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1498������ ����
Late summer, 1498, Milan.
2
00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:14,440
�����ɶࡤ�����ո������
Leonardo da Vinci had just put the finishing touches
3
00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:17,720
���������ո��˴ﵽ�ʢʱ�ڵĻ��������һ��
to a defining image of the High Renaissance.
4
00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:24,840
�ⲻ��������ʷ�ϵľ���ʱ��
This wasn't just a decisive time in the history of art,
5
00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:29,120
Ҳ���������������ľ�������
but also for the world's competing civilisations.
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�����������͵ij���
After centuries of relative dullness,
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00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:36,520
ŷ�����»ص�����������Ļ�ʱ��
Europe was now home to the most dynamic culture of all.
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00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:40,080
Ϊʲô?
Why?
9
00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:42,640
������������
The answers are a little unexpected.
10
00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:48,560
ŷ������Ĺ���
The story of Europe's rise
11
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:51,120
�Ǵӹ�ȥ����Ϊ�ڰ�ʱ����ʼ��
from what used to be called the Dark Ages
12
00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:54,640
���ڰ�ʱ��ͨ����ŷ����ʷ��ϵ��һ��
is often presented as a purely European story.
13
00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:57,920
Ȼ����֪ʲôԭ�� �ŵ�ʱ������ҫ
Somehow the glories of the Classical Age
14
00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:01,560
�����·��� ���� ���ܺͻ滭����
are rediscovered, and then the sculptures
15
00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:05,200
ȡ�ý��� ����Ҳ���ӻ���
the paintings just get better, and the churches get flashier,
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00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:07,840
����Ȩ������
and the kings get mightier.
17
00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:10,080
��ǰ�尡 ŷ���ˣ�
Go, those Europeans!
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00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:11,120
������Ȼ
Not quite.
19
00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:19,680
�й�����˹���Ļ���ŷ����ɫ���Ի�
Europe had been outclassed and outshone by the Chinese and Muslim civilisations.
20
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,880
Ȼ������ͨ��ѧϰ
And it was only by learning,
21
00:01:22,880 --> 00:01:27,600
Ȼ��������IJ����еõ���ѵ
and then profiting from the misfortune of others,
22
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ŷ��ʼ����Ź��
that Europe rose and shone.
24
00:01:36,320 --> 00:01:41,080
ŷ����������ų��ö��㷺�IJп���ʵ
Europe's emergence would involve explosive brutality far way...
26
00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,920
ŷ���˼���û���µ�
..other cultures Europeans barely new...
27
00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:52,800
�������
..Oriental inventions...
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��İ�Χս
..titanic sieges.
30
00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:04,720
�������Ļ��ܹ�������չ
Few cultures just keep going all by themselves.
31
00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:06,720
���ǽ�������ֵ�˼��
They steal rivals' ideas.
32
00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:11,200
���ǶԱ��������µĿհ�ӵ����
They flow into the gaps that others leave behind.
33
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���������������ĵ����γ�
Civilisations aren't just shaped at the centre
34
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�ڱ�Ե �������� �˼������ĵ���
but also at the margins, on the edges,
35
00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:27,080
����ͬ���ܹ������η�չ
in the empty spaces where one day something unexpected arrives.
36
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����³��������ʷ
36
00:02:42,900 --> 00:02:45,500
�������
37
00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:51,840
��Ԫ5���� �����۹������
After the fall of Rome in the 5th century AD,
38
00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:56,520
ŷ���������֮�� ���Ʋ����ֹ�
Europe huddled, her optimism froze.
39
00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:01,800
�Ӷ�������İ�������ӵ����
Strange migrants poured in from the east.
40
00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:06,080
������С �������Ļ�ѧϰ������
Towns shrunk. Learning was forgotten.
41
00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:09,860
�����������������Ա�Ե����
The vitality came not from the
41
00:03:09,860 --> 00:03:12,960
�����ǹ��ϵ����ij���
old centres but from the edges.
42
00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:21,080
û���˱�ά����
And no people were more vital,
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00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:23,120
������������
more unexpected
44
00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:24,600
������ʼ��δ��
than the Vikings.
45
00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:35,920
ά���˳���ƽ�״� ��Խ����
Crossing the seas and oceans by flat-bottomed boat,
46
00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:39,360
��ʼ�����ǵĿֲ�ͳ��
the Vikings had already terrorised
47
00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:44,520
����ʼ��Ӣ������ �����ͷ�������ֳ��ͳ��
and begun to colonise the British Isles, Iceland and France.
48
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�������������˸��������ͱ���
They'd even reached Greenland and North America.
49
00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:53,400
�����������볤��ֱ�붫ŷ�����ĵ���
Now they were heading deep into the heartlands of eastern Europe.
51
00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,320
��̸���������̶�
When it comes to civilisation,
52
00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:03,140
����Ų�� ��ʿ�͵����ά����
the Vikings from Norway, Sweden and Denmark
52
00:04:03,140 --> 00:04:06,840
��û�и��˺õ�ӡ��
haven't had a very good press.
53
00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:10,700
ŷ���������ڽ����ǿ���̰�����Ӷ���
Europeans tended to see them as ravening marauders
53
00:04:10,700 --> 00:04:14,200
û���κ��ʴȵ����ڽ�������
pagans without mercy.
54
00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:19,080
�������ϵ����� "�뱣������Զ�뱱ŷ�˵Ŀ�"
They prayed to God, "Preserve us from the fury of the Norsemen."
55
00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:26,280
���ǽ����Ӷ� �൱̰��
raid they did, quite a bit of ravening.
56
00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:28,720
Ȼ��ά��������������ԭ����
But the reason the Vikings really matter
57
00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:32,960
����ΰ���ͳ��������ҪѰ��
is because their greatest talent was for settling down.
58
00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:39,920
��882���һ������
And one morning in the year 882,
59
00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:43,600
һȺ�ڻ������ӵ�С��˹����������
a group of Slavs in the small trading settlement of Kiev
60
00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:49,480
������λ���Ա�ŷ��İ������Կ�
were about to be confronted by this strange talent of the men from the north.
61
00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:57,240
���ݼ�¼ ����֪��������������
We know what happened next,
62
00:04:57,240 --> 00:05:00,600
ʲô����ʮ������
astonishingly enough, through written records.
63
00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:03,680
�����Ǵ�ά���˻���˵
Though only from the point of view of the Vikings,
64
00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:05,520
���ǵ�ʱ���ƺ�����˹�˵ĽǶ�������
or the Rus', as they were known.
65
00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:11,600
�ڿ������������ϵĵ��¶�Ѩ��Ժ��
Below the ancient Monastery of the Caves in the Ukrainian capital of Kiev
66
00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:16,080
����ͬ�Թ�һ���ĵ����Һ͵��½���
is a labyrinth of cells and underground churches -
67
00:05:16,080 --> 00:05:19,720
����ľ������ʿ����������֮��
the last resting place of mummified monks.
68
00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:24,840
������ ʮ��������
And here, in the early 10th century,
69
00:05:24,840 --> 00:05:30,520
��һЩ��ʿд����������"�������"
some of the monks wrote what became known as The Russian Primary Chronicle.
70
00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:37,840
"�������"ֵ��һ�����
The great thing about The Primary Chronicle
71
00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,200
������ά��������д��
is that it is the Vikings speaking.
72
00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:43,920
���п��Ժ������Ŀ���ά���˵������
It's quite clearly the Viking world view still.
73
00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:48,520
����Ĺ��½����˵��ص�˹�����˲���
And the story it tells is that the local Slav tribes had no law
74
00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:50,600
û�з��� ������Կ�
and rose up against one another.
75
00:05:54,280 --> 00:05:58,160
�������ǵ���˹����ȥ ����˵
And so they went to the Rus' and they said,
76
00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:02,600
"���ǵ����ع�������" ����ȴû������
"Our land is vast and rich, but it has no order in it.
