255 --> 00:09:49,988
SO THAT DISTANCE IS CRUCIAL
204
00:09:50,057 --> 00:09:53,091
BECAUSE THAT DISTANCE
WILL THEN GIVE US
205
00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:57,362
THAT RADIUS THAT WE NEED
IN ORDER TO CALCULATE
206
00:09:57,431 --> 00:10:00,265
JUST HOW MANY IMAGES
WE WOULD NEED
207
00:10:00,334 --> 00:10:03,535
TO FILL THE WHOLE SPHERE,
IF YOU LIKE.
208
00:10:03,604 --> 00:10:05,136
OK, MARCIA.
WE'VE GOT
OUR DISTANCE,
209
00:10:05,205 --> 00:10:07,839
SO, UM, WE'RE GONNA
START MEASURING
BACK TO YOU NOW.
210
00:10:07,908 --> 00:10:09,874
EXCELLENT.
211
00:10:09,943 --> 00:10:11,376
PAUL: LOOKING BACK
AT THE TELESCOPE,
212
00:10:11,445 --> 00:10:14,112
IT'S TRULY ASTONISHING
AT HOW SMALL IT MUST LOOK
213
00:10:14,181 --> 00:10:15,447
FROM HER END
214
00:10:15,515 --> 00:10:17,148
AND HOW SMALL
A PIECE OF SKY
215
00:10:17,217 --> 00:10:19,484
WE HAVE A PHOTOGRAPH OF.
216
00:10:19,553 --> 00:10:22,420
MARCIA: IT WAS SURPRISING
TO SEE HOW FAR WE HAD TO WALK
217
00:10:22,489 --> 00:10:24,823
BEFORE THE IMAGE
CAME IN VIEW.
218
00:10:24,891 --> 00:10:26,591
OH, WOW.
EXCELLENT.
219
00:10:26,660 --> 00:10:27,892
WE MADE IT.
220
00:10:27,961 --> 00:10:29,127
WHAT HAVE
WE GOT THEN?
221
00:10:29,196 --> 00:10:31,563
OK. SO THE TERRAIN
WASN'T COMPLETELY FLAT,
222
00:10:31,632 --> 00:10:34,666
AND WE JUST GOT
OVER 1,000 FEET DISTANCE,
223
00:10:34,735 --> 00:10:37,168
SO I THINK FOR THE PURPOSE
OF THE EXERCISES,
224
00:10:37,237 --> 00:10:38,970
WOULD YOU AGREE TO ROUND IT
TO 1,000 FEET?
225
00:10:39,039 --> 00:10:40,171
OK.
1,000. YEAH.
226
00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:41,473
I THINK I AM, AS WELL.
227
00:10:41,541 --> 00:10:42,540
OK.
OK.
228
00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:49,614
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS
WILL NEED TO USE
229
00:10:49,683 --> 00:10:53,985
THE FORMULA FOR CALCULATING
THE SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE.
230
00:10:57,324 --> 00:10:59,524
THEY HAVE MEASURED
THE RADIUS,
231
00:10:59,593 --> 00:11:02,594
THE DISTANCE
FROM THE TELESCOPE TO THE IMAGE.
232
00:11:04,498 --> 00:11:06,564
NOW THEY'LL NEED TO SQUARE IT,
233
00:11:06,633 --> 00:11:09,467
MULTIPLY IT BY 4,
234
00:11:09,536 --> 00:11:12,671
AND THEN BY PI, 3.14.
235
00:11:15,008 --> 00:11:17,075
SO WE HAVE
THE 1,000-FEET RADIUS.
236
00:11:17,144 --> 00:11:18,476
RIGHT.
SQUARED.
237
00:11:18,545 --> 00:11:22,714
MULTIPLY THAT BY PI
AND TIMES 4. THAT'S...
238
00:11:22,783 --> 00:11:24,249
12 MILLION...
239
00:11:24,317 --> 00:11:25,817
ALL: 560,000.
240
00:11:25,886 --> 00:11:28,386
SQUARE FEET.
241
00:11:28,455 --> 00:11:31,322
HAWKING: THAT'S THE ANSWER,
242
00:11:31,391 --> 00:11:34,292
AND THIS IMAGE
IS ONE SQUARE FOOT,
243
00:11:34,361 --> 00:11:36,728
SO NOW THEY CAN WORK OUT
THE NUMBER OF GALAXIES
244
00:11:36,797 --> 00:11:39,497
WE CAN SEE IN OUR UNIVERSE.
245
00:11:39,566 --> 00:11:42,500
AND THIS TILE IS
ONE SQUARE FOOT.
246
00:11:42,569 --> 00:11:46,371
OK.
SO WHAT THAT IS
SAYING IS
247
00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:51,710
WE WILL NEED
12,560,000
OF THESE ONES
248
00:11:51,778 --> 00:11:54,612
TO COVER--TO TILE
THE WHOLE SKY.
249
00:11:54,681 --> 00:11:55,847
TO TILE
THE WHOLE SKY.
250
00:11:55,916 --> 00:11:58,450
AND EACH ONE
OF THOSE HAS
10,000 GALAXIES,
251
00:11:58,518 --> 00:12:03,121
SO IF WE GOT
THAT 12,560,000
TIMES 10,000,
252
00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:05,824
THAT SHOULD GIVE
US THE NUMBER
OF GALAXIES.
253
00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:10,061
125,600,000,000
GALAXIES.
254
00:12:10,130 --> 00:12:12,430
HA HA HA! WOW!
255
00:12:15,202 --> 00:12:19,738
HAWKING: BY USING A DETAILED
IMAGE FROM THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE
256
00:12:19,806 --> 00:12:23,541
AND A LITTLE MATHEMATICS,
MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE ESTIMATED
257
00:12:23,610 --> 00:12:26,411
THE ASTONISHING NUMBER
OF GALAXIES
258
00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,280
THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE OBSERVED
IN OUR UNIVERSE.
259
00:12:31,685 --> 00:12:36,020
WITH MORE ADVANCED TELESCOPES,
WE MAY ONE DAY BE ABLE
260
00:12:36,089 --> 00:12:39,324
TO SEE 200 BILLION GALAXIES
OUT THERE.
261
00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:45,730
PAUL: IT'S JUST MIND-BLOWING
BECAUSE THIS ISN'T PLANETS,
262
00:12:45,799 --> 00:12:47,398
THIS ISN'T STARS.
263
00:12:47,467 --> 00:12:50,735
THIS IS GALAXIES
WITHIN OUR UNIVERSE.
264
00:12:50,804 --> 00:12:55,273
IT MADE ME FEEL SO SMALL
AND INSIGNIFICANT,
265
00:12:55,342 --> 00:12:58,877
COMPLETELY INSIGNIFICANT.
266
00:12:58,945 --> 00:13:01,246
HAWKING: MY BUDDING GENIUSES
HAVE SO FAR GRASPED
267
00:13:01,314 --> 00:13:05,150
THE REMARKABLE SCALE
OF OUR UNIVERSE,
268
00:13:05,218 --> 00:13:07,485
BUT CAN THEY TAKE
THE NEXT STEP
269
00:13:07,554 --> 00:13:10,388
AND BEGIN TO FIGURE OUT
WHERE I ALL CAME FROM?
270
00:13:16,463 --> 00:13:19,264
THE SEARCH FOR WHERE
THE UNIVERSE BEGAN
271
00:13:19,332 --> 00:13:23,535
IS A RELATIVELY RECENT QUEST.
272
00:13:23,603 --> 00:13:28,239
UNTIL 1929, EDWIN HUBBLE,
ALBERT EINSTEIN,
273
00:13:28,308 --> 00:13:30,708
AND MANY OTHER GREAT MINDS
HAD A FIXED VIEW
274
00:13:30,777 --> 00:13:32,811
OF WHAT THE UNIVERSE WAS LIKE.
275
00:13:37,484 --> 00:13:40,118
TUROK: EINSTEIN HAD HIMSELF
PUBLISHED A PAPER
276
00:13:40,187 --> 00:13:43,555
ACCORDING TO WHICH
THE UNIVERSE WAS STATIC.
277
00:13:43,623 --> 00:13:46,224
EINSTEIN THOUGHT PHILOSOPHICALLY
THAT THE UNIVERSE
278
00:13:46,293 --> 00:13:48,860
HAS ALWAYS BEEN HERE,
WILL ALWAYS BE HERE,
279
00:13:48,929 --> 00:13:51,930
IS UNCHANGING,
AND HE THOUGHT THAT WAS
280
00:13:51,998 --> 00:13:54,265
A SENSIBLE
PHILOSOPHICAL PICTURE.
281
00:13:56,636 --> 00:14:00,905
HAWKING: BUT THEN IN 1929,
HUBBLE DISCOVERED SOMETHING
282
00:14:00,974 --> 00:14:04,042
THAT CHANGED EVERYTHING.
283
00:14:04,110 --> 00:14:07,111
I WANT TO SEE IF
THE VOLUNTEERS CAN UNDERSTAND
284
00:14:07,180 --> 00:14:08,680
WHAT HUBBLE FOUND...
285
00:14:13,486 --> 00:14:15,019
SO THEY'VE COME HERE...
286
00:14:17,757 --> 00:14:20,458
TO A QUARTER-MILE DRAG STRIP...
287
00:14:20,527 --> 00:14:23,795
[TIRES SQUEALING]
288
00:14:23,864 --> 00:14:27,165
AND A VERY SPECIAL VEHICLE.
289
00:14:27,234 --> 00:14:29,434
OH, MY GOODNESS!
IT'S A BUG!
290
00:14:29,502 --> 00:14:30,635
YEAH, YEAH.
IT'S A BEETLE.
291
00:14:30,704 --> 00:14:31,903
IT'S A BUG!
292
00:14:31,972 --> 00:14:33,104
A REALLY
FAST-LOOKING BUG.
293
00:14:33,173 --> 00:14:35,139
IT'S UNLIKE ANYTHING
I'VE EVER SEEN.
294
00:14:35,208 --> 00:14:36,941
IT'S ELECTRIC.
295
00:14:37,010 --> 00:14:39,010
HAWKING: THIS IS THE WORLD'S
QUICKEST ACCELERATING
296
00:14:39,079 --> 00:14:41,546
ELECTRIC DRAG RACER--
297
00:14:41,615 --> 00:14:43,815
FAST BUT VERY QUIET,
298
00:14:43,884 --> 00:14:47,118
AN ADVANTAGE FOR WHAT
I HAVE IN STORE.
299
00:14:47,187 --> 00:14:48,486
SO WHAT'S THIS?
300
00:14:48,555 --> 00:14:50,255
LOOKS LIKE A S--
LIKE A SIREN
OR SOMETHING.
301
00:14:50,323 --> 00:14:51,422
IT IS A SIREN
I THINK.
302
00:14:51,491 --> 00:14:54,492
WHAT'S THIS FOR?
303
00:14:54,561 --> 00:14:55,960
[SIREN]
304
00:14:56,029 --> 00:14:58,096
OOH!
HA HA HA!
305
00:14:58,164 --> 00:14:59,564
THAT'S COOL.
306
00:14:59,633 --> 00:15:01,332
HAWKING: THERE IS CHALLENGE
TO USE THE SOUND
307
00:15:01,401 --> 00:15:04,302
OF THIS SIREN TO DETERMINE
THE SPEED AND DIRECTION
308
00:15:04,371 --> 00:15:06,604
OF THE CAR.
309
00:15:06,673 --> 00:15:09,007
MARCIA: OH, NO.
HA HA HA!
310
00:15:09,075 --> 00:15:12,110
HAWKING: I HAVE ALSO GIVEN
THEM A LAPTOP AND MICROPHONE
311
00:15:12,178 --> 00:15:15,246
TO RECORD THE SIREN'S
SOUND WAVES.
312
00:15:15,315 --> 00:15:16,748
WHAT DO--WHAT DO
YOU THINK WE'RE
DOING HERE, OK?
313
00:15:16,816 --> 00:15:17,882
YESTER--
HA HA HA!
314
00:15:17,951 --> 00:15:19,117
SO WHAT...
315
00:15:19,185 --> 00:15:21,119
HAWKING: WILL THEY
WORK OUT HOW?
316
00:15:21,187 --> 00:15:22,320
WE'VE GOT SOUND.
317
00:15:22,389 --> 00:15:23,922
SOUND IS IMPORTANT.
318
00:15:23,990 --> 00:15:26,658
SO SOUND GIVES
YOU A HINT.
319
00:15:26,726 --> 00:15:28,860
HAWKING: THEY SEEM TO BE
ON TO SOMETHING,
320
00:15:28,929 --> 00:15:32,664
BUT THERE'S ONLY ONE WAY
TO FIND OUT.
321
00:15:32,732 --> 00:15:33,998
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER:
IMMEDIATELY, I'M THINKING,
322
00:15:34,067 --> 00:15:36,034
"OH, WE'RE ALL GOING TO
END UP RACING."
323
00:15:36,102 --> 00:15:38,403
WHEW.
324
00:15:38,471 --> 00:15:40,371
HAWKING: LET'S BURN SOME RUBBER.
325
00:15:43,843 --> 00:15:45,810
MARCIA: OH, WOW.
