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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:09,960 1498������ ���� Late summer, 1498, Milan. 2 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:14,440 �����ɶࡤ�����ո������ Leonardo da Vinci had just put the finishing touches 3 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:17,720 ���������ո��˴ﵽ�ʢʱ�ڵĻ��������һ�� to a defining image of the High Renaissance. 4 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:24,840 �ⲻ��������ʷ�ϵľ���ʱ�� This wasn't just a decisive time in the history of art, 5 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:29,120 Ҳ���������������ľ������� but also for the world's competing civilisations. 6 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:32,280 �����������͵ij��� After centuries of relative dullness, 7 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:36,520 ŷ�����»ص�����߻������Ļ�ʱ�� Europe was now home to the most dynamic culture of all. 8 00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:40,080 Ϊʲô? Why? 9 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:42,640 ����Щ�������� The answers are a little unexpected. 10 00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:48,560 ŷ������Ĺ��� The story of Europe's rise 11 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:51,120 �Ǵӹ�ȥ����Ϊ�ڰ�ʱ����ʼ�� from what used to be called the Dark Ages 12 00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:54,640 ���ڰ�ʱ��ͨ����ŷ����ʷ��ϵ��һ�� is often presented as a purely European story. 13 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:57,920 Ȼ����֪ʲôԭ�� �ŵ�ʱ������ҫ Somehow the glories of the Classical Age 14 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:01,560 �����·��� ���� ���ܺͻ滭���� are rediscovered, and then the sculptures 15 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:05,200 ȡ�ý��� ����Ҳ���ӻ��� the paintings just get better, and the churches get flashier, 16 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:07,840 ����Ȩ������ and the kings get mightier. 17 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:10,080 ��ǰ�尡 ŷ���ˣ� Go, those Europeans! 18 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:11,120 ������Ȼ Not quite. 19 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:19,680 �й�����˹���Ļ���ŷ�޸���ɫ���Ի� Europe had been outclassed and outshone by the Chinese and Muslim civilisations. 20 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,880 Ȼ������ͨ��ѧϰ And it was only by learning, 21 00:01:22,880 --> 00:01:27,600 Ȼ��������IJ����еõ���ѵ and then profiting from the misfortune of others, 22 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:30,200 ŷ�޿�ʼ���𲢴�Ź�� that Europe rose and shone. 24 00:01:36,320 --> 00:01:41,080 ŷ�޵���������ų��ö��㷺�IJп���ʵ Europe's emergence would involve explosive brutality far way... 26 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,920 ŷ���˼���û���µ� ..other cultures Europeans barely new... 27 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:52,800 �����ķ��� ..Oriental inventions... 28 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,200 �޴�İ�Χս ..titanic sieges. 30 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:04,720 �������Ļ��ܹ�������չ Few cultures just keep going all by themselves. 31 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:06,720 ���ǽ�������ֵ�˼�� They steal rivals' ideas. 32 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:11,200 ���ǶԱ��������µĿհ׷�ӵ���� They flow into the gaps that others leave behind. 33 00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:15,200 ���������������ĵ����γ� Civilisations aren't just shaped at the centre 34 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:20,040 �ڱ�Ե �������� �˼������ĵ��� but also at the margins, on the edges, 35 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:27,080 ����ͬ���ܹ������η�չ in the empty spaces where one day something unexpected arrives. 36 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,000 ����³��������ʷ 36 00:02:42,900 --> 00:02:45,500 ������� 37 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:51,840 ��Ԫ5���� �����۹������ After the fall of Rome in the 5th century AD, 38 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:56,520 ŷ���������֮�� ���Ʋ����ֹ� Europe huddled, her optimism froze. 39 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:01,800 �Ӷ�������İ�������ӵ���� Strange migrants poured in from the east. 40 00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:06,080 ������С �������Ļ�ѧϰ������ Towns shrunk. Learning was forgotten. 41 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:09,860 �����������������Ա�Ե���� The vitality came not from the 41 00:03:09,860 --> 00:03:12,960 �����ǹ��ϵ����ij��� old centres but from the edges. 42 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:21,080 û���˱�ά���� And no people were more vital, 43 00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:23,120 ������������ more unexpected 44 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:24,600 ������ʼ��δ�� than the Vikings. 45 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:35,920 ά���˳���ƽ�״� ��Խ���� Crossing the seas and oceans by flat-bottomed boat, 46 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:39,360 ��ʼ�����ǵĿֲ�ͳ�� the Vikings had already terrorised 47 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:44,520 ����ʼ��Ӣ������ �����ͷ�������ֳ��ͳ�� and begun to colonise the British Isles, Iceland and France. 48 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:47,080 �������������˸��������ͱ��� They'd even reached Greenland and North America. 49 00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:53,400 �����������볤��ֱ�붫ŷ�����ĵ��� Now they were heading deep into the heartlands of eastern Europe. 51 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,320 ��̸���������̶� When it comes to civilisation, 52 00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:03,140 ����Ų�� ��ʿ�͵����ά���� the Vikings from Norway, Sweden and Denmark 52 00:04:03,140 --> 00:04:06,840 ��û�и��˺õ�ӡ�� haven't had a very good press. 53 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:10,700 ŷ���������ڽ����ǿ���̰�����Ӷ��� Europeans tended to see them as ravening marauders 53 00:04:10,700 --> 00:04:14,200 û���κ��ʴȵ����ڽ������� pagans without mercy. 54 00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:19,080 �������ϵ����� "�뱣������Զ�뱱ŷ�˵Ŀ�" They prayed to God, "Preserve us from the fury of the Norsemen." 55 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:26,280 ���ǽ����Ӷ� �൱̰�� raid they did, quite a bit of ravening. 56 00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:28,720 Ȼ��ά��������������ԭ���� But the reason the Vikings really matter 57 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:32,960 ����ΰ���ͳ��������ҪѰ�󶨾� is because their greatest talent was for settling down. 58 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:39,920 ��882���һ������ And one morning in the year 882, 59 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:43,600 һȺ�ڻ������ӵ�С��˹���������� a group of Slavs in the small trading settlement of Kiev 60 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:49,480 ������λ���Ա�ŷ��İ������Կ� were about to be confronted by this strange talent of the men from the north. 61 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:57,240 ���ݼ�¼ ����֪�������������� We know what happened next, 62 00:04:57,240 --> 00:05:00,600 ʲô����ʮ���𾪵��� astonishingly enough, through written records. 63 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:03,680 �����Ǵ�ά���˻���˵ Though only from the point of view of the Vikings, 64 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:05,520 ���ǵ�ʱ���ƺ�����˹�˵ĽǶ������� or the Rus', as they were known. 65 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:11,600 �ڿ����׶��������ϵĵ��¶�Ѩ�޵�Ժ�� Below the ancient Monastery of the Caves in the Ukrainian capital of Kiev 66 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:16,080 ����ͬ�Թ�һ���ĵ����Һ͵��½��� is a labyrinth of cells and underground churches - 67 00:05:16,080 --> 00:05:19,720 ����ľ�����޵�ʿ����������֮�� the last resting place of mummified monks. 68 00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:24,840 ������ ʮ�������� And here, in the early 10th century, 69 00:05:24,840 --> 00:05:30,520 ��һЩ�޵�ʿд����������"�������" some of the monks wrote what became known as The Russian Primary Chronicle. 70 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:37,840 "�������"ֵ��һ����� The great thing about The Primary Chronicle 71 00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,200 ������ά��������д�� is that it is the Vikings speaking. 72 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:43,920 ���п��Ժ������Ŀ���ά���˵������ It's quite clearly the Viking world view still. 73 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:48,520 ����Ĺ��½����˵��ص�˹�����˲��� And the story it tells is that the local Slav tribes had no law 74 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:50,600 û�з��� ������Կ� and rose up against one another. 