77
00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:06,400
"����ͳ�����ǰ�"
"Come in and rule over us."
78
00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:15,280
�������벻��̫��������
Is it likely that the invitation was quite so polite?
79
00:06:15,280 --> 00:06:18,520
�� ����ά����ȷʵ������
No. But come the Vikings did.
80
00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:24,560
Զ�������ǰͷ��һλά������ ���и�
At the head of their expedition was Oleg,
80
00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:27,760
���ǵ�ʱ��˹�˵�����
a Viking prince and leader of the Rus'.
81
00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:32,520
�������ڻ�����������ͳ��
He now staked his claim to Kiev.
86
00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:57,680
���и������Լ��ǻ�����������
Victorious, Oleg declared himself the new prince of Kiev.
87
00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,720
������Ϊ�˵�ʱ
And Kiev grew into the royal capital of a region that became known
88
00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:05,840
��˹�������Ļʼ���
as the land of the Rus'.
89
00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:08,800
�������������Ƶ�
Or as we'd say today...
90
00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:10,800
����˹
Russia.
91
00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:14,980
���������Ȼ����ף���и��ʤ��
Kiev still celebrates Oleg's victory
92
00:07:14,980 --> 00:07:18,760
�����൱¡�ص�ʱ�� �ⲻ���
as its real founding moment. And quite rightly,
93
00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:23,840
��Ϊ���и�ɹ���ͳһ����Χ�IJ���
because what Oleg achieved was he united all the tribes around
94
00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:26,360
��ǿ�����ǽ���
and forced them to pay tribute.
95
00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,120
��� ����ά���˿��ԶԴӱ�����
He and the Vikings now had a stranglehold
96
00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:31,760
��ó����ǣ��
on all the trade running from north to south.
97
00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:41,280
����ΰ����������Ӻӱ���Դ����
Many great civilisations have begun on river banks.
98
00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:42,640
�ڵ�������(λ������)
And here on the Dnieper,
99
00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:46,560
����Ƥë ����ū���������Ϸ�
furs, wax and slaves went south,
100
00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,880
�����������ɵ�����
while silver - mined in Afghanistan
101
00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,800
����˹���µ�ǿ������������˱���
by the powerful, new civilisations of Islam - went north.
102
00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,560
�ڵ������ӵ���ӿڴ��Ǻں�
At the mouth of the Dnieper was the Black Sea -
103
00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:02,640
�ǽ���ŷ������ԣ����
gateway to the largest and wealthiest city in Europe,
104
00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:04,880
��ʿ̹�������Ż�
Miklagard,
105
00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,280
"Miklagard"��ά�������ʿ̹��������˼
the Viking name for Constantinople.
106
00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,440
������ó��˼��ķ�Դ��
A source of trade and ideas,
107
00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,480
Ҳ��ϣ�������̵���Դ��
it was also home to the Greek Orthodox Christian Church.
109
00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:29,080
�ڵ������һ������ ������Ȼ��ͬ
A century after its birth,
110
00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:32,680
����ά����������һ��û���ڽ�
Kiev was still as pagan as its Viking founders.
111
00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,160
��ʱ��ͳ���� ����������
Its ruler at the time, Vladimir the Great,
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00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:41,440
����Ȼ���Ǹ��ڽ�������
wasn't an obviously religious man.
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00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:46,680
һλ����ʷѧ�ҽ���������***
One chronicler described him as "Fornicator immensus".
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00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:49,400
���Ǹ��������������
But Vladimir decided that
114
00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:51,800
�������չ�ij���
an up-and-coming city needed
115
00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:55,600
��Ҫһ�����㷺���� �´������ڽ�
one of these fashionable, new-fangled religions.
116
00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:59,920
�����Լ���Ѱ���ķ�ʽѡ����һ��
And he came up with his own unusual way of choosing which one.
117
00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:05,200
��˵��Ҫ����������
It's said that he asked representatives of Roman Catholicism,
118
00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:08,840
ϣ�������� ��̫�̺���˹���̵Ĵ���
Greek Orthodox Christianity, Judaism and Islam
119
00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:11,280
������ǰ��˵����
to come here and persuade him.
120
00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:13,720
"�������� ��˵����"
"Go on, argue. Convert me."
121
00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,000
��λ��ά��սʿ��������˹���̺ܸ���Ȥ
The old Viking warrior was quite interested in Islam
122
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,120
����������˹���̱�����֮��
until he heard that it would involve giving up alcohol, at which point he said,
123
00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:23,880
��˵ "���� �������"
in effect, "OK, you're out."
124
00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:28,000
��� ��ѡ����ϣ��������
In the end, he chose
Greek Orthodox Christianity
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00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,400
���ڻ�����ʼ�����һ��ʯͷ����
and began to build the first stone church in Kiev.
126
00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:33,000
����һ���ش�ľ���
It was a momentous choice
127
00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:38,280
�����ǻع˹��ϵĶ���˹ʱ
because so much of what we think of as the look of old Russia,
128
00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:43,680
��Щ����Ƶ�Բ�� ��ʦ ����ʿ�Լ�ʥ��
those onion domes, the priests and the monasteries and the icons,
129
00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:46,840
ȫ�����˸���������������ߵ�Ӱ��
all goes back to Vladimir's decision.
130
00:09:57,240 --> 00:10:00,480
��Ƥë�����ӵ�ó��ʼ
What had started with trade - furs and silver -
131
00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:04,880
���չ�����Ļ� �������ڽ̵İٻ����
had flowered into culture, architecture and religion.
132
00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:06,960
��ʮ����
By the 10th century,
133
00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:11,800
ά������ŷ�����˶��������̵Ľ���
Europe had an eastern Christian
border, drawn by the Vikings
134
00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:14,520
����������
and lasting to the present day.
135
00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:24,920
���������Χ�ڣ�ŷ�Ļ������ƺ���ֻ��һ��������ĸշ�չ�������ڽ�
Inside that border, Christian Europe
still seemed unsophisticated,
a bit ploddy.
136
00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:32,360
�ر��Ǻʹӳ����������ǻ۵��Ļ��з�չ����
Particularly compared
to the vibrant, intellectual
culture developing
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00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:35,200
���ѱ鲼�������������˹���̱�����
across huge areas
of the world under Islam.
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00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,160
827��
The year 827.
139
00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:49,880
һ������ѧ�Һ���ѧ������������������
A team of astronomers
and mathematicians was at work
in the Sinjar Desert,
140
00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:51,880
���ֶ�ɳĮ�﹤��
in north-western Iraq.
141
00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:55,680
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They were led by Muhammad
ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi,
142
00:10:55,680 --> 00:10:58,760
�º�Ĭ���쵼
an Uzbek scholar
from the House of Wisdom,
143
00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:02,400
�ǻ�֮����λ�ڰ�����Ҫ����˹���Ļ�����
the great centre
of Islamic learning in Baghdad,
144
00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:06,280
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itself the heart
of the new Muslim civilisation.
145
00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:20,080
Al-Khwarizmi��ʱ����Ŭ�����
Al-Khwarizmi was struggling with
146
00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,120
һ����Ҫ�Ŀ�ѧ����
one of the biggest scientific
puzzles of the time -
147
00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:27,440
������������ξ�ȷ�IJ��������Բ��
trying to accurately measure
the circumference of the Earth.
148
00:11:32,680 --> 00:11:36,000
�ⳡ���ѵ�ɳĮ̽��ֻ�Ǽƻ��ĵ�һ��
This trek across the desert was only
the first stage in a project
149
00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:40,680
����ƻ���Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Ma'mun����ִ��
which had been commanded
by the Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Ma'mun,
150
00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:44,440
����������ΰ��Ŀ�ѧ֪ʶ
who wanted him to use
his great scientific understanding
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00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,200
ȥ����һ�����������ͼ
to produce an accurate map
of the world
152
00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:51,560
�����ͼ��������˹���۹���Ӱ�췶Χ
which would show the huge extent
of the Islamic empire.