326
00:15:45,879 --> 00:15:47,412
HA HA HA!
327
00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:48,813
ALEJANDRO:
AND OFF HE GOES.
328
00:15:48,882 --> 00:15:50,081
HA HA HA!
329
00:15:50,150 --> 00:15:51,249
[SIREN]
330
00:15:51,318 --> 00:15:53,017
[TIRES SQUEALING]
331
00:16:00,126 --> 00:16:01,793
WHOO HOO HOO HOO!
332
00:16:07,867 --> 00:16:09,467
THAT THING FLIES.
333
00:16:09,536 --> 00:16:11,502
HA HA HA!
IT WAS HALFWAY
DOWN THE TRACK
334
00:16:11,571 --> 00:16:13,404
BY THE TIME
I TURNED MY HEAD.
335
00:16:13,473 --> 00:16:15,673
HA HA HA!
336
00:16:15,742 --> 00:16:16,975
OH, THERE HE IS.
THERE HE IS.
337
00:16:17,043 --> 00:16:18,209
HA HA HA!
338
00:16:18,278 --> 00:16:19,410
HOW WAS IT?
339
00:16:19,479 --> 00:16:21,145
[ALL LAUGHING]
340
00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:25,450
IT WAS AMAZING.
341
00:16:25,518 --> 00:16:28,019
WELL DONE.
OH, MY GOODNESS.
342
00:16:28,088 --> 00:16:30,088
[WHOOSH]
343
00:16:30,156 --> 00:16:32,890
WE GOT--WE GOT SOME
INTERESTING DATA
HERE, AS WELL.
344
00:16:32,959 --> 00:16:34,625
IS THAT MY SIREN?
345
00:16:34,694 --> 00:16:37,161
THAT'S THE SIREN,
SO RIGHT AROUND HERE
346
00:16:37,230 --> 00:16:39,230
IS WHERE YOU STARTED,
347
00:16:39,299 --> 00:16:40,732
AND THEN YOU'RE MOVING
AWAY FROM US,
348
00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,134
MOVING AWAY FROM US,
MOVING AWAY FROM US,
MOVING AWAY FROM US.
349
00:16:43,203 --> 00:16:46,804
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER:
WE OBSERVED THE SOUND WAVES
350
00:16:46,873 --> 00:16:51,142
MOVING BY A SHIFT IN TONE.
351
00:16:51,211 --> 00:16:53,011
[SIREN,
TIRES SQUEALING]
352
00:16:58,718 --> 00:17:00,084
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER:
THERE IS CLEARLY A CHANGE
353
00:17:00,153 --> 00:17:01,519
IN THE FREQUENCY,
354
00:17:01,588 --> 00:17:03,955
AND THAT STARTED
GIVING US AN IDEA.
355
00:17:04,024 --> 00:17:08,726
OK. WE CAN USE THE WAVES
OF SOUND TO DETERMINATE,
UM, DIRECTION.
356
00:17:08,795 --> 00:17:10,862
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER:
AND WE FIGURED OUT
357
00:17:10,930 --> 00:17:12,864
THAT WE WERE PROBABLY GOING
TO BE DOING SOMETHING
358
00:17:12,932 --> 00:17:14,165
WITH THE DOPPLER EFFECT.
359
00:17:17,170 --> 00:17:21,172
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE
GRASPED A CRITICAL CONCEPT,
360
00:17:21,241 --> 00:17:25,443
AN EFFECT NAMED AFTER
THE 19th CENTURY
AUSTRIAN PHYSICIST
361
00:17:25,512 --> 00:17:29,480
WHO FIRST PROPOSED IT--
CHRISTIAN DOPPLER.
362
00:17:32,318 --> 00:17:35,253
IT'S ALL ABOUT THE WAY
WAVES TRAVEL
363
00:17:35,321 --> 00:17:36,821
FROM A MOVING OBJECT.
364
00:17:38,958 --> 00:17:43,194
SOUND THROWS OFF
A REGULAR PATTERN OF WAVES.
365
00:17:43,263 --> 00:17:46,130
AS THE SOURCE MOVES,
EACH SUCCESSIVE WAVE
366
00:17:46,199 --> 00:17:49,333
IS REDUCED CLOSER
TO THE OBSERVER,
367
00:17:49,402 --> 00:17:51,269
WHO HEARS
THE INCREASED FREQUENCY
368
00:17:51,337 --> 00:17:53,471
AS A HIGHER PITCHED SOUND.
369
00:17:56,109 --> 00:18:00,778
AFTER THE SOUND PASSES,
THE WAVE FREQUENCY DECREASES,
370
00:18:00,847 --> 00:18:03,714
AND THE OBSERVER HEARS
A LOWER PITCHED SOUND.
371
00:18:05,418 --> 00:18:09,053
CAN MY VOLUNTEERS FIGURE OUT
HOW THIS PRINCIPLE HELPED
372
00:18:09,122 --> 00:18:12,623
SCIENTISTS DISCOVER
WHERE THE UNIVERSE CAME FROM?
373
00:18:19,666 --> 00:18:21,332
ALEJANDRO: I THINK
WE SHOULD TRY
374
00:18:21,401 --> 00:18:24,102
THE SECOND RUN
REPOSITIONING
THE MICROPHONE.
375
00:18:24,170 --> 00:18:27,271
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS
REALIZED THERE'S A BETTER PLACE
376
00:18:27,340 --> 00:18:30,374
TO EXPERIENCE
THE DOPPLER EFFECT IN FULL.
377
00:18:30,443 --> 00:18:32,176
...FAST
IN THIS DIRECTION.
378
00:18:32,245 --> 00:18:34,745
WE'RE GONNA PUT THE MICROPHONE
HALFWAY THROUGH THE TRACK
379
00:18:34,814 --> 00:18:36,047
AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
380
00:18:36,116 --> 00:18:38,883
COOL.
LET'S DO IT.
381
00:18:38,952 --> 00:18:41,219
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER:
MARCIA'S GONNA GO IN THE CAR.
382
00:18:41,287 --> 00:18:43,654
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: I'M REALLY
EXCITED ABOUT--HEH HEH--
383
00:18:43,723 --> 00:18:46,023
WHAT'S GONNA GO DOWN.
384
00:18:46,092 --> 00:18:48,326
HAWKING: FROM HALFWAY
DOWN THE TRACK,
385
00:18:48,394 --> 00:18:50,795
THEY CAN RECORD DATA
OF BOTH THE CAR
386
00:18:50,864 --> 00:18:55,700
COMING TOWARDS THEM
AND GOING AWAY FROM THEM
387
00:18:55,768 --> 00:19:00,972
WITHOUT SO MUCH INTERFERENCE
FROM SCREECHING TIRES.
388
00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:02,740
ALEJANDRO: OK.
WE--WE RECORDING?
389
00:19:02,809 --> 00:19:05,977
YEAH. RECORDING.
YEAH. EVERYTHING'S GOOD.
390
00:19:06,045 --> 00:19:08,279
OK, MARCIA.
WE'RE READY WHEN--
WHENEVER YOU ARE.
391
00:19:10,350 --> 00:19:11,582
[TIRES SQUEALING]
392
00:19:14,053 --> 00:19:16,187
I'M STRAPPED UP,
AND EVERYTHING'S
REALLY, REALLY TIGHT...
393
00:19:18,258 --> 00:19:21,125
AND THEN ALL OF A SUDDEN...
394
00:19:21,194 --> 00:19:23,027
[SIREN]
395
00:19:34,407 --> 00:19:36,073
HA HA HA!
396
00:19:39,112 --> 00:19:40,278
YOU GOT IT?
397
00:19:40,346 --> 00:19:42,046
I GOT IT.
EXCELLENT.
398
00:19:42,115 --> 00:19:44,482
THAT WAS
REALLY FAST.
399
00:19:44,551 --> 00:19:47,585
AS THE SIREN ON TOP
OF THE CAR APPROACHES
THE MICROPHONE,
400
00:19:47,654 --> 00:19:48,853
THE TONE IS SLIGHTLY HIGHER,
401
00:19:48,922 --> 00:19:51,422
AND THEN AS IT MOVES
AWAY FROM THE MICROPHONE,
402
00:19:51,491 --> 00:19:52,590
IT GETS SLIGHTLY LOWER.
403
00:19:52,659 --> 00:19:54,525
IT'S LIKE VRRROOOOMMM!
404
00:19:54,594 --> 00:19:57,528
KIND OF JUST THE SOUND CHANGES.
405
00:19:57,597 --> 00:19:58,796
MARCIA, ARE YOU
ALL RIGHT?
406
00:20:06,406 --> 00:20:07,738
MARCIA: I START CURSING
BECAUSE I'M MOVING,
407
00:20:07,807 --> 00:20:09,774
AND MY BODY--HA HA HA--
408
00:20:09,842 --> 00:20:12,443
MY BODY IS--IS STILL
AT THE STARTING LINE.
409
00:20:17,951 --> 00:20:22,320
IT WAS EXHILARATING.
410
00:20:22,388 --> 00:20:24,422
HAWKING:
MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE HEARD
411
00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:27,525
THE FULL DOPPLER EFFECT
CONNECTION
412
00:20:27,594 --> 00:20:29,961
AND THE MADE THE LINK
BETWEEN THE PITCH OF SOUND
413
00:20:30,029 --> 00:20:32,730
THEY HEAR IN THEIR
VEHICLE'S DIRECTION
414
00:20:32,799 --> 00:20:34,031
RELATIVE TO THEM.
415
00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:35,266
HELLO.
HEY, MARCIA.
416
00:20:35,335 --> 00:20:36,467
HI.
HOW WAS THAT?
417
00:20:36,536 --> 00:20:37,768
OH, MY GOD.
HOW WAS IT?
418
00:20:42,976 --> 00:20:46,777
HAWKING: WE CAN SEE
WHAT MY TRACKSIDE
VOLUNTEERS EXPERIENCED.
419
00:20:48,748 --> 00:20:50,915
THEY RECORDED
A HIGH-PITCHED SOUND
420
00:20:50,984 --> 00:20:54,118
AS THE DRAGSTER APPROACHED
BECAUSE THE SOUND WAVES
421
00:20:54,187 --> 00:20:56,887
REACHED THEM
WITH A HIGHER FREQUENCY.
422
00:21:00,260 --> 00:21:02,026
THE CHANGE
TO A LOW-PITCHED SOUND
423
00:21:02,095 --> 00:21:05,963
WAS BECAUSE THEY EXPERIENCED
WAVES A LOWER FREQUENCY
424
00:21:06,032 --> 00:21:08,065
AS THE DRAGSTER SPED AWAY.
425
00:21:10,169 --> 00:21:12,770
HA HA HA!
426
00:21:12,839 --> 00:21:14,138
I MEAN, WE CERTAINLY
HEARD IT.
427
00:21:14,207 --> 00:21:16,641
AS YOU CAME TOWARD US,
YOU WERE LIKE, "NNNRRRR!"
428
00:21:16,709 --> 00:21:17,842
IT JUST GOES, LIKE--
429
00:21:17,910 --> 00:21:21,078
THAT DROP IN SOUND.
430
00:21:21,147 --> 00:21:23,914
HAWKING: NOW USING
SPECIAL AUDIO SOFTWARE
431
00:21:23,983 --> 00:21:26,117
WHICH MEASURES THE DROP
IN FREQUENCY
432
00:21:26,185 --> 00:21:29,487
AS THE DRAGSTER RACES BY,
433
00:21:29,555 --> 00:21:32,823
MY VOLUNTEERS CAN CALCULATE
THE SPEED OF THEIR VEHICLE.
434
00:21:36,462 --> 00:21:40,131
A BREATHTAKING 138 MILES AN HOUR
435
00:21:40,199 --> 00:21:42,733
REACHED IN JUST
UNDER 10 SECONDS.
436
00:21:44,904 --> 00:21:49,340
MARCIA: I DIDN'T ACTUALLY THINK
THAT A BUG COULD GO SO FAST.
437
00:21:49,409 --> 00:21:50,908
VERY, VERY FAST.
I DIDN'T EXPECT THE CAR
438
00:21:50,977 --> 00:21:53,544
TO MOVE THAT--THAT FAST.
439
00:21:53,613 --> 00:21:55,946
HAWKING: WILL MY VOLUNTEERS
BE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT
440
00:21:56,015 --> 00:21:58,849
THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE DOPPLER EFFECT
441
00:21:58,918 --> 00:22:02,086
AND WHAT SCIENTISTS
HAVE OBSERVED IN OUR UNIVERSE?
442
00:22:09,495 --> 00:22:13,531
IN 1929, SCIENTISTS
DISCOVERED SOMETHING
443
00:22:13,599 --> 00:22:18,669
THAT TURNED THE ACCEPTED MODEL
OF THE UNIVERSE ON ITS HEAD.
444
00:22:18,738 --> 00:22:21,872
EDWIN HUBBLE FOUND THAT
ALMOST ALL THE GALAXIES
445
00:22:21,941 --> 00:22:28,946
BEYOND OUR MILKY WAY
ARE MOVING AWAY FROM US.
446
00:22:29,015 --> 00:22:31,449
THE UNIVERSE MUST BE EXPANDING.