75 00:05:54,280 --> 00:05:58,160 �������ǵ���˹����ȥ ����˵ And so they went to the Rus' and they said, 76 00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:02,600 "���ǵ����ع�������" ����ȴû������ "Our land is vast and rich, but it has no order in it. 77 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:06,400 "����ͳ�����ǰ�" "Come in and rule over us." 78 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:15,280 �������벻��̫�������� Is it likely that the invitation was quite so polite? 79 00:06:15,280 --> 00:06:18,520 �� ����ά����ȷʵ������ No. But come the Vikings did. 80 00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:24,560 Զ�������ǰͷ��һλά������ ���и� At the head of their expedition was Oleg, 80 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:27,760 ���ǵ�ʱ��˹�˵����� a Viking prince and leader of the Rus'. 81 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:32,520 �������ڻ�����������ͳ�� He now staked his claim to Kiev. 86 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:57,680 ���и������Լ��ǻ����������� Victorious, Oleg declared himself the new prince of Kiev. 87 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,720 ������Ϊ�˵�ʱ And Kiev grew into the royal capital of a region that became known 88 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:05,840 ��˹�������Ļʼ��׶� as the land of the Rus'. 89 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:08,800 �������������Ƶ� Or as we'd say today... 90 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:10,800 ����˹ Russia. 91 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:14,980 ���������Ȼ����ף���и��ʤ�� Kiev still celebrates Oleg's victory 92 00:07:14,980 --> 00:07:18,760 �����൱¡�ص�ʱ�� �ⲻ��� as its real founding moment. And quite rightly, 93 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:23,840 ��Ϊ���и�ɹ���ͳһ����Χ�IJ��� because what Oleg achieved was he united all the tribes around 94 00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:26,360 ��ǿ�����ǽ��� and forced them to pay tribute. 95 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,120 ��� ����ά���˿��ԶԴӱ����� He and the Vikings now had a stranglehold 96 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:31,760 ��ó�׽���ǣ�� on all the trade running from north to south. 97 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:41,280 ����ΰ����������Ӻӱ���Դ���� Many great civilisations have begun on river banks. 98 00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:42,640 �ڵ�������(λ������) And here on the Dnieper, 99 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:46,560 ����Ƥë ����ū���������Ϸ� furs, wax and slaves went south, 100 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,880 �����������ɵ����� while silver - mined in Afghanistan 101 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,800 ����˹���µ�ǿ������������˱��� by the powerful, new civilisations of Islam - went north. 102 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,560 �ڵ������ӵ���ӿڴ��Ǻں� At the mouth of the Dnieper was the Black Sea - 103 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:02,640 �ǽ���ŷ������ԣ���� gateway to the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, 104 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:04,880 ��ʿ̹�������Ż� Miklagard, 105 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,280 "Miklagard"��ά�������ʿ̹��������˼ the Viking name for Constantinople. 106 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,440 ������ó�׺�˼��ķ�Դ�� A source of trade and ideas, 107 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,480 Ҳ��ϣ�������̵���Դ�� it was also home to the Greek Orthodox Christian Church. 109 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:29,080 �ڵ������һ������ ������Ȼ��ͬ A century after its birth, 110 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:32,680 ����ά����������һ��û���ڽ� Kiev was still as pagan as its Viking founders. 111 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,160 ��ʱ��ͳ���� �������׶��� Its ruler at the time, Vladimir the Great, 112 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:41,440 ����Ȼ���Ǹ��ڽ������� wasn't an obviously religious man. 113 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:46,680 һλ����ʷѧ�ҽ���������*** One chronicler described him as "Fornicator immensus". 114 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:49,400 ���Ǹ������׶��󹫾������ But Vladimir decided that 114 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:51,800 �������չ�ij��� an up-and-coming city needed 115 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:55,600 ��Ҫһ�����㷺���� �´������ڽ� one of these fashionable, new-fangled religions. 116 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:59,920 �����Լ���Ѱ���ķ�ʽѡ����һ�� And he came up with his own unusual way of choosing which one. 117 00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:05,200 ��˵��Ҫ���������� It's said that he asked representatives of Roman Catholicism, 118 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:08,840 ϣ�������� ��̫�̺���˹���̵Ĵ��� Greek Orthodox Christianity, Judaism and Islam 119 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:11,280 ������ǰ��˵���� to come here and persuade him. 120 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:13,720 "�������� ��˵����" "Go on, argue. Convert me." 121 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,000 ��λ��ά��սʿ��������˹���̺ܸ���Ȥ The old Viking warrior was quite interested in Islam 122 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,120 ����������˹���̱�����֮�� until he heard that it would involve giving up alcohol, at which point he said, 123 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:23,880 ��˵ "���� �������" in effect, "OK, you're out." 124 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:28,000 ��� ��ѡ����ϣ�������� In the end, he chose Greek Orthodox Christianity 125 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,400 ���ڻ�����ʼ�����һ��ʯͷ���� and began to build the first stone church in Kiev. 126 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:33,000 ����һ���ش�ľ��� It was a momentous choice 127 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:38,280 �����ǻع˹��ϵĶ���˹ʱ because so much of what we think of as the look of old Russia, 128 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:43,680 ��Щ����Ƶ�Բ�� ��ʦ ����ʿ�Լ�ʥ�� those onion domes, the priests and the monasteries and the icons, 129 00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:46,840 ȫ�����˸������׶���������ߵ�Ӱ�� all goes back to Vladimir's decision. 130 00:09:57,240 --> 00:10:00,480 ��Ƥë�����ӵ�ó�׿�ʼ What had started with trade - furs and silver - 131 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:04,880 ���չ�����Ļ� �������ڽ̵İٻ���� had flowered into culture, architecture and religion. 132 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:06,960 ��ʮ���� By the 10th century, 133 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:11,800 ά������ŷ�޻����˶��������̵Ľ��� Europe had an eastern Christian border, drawn by the Vikings 134 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:14,520 ���������� and lasting to the present day. 135 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:24,920 ��������޷�Χ�ڣ�ŷ�޵Ļ������ƺ���ֻ��һ�����޾���ĸշ�չ�������ڽ� Inside that border, Christian Europe still seemed unsophisticated, a bit ploddy. 136 00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:32,360 �ر��Ǻʹӳ����������ǻ۵��Ļ��з�չ���� Particularly compared to the vibrant, intellectual culture developing 137 00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:35,200 ���ѱ鲼�������������˹���̱����� across huge areas of the world under Islam. 138 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,160 827�� The year 827. 139 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:49,880 һ������ѧ�Һ���ѧ������������������ A team of astronomers and mathematicians was at work in the Sinjar Desert, 140 00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:51,880 ���ֶ�ɳĮ�﹤�� in north-western Iraq. 141 00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:55,680 �����������ǻ�֮�ҵ����ȱ��ѧ�� They were led by Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, 142 00:10:55,680 --> 00:10:58,760 �º�Ĭ���쵼 an Uzbek scholar from the House of Wisdom, 143 00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:02,400 �ǻ�֮����λ�ڰ͸�����Ҫ����˹���Ļ����� the great centre of Islamic learning in Baghdad, 144 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:06,280 ������Ҳ������˹���Ļ������� itself the heart of the new Muslim civilisation. 