153
00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:00,680
��˹���Ѿ�ռ���˱������۹���Ҫ��ĵ���
Islam already dominated an area
bigger than the Roman Empire.
154
00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:07,000
�������ͣ���˹���쵼����ͳ���ų�����ǧ�������
By the ninth century, Muslim rulers
had more than 30 million subjects,
155
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:12,120
�����İͻ�˹̹�������쵽����������
stretching from today's Pakistan
in the East to Spain in the West.
156
00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:27,080
���dz��������ģ�ȫ�µĺ����ص���˹���̵�ʱ��
This is the age of vigorous,
young, inquisitive Islam,
157
00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:30,280
����������ع��ϵľ��������ۼ���һ��
bringing together ancient texts
from all around the world,
158
00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:35,040
�������������ǣ�ͬʱҲ�ٽ��˿�ѧ����ѧ�ķ�չ
trying to understand them, pushing
forward in science and maths.
159
00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:38,280
������˹���̵Ļƽ�ʱ��
This is Islam's golden age.
160
00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:48,200
Al-Khwarizmi���ڲ�������Բ�ܷ�����
Al-Khwarizmi's idea was to measure
the Sun's angle to the Earth
161
00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:51,320
ֱ�������̫���ĽǶȱ仯��һ��ʱ����
until it changed by one degree.
162
00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:57,880
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He worked out that his men
had walked 64.5 miles
before the angle changed.
163
00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:00,640
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Using just sticks
and a simple brass instrument,
164
00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:06,960
���Ʋ�����Բ��Ϊ23200Ӣ��
he calculated the circumference
of the Earth to be 23,200 miles -
165
00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:09,320
Ȼ���������ȴ�뾫ȷ�IJ���
a figure that, remarkably,
166
00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:12,800
���˵Ľӽ�
is very close to
the accurate calculation.
167
00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:23,880
Al-Khwarizmi ���������һϵ�е�ͼ����
Al-Khwarizmi went on
to create a series of charts,
listing more than 2,000 cities
168
00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:27,800
�о�������˹���۹���Χ�ڵij���2000�����к͵�������
and geographical features
right across the Islamic empire.
169
00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:36,080
Al-Khwarizmi�����Ƿ�����������ȡ��ͻ��
Al-Khwarizmi was taking
breakthroughs in trigonometry
and arithmetic
170
00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:38,560
��������ϵ��һ��������
and putting them together
and explaining them.
171
00:13:38,560 --> 00:13:41,840
�������ں����ļ�������һֱ��ʹ��
His books were still being used
hundreds of years later,
172
00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:45,760
��������ר�������㷨��
and his real speciality
was algorithms.
173
00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:50,200
��ʵ�ϣ�����������������д��Al-Khwarithmi
In fact, the word comes from
the Latin version of his name,
Al-Khwarithmi.
174
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:54,840
��Ȼ ���㷨�����ִ�����������ز����ٵIJ���
And of course algorithms
are essential in modern
computer programming,
175
00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:57,680
����ÿ������������ֻ�
so every time you pick up
your mobile phone,
176
00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:02,560
���ס��������һ�����ϵ����ȱ����˹��������
remember, there is an old
Uzbek Muslim hidden inside it.
177
00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:11,520
�ڴ�ʱ����˹�������类ŷ����������Χ
At this time, the Islamic world
had Christian Europe surrounded.
178
00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:16,200
���������пƶ������˹����������ҫ�ŵ�����ǰ��
The Spanish city of Cordoba
was a glittering western outpost
179
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,240
�������ϵڶ������
of the Muslim world, and the
second-largest city on the planet,
180
00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:22,320
�����ڰ��
after Baghdad.
181
00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:28,160
���Ĵ����Ƕ�ŷ�ޱ��������ͻ���������
It was a sparkling rebuke
to the more meagre, muddy
182
00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:30,800
һ������
Christian kingdoms of northern Europe.
183
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,640
���������д����ž��������
At its centre
stands the Great Mosque.
184
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:42,120
������������
In its praying hall
185
00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:47,920
850������ʯ������觺ͱ����Ƴɵ�������������
shimmer 850 pillars
of marble, onyx and jasper,
186
00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:51,760
�����˲���ͬʱ����������Բ��
an imaginative mingling
of Roman columns
187
00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:56,400
��Զ���������ϵ������
and the memory of palm trees
in some distant oasis.
188
00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:59,320
�ۻ���������
Fusion architecture.
189
00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:08,560
��˵�ƶ�͵Ļʼ�ͼ���ӵ����ʮ�����
Cordoba's Royal Library
was said to hold 400,000 books,
190
00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:13,720
���ڵ�ʱ�����Ļ�����ͼ���ֻ�м��ٱ���
at a time when the largest Christian
libraries contained a few hundred.
191
00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:19,800
�������������� ˼�����˽���
And where East met West,
ideas were shared.
192
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,080
��ƶ�������ĵط� �����Ŷ�һ���ط����ݵ�һ���ط�
Places like Cordoba were wonderful
193
00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:29,080
ʵ����̫����
at taking the news from one part
of humanity and passing it on,
194
00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:31,960
���ǣ���ϣ��ѧ˵����̫����ѧ
so, ancient Greek learning,
Jewish philosophy,
195
00:15:31,960 --> 00:15:36,480
ӡ�Ƚ̵���ѧ����˹�ֵ�����ѧ����ѧ
Hindu mathematics,
Muslim astronomy and engineering
196
00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:39,960
�����˻����̵�����
were passed to the Christian world.
197
00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:44,160
������̻�ݻ�Al-Andalus������
Eventually, the Christians would
destroy the kingdom of Al-Andalus,
198
00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:49,520
��ȴ���ڵ��˽�֪ʶ�Ļ�洫�ݵ���һ��֮��
but not before one enemy
had passed on the torch
of learning to the next,
199
00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:56,720
������ǿ���˵�ڰ�ʱ��������������˹�ִ��Ƶ�
so that what we call the Dark Ages
was lit up by Muslim Spain.
200
00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:05,680
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At this point,
you might have assumed
201
00:16:05,680 --> 00:16:09,120
�����˹�����������չ
the Islamic world would
just keep advancing,
202
00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,600
δ�����ǿ�ѧ����˹��
that the future
was scientific and Muslim.
203
00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:24,560
����Ϊʲôû�г������ֽ���Ĵ�
The answer to why it wasn't
can be found in another story
from the margins,
204
00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:28,240
���ǿ��Դӷ����ڱ�Զ�����IJݵغ�ɭ���еĹ������ҵ�
from a world of remote grassland
and forests.
205
00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:34,720
�зdz��ķ�ʽ�����������ʷ
There's a very simple way
of telling the human story.
206
00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,400
���������˺��ռ����ǵij��� Ȼ����ũ��
First, hunter-gatherers
and then farmers,
207
00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:40,240
�����dz���ͳ��У� �����ȫ��
and then towns and cities
and all the rest of it.
208
00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:45,880
Ȼ���� ��һȺ����ȫ���������������
But there's one group of people who
stand completely outside this story,
209
00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:48,640
���DZ�����������
and they are the nomads,
210
00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:53,600
���������ڲ��ܹ����и��ֵIJ�ԭ��
living on grassland
which is too thin for farming
211
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:57,560
��ȴ������ţ��ɽ��ļ��ѵ�����֮��
but is wonderful
for sheep and yak and goats,
212
00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:00,280
���Ǹ��ݼ���Ǩ��
and so they move with the seasons.
213
00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:04,000
�ںܶ�棬����������������������
In many ways, the nomads are
the people who tread most lightly
214
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:09,040
�����ױ����ӡ�������������һȺ��
on the surface of the Earth
and leave least behind.