447
00:22:34,754 --> 00:22:37,154
SO HOW DID HUBBLE
GO ABOUT DETECTING
448
00:22:37,223 --> 00:22:39,857
THE SPEED AND DIRECTION
OF GALAXIES
449
00:22:39,926 --> 00:22:41,726
BILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS AWAY.
450
00:22:45,865 --> 00:22:51,102
THAT'S WHAT THE VOLUNTEERS
ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND.
451
00:22:51,170 --> 00:22:53,738
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: INITIALLY,
I THOUGHT WE'RE MEASURING SOUND,
452
00:22:53,806 --> 00:22:57,441
BUT, YOU KNOW, GALAXIES
DON'T MAKE A SOUND.
453
00:22:57,510 --> 00:22:59,710
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: SO CLEARLY,
WERE NOT GONNA BE USING SOUND
454
00:22:59,779 --> 00:23:03,080
TO LISTEN TO THE SOUND
COMING FROM GALAXIES,
455
00:23:03,149 --> 00:23:05,416
BUT, UM, SOUND IS A WAVE,
456
00:23:05,485 --> 00:23:08,719
UM, JUST LIKE LIGHT
TRAVELS IN WAVES, AS WELL,
457
00:23:08,788 --> 00:23:11,122
SO WHEN THE SOURCE IS MOVING,
458
00:23:11,190 --> 00:23:13,424
IT CHANGES THE FREQUENCY.
459
00:23:13,493 --> 00:23:17,862
IT WIDENS THE FREQUENCY
AS IT'S MOVING AWAY.
460
00:23:17,930 --> 00:23:20,664
SO WHEN IT COMES TO GALAXIES,
WE DON'T LOOK FOR SOUND,
461
00:23:20,733 --> 00:23:24,368
BUT WE KIND OF MEASURE
THE WAVES OF THE LIGHT.
462
00:23:24,437 --> 00:23:26,904
[TIRES SQUEALING]
463
00:23:26,973 --> 00:23:29,907
HAWKING: THAT'S RIGHT.
464
00:23:29,976 --> 00:23:34,378
SO WILL MY VOLUNTEERS GRASP
THE BEAUTIFULLY SIMPLE WAY
465
00:23:34,447 --> 00:23:38,182
TO DETECT A CHANGE
IN THE FREQUENCY OF LIGHT?
466
00:23:38,251 --> 00:23:39,950
PAUL: WE SORT OF FIGURED OUT
THAT WHEN WE GET A RAINBOW
467
00:23:40,019 --> 00:23:43,187
LIGHT HITS WATER AND IT SPLITS
INTO DIFFERENT COLORS.
468
00:23:43,256 --> 00:23:45,189
WE ALSO GET
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES,
469
00:23:45,258 --> 00:23:49,493
AND COLOR AND FREQUENCY ARE
LINKED WHEN IT COMES TO LIGHT,
470
00:23:49,562 --> 00:23:51,662
SO WE'RE SORT OF WONDERING
WHETHER PERHAPS
471
00:23:51,731 --> 00:23:54,231
THE--THE COLOR OF GALAXIES
MIGHT GIVE US A CLUE
472
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:55,433
AS TO WHICH WAY
THEY'RE MOVING--
473
00:23:55,501 --> 00:23:57,568
TOWARDS US OR AWAY FROM US,
474
00:23:57,637 --> 00:24:00,304
AND MAYBE THAT'S THE WAY
THAT WE CAN MEASURE
475
00:24:00,373 --> 00:24:02,540
WHICH DIRECTION
GALAXIES ARE MOVING,
476
00:24:02,608 --> 00:24:04,842
BY STUDYING THE COLOR
OF THE LIGHT FROM THEM.
477
00:24:10,183 --> 00:24:13,250
HAWKING: THEY'VE GOT IT.
478
00:24:13,319 --> 00:24:16,520
HIGH-FREQUENCY LIGHT
APPEARS BLUE.
479
00:24:16,589 --> 00:24:20,491
LOW-FREQUENCY LIGHT
APPEARS RED.
480
00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:24,028
MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE REALIZED
THE SPEED AND DIRECTION
481
00:24:24,096 --> 00:24:27,465
A GALAXY IS TRAVELING
CAN BE DEDUCED SIMPLY
482
00:24:27,533 --> 00:24:29,467
BY OBSERVING ITS COLOR...
483
00:24:30,970 --> 00:24:34,205
AND IN 1929,
THAT'S PRECISELY HOW
484
00:24:34,273 --> 00:24:38,476
EDWIN HUBBLE OBSERVED GALAXIES
WERE MOVING AWAY FROM US.
485
00:24:45,718 --> 00:24:50,554
TUROK: HUBBLE WAS LOOKING
AT THE MOST DISTANT OBJECTS
HE COULD FIND.
486
00:24:50,623 --> 00:24:53,090
THAT'S WHAT YOU DO WITH
THE BIGGEST TELESCOPE YOU HAVE.
487
00:24:53,159 --> 00:24:55,759
IF YOU SEE A STAR LIKE THE SUN
488
00:24:55,828 --> 00:24:58,162
AND YOU PUT IT
AT A MUCH GREATER DISTANCE,
489
00:24:58,231 --> 00:25:01,499
OBVIOUSLY IT WOULD APPEAR
MUCH DIMMER,
490
00:25:01,567 --> 00:25:04,001
AND SO HE USES THAT FACT
TO TELL HIM
491
00:25:04,070 --> 00:25:05,669
THE DISTANCE OF THE GALAXIES.
492
00:25:08,908 --> 00:25:12,109
WHAT HE NOTICES IS THAT
THE GALAXIES WHICH ARE DIMMER
493
00:25:12,178 --> 00:25:15,145
AND THEREFORE FURTHER AWAY
ARE REDDER,
494
00:25:15,214 --> 00:25:17,715
AND THE INTERPRETATION
OF THIS REDDENING
495
00:25:17,783 --> 00:25:20,518
IS SOMETHING CALLED
THE DOPPLER SHIFT,
496
00:25:20,586 --> 00:25:23,721
WHICH IS THAT IF SOMETHING
IS MOVING AWAY FROM YOU
497
00:25:23,789 --> 00:25:27,291
THE LIGHT WE RECEIVE
IS SHIFTED INTO THE RED.
498
00:25:30,062 --> 00:25:33,163
IT WAS A VERY RADICAL IDEA
THAT THE UNIVERSE WAS EXPANDING
499
00:25:33,232 --> 00:25:36,267
BECAUSE IF YOU
TOOK IT SERIOUSLY,
500
00:25:36,335 --> 00:25:38,235
IT IMPLIED THERE WAS
A BEGINNING...
501
00:25:42,074 --> 00:25:48,078
THAT YOU COULD EXTRAPOLATE
THE EXPANSION BACKWARDS IN TIME,
502
00:25:48,147 --> 00:25:51,081
AND IT WOULD HAVE IMPLIED
THAT EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE
503
00:25:51,150 --> 00:25:54,451
EMERGED FROM WHAT WE NOW
CALL A SINGULARITY.
504
00:25:57,690 --> 00:26:01,692
WITH HUBBLE'S DISCOVERY,
IT BECAME CLEAR
505
00:26:01,761 --> 00:26:04,628
VERY DRAMATICALLY
THAT POTENTIALLY
506
00:26:04,697 --> 00:26:08,599
WE COULD UNDERSTAND
THE ORIGIN OF EVERYTHING.
507
00:26:08,668 --> 00:26:11,502
HUBBLE'S DISCOVERY
WAS RECOGNIZED
508
00:26:11,571 --> 00:26:14,138
AS VERY IMPORTANT AT THE TIME,
509
00:26:14,206 --> 00:26:17,508
BUT THE NOTION THAT WE COULD
ACTUALLY UNDERSTAND THE BIG BANG
510
00:26:17,577 --> 00:26:19,977
AT THAT TIME SEEMED
A STEP TOO FAR.
511
00:26:20,046 --> 00:26:22,913
YOU KNOW, HOW WOULD WE
EVER ANSWER QUESTIONS
512
00:26:22,982 --> 00:26:24,815
THAT GRANDIOSE?
513
00:26:27,186 --> 00:26:29,486
HAWKING: IF SCIENTISTS WERE
TO BELIEVE THAT
514
00:26:29,555 --> 00:26:31,822
THE BIG BANG THEORY SOLVED
THE PROBLEM
515
00:26:31,891 --> 00:26:35,693
OF WHERE THE UNIVERSE CAME FROM,
516
00:26:35,761 --> 00:26:37,828
THEY'D NEED EVIDENCE
IT HAPPENED
517
00:26:37,897 --> 00:26:40,197
PRECISELY AS
THE THEORY DESCRIBED.
518
00:26:44,704 --> 00:26:46,537
SCIENTISTS PREDICTED
THE BIG BANG'S
519
00:26:46,606 --> 00:26:50,474
INITIAL BURST OF LIGHT
FROM JUST AFTER THE BIG BANG
520
00:26:50,543 --> 00:26:55,145
WOULD BE DETECTABLE
TODAY AS MICROWAVE RADIATION.
521
00:26:55,214 --> 00:26:57,348
THE RACE WAS ON TO FIND IT...
522
00:26:59,285 --> 00:27:04,121
AND THE FIRST LEAD CAME
FROM AN UNLIKELY SOURCE,
523
00:27:04,190 --> 00:27:09,259
AMERICAN RADIO ASTRONOMERS
ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON.
524
00:27:09,328 --> 00:27:10,894
WOMAN: PENZIAS AND WILSON
WERE INTERESTED
525
00:27:10,963 --> 00:27:12,596
IN STUDYING OUR GALAXY.
526
00:27:12,665 --> 00:27:17,034
THEY WERE USING NEW TECHNOLOGY,
NEW RADIO TELESCOPES
527
00:27:17,103 --> 00:27:19,103
TO LOOK AT RADIO WAVES,
528
00:27:19,171 --> 00:27:21,105
BUT WHEREVER THEY LOOKED
IN THE SKY
529
00:27:21,173 --> 00:27:23,507
AND HOWEVER THEY TUNED
THEIR TELESCOPE,
530
00:27:23,576 --> 00:27:27,411
THEY KEPT PICKING UP
THIS VERY FAINT SIGNAL OF LIGHT.
531
00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:28,946
NOW FOR A WHILE,
THEY WERE CONVINCED
532
00:27:29,015 --> 00:27:30,714
THAT IT MUST BE SOMETHING
THAT WAS GETTING
533
00:27:30,783 --> 00:27:32,416
INTO THE TELESCOPE
THAT WASN'T REAL,
534
00:27:32,485 --> 00:27:35,119
THAT WAS EITHER SOME PROBLEM
WITH THEIR TELESCOPE ITSELF
535
00:27:35,187 --> 00:27:37,888
OR SOMETHING
INSIDE THE TELESCOPE ITSELF,
536
00:27:37,957 --> 00:27:41,759
BUT THERE WAS NO EXPLANATION
FOR THIS FAINT LIGHT
537
00:27:41,827 --> 00:27:44,361
THAT APPEARED
TO BE COMING FROM SPACE
538
00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:46,363
AND EVERYWHERE IN SPACE,
539
00:27:46,432 --> 00:27:49,433
AND QUITE QUICKLY,
IT BECAME COMPLETELY OBVIOUS
540
00:27:49,502 --> 00:27:52,770
THAT WHAT PENZIAS AND WILSON
WERE SEEING WITH THEIR DISH
541
00:27:52,838 --> 00:27:54,538
POINTING AT DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE SKY
542
00:27:54,607 --> 00:27:57,474
WAS EXACTLY
THIS BIG BANG SIGNAL.
543
00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:03,547
HAWKING:
IT WAS A HISTORIC MOMENT.
544
00:28:03,616 --> 00:28:06,850
WE SAW ALMOST BACK
TO THE BIG BANG ITSELF,
545
00:28:06,919 --> 00:28:11,221
AND SCIENTISTS HAD THE EVIDENCE
THEY HAD BEEN SEARCHING FOR.
546
00:28:11,290 --> 00:28:15,392
DUNKLEY: SO THIS SIGNAL
WAS HUGELY IMPORTANT
547
00:28:15,461 --> 00:28:18,162
FOR CONVINCING PEOPLE THAT
THE BIG BANG HAD HAPPENED,
548
00:28:18,230 --> 00:28:20,631
AND SO QUITE QUICKLY,
PEOPLE WHO HADN'T
549
00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:22,766
PREVIOUSLY BEEN CONVINCED
BY THE BIG BANG,
550
00:28:22,835 --> 00:28:25,636
THEIR MINDS WERE CHANGED.
551
00:28:25,705 --> 00:28:28,639
HAWKING: BUT WE DON'T HAVE TO
TAKE THEIR WORD FOR IT.
552
00:28:28,708 --> 00:28:32,042
WHAT'S REMARKABLE IS
THE ECHO OF THE BIG BANG
553
00:28:32,111 --> 00:28:34,978
IS SOMETHING WE CAN
ALL LISTEN TO.