145 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:20,080 Al-Khwarizmi��ʱ����Ŭ����� Al-Khwarizmi was struggling with 146 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,120 һ����Ҫ�Ŀ�ѧ���� one of the biggest scientific puzzles of the time - 147 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:27,440 ������������ξ�ȷ�IJ��������Բ�� trying to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth. 148 00:11:32,680 --> 00:11:36,000 �ⳡ���ѵ�ɳĮ̽��ֻ�Ǽƻ��ĵ�һ�� This trek across the desert was only the first stage in a project 149 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:40,680 ����ƻ���Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Ma'mun����ִ�� which had been commanded by the Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Ma'mun, 150 00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:44,440 ����������ΰ��Ŀ�ѧ֪ʶ who wanted him to use his great scientific understanding 151 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,200 ȥ����һ����׼�������ͼ to produce an accurate map of the world 152 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:51,560 �����ͼ��������˹���۹���Ӱ�췶Χ which would show the huge extent of the Islamic empire. 153 00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:00,680 ��˹���Ѿ�ռ���˱������۹���Ҫ��ĵ��� Islam already dominated an area bigger than the Roman Empire. 154 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:07,000 �������ͣ���˹���쵼����ͳ���ų�����ǧ������� By the ninth century, Muslim rulers had more than 30 million subjects, 155 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:12,120 �����İͻ�˹̹�������쵽���������� stretching from today's Pakistan in the East to Spain in the West. 156 00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:27,080 ���dz��������ģ�ȫ�µĺ����ص���˹���̵�ʱ�� This is the age of vigorous, young, inquisitive Islam, 157 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:30,280 ����������ع��ϵľ��������ۼ���һ�� bringing together ancient texts from all around the world, 158 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:35,040 �������������ǣ�ͬʱҲ�ٽ��˿�ѧ����ѧ�ķ�չ trying to understand them, pushing forward in science and maths. 159 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:38,280 ������˹���̵Ļƽ�ʱ�� This is Islam's golden age. 160 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:48,200 Al-Khwarizmi���ڲ�������Բ�ܷ����� Al-Khwarizmi's idea was to measure the Sun's angle to the Earth 161 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:51,320 ֱ�������̫���ĽǶȱ仯��һ��ʱ���� until it changed by one degree. 162 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:57,880 ������������� He worked out that his men had walked 64.5 miles before the angle changed. 163 00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:00,640 ����ֻ���ù��Ӻͼ򵥵�ͭ������ Using just sticks and a simple brass instrument, 164 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:06,960 ���Ʋ�����Բ��Ϊ23200Ӣ�� he calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 23,200 miles - 165 00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:09,320 Ȼ���������ȴ�뾫ȷ�IJ��� a figure that, remarkably, 166 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:12,800 ���˵Ľӽ� is very close to the accurate calculation. 167 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:23,880 Al-Khwarizmi ���������һϵ�е�ͼ���� Al-Khwarizmi went on to create a series of charts, listing more than 2,000 cities 168 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:27,800 �о�������˹���۹���Χ�ڵij���2000�����к͵������� and geographical features right across the Islamic empire. 169 00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:36,080 Al-Khwarizmi�����Ƿ�����������ȡ��ͻ�� Al-Khwarizmi was taking breakthroughs in trigonometry and arithmetic 170 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:38,560 ��������ϵ��һ�𲢽������� and putting them together and explaining them. 171 00:13:38,560 --> 00:13:41,840 �������ں����ļ�������һֱ��ʹ�� His books were still being used hundreds of years later, 172 00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:45,760 ��������ר�������㷨�� and his real speciality was algorithms. 173 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:50,200 ��ʵ�ϣ�����������������д��Al-Khwarithmi In fact, the word comes from the Latin version of his name, Al-Khwarithmi. 174 00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:54,840 ��Ȼ ���㷨�����ִ�����������ز����ٵIJ��� And of course algorithms are essential in modern computer programming, 175 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:57,680 ����ÿ������������ֻ� so every time you pick up your mobile phone, 176 00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:02,560 ���ס��������һ�����ϵ����ȱ����˹�������� remember, there is an old Uzbek Muslim hidden inside it. 177 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:11,520 �ڴ�ʱ����˹�������类ŷ�޻���������Χ At this time, the Islamic world had Christian Europe surrounded. 178 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:16,200 ���������пƶ������˹����������ҫ�ŵ�����ǰ�� The Spanish city of Cordoba was a glittering western outpost 179 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,240 �������ϵڶ������ of the Muslim world, and the second-largest city on the planet, 180 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:22,320 �����ڰ͸�� after Baghdad. 181 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:28,160 ���Ĵ����Ƕ�ŷ�ޱ��������ͻ��������� It was a sparkling rebuke to the more meagre, muddy 182 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:30,800 һ������ Christian kingdoms of northern Europe. 183 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,640 ���������д����ž޴�������� At its centre stands the Great Mosque. 184 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:42,120 ������������ In its praying hall 185 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:47,920 850������ʯ������觺ͱ����Ƴɵ������������� shimmer 850 pillars of marble, onyx and jasper, 186 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:51,760 �����˲���ͬʱ����������Բ�� an imaginative mingling of Roman columns 187 00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:56,400 ��Զ���������ϵ������ and the memory of palm trees in some distant oasis. 188 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:59,320 �ۻ��������� Fusion architecture. 189 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:08,560 ��˵�ƶ�͵Ļʼ�ͼ���ӵ����ʮ����� Cordoba's Royal Library was said to hold 400,000 books, 190 00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:13,720 ���ڵ�ʱ�����Ļ�����ͼ���ֻ�м��ٱ��� at a time when the largest Christian libraries contained a few hundred. 191 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:19,800 �������������� ˼�����˽��� And where East met West, ideas were shared. 192 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,080 ��ƶ�������ĵط� �����Ŷ�һ���ط����ݵ�һ���ط� Places like Cordoba were wonderful 193 00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:29,080 ʵ����̫���� at taking the news from one part of humanity and passing it on, 194 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:31,960 ���ǣ���ϣ��ѧ˵����̫����ѧ so, ancient Greek learning, Jewish philosophy, 195 00:15:31,960 --> 00:15:36,480 ӡ�Ƚ̵���ѧ����˹�ֵ�����ѧ�͹���ѧ Hindu mathematics, Muslim astronomy and engineering 196 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:39,960 �����˻����̵����� were passed to the Christian world. 197 00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:44,160 ��󣬻����̻�ݻ�Al-Andalus������ Eventually, the Christians would destroy the kingdom of Al-Andalus, 198 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:49,520 ��ȴ���ڵ��˽�֪ʶ�Ļ�洫�ݵ���һ��֮�� but not before one enemy had passed on the torch of learning to the next, 199 00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:56,720 ������ǿ���˵�ڰ�ʱ��������������˹�ִ��Ƶ� so that what we call the Dark Ages was lit up by Muslim Spain. 200 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:05,680 �˿̣���Ҳ������� At this point, you might have assumed 201 00:16:05,680 --> 00:16:09,120 �����˹�����������չ the Islamic world would just keep advancing, 202 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,600 δ�����ǿ�ѧ����˹�� that the future was scientific and Muslim. 203 00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:24,560 ����Ϊʲôû�г������ֽ���Ĵ� The answer to why it wasn't can be found in another story from the margins, 204 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:28,240 ���ǿ��Դӷ����ڱ�Զ�����IJݵغ�ɭ���еĹ������ҵ� from a world of remote grassland and forests. 205 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:34,720 �зdz��򵥵ķ�ʽ�����������ʷ There's a very simple way of telling the human story. 206 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,400 ���������˺��ռ����ǵij��� Ȼ����ũ�� First, hunter-gatherers and then farmers, 207 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:40,240 �����dz���ͳ��У� �����ȫ�� and then towns and cities and all the rest of it. 208 00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:45,880 Ȼ���� ��һȺ����ȫ��������������� But there's one group of people who stand completely outside this story, 209 00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:48,640 ���DZ����������� and they are the nomads, 210 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:53,600 ���������ڲ��ܹ����и��ֵIJ�ԭ�� living on grassland which is too thin for farming 211 00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:57,560 ��ȴ������ţ��ɽ��ļ��ѵ�����֮�� but is wonderful for sheep and yak and goats, 212 00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:00,280 ���Ǹ��ݼ���Ǩ�� and so they move with the seasons. 