215
00:17:09,040 --> 00:17:12,240
���� �ܻ�������
But there is always
an exception to the rule.
216
00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:19,880
12���ͣ��ɹŴ��ԭ�����ٸ��������
In the 12th century,
the Mongolian Steppe
217
00:17:19,880 --> 00:17:24,440
��������ļ�
was home to hundreds
of rival nomadic tribes.
218
00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:30,360
��������ų��������ͱ��������� һ���к�������
Into this world of feuding
and violence, a boy was born.
219
00:17:30,360 --> 00:17:33,000
������������ľ��
His name was Temujin.
221
00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:42,320
When Temujin was nine, his father
was poisoned by a rival tribe.
222
00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:44,600
SPEAKS IN MONGOLIAN
223
00:17:47,640 --> 00:17:52,360
Cast out with his mother
and brothers, the young
Mongol stayed alive
224
00:17:52,360 --> 00:17:54,040
by foraging and hunting.
225
00:18:03,320 --> 00:18:07,120
THEY SPEAK IN MONGOLIAN
226
00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:15,000
Temujin would never forget
a lesson his mother taught him.
227
00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:20,800
"Brothers who work separately,
228
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:24,560
"like a single arrow shaft,
can be easily broken.
229
00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:30,520
"But brothers who stand together
against a world, like
a bundle of arrows,
230
00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:32,160
"cannot be broken."
231
00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,920
From unity came strength.
232
00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:43,000
This single piece of learned wisdom
233
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:47,320
would be the basis of everything
that Temujin would achieve.
234
00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:58,360
As he got older, Temujin fought and
manoeuvred his way to lead his clan.
235
00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:04,640
But his ambition
was much greater than that.
236
00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:10,800
Temujin's greatest achievement was
to unite the tribes of the Steppes.
237
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:15,480
When he defeated them, instead
of offering them exile and disgrace,
238
00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:22,040
he would offer them brotherhood
and a share in the spoils
of future wars.
239
00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,280
And quite soon,
240
00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:30,120
the rival tribes were being
melded together into one people,
241
00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:33,880
one army, riding
and fighting together.
242
00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:44,160
In 1206, Temujin took the title
"universal ruler",
243
00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:46,480
or Genghis Khan.
244
00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:57,320
And he began to expand his empire
beyond Mongolia.
245
00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:01,080
In just six years,
his army swept across northern China
246
00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:04,880
and in 1215, ransacked Beijing,
giving the Mongols
247
00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:07,320
weapons they'd never seen before.
248
00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:13,080
Defeating the Chinese
gave Genghis Khan access
249
00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:15,920
to awesome new military technology -
250
00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:21,160
battering rams, scaling ladders,
monster-sized crossbows,
251
00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:24,680
and catapults that could fire
firebombs.
252
00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,920
With China now absorbed
into his growing empire,
253
00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,640
Genghis turned his army west
254
00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:41,480
and marched into Central Asia
255
00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:44,360
to confront
the greatest adversary of all -
256
00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:46,120
the forces of Islam.
257
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:53,680
In the spring of 1220,
258
00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:58,080
the Mongols reached the magnificent
Eastern outpost of
the Islamic empire,
259
00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:00,160
Bukhara.
260
00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:06,280
Bukhara, like Merv, Baghdad,
and Samarkand,
261
00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:11,120
was where the rich, optimistic heart
of the Islamic world could be found.
262
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:15,080
SHOUTS ORDERS
263
00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:22,600
But Bukhara had never experienced
anything like the Mongols.
264
00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:27,360
The combination
of Chinese technology
265
00:21:27,360 --> 00:21:33,520
and Genghis Khan's disciplined,
fearsome army of nomad horsemen
266
00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:38,840
produced a new kind of army,
a new kind of threat.
267
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,320
The siege of Bukhara
raged for 15 days,
268
00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:52,520
until the city was finally
scorched into submission.
269
00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:58,920
When Genghis entered Bukhara,
his army showed no mercy.
270
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,560
And Genghis himself was honoured,
as always,
271
00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,080
with the first pick
of the captured women.
272
00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:20,400
Bukhara was only the start.
273
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:25,960
One by one, the other great Muslim
treasure-house cities
were annihilated.
274
00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:31,760
By 1223, Genghis Khan's destruction
275
00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:35,960
of the Muslim empire in Central Asia
was complete.
276
00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:45,080
Within 20 years, the Mongol empire
stretched from Beijing in the East
277
00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:48,560
right through the land of the Rus',
into eastern Europe,
278
00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:50,880
almost to the gates of Vienna.
279
00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,600
Genghis Khan's belief
in strength through unity
280
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,920
had resulted in the largest
land empire in history.
281
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:05,880
In his homeland today,
the great warrior emperor
is revered as a national hero
282
00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:11,920
and immortalised by this 40m-high
steel monument.
283
00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,000
But it seems as if Genghis Khan,
284
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,000
a man of many concubines
and conquests,
285
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,720
may have achieved immortality
of a different kind.
286
00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:30,640
In 2003, scientists discovered
a specific genetic marker
287
00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:32,720
in men in Europe and Asia,
288
00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:37,040
which originated
a little less than 1,000 years ago,
289
00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:41,640
in an area suspiciously close
to that of the Mongol empire.
290
00:23:41,640 --> 00:23:48,960
And they concluded that probably
16 million men alive today
291
00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:54,600
really did spring from
the loins of Genghis Khan.
292
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:05,680
By wiping out the heart
of the original Muslim civilisation,
293
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:08,120
Genghis Khan left the way clear
294
00:24:08,120 --> 00:24:11,400
for another part of the world
to begin to grow.
295
00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,000
Christian Europe.
296
00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:26,760
Trade flourished between
East and West in the century
after Genghis died,
297
00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:32,520
an era of peace
known as the Pax Mongolica.
298
00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:43,040
Flashy fabrics and pungent spices
had travelled along the Silk Road
299
00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:46,600
to Europe from ancient times,
but the lands they came from -
300
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:49,960
China, indeed all of the Far East -
301
00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:53,200
remained a mystery in the West.
302
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:59,320
After the victories of Genghis Khan,
the Silk Road was opened
to outsiders.
303
00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:06,360
And soon, it would set
the imagination of Europe aflame.
304
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:17,920
Genoa, 1298.
305
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,920
Two political prisoners
share a prison cell.
306
00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:29,600
One man is Rustichello of Pisa,
a writer of popular tales.
307
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:35,720
The other...is a gabby Venetian
with a fabulous story to tell.
308
00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:39,200
E dopo tre giorni di cammino
sulle montagne...
309
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:45,480
And in Rustichello, Marco Polo
had found his perfect ghost writer.
310
00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:55,360
Marco Polo was a new and adventurous
kind of European merchant.
311
00:25:55,360 --> 00:25:58,600
And Venice was becoming
the essential hub
312
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,240
for trade between Europe
and the rest of the world.
313
00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:10,680
Its prosperity was built
on ruthless commercial attitudes
314
00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:16,560
and a navy mass-produced at its
world-famous shipyard, the Arsenale.
315
00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:28,160
But the Venetians
were less interested
in conquering than doing deals.
316
00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:35,040
And in a world that craved
foreign tastes, you got
the best deals by looking east.
317
00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:43,280
The Venetian fleets were tightly
tied into a huge trade network
318
00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:45,480
dominated by the Muslim world,
319
00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:48,680
and dealing not just in slaves
but in timber,
320
00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:53,760
fur, salt
and the incredibly valuable spices.
321
00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:01,120
The young Marco Polo's world
was already flavoured
322
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:05,880
and scented with cinnamon,
nutmeg and cloves and pepper.
323
00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,600
This was literally
the smell and taste of the East.
324
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:15,960
And he dreamed from an early age
of following the ancient Silk Road
325
00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:17,640
which led to China.