554
00:28:35,047 --> 00:28:36,547
DUNKLEY, VOICE-OVER: SO ONE
OF THE REMARKABLE THINGS
555
00:28:36,615 --> 00:28:39,349
ABOUT THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND RADIATION IS
556
00:28:39,418 --> 00:28:43,053
YOU CAN ACTUALLY PICK IT UP
AND HEAR IT WITH A RADIO.
557
00:28:43,122 --> 00:28:45,723
THIS LIGHT IS HITTING US
ALL THE TIME,
558
00:28:45,791 --> 00:28:47,958
AND ITS WAVELENGTH IS
THE RIGHT KIND OF WAVELENGTH
559
00:28:48,027 --> 00:28:50,227
THAT A RADIO CAN ACTUALLY
TURN IT INTO A SIGNAL
560
00:28:50,296 --> 00:28:51,562
YOU CAN HEAR,
561
00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:54,264
AND WHEN YOU TURN
BETWEEN CHANNELS
562
00:28:54,333 --> 00:28:56,967
ON AN OLD-FASHIONED
ANALOGUE RADIO,
563
00:28:57,036 --> 00:28:58,602
YOU CAN HEAR THAT HISS,
564
00:28:58,671 --> 00:29:00,404
THAT LITTLE FUZZY NOISE
THAT COMES
565
00:29:00,473 --> 00:29:02,506
BETWEEN RADIO STATIONS.
566
00:29:02,575 --> 00:29:04,308
IT IS ACTUALLY LIGHT
FROM THE BIG BANG,
567
00:29:04,376 --> 00:29:06,343
AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY
HEAR IT ON A RADIO,
568
00:29:06,412 --> 00:29:07,811
AND THAT'S EXTRAORDINARY.
569
00:29:10,316 --> 00:29:14,218
HAWKING: BUT THIS IS ONLY
PART OF THE STORY.
570
00:29:14,286 --> 00:29:18,722
WHAT'S CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTANDING
THE BEGINNING OF EVERYTHING
571
00:29:18,791 --> 00:29:23,794
IS NOT SIMPLY THAT
THE UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING
572
00:29:23,863 --> 00:29:28,632
BUT THE UNEXPECTED WAY
IN WHICH IT DOES EXPAND
573
00:29:28,701 --> 00:29:32,402
BECAUSE EDWIN HUBBLE'S DATA
FROM HIS OBSERVATION
574
00:29:32,471 --> 00:29:38,008
OF MOVING GALAXIES
CONTAINS A FURTHER SECRET,
575
00:29:38,077 --> 00:29:40,577
ONE THAT I HOPE
MY VOLUNTEERS WILL GRASP
576
00:29:40,646 --> 00:29:42,479
IN THEIR NEXT CHALLENGE.
577
00:29:46,819 --> 00:29:49,286
TO SEE IF MY VOLUNTEERS
CAN WORK OUT
578
00:29:49,355 --> 00:29:51,755
WHERE THE UNIVERSE CAME FROM,
579
00:29:51,824 --> 00:29:54,291
I HAVE BROUGHT THEM
SOMEWHERE THEY CAN EXERCISE
580
00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:57,027
MORE THAN JUST THEIR MINDS.
581
00:29:57,096 --> 00:29:58,929
MARCIA: TRACK AND FIELD.
VERY COOL.
582
00:29:58,998 --> 00:30:00,297
ALEJANDRO: INDOOR ARENA.
OK.
583
00:30:04,737 --> 00:30:06,670
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: WE'RE
IN AN INDOOR RUNNING TRACK.
584
00:30:06,739 --> 00:30:08,772
WHAT'S THIS GOT TO DO
WITH THE UNIVERSE?
585
00:30:08,841 --> 00:30:10,574
MORNING, GUYS,
MORNING.
586
00:30:10,643 --> 00:30:11,775
ALL RIGHT.
RIGHT.
587
00:30:11,844 --> 00:30:13,243
SO WE HAVE SOME SIGNS.
588
00:30:15,481 --> 00:30:18,315
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE
THE EQUIPMENT THEY NEED
589
00:30:18,384 --> 00:30:20,517
TO ORGANIZE A SPECIAL RACE...
590
00:30:20,586 --> 00:30:22,920
SAFETY PINS.
SAFETY PINS.
591
00:30:22,988 --> 00:30:26,390
HAWKING: MIMICKING THE MOVEMENT
OF GALAXIES IN SPACE.
592
00:30:26,458 --> 00:30:28,258
WILL THEY FIGURE IT OUT?
593
00:30:28,327 --> 00:30:30,427
OH, SO THESE ARE
DIFFERENT GALAXIES
594
00:30:30,496 --> 00:30:32,162
AND THEIR, UH,
DISTANCE FROM EARTH.
595
00:30:32,231 --> 00:30:34,231
OH, WAIT.
GUYS, LOOK.
596
00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:35,566
THEY HAVE, LIKE,
LITTLE GALAXIES ON THEM.
597
00:30:35,634 --> 00:30:37,167
PAUL: OH, THEY DO.
598
00:30:37,236 --> 00:30:38,368
LOOK AT THAT.
HA HA HA!
599
00:30:38,437 --> 00:30:39,603
THIS IS PERFECT.
600
00:30:41,807 --> 00:30:43,307
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: I NOTICED
THAT ALL OF THE T-SHIRTS
601
00:30:43,375 --> 00:30:45,909
HAVE GALAXIES ON THEM,
SO I'M ASSUMING THAT
602
00:30:45,978 --> 00:30:50,480
EACH OF THESE RUNNERS
WILL REPRESENT A GALAXY.
603
00:30:50,549 --> 00:30:51,849
YOU KNOW WHAT
THESE LOOK
LIKE TO ME?
604
00:30:51,917 --> 00:30:53,116
THESE LOOK LIKE
RACE NUMBERS.
605
00:30:53,185 --> 00:30:54,885
RACE NUMBERS.
606
00:30:54,954 --> 00:30:56,286
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER:
EACH OF THE RACE BIBS CONTAINS
607
00:30:56,355 --> 00:31:00,257
NAME OF THE GALAXY AND HOW FAR
THE GALAXY IS IN LIGHT YEARS
608
00:31:00,326 --> 00:31:01,525
AWAY FROM EARTH.
609
00:31:01,594 --> 00:31:03,961
I THINK WE JUST PUT
THESE ON
610
00:31:04,029 --> 00:31:06,129
OUR LOVELY VOLUNTEERS.
OK.
611
00:31:06,198 --> 00:31:07,998
AND THEN WE CAN
HAVE A RACE.
612
00:31:08,067 --> 00:31:09,366
SOUNDS LIKE
A GOOD IDEA. YEP.
613
00:31:09,435 --> 00:31:11,902
LET'S HAVE A RACE.
LET'S HAVE A RACE.
614
00:31:11,971 --> 00:31:15,105
HAWKING: TO HELP THEM UNCOVER
THE SECRET IN HUBBLE'S DATA,
615
00:31:15,174 --> 00:31:17,841
MY VOLUNTEERS WILL NEED
TO SET UP
616
00:31:17,910 --> 00:31:20,878
THE STARTING POINT
OF THEIR RACE CAREFULLY.
617
00:31:20,946 --> 00:31:22,212
MARCIA: ALL RIGHT.
SO WE GOT ALL OUR GALAXIES.
618
00:31:22,281 --> 00:31:23,447
ALEJANDRO: YEAH.
619
00:31:23,515 --> 00:31:24,781
WE HAVE TO DO EVERYTHING
TO SCALE, RIGHT?
620
00:31:24,850 --> 00:31:27,084
FIRST OF ALL, WE HAVE
TO ESTABLISH OUR EARTH.
621
00:31:27,152 --> 00:31:29,653
WHICH IS GONNA BE
OUR START LINE.
622
00:31:29,722 --> 00:31:32,289
THESE STARTING BLOCKS
ARE NOT IN LINE.
623
00:31:32,358 --> 00:31:34,324
THEY'RE ALL AT
DIFFERENT DISTANCES
624
00:31:34,393 --> 00:31:36,293
FROM OUR
STARTING POINT.
625
00:31:36,362 --> 00:31:38,128
BECAUSE THE DISTANCES
THEY HAVE
626
00:31:38,197 --> 00:31:40,063
IS LIGHT YEARS
FROM EARTH.
627
00:31:40,132 --> 00:31:41,832
SO I'M THINKING
WE NEED TO--
WE NEED TO
628
00:31:41,901 --> 00:31:44,401
GET THESE GUYS
IN THE RIGHT ORDER.
629
00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:45,769
IN ORDER. OK.
630
00:31:45,838 --> 00:31:47,638
THE COGS START TURNING.
"HANG ON A MINUTE.
631
00:31:47,706 --> 00:31:50,007
"PERHAPS WE NEED TO BE
MATCHING UP THESE NUMBERS
632
00:31:50,075 --> 00:31:53,543
WITH THE STARTING POSITIONS
FOR THESE RUNNERS."
633
00:31:55,014 --> 00:31:57,114
HAWKING: GOOD WORK.
634
00:31:57,182 --> 00:32:00,484
THEY'RE CORRECTLY REPLICATING
THE LAYOUT OF OUR UNIVERSE
635
00:32:00,552 --> 00:32:02,786
AS WE SEE IT FROM PLANET EARTH.
636
00:32:02,855 --> 00:32:04,187
SHE'S RIGHT HERE.
637
00:32:04,256 --> 00:32:06,089
THEN IT'S 210 BILLION.
638
00:32:06,158 --> 00:32:07,357
HAWKING:
AND EACH RUNNER IS STANDING
639
00:32:07,426 --> 00:32:09,359
AT THE CORRECT DISTANCE
FROM EARTH
640
00:32:09,428 --> 00:32:11,728
OF THE GALAXY THEY REPRESENT.
641
00:32:11,797 --> 00:32:13,096
PAUL: 12.8 BILLION.
642
00:32:13,165 --> 00:32:14,598
AND 13 BILLION
THIS WAY.
643
00:32:14,667 --> 00:32:15,966
YOU GET THE BIGGEST
HEAD START.
644
00:32:16,035 --> 00:32:17,634
ALEJANDRO: COOL!
645
00:32:17,703 --> 00:32:18,835
MARCIA: SO WE'VE GOT
OUR GALAXIES ALIGNED.
646
00:32:18,904 --> 00:32:20,137
ALEJANDRO: ALIGNED.
647
00:32:20,205 --> 00:32:21,305
PAUL: LET'S RUN IT.
LET'S RUN IT.
648
00:32:21,373 --> 00:32:22,606
LET'S SEE
WHAT HAPPENS.
649
00:32:22,675 --> 00:32:23,740
OK.
ALL RIGHT.
650
00:32:28,714 --> 00:32:33,517
HAWKING: BUT THIS IS
NO ORDINARY RACE,
651
00:32:33,585 --> 00:32:36,353
AND THERE MAY BE
SOME SURPRISES IN STORE.
652
00:32:40,492 --> 00:32:44,695
WILL THEY WORK OUT
WHAT IT MEANS?
653
00:32:44,763 --> 00:32:47,831
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER:
I'M EXPECTING THAT
WHEN I PULL THE TRIGGER
654
00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:50,033
EVERYONE WILL FLY FORWARD.
655
00:32:50,102 --> 00:32:51,401
GALAXIES READY.
656
00:32:59,778 --> 00:33:01,111
[BANG]
657
00:33:16,161 --> 00:33:18,895
PAUL: WOW.
HEY. YOU KNOW WHAT?
658
00:33:18,964 --> 00:33:22,032
THEY'RE RUNNING
AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS.
659
00:33:22,101 --> 00:33:27,070
HAWKING: WELL, I DID SAY THAT
THIS IS NO ORDINARY RACE.
660
00:33:27,139 --> 00:33:29,039
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
SOME OF THEM JOG,
661
00:33:29,108 --> 00:33:31,775
SOME OF THEM WALK.
662
00:33:31,844 --> 00:33:34,011
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER: IT TOOK
ME A WHILE TO REALIZE
663
00:33:34,079 --> 00:33:35,579
WHAT WAS HAPPENING.
664
00:33:35,647 --> 00:33:36,780
THERE'S NO COMPETITION.
665
00:33:36,849 --> 00:33:39,282
IT'S JUST--IT'S JUST
HOW IT'S MOVING.
666
00:33:39,351 --> 00:33:40,717
I WASN'T
EXPECTING THAT.
667
00:33:40,786 --> 00:33:42,586
SO DID I.
668
00:33:42,654 --> 00:33:43,854
THERE SHOULD BE
A CLUE IN THAT.
669
00:33:43,922 --> 00:33:46,189
THERE'S A CLUE
IN THAT.
RIGHT.
670
00:33:46,258 --> 00:33:47,491
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: SO CLEARLY,
THE RACE ISN'T
671
00:33:47,559 --> 00:33:50,761
ABOUT THE PHYSICAL PROWESS
OF EACH INDIVIDUAL ATHLETE.
672
00:33:50,829 --> 00:33:53,697
IT'S GONNA BE MORE DETERMINED
BY THE NUMBERS
673
00:33:53,766 --> 00:33:55,565
THAT WE'VE ASSIGNED TO THEM.
674
00:33:58,037 --> 00:33:59,970
SO SO FAR,
WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED?