213 00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:04,000 �ںܶ෽�棬���������������������� In many ways, the nomads are the people who tread most lightly 214 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:09,040 �����ױ����ӡ�������������һȺ�� on the surface of the Earth and leave least behind. 215 00:17:09,040 --> 00:17:12,240 ���� �ܻ������� But there is always an exception to the rule. 216 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:19,880 12���ͣ��ɹŴ��ԭ�����ٸ��໥������ In the 12th century, the Mongolian Steppe 217 00:17:19,880 --> 00:17:24,440 ��������ļ� was home to hundreds of rival nomadic tribes. 218 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:30,360 ��������ų��������ͱ��������� һ���к������� Into this world of feuding and violence, a boy was born. 219 00:17:30,360 --> 00:17:33,000 ������������ľ�� His name was Temujin. 221 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:42,320 When Temujin was nine, his father was poisoned by a rival tribe. 222 00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:44,600 SPEAKS IN MONGOLIAN 223 00:17:47,640 --> 00:17:52,360 Cast out with his mother and brothers, the young Mongol stayed alive 224 00:17:52,360 --> 00:17:54,040 by foraging and hunting. 225 00:18:03,320 --> 00:18:07,120 THEY SPEAK IN MONGOLIAN 226 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:15,000 Temujin would never forget a lesson his mother taught him. 227 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:20,800 "Brothers who work separately, 228 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:24,560 "like a single arrow shaft, can be easily broken. 229 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:30,520 "But brothers who stand together against a world, like a bundle of arrows, 230 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:32,160 "cannot be broken." 231 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,920 From unity came strength. 232 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:43,000 This single piece of learned wisdom 233 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:47,320 would be the basis of everything that Temujin would achieve. 234 00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:58,360 As he got older, Temujin fought and manoeuvred his way to lead his clan. 235 00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:04,640 But his ambition was much greater than that. 236 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:10,800 Temujin's greatest achievement was to unite the tribes of the Steppes. 237 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:15,480 When he defeated them, instead of offering them exile and disgrace, 238 00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:22,040 he would offer them brotherhood and a share in the spoils of future wars. 239 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,280 And quite soon, 240 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:30,120 the rival tribes were being melded together into one people, 241 00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:33,880 one army, riding and fighting together. 242 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:44,160 In 1206, Temujin took the title "universal ruler", 243 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:46,480 or Genghis Khan. 244 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:57,320 And he began to expand his empire beyond Mongolia. 245 00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:01,080 In just six years, his army swept across northern China 246 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:04,880 and in 1215, ransacked Beijing, giving the Mongols 247 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:07,320 weapons they'd never seen before. 248 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:13,080 Defeating the Chinese gave Genghis Khan access 249 00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:15,920 to awesome new military technology - 250 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:21,160 battering rams, scaling ladders, monster-sized crossbows, 251 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:24,680 and catapults that could fire firebombs. 252 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,920 With China now absorbed into his growing empire, 253 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,640 Genghis turned his army west 254 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:41,480 and marched into Central Asia 255 00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:44,360 to confront the greatest adversary of all - 256 00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:46,120 the forces of Islam. 257 00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:53,680 In the spring of 1220, 258 00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:58,080 the Mongols reached the magnificent Eastern outpost of the Islamic empire, 259 00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:00,160 Bukhara. 260 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:06,280 Bukhara, like Merv, Baghdad, and Samarkand, 261 00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:11,120 was where the rich, optimistic heart of the Islamic world could be found. 262 00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:15,080 SHOUTS ORDERS 263 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:22,600 But Bukhara had never experienced anything like the Mongols. 264 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:27,360 The combination of Chinese technology 265 00:21:27,360 --> 00:21:33,520 and Genghis Khan's disciplined, fearsome army of nomad horsemen 266 00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:38,840 produced a new kind of army, a new kind of threat. 267 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,320 The siege of Bukhara raged for 15 days, 268 00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:52,520 until the city was finally scorched into submission. 269 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:58,920 When Genghis entered Bukhara, his army showed no mercy. 270 00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,560 And Genghis himself was honoured, as always, 271 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,080 with the first pick of the captured women. 272 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:20,400 Bukhara was only the start. 273 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:25,960 One by one, the other great Muslim treasure-house cities were annihilated. 274 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:31,760 By 1223, Genghis Khan's destruction 275 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:35,960 of the Muslim empire in Central Asia was complete. 276 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:45,080 Within 20 years, the Mongol empire stretched from Beijing in the East 277 00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:48,560 right through the land of the Rus', into eastern Europe, 278 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:50,880 almost to the gates of Vienna. 279 00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,600 Genghis Khan's belief in strength through unity 280 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,920 had resulted in the largest land empire in history. 281 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:05,880 In his homeland today, the great warrior emperor is revered as a national hero 282 00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:11,920 and immortalised by this 40m-high steel monument. 283 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,000 But it seems as if Genghis Khan, 284 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,000 a man of many concubines and conquests, 285 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,720 may have achieved immortality of a different kind. 286 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:30,640 In 2003, scientists discovered a specific genetic marker 287 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:32,720 in men in Europe and Asia, 288 00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:37,040 which originated a little less than 1,000 years ago, 289 00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:41,640 in an area suspiciously close to that of the Mongol empire. 