326
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,520
In 1271, aged just 17,
he was offered
327
00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,240
a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity
with his father and his uncle.
328
00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:33,360
He set out east from Venice, bearing
greetings from the most powerful man
329
00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:36,720
in Western Europe, Pope Gregory X.
330
00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:44,480
Most Europeans barely
moved more than a few miles
from their birthplace.
331
00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:46,640
Heading out so far into the unknown
332
00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:50,040
must have felt like
launching yourself at the moon.
333
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,560
The trek took them
more than three years
334
00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:13,560
through the deserts
and the mountains of Asia.
335
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:29,480
Finally, in 1275,
they reached their destination.
336
00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:40,000
The court of Kublai Khan in Shangdu,
337
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,680
better known as Xanadu.
338
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,080
Xanadu seemed an earthly paradise.
339
00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:07,800
Kublai Khan was entranced
by the civilisation he now ruled.
340
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,800
He was a Mongol becoming Chinese.
341
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:16,640
His court celebrated
the flow of ideas.
342
00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:22,200
This was a land of safe roads,
broad canals and manufactured goods.
343
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,360
Still, he was fascinated
by his visitors from Italy
344
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:32,360
and their message from the Pope.
345
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,840
He briefly considered
turning Christian himself...
346
00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:37,240
briefly.
347
00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:41,560
Pleased with their tales
of distant lands,
348
00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:47,320
he invited them to be part
of his inner circle
of diplomats and advisers.
349
00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:49,800
Marco Polo told Rustichello
350
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,120
he travelled to distant
corners of China
351
00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:56,360
on diplomatic missions
for his patron.
352
00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:02,560
Later, he'd tell of astonishing
things never seen in Europe,
353
00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:05,800
such as money made of paper,
354
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,640
the burning of pieces
of black stone for fuel,
355
00:30:09,640 --> 00:30:13,440
and the practice of eating
snakes and dogs.
356
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:17,600
Though other things
you'd think he'd notice,
357
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:21,760
such as chopsticks
or the Great Wall of China,
358
00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:25,560
were missing from his tales
when he finally got home.
359
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:38,200
Around some men,
stories gather like flies.
360
00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:42,080
It's said that when Marco Polo
returned to Venice
361
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:46,640
after 24 years travelling in China
and the Far East,
362
00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:50,760
dressed in greasy furs
and filthy silks,
363
00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:54,880
he simply slit open
the seams of his clothes,
364
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:59,000
and a cascade of rubies and emeralds
poured out.
365
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,840
It's a good story,
but take it with a pinch of salt,
366
00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,720
because even in his lifetime,
Marco Polo was known
367
00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:07,960
as Marco Il Milione -
Marco Millions.
368
00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:11,400
Not because of his wealth
but because of his exaggerations.
369
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,680
Millions of this, millions of miles,
millions of that.
370
00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:24,000
At this point, Marco Polo
might have disappeared
from the pages of history.
371
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,240
Instead, he dictated himself
into them.
372
00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:30,280
..arrive su un alto...
373
00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:33,680
During their imprisonment,
Rustichello of Pisa
374
00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,080
noted down his cellmate's stories.
375
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,400
..trovi un fiume bellissimo!
376
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:44,160
And in 1298,
copies of the manuscript
began circulating around Europe,
377
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,600
as Marco Polo's
Description Of The World.
378
00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:51,760
And Europe was gripped.
379
00:31:56,120 --> 00:32:00,240
Marco Polo's message
was simple and seductive.
380
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:06,240
There was a fabulous world of wealth
and opportunity beyond Europe.
381
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,560
But as Europeans would soon learn,
382
00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:22,120
there was also a dark side
to this new international network.
383
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:25,920
Seven years after
Marco Polo's death,
384
00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:31,320
a strange epidemic in China started
killing people in huge numbers.
385
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:38,240
Very soon, the Black Death,
carried on ships, probably by rats,
386
00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:41,960
spread into the Mediterranean region
and then beyond.
387
00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:47,520
The same exchange of goods and
people that had made Venice so rich
388
00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,360
was now taking a terrible revenge.
389
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:55,880
Across Europe, bustling markets
became ghost towns,
390
00:32:55,880 --> 00:32:58,160
villages emptied,
391
00:32:58,160 --> 00:33:02,320
literacy retreated,
authority tottered.
392
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:09,080
Marco Polo had issued a great,
optimistic rallying call,
393
00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:13,880
but Europe was simply
too weak to respond.
394
00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:21,560
The old core of the Islamic empire
had been destroyed by Genghis Khan.
395
00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:26,200
But the decimation of
Christian Europe by the Black Death
396
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:31,800
meant that the stand-off between
these two great religions
would go on.
397
00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:45,560
Yet trade between them
always continued, too,
398
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:47,480
especially between Venice
399
00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:50,920
and the fabulously wealthy
Muslim city of Cairo.
400
00:33:53,920 --> 00:34:00,480
And in July 1324,
something appeared on the horizon
401
00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:04,400
that would have a startling effect
on Cairo's economy.
402
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:09,720
A train of up to 60,000 soldiers,
70 camels,
403
00:34:09,720 --> 00:34:14,800
and 500 slaves carrying
sceptres of gold.
404
00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:26,000
Leading this astonishing procession
was an African king, Mansa Musa,
405
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,280
on a pilgrimage
to Islam's holy city, Mecca.
406
00:34:32,520 --> 00:34:38,200
They had spent a year marching
more than 2,000 miles
across the vast desert
407
00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:42,600
that separated most of Africa
from the Mediterranean world.
408
00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:55,640
Mansa Musa was king of the greatest
of the African empires
south of the Sahara.
409
00:34:55,640 --> 00:35:01,560
Mali was a Muslim society where
lots of people could read and write.
410
00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:05,280
It was a rich land
based on farmers and fishermen,
411
00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:10,440
and on trading towns like Timbuktu
and Djenne on the River Niger.
412
00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:22,680
The Niger was the lifeline
of Mansa Musa's vast empire...
413
00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:28,760
..carrying good throughout
his kingdom, which occupied
414
00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:32,000
nearly half a million square miles.
415
00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:37,720
But the most significant source
of Mansa Musa's prosperity
416
00:35:37,720 --> 00:35:41,320
was a commodity craved by rulers
all over the world...
417
00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:44,440
..gold.
418
00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:49,640
Mali was an African El Dorado,
419
00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:52,920
and most of the world
knew nothing about it.
420
00:35:56,840 --> 00:35:58,280
Until now.
421
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:07,360
When Mansa Musa's glittering caravan
stopped off in Cairo,
on its way to Mecca,
422
00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:09,760
he was an immediate sensation.
423
00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:13,280
He and his entourage
spent three months
424
00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:16,880
in the city as guests
of the Egyptian ruler,
425
00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:21,360
freely handing out gold
to its astonished residents.
426
00:36:37,240 --> 00:36:42,480
Cairo at the time
was the world's largest gold market.
427
00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:48,840
But he threw around so much
of the stuff that the price
of gold plummeted.
428
00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:53,440
Indeed, merely because
of Mansa Musa's tips,
429
00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:56,720
the economy of Cairo, it is said,
430
00:36:56,720 --> 00:36:59,360
took ten years to recover.
431
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:08,800
The sudden appearance of Mansa Musa
and his gold was a revelation.
432
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:11,800
The world had just got
bigger and richer.
433
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:21,800
By the end of the 14th century,
two-thirds of the gold in Europe
came from Mali.
434
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:28,920
It's thanks to
the Muslim trading world
435
00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:32,880
that Mali was able
to touch hands with Europe.
436
00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:36,440
And it's thanks to the Muslim
travellers and writers
we know so much about it.
437
00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:38,440
But Mali was not alone.
438
00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:42,560
There were plenty of other
African civilisations at this time.