675
00:34:00,039 --> 00:34:01,338
13 BILLION.
676
00:34:01,407 --> 00:34:02,773
13 BILLION IS FLYING.
677
00:34:02,841 --> 00:34:03,940
YEAH. SHE'S
SUPERFAST.
678
00:34:04,009 --> 00:34:06,676
800,000 IS WALKING.
OK.
679
00:34:06,745 --> 00:34:07,844
THE CLOSER YOU WERE
TO THE START LINE...
680
00:34:07,913 --> 00:34:09,046
THE START, YEAH.
681
00:34:09,114 --> 00:34:11,681
UM, THE SLOWER YOU MOVE.
682
00:34:15,254 --> 00:34:17,320
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: THE SECRET
THAT WE DISCOVERED
683
00:34:17,389 --> 00:34:22,492
WAS THAT GALAXIES THAT ARE
THE FURTHEST AWAY FROM EARTH
684
00:34:22,561 --> 00:34:26,396
ARE ALSO THE ONES TRAVELING
THE FASTEST AWAY FROM EARTH.
685
00:34:30,502 --> 00:34:32,836
MARCIA: THE FURTHER
THEY GET FROM EARTH,
686
00:34:32,905 --> 00:34:34,504
THE FASTER THEY TRAVEL.
687
00:34:37,876 --> 00:34:40,577
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE
DISCOVERED A VITAL CLUE
688
00:34:40,646 --> 00:34:44,414
IN HUBBLE'S DATA.
689
00:34:44,483 --> 00:34:46,483
NOT ONLY DID HUBBLE'S
OBSERVATION
690
00:34:46,552 --> 00:34:49,219
OF A DOPPLER RED SHIFT
REVEAL GALAXIES
691
00:34:49,288 --> 00:34:51,054
WERE MOVING AWAY...
692
00:34:54,026 --> 00:34:56,860
IT REVEALED THE MOST DISTANT
GALAXIES GLOWED
693
00:34:56,929 --> 00:35:00,363
A DEEPER SHADE OF RED.
694
00:35:00,432 --> 00:35:05,402
THEY WERE RECEDING FASTER
INTO THE DEPTHS OF THE UNIVERSE,
695
00:35:05,471 --> 00:35:09,739
SOME AT SEEMINGLY
REMARKABLE SPEEDS.
696
00:35:09,808 --> 00:35:12,375
TUROK: THESE WERE ABSOLUTELY
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS,
697
00:35:12,444 --> 00:35:15,579
AND IN THE MID-1920s,
THIS DEBATE
698
00:35:15,647 --> 00:35:18,615
ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE WORLD,
THE NATURE OF REALITY
699
00:35:18,684 --> 00:35:23,220
WAS AT ITS MOST, UH, DRAMATIC.
700
00:35:23,288 --> 00:35:25,789
HAWKING: THIS EXTRAORDINARY
CLUE IN HUBBLE'S DATA
701
00:35:25,858 --> 00:35:28,258
WAS A KEY TURNING POINT
OF DISCOVERING
702
00:35:28,327 --> 00:35:30,527
WHERE THE UNIVERSE CAME FROM.
703
00:35:33,265 --> 00:35:36,600
CAN MY VOLUNTEERS
TAKE THE NEXT STEP
704
00:35:36,668 --> 00:35:41,104
TO FIGURE OUT WHAT'S MAKING
GALAXIES MOVE THE WAY THEY DO?
705
00:35:51,116 --> 00:35:52,649
SO...
ALEJANDRO: OK.
706
00:35:52,718 --> 00:35:54,484
QUITE CLEARLY, WE'RE
IN AN ICE RINK.
707
00:35:54,553 --> 00:35:57,320
OH, YEAH.
OH, MY GOODNESS.
708
00:35:57,389 --> 00:35:58,855
HAWKING: TO REVEAL
THE EXTRAORDINARY TRUTH
709
00:35:58,924 --> 00:36:02,092
BEHIND HOW THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS,
710
00:36:02,161 --> 00:36:06,163
MY VOLUNTEERS WILL NEED
TO BRAVE THE ICE.
711
00:36:06,231 --> 00:36:07,330
WE'RE GONNA PLAY
ICE HOCKEY?
712
00:36:07,399 --> 00:36:09,866
NO.
713
00:36:09,935 --> 00:36:11,668
WE'VE GOT OUR
GALAXY JERSEYS AGAIN.
714
00:36:11,737 --> 00:36:13,470
OH, YEAH. THE GALAXIES
ARE ON JERSEYS.
715
00:36:13,539 --> 00:36:16,640
WE'RE GONNA BE
THE GALAXIES TODAY.
716
00:36:16,708 --> 00:36:19,976
WE REALIZED THAT THERE IS SOME
ICE SKATING EQUIPMENT,
717
00:36:20,045 --> 00:36:21,645
SO IT DOESN'T TAKE
A GENIUS TO FIGURE OUT
718
00:36:21,713 --> 00:36:23,914
THAT WE ARE GOING
IN THE ICE RINK WITH THEM,
719
00:36:23,982 --> 00:36:27,017
SO THAT WAS QUITE--
QUITE SCARY.
720
00:36:27,085 --> 00:36:31,021
SO LET'S--SO, UM,
I GUESS WE'RE
PUTTING SOME KIT ON.
721
00:36:31,089 --> 00:36:34,925
HAWKING: THEIR CHALLENGE IS TO
REPLICATE THE BIG BANG ON ICE
722
00:36:34,993 --> 00:36:38,061
TO WORK OUT WHY GALAXIES
THAT ARE FARTHEST FROM EARTH
723
00:36:38,130 --> 00:36:41,464
MOVE FASTEST.
724
00:36:41,533 --> 00:36:44,067
FIRST, THEY'LL NEED TO GET
THEIR SKATES ON...
725
00:36:46,271 --> 00:36:51,074
BUT I'VE MADE AN UNUSUAL
ADDITION TO THEIR SKATING GEAR.
726
00:36:51,143 --> 00:36:54,511
MARCIA: ON THE TABLE,
THERE ARE LEAF BLOWERS
727
00:36:54,580 --> 00:36:57,914
WITH BALLOONS ON THEM,
WHICH IS VERY ODD.
728
00:36:57,983 --> 00:36:59,049
SHALL WE DO IT?
YEAH.
729
00:36:59,117 --> 00:37:00,650
LET'S GIVE IT A GO.
730
00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:04,020
OH. OH, WOW!
731
00:37:04,089 --> 00:37:07,057
HAWKING: WILL MY VOLUNTEERS
WORK OUT WHAT IS MAKING
732
00:37:07,125 --> 00:37:09,759
GALAXIES MOVE THIS WAY?
733
00:37:09,828 --> 00:37:11,161
I THINK WE SHOULD
BE ON THE ICE.
734
00:37:11,230 --> 00:37:13,530
YEAH. LET'S GO
ON THE ICE.
735
00:37:13,599 --> 00:37:15,165
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: WE FIGURED
THAT IF HEAD TO THE CENTER
736
00:37:15,234 --> 00:37:17,334
OF THE ICE THAT WOULD BE
A GOOD PLACE TO START
737
00:37:17,402 --> 00:37:20,270
IN ORDER TO FIND OUT
HOW WE'RE ACTUALLY
738
00:37:20,339 --> 00:37:22,205
GONNA REENACT THIS BIG BANG.
739
00:37:22,274 --> 00:37:24,074
I CAN HARDLY DO THIS...
I KNOW.
740
00:37:24,142 --> 00:37:25,408
WITH A LEAF BLOWER.
741
00:37:25,477 --> 00:37:26,743
I KNOW. IT'S SO HARD
TO DO WITH A LEAF BLOWER.
742
00:37:26,812 --> 00:37:28,445
AAH!
OH!
743
00:37:28,513 --> 00:37:30,814
I'M GETTING
THE HANG OF THIS.
OKEY-DOKEY.
744
00:37:30,882 --> 00:37:32,282
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER:
WE NEED TO FIND A WAY
745
00:37:32,351 --> 00:37:34,150
TO USE THESE BALLOONS
AND THESE LEAF BLOWERS
746
00:37:34,219 --> 00:37:39,422
TO RE-CREATE HOW
THE GALAXIES ARE MOVING.
747
00:37:39,491 --> 00:37:40,991
IT'S AN EXPLOSION
ESSENTIALLY, ISN'T IT?
748
00:37:41,059 --> 00:37:42,692
RIGHT.
749
00:37:42,761 --> 00:37:44,361
WE'RE THINKING THAT
WE NEED TO CAUSE
SOME SORT OF EXPLOSION.
750
00:37:44,429 --> 00:37:45,996
WHAT DO WE HAVE
THAT IS EXPANDING?
751
00:37:46,064 --> 00:37:48,832
OBVIOUSLY,
THESE BALLOONS.
752
00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:50,800
DO WE PUT
THESE BALLOONS
TOGETHER MAYBE
753
00:37:50,869 --> 00:37:53,370
AND THEN THAT
IS THE CAUSE
OF THE EXPANSION?
754
00:37:53,438 --> 00:37:55,739
SO IF WE EXPAND THEM
AGAINST EACH OTHER,
WE GO BACKWARDS?
755
00:37:55,807 --> 00:37:59,276
SEE IF WE GO BACKWARDS.
OH, I LIKE IT.
756
00:37:59,344 --> 00:38:00,543
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: WE DIRECT
ALL OF OUR BLOWERS
757
00:38:00,612 --> 00:38:01,945
TOWARD EACH OTHER.
758
00:38:02,014 --> 00:38:03,146
1...
1...
759
00:38:03,215 --> 00:38:04,848
2, 3.
2, 3.
760
00:38:04,916 --> 00:38:06,883
WHOA!
HA HA HA!
761
00:38:06,952 --> 00:38:08,885
HA HA HA!
762
00:38:11,023 --> 00:38:12,489
MAYBE WE HAVE TO
HAVE IT A LITTLE
BIT HIGHER.
763
00:38:12,557 --> 00:38:14,557
AGREED. OK.
OH, MY GOSH.
764
00:38:14,626 --> 00:38:15,992
ALL RIGHT, GUYS.
765
00:38:16,061 --> 00:38:18,862
1, 2, 3.
766
00:38:18,930 --> 00:38:20,263
OH! HA HA!
767
00:38:20,332 --> 00:38:22,465
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: UNFORTUNATELY,
THE THING THAT LETS US DOWN
768
00:38:22,534 --> 00:38:24,267
IS OUR ABILITY ON THE ICE.
769
00:38:26,705 --> 00:38:30,206
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS MAY
NEED A DIFFERENT STRATEGY.
770
00:38:30,275 --> 00:38:33,109
WE NEED SOME HELP.
YEAH.
771
00:38:33,178 --> 00:38:35,478
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER:
WE ENLISTED THE PRO TEAM.
772
00:38:35,547 --> 00:38:37,614
PAUL: WE WERE WONDERING
IF YOU COULD STEP IN
AS OUR STUNTMEN.
773
00:38:37,683 --> 00:38:38,948
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
SO WE APPROACHED THESE GUYS
774
00:38:39,017 --> 00:38:42,819
AND ASKED FOR 3 VOLUNTEERS
TO TAKE OUR PLACE ON THE ICE.
775
00:38:42,888 --> 00:38:44,287
PAUL: YOU WANT TO
COME WITH ME?
776
00:38:44,356 --> 00:38:45,955
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: WE SQUEEZED
THEM IN TOGETHER,
777
00:38:46,024 --> 00:38:48,858
POSITIONED THE BALLOONS
WHERE WE WANTED THEM,
778
00:38:48,927 --> 00:38:51,828
AND ON THE COUNT OF 3
ASKED THEM TO SWITCH THEM ON.
779
00:38:51,897 --> 00:38:57,767
PAUL: OK. 3, 2, 1, ACTION.
780
00:38:57,836 --> 00:38:59,769
YEAH.
THANKS.
781
00:38:59,838 --> 00:39:01,538
THAT WAS GREAT, GUYS.
THANK YOU.
782
00:39:01,606 --> 00:39:03,573
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: IT WAS CLEAR
THAT WE HAD A PRINCIPLE
783
00:39:03,642 --> 00:39:04,874
THAT WAS WORKING,
784
00:39:04,943 --> 00:39:07,210
BUT IT WASN'T QUITE
THE BIG BANG
785
00:39:07,279 --> 00:39:09,279
THAT WE WERE LOOKING FOR.
786
00:39:09,348 --> 00:39:10,580
YOU WANT TO
SCALE IT UP?
787
00:39:10,649 --> 00:39:11,748
ALEJANDRO: BRING
MORE PLAYERS?
788
00:39:11,817 --> 00:39:12,982
GET MORE PLAYERS IN?
789
00:39:13,051 --> 00:39:15,285
MORE BALLOONS,
MORE PLAYERS? MAYBE.
790
00:39:15,354 --> 00:39:16,386
LET'S BRING
EVERYBODY IN.
791
00:39:19,825 --> 00:39:22,225
HAWKING: NOW MY VOLUNTEERS
ARE BEGINNING TO GRASP
792
00:39:22,294 --> 00:39:25,228
HOW AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE
COULD WORK.