290 00:23:41,640 --> 00:23:48,960 And they concluded that probably 16 million men alive today 291 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:54,600 really did spring from the loins of Genghis Khan. 292 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:05,680 By wiping out the heart of the original Muslim civilisation, 293 00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:08,120 Genghis Khan left the way clear 294 00:24:08,120 --> 00:24:11,400 for another part of the world to begin to grow. 295 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,000 Christian Europe. 296 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:26,760 Trade flourished between East and West in the century after Genghis died, 297 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:32,520 an era of peace known as the Pax Mongolica. 298 00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:43,040 Flashy fabrics and pungent spices had travelled along the Silk Road 299 00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:46,600 to Europe from ancient times, but the lands they came from - 300 00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:49,960 China, indeed all of the Far East - 301 00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:53,200 remained a mystery in the West. 302 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:59,320 After the victories of Genghis Khan, the Silk Road was opened to outsiders. 303 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:06,360 And soon, it would set the imagination of Europe aflame. 304 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:17,920 Genoa, 1298. 305 00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,920 Two political prisoners share a prison cell. 306 00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:29,600 One man is Rustichello of Pisa, a writer of popular tales. 307 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:35,720 The other...is a gabby Venetian with a fabulous story to tell. 308 00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:39,200 E dopo tre giorni di cammino sulle montagne... 309 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:45,480 And in Rustichello, Marco Polo had found his perfect ghost writer. 310 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:55,360 Marco Polo was a new and adventurous kind of European merchant. 311 00:25:55,360 --> 00:25:58,600 And Venice was becoming the essential hub 312 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,240 for trade between Europe and the rest of the world. 313 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:10,680 Its prosperity was built on ruthless commercial attitudes 314 00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:16,560 and a navy mass-produced at its world-famous shipyard, the Arsenale. 315 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:28,160 But the Venetians were less interested in conquering than doing deals. 316 00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:35,040 And in a world that craved foreign tastes, you got the best deals by looking east. 317 00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:43,280 The Venetian fleets were tightly tied into a huge trade network 318 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:45,480 dominated by the Muslim world, 319 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:48,680 and dealing not just in slaves but in timber, 320 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:53,760 fur, salt and the incredibly valuable spices. 321 00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:01,120 The young Marco Polo's world was already flavoured 322 00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:05,880 and scented with cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves and pepper. 323 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,600 This was literally the smell and taste of the East. 324 00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:15,960 And he dreamed from an early age of following the ancient Silk Road 325 00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:17,640 which led to China. 326 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,520 In 1271, aged just 17, he was offered 327 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,240 a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity with his father and his uncle. 328 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:33,360 He set out east from Venice, bearing greetings from the most powerful man 329 00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:36,720 in Western Europe, Pope Gregory X. 330 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:44,480 Most Europeans barely moved more than a few miles from their birthplace. 331 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:46,640 Heading out so far into the unknown 332 00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:50,040 must have felt like launching yourself at the moon. 333 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,560 The trek took them more than three years 334 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:13,560 through the deserts and the mountains of Asia. 335 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:29,480 Finally, in 1275, they reached their destination. 336 00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:40,000 The court of Kublai Khan in Shangdu, 337 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,680 better known as Xanadu. 338 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,080 Xanadu seemed an earthly paradise. 339 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:07,800 Kublai Khan was entranced by the civilisation he now ruled. 340 00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,800 He was a Mongol becoming Chinese. 341 00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:16,640 His court celebrated the flow of ideas. 342 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:22,200 This was a land of safe roads, broad canals and manufactured goods. 343 00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,360 Still, he was fascinated by his visitors from Italy 344 00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:32,360 and their message from the Pope. 345 00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,840 He briefly considered turning Christian himself... 346 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:37,240 briefly. 347 00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:41,560 Pleased with their tales of distant lands, 348 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:47,320 he invited them to be part of his inner circle of diplomats and advisers. 349 00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:49,800 Marco Polo told Rustichello 350 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,120 he travelled to distant corners of China 351 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:56,360 on diplomatic missions for his patron. 352 00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:02,560 Later, he'd tell of astonishing things never seen in Europe, 353 00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:05,800 such as money made of paper, 354 00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,640 the burning of pieces of black stone for fuel, 355 00:30:09,640 --> 00:30:13,440 and the practice of eating snakes and dogs. 356 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:17,600 Though other things you'd think he'd notice, 357 00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:21,760 such as chopsticks or the Great Wall of China, 358 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:25,560 were missing from his tales when he finally got home. 359 00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:38,200 Around some men, stories gather like flies. 360 00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:42,080 It's said that when Marco Polo returned to Venice 361 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:46,640 after 24 years travelling in China and the Far East, 362 00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:50,760 dressed in greasy furs and filthy silks, 363 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:54,880 he simply slit open the seams of his clothes, 364 00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:59,000 and a cascade of rubies and emeralds poured out. 365 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,840 It's a good story, but take it with a pinch of salt, 366 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,720 because even in his lifetime, Marco Polo was known 367 00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:07,960 as Marco Il Milione - Marco Millions. 368 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:11,400 Not because of his wealth but because of his exaggerations. 369 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,680 Millions of this, millions of miles, millions of that. 370 00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:24,000 At this point, Marco Polo might have disappeared from the pages of history. 