439
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:46,640
There was Zimbabwe,
with its great stone-city dwellers.
440
00:37:46,640 --> 00:37:49,400
There was Benin,
with its amazing metalworkers,
441
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:53,600
who could rival anything
in Italy or Germany at the time.
442
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:06,120
�����ǻƽ���������������������ŷ��
But it was gold and glittering Mali that had caught the European imagination.
443
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:12,960
1375�� �������Ļ�ͼ������һϵ��ͼ��
And in 1375, when map-makers in Spain produced a series of charts,
444
00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:15,480
��������������ͼ
known as the Catalan Atlas,
445
00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:20,080
ͼ������������λ�����������
Mansa Musa was shown sitting at the centre of Mali.
446
00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:25,880
����������ʵ���ϰѷ��ŵ���ŷ��ͼ��
Mansa Musa had quite literally put Africa on the European map.
447
00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:35,400
���������͵�ŷ����ͽ***
Wherever European Christians reached outwards in the Middle Ages,
448
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,040
���Ƕ��ᷢ����˹����
they found Islam.
449
00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:43,200
�������ڽ��Ѿ������˼�������
These two great religions of the Book had been at war for centuries.
450
00:38:46,560 --> 00:38:50,320
����ͽʮ�־�����������ʥ��
The Christian Crusades to gain control of the Holy Land
451
00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:54,160
Ү·���������ŷ��
and the city of Jerusalem had inspired Europe,
452
00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:56,720
�����ž�����ת
but then the tide turned,
453
00:38:56,720 --> 00:38:58,840
��˹�ֵ��������� ��˹����
and Muslim Turks, the Ottomans,
453
00:38:58,841 --> 00:39:02,040
�������Ļ������������ƽ�
pushed deep into once-Christian lands.
454
00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:10,160
�������Ƕ�ʱ�� �ڽ̶����Խ����ķ�ʽ
But all that time, religious propaganda cast a discreet veil
455
00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:16,440
ͨ�����ٵ�ó�����紫�� �ж�˫��
over a flourishing web of trade and ideas passed between the rivals,
456
00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:21,480
������Ϣ ��ʹ�����������߳���ʱ��
and that is true even of the most epic moment in the story -
457
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:24,000
��ʿ̹����Χ��
the Siege of Constantinople.
458
00:39:31,880 --> 00:39:35,160
1453��5��
May, 1453.
459
00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:40,280
�������˵������º�Ĭ�¶����Ӻ�����
The Ottoman leader Mehmet II had dreamed of possessing Constantinople
460
00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:42,280
���μ��Լ�ͳ���˾�ʿ̹����
since he was a small boy.
461
00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:49,560
���ǻ���ŷ�ޱ�Ե����Ҫó������
It was a vital trading crossroads at the edge of Christian Europe,
462
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:52,720
�ɾ��������ǽ������
protected by massive Roman walls.
463
00:39:57,640 --> 00:39:59,480
һǧ������
For more than 1,000 years,
464
00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:03,560
����һֱ���������������˾�η�ķ���
these were the most awesome defences in the Western world.
465
00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:08,880
���ǽ������ߺ���˹�־��Ӿ�֮����
They kept out rebels and renegades, and Islamic armies too.
466
00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:11,580
���8���ͳ��������˵�Χ��
If a massive Arab siege in the early 700s
466
00:40:11,581 --> 00:40:15,080
�ܳɹ�ͻ����ЩΧǽ
had succeeded in breaking these walls,
467
00:40:15,080 --> 00:40:20,840
��û��������˹�����Ӳ��ִܵﱱ��
then there's no reason why the armies of Islam wouldn't have reached the North Sea.
468
00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:22,920
������˵���й��ij���
We've heard of the Great Wall of China -
469
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,880
��ô��Щ����ŷ�ij���
well, these were the great walls of Europe.
470
00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:37,920
�������˽�������ɽ��
Established by the Romans on seven hills,
471
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:40,600
��ʿ̹�����������Լ�Ϊ������
Constantinople had always seen itself
471
00:40:40,601 --> 00:40:42,600
�����������Ǿ���������
as the new Rome, and its people Roman.
472
00:40:44,601 --> 00:40:50,400
����Ϊ���ĵ۹����ºͺ�ΰ���ö��Ժ�
They were fiercely proud of its imperial past and its magnificent churches.
473
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:52,860
��������������ֺ�Ľ���֮һ
Including the greatest one in Christendom,
473
00:40:52,861 --> 00:40:55,360
ʥ�����Ǵ����
Hagia Sophia.
474
00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:06,480
��������ǹŵ�ѧϰ�Ŵ����ǵı���
The city was still a storehouse of classical learning and ancient ritual.
475
00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:08,480
�����ڳ�˯��
It was still hypnotic.
476
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:16,320
������ ����������ʷ����������в
But now, it faced its fiercest threat yet.
478
00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:33,640
*** ���������и��侲��ıԶ�ǵ��쵼��
In Mehmet, the Ottomans had a cool and calculating leader.
480
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,280
���Ǹ��ϵ���˹��
He was a pious Muslim,
481
00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:43,040
������40���˵ľ������д����Ļ���ͽ
though there were plenty of Christians among his army of up to 400,000 soldiers.
482
00:41:46,840 --> 00:41:51,960
�෴�� ��ʿ̹����������Ա����
By contrast, Constantinople was seriously undermanned.
483
00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:57,480
�������еľ���ֻ�в�����ǧ��
The army defending the city numbered fewer than 5,000 people.
484
00:41:57,480 --> 00:42:00,060
�ֵĻ���ŷ������æ��
Most of Christian Europe was far too busy
484
00:42:00,061 --> 00:42:04,360
���۲Ƹ�����Ը����Ԯ�� ���������
making money to bother to come to its aid.
485
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:14,960
�ٲ����˰����ܰ����ᡤ��˹��������
Among the few who did was Giovanni Giustiniani Longo,
486
00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:19,760
���������ǵĹ�Ӷ�� ��Χ��ս������
a mercenary from Genoa and an expert at siege warfare.
487
00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:39,360
���ܹ��� ����������
As the weeks passed, the city was slowly throttled.
488
00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:47,560
�Ծ�ʿ̹����������˵
For the people of Constantinople,
489
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:51,080
���Ϯ��ǰ�����Ӿ�������ٵ�����
the days before the final attack were days of bad omens.
491
00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:58,920
�����ž��ʥĸ������ʥ���ֵ�
The priests carried a huge icon of the Virgin Mary through the streets,
492
00:42:58,920 --> 00:43:01,200
��������
praying for her to intercede.
493
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:05,600
��ʥ���ƺ�������� ����û���ȼ�������
But the icon seemed strangely heavy, and they slipped and almost dropped it.
494
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,240
����
Bad omen.
495
00:43:07,240 --> 00:43:10,880
���� �����꽵�� ���ֵ���ɺӵ�
Then, there was a terrible rainstorm, turning the streets into rivers,
496
00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:13,320
��IJ�������
worse than anyone could ever remember.
497
00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:15,160
����
Bad omen.
498
00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:21,200
��� ���ϳ���һĨ���ع���ĺ��
And finally, there was an unearthly, eerie, red glow in the sky
499
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,360
����������ʥ�����Ǵ���õ�Բ��
which seemed to bathe the dome of St Sophia
500
00:43:24,360 --> 00:43:28,000
����ɫ������Ѫ
with a colour rather like that of human blood.
501
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:31,080
����ʵ��̫����
You don't get many omens worse than that.
502
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:36,480
������Щ����������Ϊ�ϵ�֮�ǵ�����˵
It seemed to the people of what had once been called the city of God
503
00:43:36,480 --> 00:43:40,280
�ϵ��ƺ�����������
that perhaps God was deserting them.
505
00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:58,320
5��29���賿1:30 �����������ȫ�湥��
At 1.30am on the night of the 29th of May, the city came under all-out assault.