793
00:39:25,297 --> 00:39:28,431
WOULD YOU GUYS GIVE
US A HAND?
794
00:39:28,500 --> 00:39:31,968
HAWKING: WILL THEIR SCALED-UP
SIMULATION BRING THEM CLOSER
795
00:39:32,037 --> 00:39:35,672
TO FINDING OUT
WHERE THE UNIVERSE BEGAN?
796
00:39:35,741 --> 00:39:37,507
PAUL: LET'S HAVE
SOME FUN.
797
00:39:47,853 --> 00:39:50,086
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: WE'LL START
WITH OUR 3 GUYS THAT WE DID,
798
00:39:50,155 --> 00:39:53,323
BUT THEN WE'LL CREATE A LINE,
A QUEUE, IF YOU LIKE,
799
00:39:53,392 --> 00:39:55,458
IN BEHIND EACH
OF THE 3 GUYS IN THE MIDDLE.
800
00:39:55,527 --> 00:39:56,693
ALEJANDRO: HOW MANY
YOU HAVE THERE?
801
00:39:56,762 --> 00:39:59,596
PAUL: I HAVE 5.
802
00:39:59,664 --> 00:40:01,331
ALEJANDRO: OK.
ARE YOU READY GUYS?
803
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:02,599
PLAYERS: YEAH!
804
00:40:02,667 --> 00:40:05,802
ALL RIGHT.
IN 3, 2, 1, ACTION!
805
00:40:19,151 --> 00:40:21,151
SO THE BALLOONS
IN THE CENTER INFLATE.
806
00:40:21,219 --> 00:40:23,787
AS THE BALLOONS WERE EXPANDING,
807
00:40:23,855 --> 00:40:26,089
THE FURTHER BACK YOU WERE
FROM THE CENTER,
808
00:40:26,158 --> 00:40:29,192
THE MORE SPEED YOU HAD,
THE MORE DISTANCE YOU TRAVELED.
809
00:40:29,261 --> 00:40:30,960
WHAT DO YOU THINK
THIS IS--
810
00:40:31,029 --> 00:40:33,062
ALEJANDRO: I THINK THIS
EXPLAINS WHY THE GALAXIES
811
00:40:33,131 --> 00:40:35,131
THAT WERE FURTHER WAY
WERE MOVING...
812
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:36,299
MOVING FASTER.
FASTER.
813
00:40:36,368 --> 00:40:37,567
FASTER THAN THE ONES
WHO WERE...
814
00:40:37,636 --> 00:40:38,802
AH. THAT MAKES
SENSE.
AT THE BEGINNING.
815
00:40:38,870 --> 00:40:41,204
WE DISCOVERED THAT
THOSE GALAXIES
816
00:40:41,273 --> 00:40:44,307
ARE ALL MOVING AWAY
FROM EACH OTHER,
817
00:40:44,376 --> 00:40:47,277
UM, AND THE FURTHER AWAY
THEY ARE FROM EACH OTHER,
818
00:40:47,345 --> 00:40:48,878
THE FASTER
THEY'RE MOVING AWAY.
819
00:40:48,947 --> 00:40:50,980
THAT WAS VERY INTERESTING
TO SEE.
820
00:40:51,049 --> 00:40:52,749
HAWKING: SO WHAT DOES
THIS MEAN FOR THE WAY
821
00:40:52,818 --> 00:40:56,219
THE UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING?
822
00:40:56,288 --> 00:40:58,988
MARCIA: WE STARTED TO THINK
ABOUT WHAT IS ACTUALLY
823
00:40:59,057 --> 00:41:00,657
CAUSING THE PLAYERS TO MOVE.
824
00:41:00,725 --> 00:41:03,927
IF THE GALAXIES ARE ALL MOVING
AWAY FROM EACH OTHER,
825
00:41:03,995 --> 00:41:07,931
WHAT IS IT ABOUT THE BALLOON
THAT MAKES THAT HAPPEN?
826
00:41:07,999 --> 00:41:10,667
THE GALAXIES THEMSELVES
AREN'T MOVING
827
00:41:10,735 --> 00:41:12,936
OR ACCELERATING,
CONTROLLING ITS SPEED.
828
00:41:13,004 --> 00:41:14,604
IT'S JUST THE SPACE
BETWEEN THEM...
829
00:41:14,673 --> 00:41:15,738
THE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
RIGHT.
830
00:41:15,807 --> 00:41:17,006
THAT'S--THAT'S EXPANDING.
831
00:41:17,075 --> 00:41:18,341
RIGHT.
YEAH.
832
00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:19,442
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: WHAT'S
EXPANDING IS OBVIOUSLY
833
00:41:19,511 --> 00:41:20,677
NOT THE PLAYERS.
834
00:41:20,745 --> 00:41:22,245
THE PLAYERS ARE
REMAINING THE SAME,
835
00:41:22,314 --> 00:41:24,113
AND IF THE PLAYERS
REPRESENT GALAXIES,
836
00:41:24,182 --> 00:41:25,782
THEN THE GALAXIES AREN'T
REALLY EXPANDING.
837
00:41:28,553 --> 00:41:32,622
PAUL: THE BALLOONS INFLATE,
SO SPACE IS INFLATING.
838
00:41:32,691 --> 00:41:34,691
RIGHT. SO
THE GALAXIES ARE
839
00:41:34,759 --> 00:41:37,927
KIND OF COMPLETELY
IRRELEVANT
THEMSELVES.
840
00:41:37,996 --> 00:41:40,830
WE HAVE TO FOCUS ON
THE SPACE BETWEEN
THE GALAXIES.
841
00:41:40,899 --> 00:41:42,432
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER:
IT IS AN EYE-OPENING MOMENT
842
00:41:42,501 --> 00:41:44,801
WHEN WE REALIZE IT IS THE SPACE
WHAT IS EXPANDING,
843
00:41:44,870 --> 00:41:46,970
AND THAT WAS VERY EASY
TO SEE TODAY
844
00:41:47,038 --> 00:41:48,571
BECAUSE WE WERE ABLE
TO SEE THE BALLOONS
845
00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:51,808
PUSHING EACH PLAYER.
846
00:41:51,877 --> 00:41:55,078
PAUL: I'M COMING
TO REALIZATIONS
847
00:41:55,146 --> 00:41:57,847
THAT THINGS AREN'T
THE WAY I THOUGHT THEY WERE,
848
00:41:57,916 --> 00:42:00,283
UH, AND THAT'S--THAT'S
WHAT'S REALLY EXCITING HERE.
849
00:42:02,854 --> 00:42:05,822
HAWKING: THEY'VE GRASPED IT,
850
00:42:05,891 --> 00:42:12,061
A CONCEPT SCIENTISTS CALL
THE UNIFORM EXPANSION OF SPACE.
851
00:42:12,130 --> 00:42:14,330
WHEN THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS,
852
00:42:14,399 --> 00:42:17,800
NOT EVERYTHING IN IT
EXPANDS, TOO.
853
00:42:17,869 --> 00:42:20,503
SO YOU SHOULD THINK
OF SPACE EXPANDING,
854
00:42:20,572 --> 00:42:24,841
BUT THE OBJECTS INSIDE SPACE,
LIKE GALAXIES AND STARS,
855
00:42:24,910 --> 00:42:26,075
ARE NOT EXPANDING.
856
00:42:26,144 --> 00:42:27,744
THEY'RE STANDING THE SAME SIZE.
857
00:42:27,812 --> 00:42:32,248
IT'S JUST AS IF YOU TOOK SPACE
AND STRETCHED IT UNIFORMLY.
858
00:42:32,317 --> 00:42:35,318
SO IF GIVEN TWO POINTS
WILL BE MOVING AWAY
859
00:42:35,387 --> 00:42:36,619
AT SOME SPEED,
860
00:42:36,688 --> 00:42:38,588
THEN IF YOU TAKE
TWO POINTS SEPARATED
861
00:42:38,657 --> 00:42:40,557
BY TWICE THE DISTANCE,
862
00:42:40,625 --> 00:42:42,592
THEY'RE MOVING AWAY
AT TWICE THE SPEED,
863
00:42:42,661 --> 00:42:44,227
AND THAT'S HUBBLE'S LAW.
864
00:42:47,465 --> 00:42:52,068
HUBBLE'S LAW, THE OBSERVATION
OF AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE,
865
00:42:52,137 --> 00:42:55,405
WAS A REVELATION,
866
00:42:55,473 --> 00:42:59,709
BUT IT WASN'T
A COMPLETE SURPRISE
867
00:42:59,778 --> 00:43:04,280
BECAUSE BELGIAN COSMOLOGIST
AND PRIEST GEORGES LEMAITRE
868
00:43:04,349 --> 00:43:08,518
HAD ALREADY WORKED
ON THE THEORY BEHIND IT.
869
00:43:08,587 --> 00:43:11,454
DUNKLEY: LEMAITRE STARTED OFF
WITH THIS WONDERFUL THEORY
870
00:43:11,523 --> 00:43:12,889
THAT WAS AROUND AT THIS POINT,
871
00:43:12,958 --> 00:43:16,626
WHICH WAS EINSTEIN'S NEW
THEORY OF GENERAL RELATIVITY.
872
00:43:16,695 --> 00:43:19,696
THIS BEAUTIFUL SET OF EQUATIONS
WERE KIND OF RIPE
873
00:43:19,764 --> 00:43:21,097
FOR STUDYING FURTHER
AND TO APPLYING
874
00:43:21,166 --> 00:43:23,266
TO OUR ENTIRE UNIVERSE,
875
00:43:23,335 --> 00:43:25,034
AND THIS IS WHAT HE WANTED
TO TRY AND UNDERSTAND
876
00:43:25,103 --> 00:43:28,037
WAS HE COULD HE TAKE
THIS NEW THEORY OF GRAVITY
877
00:43:28,106 --> 00:43:29,973
THAT EINSTEIN HAD COME UP WITH
878
00:43:30,041 --> 00:43:31,808
AND APPLY IT
TO THE WHOLE OF SPACE?
879
00:43:36,014 --> 00:43:39,782
EINSTEIN'S EQUATIONS TELL US
THAT SPACE ITSELF
880
00:43:39,851 --> 00:43:43,820
GETS DISTORTED BY THE STUFF
THAT LIVES IN SPACE.
881
00:43:43,888 --> 00:43:45,121
MATTER BENDS SPACE,
882
00:43:45,190 --> 00:43:48,224
AND SPACE TELLS MATTER
HOW TO MOVE IN THAT SPACE.
883
00:43:48,293 --> 00:43:51,060
AND SO LEMAITRE
SIMPLIFIED THE UNIVERSE,
884
00:43:51,129 --> 00:43:53,096
APPLIED EINSTEIN'S THEORY TO IT,
885
00:43:53,164 --> 00:43:56,733
AND HE DISCOVERED THAT
IF YOU FILL SPACE WITH STUFF--
886
00:43:56,801 --> 00:44:00,069
UH, AS WE KNOW IT TO BE,
THE UNIVERSE ISN'T
COMPLETELY EMPTY--
887
00:44:00,138 --> 00:44:02,305
UM, IT SHOULD CHANGE,
IT SHOULD GROW.
888
00:44:04,342 --> 00:44:07,744
HAWKING: LEMAITRE'S THEORY
THAT THE UNIVERSE WAS CHANGING
889
00:44:07,812 --> 00:44:11,447
WAS PUBLISHED IN 1927.
890
00:44:11,516 --> 00:44:14,417
IT MARKED THE BIRTH
OF THE BIG BANG THEORY
891
00:44:14,486 --> 00:44:17,720
AND THE REVOLUTION IN HOW
WE UNDERSTAND OUR UNIVERSE.
892
00:44:21,126 --> 00:44:24,694
NOW TO PIECE TOGETHER
WHERE THE UNIVERSE CAME FROM,
893
00:44:24,763 --> 00:44:27,063
MY VOLUNTEERS WILL NEED
TO GO OVER
894
00:44:27,132 --> 00:44:28,931
WHAT THEY'VE LEARNED SO FAR.
895
00:44:31,403 --> 00:44:34,170
THEY HAVE GRASPED
THE ENORMITY OF THE UNIVERSE'S
896
00:44:34,239 --> 00:44:37,640
200 BILLION GALAXIES.
897
00:44:37,709 --> 00:44:41,010
MARCIA: IT MADE ME FEEL
SO SMALL AND INSIGNIFICANT.
898
00:44:41,079 --> 00:44:42,945
[TIRES SQUEAL]
899
00:44:43,014 --> 00:44:46,716
THEY HAVE DISCOVERED THAT
THE UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING...
900
00:44:46,785 --> 00:44:48,317
WHOO HOO HOO HOO!
901
00:44:48,386 --> 00:44:50,953
AS DISTANT GALAXIES
ARE MOVING AWAY FROM US...
902
00:44:51,022 --> 00:44:54,323
THAT THING FLIES!
903
00:44:54,392 --> 00:44:57,293
AND THAT THOSE GALAXIES
FARTHEST FROM EARTH
904
00:44:57,362 --> 00:44:59,729
MOVE FASTER THAN
THOSE NEARBY...