371 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,240 Instead, he dictated himself into them. 372 00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:30,280 ..arrive su un alto... 373 00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:33,680 During their imprisonment, Rustichello of Pisa 374 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,080 noted down his cellmate's stories. 375 00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,400 ..trovi un fiume bellissimo! 376 00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:44,160 And in 1298, copies of the manuscript began circulating around Europe, 377 00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,600 as Marco Polo's Description Of The World. 378 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:51,760 And Europe was gripped. 379 00:31:56,120 --> 00:32:00,240 Marco Polo's message was simple and seductive. 380 00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:06,240 There was a fabulous world of wealth and opportunity beyond Europe. 381 00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,560 But as Europeans would soon learn, 382 00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:22,120 there was also a dark side to this new international network. 383 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:25,920 Seven years after Marco Polo's death, 384 00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:31,320 a strange epidemic in China started killing people in huge numbers. 385 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:38,240 Very soon, the Black Death, carried on ships, probably by rats, 386 00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:41,960 spread into the Mediterranean region and then beyond. 387 00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:47,520 The same exchange of goods and people that had made Venice so rich 388 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,360 was now taking a terrible revenge. 389 00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:55,880 Across Europe, bustling markets became ghost towns, 390 00:32:55,880 --> 00:32:58,160 villages emptied, 391 00:32:58,160 --> 00:33:02,320 literacy retreated, authority tottered. 392 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:09,080 Marco Polo had issued a great, optimistic rallying call, 393 00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:13,880 but Europe was simply too weak to respond. 394 00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:21,560 The old core of the Islamic empire had been destroyed by Genghis Khan. 395 00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:26,200 But the decimation of Christian Europe by the Black Death 396 00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:31,800 meant that the stand-off between these two great religions would go on. 397 00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:45,560 Yet trade between them always continued, too, 398 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:47,480 especially between Venice 399 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:50,920 and the fabulously wealthy Muslim city of Cairo. 400 00:33:53,920 --> 00:34:00,480 And in July 1324, something appeared on the horizon 401 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:04,400 that would have a startling effect on Cairo's economy. 402 00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:09,720 A train of up to 60,000 soldiers, 70 camels, 403 00:34:09,720 --> 00:34:14,800 and 500 slaves carrying sceptres of gold. 404 00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:26,000 Leading this astonishing procession was an African king, Mansa Musa, 405 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,280 on a pilgrimage to Islam's holy city, Mecca. 406 00:34:32,520 --> 00:34:38,200 They had spent a year marching more than 2,000 miles across the vast desert 407 00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:42,600 that separated most of Africa from the Mediterranean world. 408 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:55,640 Mansa Musa was king of the greatest of the African empires south of the Sahara. 409 00:34:55,640 --> 00:35:01,560 Mali was a Muslim society where lots of people could read and write. 410 00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:05,280 It was a rich land based on farmers and fishermen, 411 00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:10,440 and on trading towns like Timbuktu and Djenne on the River Niger. 412 00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:22,680 The Niger was the lifeline of Mansa Musa's vast empire... 413 00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:28,760 ..carrying good throughout his kingdom, which occupied 414 00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:32,000 nearly half a million square miles. 415 00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:37,720 But the most significant source of Mansa Musa's prosperity 416 00:35:37,720 --> 00:35:41,320 was a commodity craved by rulers all over the world... 417 00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:44,440 ..gold. 418 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:49,640 Mali was an African El Dorado, 419 00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:52,920 and most of the world knew nothing about it. 420 00:35:56,840 --> 00:35:58,280 Until now. 421 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:07,360 When Mansa Musa's glittering caravan stopped off in Cairo, on its way to Mecca, 422 00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:09,760 he was an immediate sensation. 423 00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:13,280 He and his entourage spent three months 424 00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:16,880 in the city as guests of the Egyptian ruler, 425 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:21,360 freely handing out gold to its astonished residents. 426 00:36:37,240 --> 00:36:42,480 Cairo at the time was the world's largest gold market. 427 00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:48,840 But he threw around so much of the stuff that the price of gold plummeted. 428 00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:53,440 Indeed, merely because of Mansa Musa's tips, 429 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:56,720 the economy of Cairo, it is said, 430 00:36:56,720 --> 00:36:59,360 took ten years to recover. 431 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:08,800 The sudden appearance of Mansa Musa and his gold was a revelation. 432 00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:11,800 The world had just got bigger and richer. 433 00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:21,800 By the end of the 14th century, two-thirds of the gold in Europe came from Mali. 434 00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:28,920 It's thanks to the Muslim trading world 435 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:32,880 that Mali was able to touch hands with Europe. 436 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:36,440 And it's thanks to the Muslim travellers and writers we know so much about it. 437 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:38,440 But Mali was not alone. 438 00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:42,560 There were plenty of other African civilisations at this time. 439 00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:46,640 There was Zimbabwe, with its great stone-city dwellers. 440 00:37:46,640 --> 00:37:49,400 There was Benin, with its amazing metalworkers, 441 00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:53,600 who could rival anything in Italy or Germany at the time. 442 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:06,120 �����ǻƽ���������������������ŷ�� But it was gold and glittering Mali that had caught the European imagination. 443 00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:12,960 1375�� �������Ļ�ͼ�߻�����һϵ��ͼ�� And in 1375, when map-makers in Spain produced a series of charts, 444 00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:15,480 ��������������ͼ known as the Catalan Atlas, 445 00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:20,080 ͼ������������λ����������� Mansa Musa was shown sitting at the centre of Mali. 446 00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:25,880 ����������ʵ���ϰѷ��޷ŵ���ŷ�޵�ͼ�� Mansa Musa had quite literally put Africa on the European map. 447 00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:35,400 ���������͵�ŷ�޻���ͽ*** Wherever European Christians reached outwards in the Middle Ages, 448 00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,040 ���Ƕ��ᷢ����˹���� they found Islam. 449 00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:43,200 �������ڽ��Ѿ������˼������� These two great religions of the Book had been at war for centuries. 