507
00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:12,920
��˹�������Ἧ����һ������������
Giustiniani rallied every able-bodied defender to the walls.
508
00:44:12,920 --> 00:44:16,920
����Ե��ǻ���ͽ�ļ���
Facing him was, well, Christian technology.
509
00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:20,000
�������͵¹�����ԱΪ�º�Ĭ��
Awesome siege guns made for Mehmet
509
00:44:20,001 --> 00:44:24,000
������µĹ�����
by Hungarian and German technicians.
510
00:44:26,520 --> 00:44:31,880
��ʿ̹�����ֿ���5��Сʱ
Constantinople managed to hold off the remorseless attackers for five hours.
511
00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:40,520
��������˹����������������
But then, Giustiniani was mortally wounded.
512
00:44:42,680 --> 00:44:45,920
�ֻ��ھ�ƣ��������Ⱥ������
Panic quickly spread amongst his exhausted men.
514
00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:06,640
һ����һ����������ʿ������ֱ��
Wave upon wave of Ottoman soldiers now smashed their way into the city.
515
00:45:15,840 --> 00:45:22,440
�����糿 ʥ�����ǽ��ü����˽�ʣ��������
On that final morning, Hagia Sophia was crammed with the last of the Romans.
516
00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:30,280
�ֻŵ��� ���˺�С�� ��Ů����
Terrified people, old men and children, nuns and noblemen,
517
00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:33,520
�������ն���������
crammed in here for a final mass.
518
00:45:33,520 --> 00:45:38,000
��������ļ�̳ �����̳�����
Up there on the altar, the priest would be chanting and praying,
519
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:42,960
����˹�����ø�ͷ����ľ��
and yet above their voices was the sound of the great oak doors
520
00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:45,760
�������ǹ������ǵ�
splintering under Ottoman axes.
521
00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:49,080
������ļ����Խ��Խ��
And as the screaming inside the church got louder,
522
00:45:49,080 --> 00:45:52,240
��������ҲԽ��Խ��
and the chanting by the priests got louder,
523
00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:54,200
��ͷ���ŵ�����Ҳ�����
so did the sound of the axes,
524
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:57,920
ֱ������ �ű��ҿ���
until finally...the doors gave way.
525
00:46:06,080 --> 00:46:09,920
��������֮�DZ�������
So the most coveted city in the world was taken.
526
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:15,720
�ܿ�ʥ����������ΰ��Ļ�������
And soon the great Christian cathedral of Hagia Sophia
527
00:46:15,720 --> 00:46:18,640
��������˹���̵ĵ���
resounded to Islamic prayers.
528
00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:21,000
�Ӵ˳�Ϊһ��������
It's been a mosque ever since.
529
00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:35,340
����ĺ��� һ�����������
Later that day, a triumphant Mehmet
529
00:46:35,341 --> 00:46:37,840
�º�Ĭ����������������
rode through the city.
530
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:43,160
�������Լ�������ɱ�Ĺ�ģ����
Even he was shocked by the scale of the slaughter.
531
00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:50,040
һ��������1100��ĵ۹�������
And so an empire which had lasted for more than
531
00:46:50,041 --> 00:46:53,040
ת���˰�˹��������
1,100 years gave way to the Ottomans.
532
00:46:53,040 --> 00:46:56,240
�����̱���˹����ȡ��
Christianity was replaced by Islam.
533
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:02,480
��ʿ̹�����������Ϣ����ŷ������˵
The news of the fall of Constantinople arrived in the rest of Europe
534
00:47:02,480 --> 00:47:06,240
������������� ��Ѹ�ٴ�������
like a thunderclap, and it spread like wildfire.
535
00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:11,560
�������ܶ�Ӣ�µ��������˺�����˹��
But no sooner was the blood dry on the corpses of the defenders,
536
00:47:11,560 --> 00:47:16,240
���ڵ��س���ʬ���ϵ�Ѫ��û��ʱ
including many heroic Genoese and Venetians,
537
00:47:16,240 --> 00:47:20,600
���������Ǻ�����˹�Ĵ����Ѿ���ǰ��
than boats were setting sail again from Genoa
538
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:24,360
�������˵���˹̹����(����ʿ̹����)
and from Venice back to Ottoman Istanbul,
539
00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:27,440
���յ�Ѱ��ó��ϵ
seeking terms of trade with the Sultan.
540
00:47:28,640 --> 00:47:33,560
�����ڻ�ҩζ��ʧ��ͬʱ
Almost as soon as the gunpowder smell had faded,
541
00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:37,920
��ó�ͻָ�������
it was back to business as usual.
542
00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:40,440
ó������ͣϢ
Business never rests.
543
00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:51,040
��ռ��ʿ̹�����ǰ�˹������ΰ���ʤ��
The capture of Constantinople was the Ottomans' greatest victory.
544
00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:54,120
��������־��һ����Ԫ�Ľ���
But it also marked the end of an era.
545
00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:57,120
�������������һ��ΰ���Χ��
This was the last great medieval siege.
546
00:48:01,080 --> 00:48:03,840
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And what Mehmet could not have realised
547
00:48:03,840 --> 00:48:10,080
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is that the most advanced, pushy part of the world had already moved on.
548
00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,120
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The great new cultural clash
549
00:48:13,120 --> 00:48:18,360
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was between the rising and fiercely competitive city states of Italy.
550
00:48:21,720 --> 00:48:27,320
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Now brimming with wealth from trade and new ideas from around the world,
551
00:48:27,320 --> 00:48:32,840
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Christian scholars who had fled from Constantinople found these buzzing towns
552
00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:36,880
��Ƭ������֪ʶ�ı����� ����Щ��ǽ��
to be citadels of knowledge, and from within their walls,
553
00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:39,360
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Europe would be reborn.
554
00:48:43,680 --> 00:48:45,200
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The Renaissance.
555
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:47,640
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Europe's rebirth.
556
00:48:47,640 --> 00:48:49,780
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Well, it was a long and painful birth
556
00:48:49,781 --> 00:48:52,880
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- it went on for about 200 years.
557
00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:55,400
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We're told that the Renaissance was all about
558
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:59,040
�ŵ�ѧϰ�ĸ��� ���ܷ���
the rediscovery of classical learning, and it's absolutely true
559
00:48:59,040 --> 00:49:02,680
����һʱ��ΰ���������ϣ��������
that in this period the great Latin and Greek writers
560
00:49:02,680 --> 00:49:06,280
***
begin to bubble back into Europe's consciousness.
561
00:49:11,040 --> 00:49:14,920
��������������˵ ���ո����ǹ��ڴ���
But, really, the Renaissance is about the new.
562
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:16,120
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New ways of building,
563
00:49:16,120 --> 00:49:19,440
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new ways of painting and making,
564
00:49:19,440 --> 00:49:22,520
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new money and new confidence.
565
00:49:22,520 --> 00:49:25,920
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Not coming from empires or nation-states
566
00:49:25,920 --> 00:49:29,200
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but from the great city-states of Europe
567
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:33,440
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and, in particular, the great city-states of northern Italy.
568
00:49:33,440 --> 00:49:35,320
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Genoa.
569
00:49:35,320 --> 00:49:36,520
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Pisa.
570
00:49:36,520 --> 00:49:38,520
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Florence. Venice.
571
00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:39,840
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And Milan.
572
00:49:44,120 --> 00:49:46,760
1495��
1495.
573
00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:52,960
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For 13 years, Leonardo da Vinci
574
00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:58,480
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had been employed at the court of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza.
575
00:50:00,680 --> 00:50:05,800
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Every week, he bombarded the duke with new ideas and schemes
576
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:09,920
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for portable bridges, fighting machines...
577
00:50:09,920 --> 00:50:12,160
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deep-sea diving suits?
578
00:50:14,040 --> 00:50:17,080
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His talents were prodigious.