905
00:44:59,798 --> 00:45:02,231
ACTION!
906
00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:05,468
BECAUSE SPACE ITSELF IS
UNIFORMLY EXPANDING,
907
00:45:05,537 --> 00:45:08,771
PUSHING GALAXIES
FURTHER APART.
908
00:45:08,840 --> 00:45:10,540
PAUL: THE GALAXIES
THEMSELVES AREN'T MOVING.
909
00:45:10,608 --> 00:45:12,775
IT'S JUST THE SPACE
BETWEEN THEM THAT'S EXPANDING.
910
00:45:12,844 --> 00:45:15,378
RIGHT.
911
00:45:15,447 --> 00:45:18,247
HAWKING: BUT THERE'S SOMETHING
ABOUT THIS UNIFORM
912
00:45:18,316 --> 00:45:20,016
EXPANSION OF SPACE THAT HAS
913
00:45:20,085 --> 00:45:23,219
EXTRAORDINARY
AND UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES
914
00:45:23,288 --> 00:45:26,589
THAT CAN TELL US WHERE
THE UNIVERSE CAME FROM...
915
00:45:29,327 --> 00:45:32,929
SOMETHING I HOPE
MY VOLUNTEERS WILL UNCOVER
916
00:45:32,997 --> 00:45:34,297
IN THEIR FINAL CHALLENGE.
917
00:45:39,237 --> 00:45:40,403
OK.
918
00:45:40,472 --> 00:45:42,872
"MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE
MACHINE."
919
00:45:42,941 --> 00:45:44,907
"1 BILLION YEARS AGO."
920
00:45:44,976 --> 00:45:46,442
WELL, THAT IS A CLUE
BECAUSE THAT'S
921
00:45:46,511 --> 00:45:48,177
WHAT WE'VE BEEN
TRYING TO FIND OUT,
922
00:45:48,246 --> 00:45:51,380
WHERE--WHERE EVERYTHING BEGAN.
923
00:45:51,449 --> 00:45:53,416
PAUL: I GUESS THESE
REPRESENT GALAXIES.
924
00:45:53,485 --> 00:45:56,853
AND THAT'S HOW
THE UNIVERSE
LOOKED THEN.
925
00:45:56,921 --> 00:45:58,354
WHAT DO WE HAVE
ON THE OTHER SCREEN?
926
00:45:58,423 --> 00:45:59,522
ON THE OTHER SCREEN,
WE HAVE "NOW."
927
00:45:59,591 --> 00:46:00,757
"NOW."
928
00:46:00,825 --> 00:46:01,958
THE OTHER SCREEN
SAYS, "NOW."
929
00:46:02,026 --> 00:46:03,526
THEY LOOK
PRETTY MUCH THE SAME.
930
00:46:03,595 --> 00:46:04,694
THEY ALMOST LOOK
IDENTICAL.
931
00:46:04,763 --> 00:46:05,895
BUT WE'RE NOT LIT.
932
00:46:05,964 --> 00:46:07,130
BUT WE'RE NOT LIT UP.
933
00:46:07,198 --> 00:46:08,798
I THINK WE SHOULD
TURN THESE ON.
934
00:46:08,867 --> 00:46:10,333
ALEJANDRO: ALL RIGHT.
LET'S SEE.
935
00:46:10,401 --> 00:46:12,702
HAWKING: THE SCREENS REPRESENT
MAPS OF A SMALL PART
936
00:46:12,771 --> 00:46:14,203
OF OUR UNIVERSE,
937
00:46:14,272 --> 00:46:17,473
AND THE LIGHTS
REPRESENT GALAXIES.
938
00:46:17,542 --> 00:46:21,511
THINK OF THEM AS TWO SNAPSHOTS
OF THE SAME AREA OF SPACE
939
00:46:21,579 --> 00:46:23,980
TAKEN 1 BILLION YEARS APART.
940
00:46:24,048 --> 00:46:26,482
PAUL: SO HOW ABOUT WE PUT
OUR MACHINE TOGETHER?
941
00:46:26,551 --> 00:46:28,651
ALEJANDRO: OVERLAP
THE SCREENS? OK.
942
00:46:28,720 --> 00:46:31,320
MARCIA: ALL RIGHT, GUYS.
GET TO IT.
943
00:46:31,389 --> 00:46:33,055
I'LL DIRECT YOU.
944
00:46:35,326 --> 00:46:36,592
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER: MARCIA--
VERY CLEVER--LET THE BOYS
945
00:46:36,661 --> 00:46:38,027
CARRY THE SCREEN.
946
00:46:38,096 --> 00:46:40,596
HA HA HA! I WASN'T GONNA DO
ANY OF THE HEAVY LIFTING.
947
00:46:40,665 --> 00:46:42,732
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER:
AND WE PUT THE TWO SCREENS
948
00:46:42,801 --> 00:46:44,200
OVERLAPPING EACH OTHER.
949
00:46:44,269 --> 00:46:45,735
PAUL: YOU'RE IN?
IS IT IN?
950
00:46:45,804 --> 00:46:47,170
YES, IT'S IN NOW.
YEAH.
951
00:46:49,507 --> 00:46:51,007
BRILLIANT. OK.
952
00:46:51,075 --> 00:46:52,809
OK.
953
00:46:52,877 --> 00:46:54,076
OK.
954
00:46:54,145 --> 00:46:55,244
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: WE STEP BACK
AND HAVE A LOOK,
955
00:46:55,313 --> 00:46:58,381
AND IT'S CLEAR THAT
THEY'RE NOT THE SAME.
956
00:46:58,449 --> 00:46:59,749
HA HA HA!
957
00:46:59,818 --> 00:47:00,883
THEY'RE NOT
THE SAME.
958
00:47:00,952 --> 00:47:02,118
THEY ARE NOT
THE SAME.
959
00:47:02,187 --> 00:47:03,252
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: IT LOOKS
LIKE EVERYTHING
960
00:47:03,321 --> 00:47:04,654
IS RADIATING OUT FROM A POINT.
961
00:47:04,722 --> 00:47:07,223
SO IT LOOKS FROM A BILLION YEARS
AGO TO--TO TODAY
962
00:47:07,292 --> 00:47:10,026
EVERYTHING HAS
MOVED AWAY SLIGHTLY.
963
00:47:10,094 --> 00:47:11,394
SAME EXACT PATTERNS.
964
00:47:11,462 --> 00:47:13,496
SAME PATTERNS,
965
00:47:13,565 --> 00:47:16,632
BUT THEY HAVE MOVED.
966
00:47:16,701 --> 00:47:17,834
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
IT LOOKED REALLY GOOD.
967
00:47:17,902 --> 00:47:19,068
IT LOOKED AMAZING.
968
00:47:19,137 --> 00:47:21,204
IT WAS LIKE JUMPING
TO WARP SPEED
969
00:47:21,272 --> 00:47:25,441
AND YOU GET THAT--PSSHEEW--
STARBURST SORT OF EFFECT, YEAH.
970
00:47:25,510 --> 00:47:27,810
MARCIA: AND WE FIGURED OUT
THAT THAT IS SUPPOSED TO
971
00:47:27,879 --> 00:47:30,847
REPRESENT THE EXPANSION OF SPACE
THAT WE HAD SEEN
972
00:47:30,915 --> 00:47:35,218
IN OUR--OUR PREVIOUS EXPERIMENT.
973
00:47:35,286 --> 00:47:37,653
SO NOW WE'VE GOT THESE GALAXIES.
974
00:47:37,722 --> 00:47:40,623
THEY'RE ALL POINTING TO SOME
BLACK SPOT IN SPACE
975
00:47:40,692 --> 00:47:43,526
AS--AS PROBABLY WHERE THEY'VE
ALL ORIGINATED FROM.
976
00:47:43,595 --> 00:47:45,828
THE MIDDLE IS WHERE
THE UNIVERSE BEGAN
977
00:47:45,897 --> 00:47:48,231
BECAUSE EVERYTHING
IS--IS MOVING AWAY
978
00:47:48,299 --> 00:47:49,899
FROM A SINGLE POINT.
979
00:47:49,968 --> 00:47:52,034
SO THE SIGNIFICANCE
OF FINDING THE MIDDLE
980
00:47:52,103 --> 00:47:54,937
IS TO ANSWER THE BIG QUESTION--
981
00:47:55,006 --> 00:47:58,241
WHERE--WHERE DID
THE BIG BANG HAPPEN?
982
00:47:58,309 --> 00:48:00,743
HAWKING: THAT'S THE IDEA.
983
00:48:00,812 --> 00:48:04,247
SO WILL MY VOLUNTEERS
WORK OUT HOW TO TAKE
984
00:48:04,315 --> 00:48:09,218
THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP TO FIND
WHERE THE UNIVERSE BEGAN?
985
00:48:09,287 --> 00:48:10,820
MAYBE WE CAN MOVE THIS--
986
00:48:10,889 --> 00:48:12,221
MOVE THE SCREEN?
987
00:48:12,290 --> 00:48:13,956
YEAH. WE CAN MOVE
THE SCREEN.
988
00:48:14,025 --> 00:48:16,125
SO WE'RE GONNA TRY
TO MOVE IT TO ALIGN IT.
989
00:48:16,194 --> 00:48:17,894
ALEJANDRO, IF WE
GET ON THE HANDLES
990
00:48:17,962 --> 00:48:19,362
AND, MARCIA, YOU
TELL US WHERE
YOU WANT IT--
991
00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:21,063
OK.
BRILLIANT. OK.
992
00:48:21,132 --> 00:48:22,198
WHERE DO YOU WANT
US TO MOVE IT FOR?
993
00:48:22,267 --> 00:48:24,400
TO THE LEFT.
994
00:48:24,469 --> 00:48:27,270
LEFT. OK--OH.
A LITTLE BIT TO THE RIGHT,
995
00:48:27,338 --> 00:48:29,005
THEN DOWN
A LITTLE BIT MORE.
996
00:48:29,073 --> 00:48:32,341
HAWKING: I THINK THEY'LL BE
IN FOR A SURPRISE.
997
00:48:32,410 --> 00:48:33,576
MARCIA: IT REALLY IS
STRAIGHT DOWN.
998
00:48:33,645 --> 00:48:36,078
DOWN, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN.
999
00:48:36,147 --> 00:48:40,082
HUH. OK, GUYS.
1000
00:48:40,151 --> 00:48:42,451
ONE GALAXY IN THE MIDDLE
IS ALIGNED.
1001
00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:43,753
OK. AND THE REST?
1002
00:48:43,821 --> 00:48:46,055
AND THE REST OF THEM
ARE JUST SLIGHTLY OFF.
1003
00:48:46,124 --> 00:48:47,290
SLIGHTLY OFF.
1004
00:48:47,358 --> 00:48:51,360
IN A UNIFORM MANNER.
1005
00:48:51,429 --> 00:48:52,495
I'M TRYING TO EXPLAIN THIS
TO YOU GUYS
1006
00:48:52,563 --> 00:48:53,796
SO THAT YOU UNDERSTAND--
1007
00:48:53,865 --> 00:48:55,097
BECAUSE YOU C--
YOU CAN'T SEE IT.
1008
00:48:55,166 --> 00:48:56,332
PAUL: WELL, WHY DON'T
YOU COME AND HOLD THIS?
1009
00:48:56,401 --> 00:48:57,533
LET ME HAVE A LOOK.
YEAH, YEAH. PERFECT.
1010
00:48:57,602 --> 00:48:59,969
AND THEN I CAN MAYBE--
PERFECT, PERFECT.
1011
00:49:00,038 --> 00:49:02,004
HAWKING: IT LOOKS LIKE
MY VOLUNTEERS
1012
00:49:02,073 --> 00:49:03,306
ARE ABOUT TO UNCOVER
1013
00:49:03,374 --> 00:49:06,409
WHAT THE UNIFORM EXPANSION
OF SPACE MEANS
1014
00:49:06,477 --> 00:49:08,477
FOR WHERE THE UNIVERSE
CAME FROM.
1015
00:49:13,151 --> 00:49:14,984
PAUL: OH, WOW.
1016
00:49:15,053 --> 00:49:18,187
HAWKING: THE TEAM HAS FIGURED
OUT ALIGNING THEIR GALAXIES
1017
00:49:18,256 --> 00:49:21,257
IS NOT AS SIMPLE
AS IT SEEMS.
1018
00:49:21,326 --> 00:49:22,992
PAUL: I SO SEE
WHAT YOU MEAN NOW.
1019
00:49:23,061 --> 00:49:25,127
I SEE WHAT YOU MEAN NOW.
1020
00:49:25,196 --> 00:49:27,663
HAWKING: THEY CAN ONLY
LINE UP ONE GALAXY
1021
00:49:27,732 --> 00:49:32,601
WITH ITS BILLION-YEAR-OLDER
COUNTERPART AT A TIME.
1022
00:49:32,670 --> 00:49:36,172
HOW WILL THEY FIGURE OUT
WHAT THIS COULD MEAN?
1023
00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:37,473
PAUL, VOICE-OVER:
SO WE STARTED TO THINK
1024
00:49:37,542 --> 00:49:41,344
ABOUT HOW VIEWPOINT
MADE A DIFFERENCE
1025
00:49:41,412 --> 00:49:43,713
AS TO WHAT IT WAS WE WOULD SEE.