450 00:38:46,560 --> 00:38:50,320 ����ͽʮ�־�����������ʥ�� The Christian Crusades to gain control of the Holy Land 451 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:54,160 Ү·���������ŷ�� and the city of Jerusalem had inspired Europe, 452 00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:56,720 �����ž�����ת but then the tide turned, 453 00:38:56,720 --> 00:38:58,840 ��˹�ֵ��������� ��˹���� and Muslim Turks, the Ottomans, 453 00:38:58,841 --> 00:39:02,040 �������Ļ������������ƽ� pushed deep into once-Christian lands. 454 00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:10,160 �������Ƕ�ʱ�� �ڽ̶����Խ����ķ�ʽ But all that time, religious propaganda cast a discreet veil 455 00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:16,440 ͨ�����ٵ�ó�����紫�� �ж�˫�� over a flourishing web of trade and ideas passed between the rivals, 456 00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:21,480 ������Ϣ ��ʹ�����������߳���ʱ�� and that is true even of the most epic moment in the story - 457 00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:24,000 ��ʿ̹����Χ�� the Siege of Constantinople. 458 00:39:31,880 --> 00:39:35,160 1453��5�� May, 1453. 459 00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:40,280 �������˵������º�Ĭ�¶����Ӻ����� The Ottoman leader Mehmet II had dreamed of possessing Constantinople 460 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:42,280 ���μ��Լ�ͳ���˾�ʿ̹���� since he was a small boy. 461 00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:49,560 ���ǻ���ŷ�ޱ�Ե����Ҫó������ It was a vital trading crossroads at the edge of Christian Europe, 462 00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:52,720 �ɾ޴��������ǽ������ protected by massive Roman walls. 463 00:39:57,640 --> 00:39:59,480 һǧ������ For more than 1,000 years, 464 00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:03,560 ����һֱ���������������˾�η�ķ��� these were the most awesome defences in the Western world. 465 00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:08,880 ���ǽ������ߺ���˹�־��Ӿ�֮���� They kept out rebels and renegades, and Islamic armies too. 466 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:11,580 ���8���ͳ��������˵�Χ�� If a massive Arab siege in the early 700s 466 00:40:11,581 --> 00:40:15,080 �ܳɹ�ͻ����ЩΧǽ had succeeded in breaking these walls, 467 00:40:15,080 --> 00:40:20,840 ��û��������˹�����Ӳ��ִܵﱱ�� then there's no reason why the armies of Islam wouldn't have reached the North Sea. 468 00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:22,920 ������˵���й��ij��� We've heard of the Great Wall of China - 469 00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,880 ��ô��Щ����ŷ�޵ij��� well, these were the great walls of Europe. 470 00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:37,920 �������˽�������ɽ�� Established by the Romans on seven hills, 471 00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:40,600 ��ʿ̹�����������Լ�Ϊ������ Constantinople had always seen itself 471 00:40:40,601 --> 00:40:42,600 �����������Ǿ��������� as the new Rome, and its people Roman. 472 00:40:44,601 --> 00:40:50,400 ����Ϊ���ĵ۹����ºͺ�ΰ���ö��Ժ� They were fiercely proud of its imperial past and its magnificent churches. 473 00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:52,860 ��������������ֺ�Ľ���֮һ Including the greatest one in Christendom, 473 00:40:52,861 --> 00:40:55,360 ʥ�����Ǵ���� Hagia Sophia. 474 00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:06,480 ��������ǹŵ�ѧϰ�͹Ŵ����ǵı��� The city was still a storehouse of classical learning and ancient ritual. 475 00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:08,480 �����ڳ�˯�� It was still hypnotic. 476 00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:16,320 ������ ����������ʷ����������в But now, it faced its fiercest threat yet. 478 00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:33,640 *** ���������и��侲��ıԶ�ǵ��쵼�� In Mehmet, the Ottomans had a cool and calculating leader. 480 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,280 ���Ǹ��ϵ���˹�� He was a pious Muslim, 481 00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:43,040 ������40���˵ľ������д����Ļ���ͽ though there were plenty of Christians among his army of up to 400,000 soldiers. 482 00:41:46,840 --> 00:41:51,960 �෴�� ��ʿ̹����������Ա���� By contrast, Constantinople was seriously undermanned. 483 00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:57,480 �������еľ���ֻ�в�����ǧ�� The army defending the city numbered fewer than 5,000 people. 484 00:41:57,480 --> 00:42:00,060 �󲿷ֵĻ���ŷ�޹�����æ�� Most of Christian Europe was far too busy 484 00:42:00,061 --> 00:42:04,360 ���۲Ƹ�����Ը����Ԯ�� ��������� making money to bother to come to its aid. 485 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:14,960 �ٲ����˰����ܰ����ᡤ��˹�������� Among the few who did was Giovanni Giustiniani Longo, 486 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:19,760 ���������ǵĹ�Ӷ�� ��Χ��ս������ a mercenary from Genoa and an expert at siege warfare. 487 00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:39,360 ���ܹ��� ���������� As the weeks passed, the city was slowly throttled. 488 00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:47,560 �Ծ�ʿ̹����������˵ For the people of Constantinople, 489 00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:51,080 ���Ϯ��ǰ�����Ӿ�����׽��ٵ����� the days before the final attack were days of bad omens. 491 00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:58,920 �����ž޴��ʥĸ������ʥ�񴩹��ֵ� The priests carried a huge icon of the Virgin Mary through the streets, 492 00:42:58,920 --> 00:43:01,200 �������� praying for her to intercede. 493 00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:05,600 ��ʥ���ƺ�������� ����û���ȼ������� But the icon seemed strangely heavy, and they slipped and almost dropped it. 494 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,240 ���� Bad omen. 495 00:43:07,240 --> 00:43:10,880 ���� �����꽵�� ���ֵ���ɺӵ� Then, there was a terrible rainstorm, turning the streets into rivers, 496 00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:13,320 ��IJ������� worse than anyone could ever remember. 497 00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:15,160 ���� Bad omen. 498 00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:21,200 ��� ���ϳ���һĨ���ع���ĺ�� And finally, there was an unearthly, eerie, red glow in the sky 499 00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,360 ����������ʥ�����Ǵ���õ�Բ�� which seemed to bathe the dome of St Sophia 500 00:43:24,360 --> 00:43:28,000 ����ɫ������Ѫ with a colour rather like that of human blood. 501 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:31,080 ����ʵ��̫���� You don't get many omens worse than that. 502 00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:36,480 ������Щ����������Ϊ�ϵ�֮�ǵ�����˵ It seemed to the people of what had once been called the city of God 503 00:43:36,480 --> 00:43:40,280 �ϵ��ƺ����������� that perhaps God was deserting them. 505 00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:58,320 5��29���賿1:30 ���������⵽��ȫ�湥�� At 1.30am on the night of the 29th of May, the city came under all-out assault. 507 00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:12,920 ��˹�������Ἧ����һ������������ Giustiniani rallied every able-bodied defender to the walls. 508 00:44:12,920 --> 00:44:16,920 ����Ե��ǻ���ͽ�ļ��� Facing him was, well, Christian technology. 509 00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:20,000 �������͵¹�����ԱΪ�º�Ĭ�� Awesome siege guns made for Mehmet 509 00:44:20,001 --> 00:44:24,000 ������µĹ����� by Hungarian and German technicians. 510 00:44:26,520 --> 00:44:31,880 ��ʿ̹�����ֿ���5��Сʱ Constantinople managed to hold off the remorseless attackers for five hours. 511 00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:40,520 ��������˹���������������� But then, Giustiniani was mortally wounded. 512 00:44:42,680 --> 00:44:45,920 �ֻ��ھ�ƣ��������Ⱥ������ Panic quickly spread amongst his exhausted men. 514 00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:06,640 һ����һ����������ʿ������ֱ�� Wave upon wave of Ottoman soldiers now smashed their way into the city. 515 00:45:15,840 --> 00:45:22,440 �����糿 ʥ�����ǽ��ü����˽�ʣ�������� On that final morning, Hagia Sophia was crammed with the last of the Romans. 516 00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:30,280 �ֻŵ��� ���˺�С�� ��Ů�͹��� Terrified people, old men and children, nuns and noblemen, 517 00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:33,520 �������ն��������� crammed in here for a final mass. 518 00:45:33,520 --> 00:45:38,000 ��������ļ�̳ �����̳����� Up there on the altar, the priest would be chanting and praying, 519 00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:42,960 ����˹�����ø�ͷ����ľ�� and yet above their voices was the sound of the great oak doors 520 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:45,760 �������ǹ������ǵ� splintering under Ottoman axes. 521 00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:49,080 ������ļ����Խ��Խ�� And as the screaming inside the church got louder, 522 00:45:49,080 --> 00:45:52,240 �񸸵�������ҲԽ��Խ�� and the chanting by the priests got louder, 523 00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:54,200 ��ͷ���ŵ�����Ҳ����� so did the sound of the axes, 524 00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:57,920 ֱ������ �ű��ҿ��� until finally...the doors gave way. 525 00:46:06,080 --> 00:46:09,920 ��������֮�DZ������� So the most coveted city in the world was taken. 