579
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:19,840
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A prolific inventor, he was also a musician,
579
00:50:19,841 --> 00:50:23,040
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an engineer and an artist,
580
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:28,800
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and he had found the perfect place to fulfil his talents.
581
00:50:30,240 --> 00:50:34,600
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Milan in the late 15th century was the wealthiest city in Italy.
582
00:50:38,440 --> 00:50:40,440
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With its ambitious duke,
583
00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:45,280
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it offered a fertile environment for new thinking, risk-taking.
584
00:50:45,280 --> 00:50:47,280
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The duke's family, the Sforzas,
585
00:50:47,280 --> 00:50:50,640
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were part of a new political class who had grown rich
586
00:50:50,640 --> 00:50:54,800
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from Europe's ever-expanding trade networks.
587
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:58,920
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Like present-day oligarchs, they dealt in money and power,
588
00:50:58,920 --> 00:51:03,960
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but what they craved was respectability.
589
00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:09,360
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Ludovico wasn't exactly aristocracy.
590
00:51:09,360 --> 00:51:14,280
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His father had been a mercenary warlord who kept changing sides.
591
00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:16,600
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Fight for absolutely anybody.
592
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:19,720
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And he'd ended up effectively grabbing Milan.
593
00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:27,280
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The Sforzas didn't exactly need bling, but they needed some class.
594
00:51:27,280 --> 00:51:30,680
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They needed some artistic bedazzlement
595
00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:36,040
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to try to make the people out there forget where they'd come from.
596
00:51:41,880 --> 00:51:44,760
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Leonardo was paid to provide this.
597
00:51:45,880 --> 00:51:48,240
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But he wasn't a day-job kind of man.
598
00:51:48,240 --> 00:51:53,520
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He filled notebooks with sketches and scribbled thoughts,
599
00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:58,800
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digging into the underlying structures and curious parallels
600
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:01,280
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he found all around him in nature.
601
00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:10,520
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In Leonardo's time, there is no division between art and science.
602
00:52:10,520 --> 00:52:14,080
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The artist studies the laws of perspective,
603
00:52:14,080 --> 00:52:16,520
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works out how colours change,
604
00:52:16,520 --> 00:52:21,000
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looks very closely at the underlying structure of things.
605
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:28,160
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The artist learns how to grind lenses to look more closely,
606
00:52:28,160 --> 00:52:32,680
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learns how to cast metal to create a statue.
607
00:52:34,320 --> 00:52:38,240
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Science is just knowledge, and learning
608
00:52:38,240 --> 00:52:44,040
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the practical skills which allow other things, including art, to be made.
609
00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:51,240
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And now the Duke gave Leonardo a chance to pull together
610
00:52:51,240 --> 00:52:55,160
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his studies of geometry and perspective and human anatomy
611
00:52:55,160 --> 00:52:58,240
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for one spectacular painting.
612
00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:16,080
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Sforza commissioned Leonardo to paint Christ's last supper with his 12 disciples
613
00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:18,600
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on the wall of the monks' dining room
614
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:22,120
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in the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.
615
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:28,840
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It was a traditional scene, one that had been painted many times before.
616
00:53:28,840 --> 00:53:31,480
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Io voglio un grande...
617
00:53:31,480 --> 00:53:32,560
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va bene?
618
00:53:32,560 --> 00:53:37,800
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Above all, the Duke wanted his Last Supper to be big and impressive.
619
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:41,640
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But Leonardo realised this was an opportunity
620
00:53:41,640 --> 00:53:44,480
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to do something genuinely new.
621
00:53:47,520 --> 00:53:52,200
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Leonardo was obsessed by the now and the future.
622
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:54,360
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He was a compulsive experimenter.
623
00:53:54,360 --> 00:53:58,320
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Like modern scientists, he was fascinated by finding
624
00:53:58,320 --> 00:54:01,440
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the hidden patterns underneath reality.
625
00:54:01,440 --> 00:54:03,440
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He wasn't about looking back.
626
00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:06,920
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He was about looking better, looking more intently,
627
00:54:06,920 --> 00:54:10,040
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looking around him and looking ahead.
628
00:54:15,640 --> 00:54:17,000
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Leonardo decided to freeze
628
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,240
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one dramatic moment in time.
629
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:25,520
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The climax of the story, when Christ revealed to his disciples
630
00:54:25,520 --> 00:54:27,560
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that one of them would betray him.
631
00:54:34,440 --> 00:54:37,760
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And every posture, every gesture,
632
00:54:37,760 --> 00:54:43,440
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every facial expression in the painting would be taken from real life.
633
00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:52,840
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Leonardo ransacked the streets of Milan looking for faces for the disciples.
634
00:54:52,840 --> 00:54:55,960
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The really difficult one was Judas.
635
00:54:55,960 --> 00:54:58,360
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And, apparently, he spent nearly a year
636
00:54:58,360 --> 00:55:04,200
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looking for somebody with the right mix of cruelty and evil to play Judas.
637
00:55:08,240 --> 00:55:12,120
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Leonardo drew on a series of his own anatomical sketches
638
00:55:12,120 --> 00:55:15,200
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to capture the essence of human expression.
639
00:55:19,560 --> 00:55:24,880
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Slowly, the painting and its characters began to emerge.
640
00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:40,960
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Finally, after three years of painstaking work, The Last Supper was finished.
641
00:55:45,840 --> 00:55:48,800
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Boungiorno signore. Per favore.
642
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:51,400
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Posso... Aspetta.
643
00:56:25,360 --> 00:56:30,240
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Art and science had come together in miraculous harmony.
644
00:56:31,480 --> 00:56:38,360
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Leonardo had humanised the disciples by allowing them to show raw emotions.
645
00:56:38,360 --> 00:56:40,440
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Shock.
646
00:56:40,440 --> 00:56:42,560
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Grief.
647
00:56:42,560 --> 00:56:44,400
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Anger.
648
00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:50,400
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Building on Islamic scholarship of optics and perspective,
649
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:55,240
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he draws our eye to Christ at the centre of the table.
650
00:56:55,240 --> 00:56:58,040
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Everything radiates from him.
651
00:57:04,160 --> 00:57:06,240
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For the people who first saw it,
652
00:57:06,240 --> 00:57:10,240
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this would have been almost like a hallucination.
653
00:57:10,240 --> 00:57:14,400
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Sitting and eating in this room, they would have been drawn towards Christ
654
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:19,760
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almost as if they were sitting and eating with Christ in person.
655
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,880
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In its day, this was the shock of the new.
656
00:57:28,840 --> 00:57:35,840
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Leonardo remains a standard-bearer for the new confidence of Christian Europe,
657
00:57:35,840 --> 00:57:40,600
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but its journey to Renaissance was far more than simply a European story.
658
00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:48,080
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That muddy backwater had absorbed wealth and ideas from all around the world.
659
00:57:48,080 --> 00:57:51,920
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Some of that mud was now paved with marble,
660
00:57:51,920 --> 00:57:57,840
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and the backwater now thronged with merchants' ships, adventurers.
661
00:57:57,840 --> 00:58:01,640
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Europe was ready to spread her sails.
662
00:58:06,320 --> 00:58:08,600
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In the next programme...
664
00:58:09,880 --> 00:58:12,480
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..the age of plunder.
665
00:58:12,480 --> 00:58:15,480
̽�� ����
Exploration, conquest...
666
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,720
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..and the birth of capitalism.
667
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:25,640
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If you'd like to know a little bit more about how the past is revealed,
668
00:58:25,640 --> 00:58:26,620
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you can order a free booklet
668
00:58:26,620 --> 00:58:30,120
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called How Do They Know That?
669
00:58:30,120 --> 00:58:33,120
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Just call:
670
00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:38,280
���½
Or go to:
671
00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:43,640
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And follow the links to the Open University.
85435
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