1026
00:49:43,781 --> 00:49:47,116
SO WE CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF
PERHAPS CHANGING OUR VIEWPOINT.
1027
00:49:47,185 --> 00:49:50,586
SO NOW I'M GONNA PICK
ANOTHER GALAXY BUT ON THIS SIDE.
1028
00:49:50,655 --> 00:49:52,088
I'M GONNA PICK
THIS GALAXY NOW,
1029
00:49:52,156 --> 00:49:53,622
AND I'M GONNA ALIGN IT UP
1030
00:49:53,691 --> 00:49:57,193
WITH ITS BILLION-YEAR-OLD
PARTNER BEHIND, OK?
1031
00:49:57,261 --> 00:49:59,362
WE'LL GO TO MARCIA.
1032
00:49:59,430 --> 00:50:01,630
KEEP GOING.
KEEP GOING.
1033
00:50:01,699 --> 00:50:03,466
KEEP GOING, KEEP GOING.
1034
00:50:03,534 --> 00:50:06,168
WE PICKED A GALAXY,
UM, AND LINED IT UP
1035
00:50:06,237 --> 00:50:07,403
WITH THE ONE BEHIND.
1036
00:50:07,472 --> 00:50:09,038
KEEP GOING. STOP.
1037
00:50:09,107 --> 00:50:11,507
PERFECT.
1038
00:50:11,576 --> 00:50:12,975
HA HA!
1039
00:50:13,044 --> 00:50:15,411
SO NOW I'VE MADE THAT
THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE,
1040
00:50:15,480 --> 00:50:18,948
EVERYTHING ELSE IS MOVING
OUT FROM THAT POINT.
1041
00:50:19,017 --> 00:50:22,985
HA HA! AND THAT WAS A--
NOT A LIGHT BULB MOMENT,
1042
00:50:23,054 --> 00:50:26,355
BUT THAT WAS LIKE
A "STAR TREK" MOMENT.
1043
00:50:26,424 --> 00:50:28,157
THIS IS VISUALLY INCREDIBLE.
1044
00:50:28,226 --> 00:50:29,425
MARCIA: IT'S--IT'S COOL.
IT REALLY IS.
1045
00:50:29,494 --> 00:50:30,659
IT'S REALLY COOL.
1046
00:50:30,728 --> 00:50:31,927
IT WAS--IT JUST CHANGED.
1047
00:50:31,996 --> 00:50:33,529
THE WHOLE PICTURE
JUST CHANGED.
1048
00:50:33,598 --> 00:50:35,398
SUDDENLY, THE MIDDLE
OF THE UNIVERSE
1049
00:50:35,466 --> 00:50:37,266
SEEMED TO CHANGE.
1050
00:50:37,335 --> 00:50:40,903
SO EVERYTHING WAS RADIATING
FROM THE GALAXY I'D CHOSEN.
1051
00:50:40,972 --> 00:50:42,705
ALEJANDRO, YOU HAVE TO HAVE
A GO AT THIS.
1052
00:50:42,774 --> 00:50:44,507
OK. I'M COMING.
LET'S--LET'S
DO THIS.
1053
00:50:44,575 --> 00:50:46,075
LET ME ALIGN TWO.
YOU HAVE TO SEE IT.
1054
00:50:46,144 --> 00:50:47,343
ALL RIGHT.
1055
00:50:47,412 --> 00:50:48,611
SO HOW ARE WE SUPPOSED TO FIND
1056
00:50:48,679 --> 00:50:49,945
THE MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE
1057
00:50:50,014 --> 00:50:53,149
IF EVERY TIME WE MOVE IT
IT CHANGES?
1058
00:50:53,217 --> 00:50:54,984
I'M GONNA CHOOSE
THIS GALAXY,
1059
00:50:55,053 --> 00:50:56,385
AND I'M GONNA ALIGN
THAT ONE NOW.
1060
00:50:56,454 --> 00:50:57,820
OK.
1061
00:50:57,889 --> 00:51:01,323
HAWKING: NOW MY VOLUNTEERS
ARE REALLY ON TO SOMETHING.
1062
00:51:01,392 --> 00:51:03,292
ALEJANDRO: A LITTLE BIT
TO THE LEFT.
1063
00:51:03,361 --> 00:51:04,994
BRILLIANT. FROM THAT
POINT OF VIEW,
1064
00:51:05,063 --> 00:51:07,229
NOW I CAN SEE ALL
OF THE GALAXIES
1065
00:51:07,298 --> 00:51:09,632
MOVING AWAY FROM THAT,
1066
00:51:09,700 --> 00:51:11,333
AND I THINK I'M
ON TO SOMETHING HERE.
1067
00:51:11,402 --> 00:51:13,502
RIGHT.
1068
00:51:13,571 --> 00:51:16,172
SO SEEMINGLY BEING ABLE
TO MAKE ANY POINT
1069
00:51:16,240 --> 00:51:18,474
AT THE CENTER
OF THE UNIVERSE,
1070
00:51:18,543 --> 00:51:20,009
WE START TO SLOWLY
REJECT THE IDEA
1071
00:51:20,078 --> 00:51:21,944
THAT WE'RE GONNA FIND
A POINT IN SPACE
1072
00:51:22,013 --> 00:51:24,280
THAT IS THE CENTER
OF THE UNIVERSE.
1073
00:51:24,348 --> 00:51:25,781
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER:
AND THAT'S WHEN I START THINKING
1074
00:51:25,850 --> 00:51:27,883
ANY SINGLE POINT
COULD BE THE CENTER.
1075
00:51:27,952 --> 00:51:30,920
I--I BELIEVE THAT
THIS MACHINE IS TELLING US
1076
00:51:30,988 --> 00:51:32,188
THAT THE MIDDLE
OF THE UNIVERSE
1077
00:51:32,256 --> 00:51:34,190
IS A MATTER
OF OUR PERSPECTIVE.
1078
00:51:34,258 --> 00:51:35,724
YEP.
RIGHT?
1079
00:51:35,793 --> 00:51:37,026
IT'S WHEREVER
YOU'RE LOOKING FROM.
1080
00:51:37,095 --> 00:51:38,961
WHEREVER YOU'RE
LOOKING FROM.
1081
00:51:39,030 --> 00:51:40,629
HAWKING:
MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE MADE
1082
00:51:40,698 --> 00:51:43,532
AN EXTRAORDINARY CONNECTION.
1083
00:51:43,601 --> 00:51:45,835
PAUL, VOICE-OVER: EVERYWHERE
IS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE
1084
00:51:45,903 --> 00:51:49,538
BECAUSE IT ALL CAME
INTO EXISTENCE AT THE SAME TIME,
1085
00:51:49,607 --> 00:51:51,807
AND IT'S ALL MOVING AWAY
FROM EVERYWHERE
1086
00:51:51,876 --> 00:51:52,975
AT THE SAME TIME.
1087
00:51:54,745 --> 00:51:58,414
HAWKING: SPACE DIDN'T EXIST
BEFORE THE BIG BANG.
1088
00:51:58,483 --> 00:52:02,384
NOW SPACE IS EXPANDING
IN ALL DIRECTIONS,
1089
00:52:02,453 --> 00:52:04,653
AND THESE SIMPLE FACTS MEAN
WHEREVER YOU ARE
1090
00:52:04,722 --> 00:52:07,756
IN THE UNIVERSE,
IT'S THE CENTER,
1091
00:52:07,825 --> 00:52:09,391
WHERE IT ALL BEGAN.
1092
00:52:12,864 --> 00:52:14,063
ALEJANDRO:
SO WE DID IT.
1093
00:52:14,132 --> 00:52:15,264
WE SOLVED
THE QUESTION.
1094
00:52:15,333 --> 00:52:16,532
WE KNOW WHERE
THE UNIVERSE BEGAN.
1095
00:52:16,601 --> 00:52:17,867
WE DO.
HERE.
1096
00:52:17,935 --> 00:52:19,068
HEH. RIGHT HERE.
1097
00:52:19,137 --> 00:52:20,369
WELL DONE, TEAM.
1098
00:52:20,438 --> 00:52:22,004
BRILLIANT.
IT WAS HERE ALL ALONG.
1099
00:52:22,073 --> 00:52:23,272
UNDER OUR NOSE.
1100
00:52:23,341 --> 00:52:24,540
IT WAS HERE
ALL ALONG.
1101
00:52:24,609 --> 00:52:25,741
RIGHT UNDER
OUR NOSE.
1102
00:52:25,810 --> 00:52:26,876
THAT'S WHERE
IT BEGAN.
1103
00:52:26,944 --> 00:52:29,278
IT WAS RIGHT UNDER
OUR NOSE ALL ALONG, YEAH.
1104
00:52:29,347 --> 00:52:30,613
MARCIA, VOICE-OVER: TO SAY
THAT THE UNIVERSE STARTED
1105
00:52:30,681 --> 00:52:32,715
AT THE TIP OF MY NOSE,
I'M JUST WALKING AROUND,
1106
00:52:32,783 --> 00:52:36,719
LIKE--HA HA HA--THIS IS
THE COOLEST THING EVER,
1107
00:52:36,787 --> 00:52:38,854
BUT OBVIOUSLY, IF IT STARTED
AT THE TIP OF MY NOSE,
1108
00:52:38,923 --> 00:52:40,823
IT COULD HAVE STARTED
AT THE TIP OF EVERYBODY'S NOSE.
1109
00:52:43,027 --> 00:52:44,493
HAWKING: THEY'VE GOT IT
1110
00:52:44,562 --> 00:52:48,164
BECAUSE AT THE BIG BANG
THE TIP OF EVERYONE'S NOSE,
1111
00:52:48,232 --> 00:52:51,066
IN FACT ALL MATTER
IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE,
1112
00:52:51,135 --> 00:52:55,437
WAS ONE INFINITELY SMALL POINT.
1113
00:52:55,506 --> 00:52:58,741
MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE DECIPHERED
THE VAST AND COMPLEX NATURE
1114
00:52:58,809 --> 00:53:01,243
OF THE UNIVERSE,
1115
00:53:01,312 --> 00:53:03,646
AND OUR JOURNEY
HAS CERTAINLY THROWN UP
1116
00:53:03,714 --> 00:53:06,415
SOME PRETTY BIG THOUGHTS.
1117
00:53:06,484 --> 00:53:10,586
I'VE LEARNT SOMETHING
MOST PEOPLE DON'T KNOW.
1118
00:53:10,655 --> 00:53:13,656
I'VE--I'VE LEARNT
WHERE THE UNIVERSE BEGAN.
1119
00:53:13,724 --> 00:53:16,091
ALEJANDRO, VOICE-OVER: I'M HAPPY
WE CAME TO THAT ANSWER
1120
00:53:16,160 --> 00:53:17,526
BECAUSE IT MAKES
PERFECT SENSE
1121
00:53:17,595 --> 00:53:23,365
AND MAKES ME LOOK
AT THE UNIVERSE, THE EARTH,
1122
00:53:23,434 --> 00:53:26,569
AND IN GENERAL MY LIFE
FROM A COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE.
1123
00:53:29,373 --> 00:53:33,242
MARCIA: I'M COMFORTABLE
WITH BEING UNCOMFORTABLE,
1124
00:53:33,311 --> 00:53:35,344
AND I LIKE IT
WHEN THINGS EXPAND MY MIND.
1125
00:53:43,988 --> 00:53:46,388
HAWKING: THE EXPANSION
OF THE UNIVERSE DESCRIBED
1126
00:53:46,457 --> 00:53:50,059
BY THE BIG BANG THEORY
IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
1127
00:53:50,127 --> 00:53:53,796
INTELLECTUAL DISCOVERIES
OF THE 20th CENTURY.
1128
00:53:56,267 --> 00:53:59,134
IT TELLS US WHERE
EVERYTHING CAME FROM
1129
00:53:59,203 --> 00:54:02,004
AND WHERE WE'RE GOING.
1130
00:54:02,073 --> 00:54:05,107
WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?
1131
00:54:05,176 --> 00:54:09,979
I BELIEVE THE UNIVERSE WILL
CONTINUE TO EXPAND FOREVER...
1132
00:54:11,716 --> 00:54:15,284
BUT AT LEAST WE ALL KNOW
WHERE IT ALL BEGAN--
1133
00:54:15,353 --> 00:54:18,854
RIGHT AT THE TIP OF YOUR NOSE.
1134
00:54:19,055 --> 00:54:20,789
¶
1135
00:54:20,858 --> 00:54:27,830
Hawking: Have you ever wondered
what you really are?
1136
00:54:27,898 --> 00:54:30,266
My name is Stephen Hawking.
1137
00:54:30,334 --> 00:54:35,738
I believe that anyone can answer
big questions for themselves.
1138
00:54:35,806 --> 00:54:37,473
Volunteer: It's just amazing.
1139
00:54:37,541 --> 00:54:40,643
Hawking: Follow the greatest
thinkers in history.
1140
00:54:40,711 --> 00:54:42,144
Think like a genius.
1141
00:54:42,213 --> 00:54:47,283
¶
95584
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