526 00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:15,720 �ܿ�ʥ����������ΰ��Ļ������� And soon the great Christian cathedral of Hagia Sophia 527 00:46:15,720 --> 00:46:18,640 ��������˹���̵ĵ��� resounded to Islamic prayers. 528 00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:21,000 �Ӵ˳�Ϊһ�������� It's been a mosque ever since. 529 00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:35,340 ����ĺ��� һ����������� Later that day, a triumphant Mehmet 529 00:46:35,341 --> 00:46:37,840 �º�Ĭ���������������� rode through the city. 530 00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:43,160 �������Լ�������ɱ�Ĺ�ģ���� Even he was shocked by the scale of the slaughter. 531 00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:50,040 һ��������1100��ĵ۹������� And so an empire which had lasted for more than 531 00:46:50,041 --> 00:46:53,040 ת���˰�˹�������� 1,100 years gave way to the Ottomans. 532 00:46:53,040 --> 00:46:56,240 �����̱���˹����ȡ�� Christianity was replaced by Islam. 533 00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:02,480 ��ʿ̹�����������Ϣ����ŷ�޸�����˵ The news of the fall of Constantinople arrived in the rest of Europe 534 00:47:02,480 --> 00:47:06,240 ������������� ��Ѹ�ٴ������� like a thunderclap, and it spread like wildfire. 535 00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:11,560 �������ܶ�Ӣ�µ��������˺�����˹�� But no sooner was the blood dry on the corpses of the defenders, 536 00:47:11,560 --> 00:47:16,240 ���ڵ��س���ʬ���ϵ�Ѫ��û��͸ʱ including many heroic Genoese and Venetians, 537 00:47:16,240 --> 00:47:20,600 ���������Ǻ�����˹�Ĵ����Ѿ���ǰ�� than boats were setting sail again from Genoa 538 00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:24,360 �������˵���˹̹����(����ʿ̹����) and from Venice back to Ottoman Istanbul, 539 00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:27,440 ���յ�Ѱ��ó�׹�ϵ seeking terms of trade with the Sultan. 540 00:47:28,640 --> 00:47:33,560 �����ڻ�ҩζ��ʧ��ͬʱ Almost as soon as the gunpowder smell had faded, 541 00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:37,920 ��ó�ͻָ������� it was back to business as usual. 542 00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:40,440 ó������ͣϢ Business never rests. 543 00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:51,040 ��ռ��ʿ̹�����ǰ�˹������ΰ���ʤ�� The capture of Constantinople was the Ottomans' greatest victory. 544 00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:54,120 ��������־��һ����Ԫ�Ľ��� But it also marked the end of an era. 545 00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:57,120 �������������һ��ΰ���Χ�� This was the last great medieval siege. 546 00:48:01,080 --> 00:48:03,840 �º�Ĭ�²�֪������������ And what Mehmet could not have realised 547 00:48:03,840 --> 00:48:10,080 �ǰ��ȡ���Dz��ֵط��Ѿ���ǰ���� is that the most advanced, pushy part of the world had already moved on. 548 00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,120 �µ��Ļ���ͻ The great new cultural clash 549 00:48:13,120 --> 00:48:18,360 �ڲ��ϳɳ� ���Ҿ�������������� was between the rising and fiercely competitive city states of Italy. 550 00:48:21,720 --> 00:48:27,320 ������ó�״����IJƸ���ȫ�������˼�� Now brimming with wealth from trade and new ideas from around the world, 551 00:48:27,320 --> 00:48:32,840 �Ӿ�ʿ̹���������Ļ���ѧ���Ƿ��� Christian scholars who had fled from Constantinople found these buzzing towns 552 00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:36,880 ��Ƭ������֪ʶ�ı����� ����Щ��ǽ�� to be citadels of knowledge, and from within their walls, 553 00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:39,360 ŷ�������� Europe would be reborn. 554 00:48:43,680 --> 00:48:45,200 ���ո��� The Renaissance. 555 00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:47,640 ŷ�޵����� Europe's rebirth. 556 00:48:47,640 --> 00:48:49,780 ʵ��������һ��������ʹ������� Well, it was a long and painful birth 556 00:48:49,781 --> 00:48:52,880 ��������200�� - it went on for about 200 years. 557 00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:55,400 ����֪�����ո����ǹ��� We're told that the Renaissance was all about 558 00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:59,040 �ŵ�ѧϰ�ĸ��� ���ܷ��� the rediscovery of classical learning, and it's absolutely true 559 00:48:59,040 --> 00:49:02,680 ����һʱ��ΰ���������ϣ�������� that in this period the great Latin and Greek writers 560 00:49:02,680 --> 00:49:06,280 *** begin to bubble back into Europe's consciousness. 561 00:49:11,040 --> 00:49:14,920 ��������������˵ ���ո����ǹ��ڴ��� But, really, the Renaissance is about the new. 562 00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:16,120 �����Ĵ��� New ways of building, 563 00:49:16,120 --> 00:49:19,440 �滭�������Ĵ��� new ways of painting and making, 564 00:49:19,440 --> 00:49:22,520 �µĽ�Ǯ���µ����� new money and new confidence. 565 00:49:22,520 --> 00:49:25,920 ���������ڵ۹���һ������� Not coming from empires or nation-states 566 00:49:25,920 --> 00:49:29,200 ��������ŷ��ΰ��ijǰ���� but from the great city-states of Europe 567 00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:33,440 �ر�������������ijǰ���� and, in particular, the great city-states of northern Italy. 568 00:49:33,440 --> 00:49:35,320 ������ Genoa. 569 00:49:35,320 --> 00:49:36,520 ���� Pisa. 570 00:49:36,520 --> 00:49:38,520 �������� ����˹ Florence. Venice. 571 00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:39,840 �Լ����� And Milan. 572 00:49:44,120 --> 00:49:46,760 1495�� 1495. 573 00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:52,960 13���� �����ɶࡤ����� For 13 years, Leonardo da Vinci 574 00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:58,480 �ܹ�����������¬��ά�ơ�˹�������Ĺ�͢ had been employed at the court of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. 575 00:50:00,680 --> 00:50:05,800 ����ÿ��Ҫ���������ڸ������뷨�� Every week, he bombarded the duke with new ideas and schemes 576 00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:09,920 ������� ս������ �DZˮ�� for portable bridges, fighting machines... 577 00:50:09,920 --> 00:50:12,160 ����Ƶĺ�ը deep-sea diving suits? 578 00:50:14,040 --> 00:50:17,080 �����ž��˵��츳 His talents were prodigious. 579 00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:19,840 ���Ƕ���ķ����� Ҳ�����ּ� A prolific inventor, he was also a musician, 579 00:50:19,841 --> 00:50:23,040 ����ʦ�Լ������� an engineer and an artist, 580 00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:28,800 �������ҵ��˳��ʩչ���ܵĵط� and he had found the perfect place to fulfil his talents. 581 00:50:30,240 --> 00:50:34,600 15����ĩ�ڵ�������������ԣ�ij��� Milan in the late 15th century was the wealthiest city in Italy. 582 00:50:38,440 --> 00:50:40,440 ���и����IJ����Ĺ��� With its ambitious duke, 583 00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:45,280 Ϊ��˼����ð���ṩ�˷��ֵ����� it offered a fertile environment for new thinking, risk-taking. 584 00:50:45,280 --> 00:50:47,280 ����������˹���������� The duke's family, the Sforzas, 585 00:50:47,280 --> 00:50:50,640 ��һ���µ����ν׼���һ���� were part of a new political class who had grown rich 586 00:50:50,640 --> 00:50:54,800 ������巢����ŷ�޲��������ó������ from Europe's ever-expanding trade networks. 587 00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:58,920 ���ͷ����ִ���� ���������Ž�Ǯ��Ȩ�� Like present-day oligarchs, they dealt in money and power, 588 00:50:58,920 --> 00:51:03,960 �����ǿ�������λ but what they craved was respectability. 589 00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:09,360 ¬��ά�Ʋ������ڵĹ��� Ludovico wasn't exactly aristocracy. 590 00:51:09,360 --> 00:51:14,280 ���ĸ������ǹ�Ӷ���� �����ϸı����� His father had been a mercenary warlord who kept changing sides. 591 00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:16,600 ����Ϊ������ս�� Fight for absolutely anybody. 592 00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:19,720 �������ɹ�������� And he'd ended up effectively grabbing Milan. 593 00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:27,280 ˹���������岻̫��Ҫ�Ʊ� ������Ҫ��λ The Sforzas didn't exactly need bling, but they needed some class. 594 00:51:27,280 --> 00:51:30,680 ������ҪһЩ����Ѭ�� They needed some artistic bedazzlement 595 00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:36,040 ����ͼ�������������Ǵ����� to try to make the people out there forget where they'd come from. 596 00:51:41,880 --> 00:51:44,760 �����ɶ���ǹ����ṩ��� Leonardo was paid to provide this. 597 00:51:45,880 --> 00:51:48,240 ������������ѭ�浸�ع������� But he wasn't a day-job kind of man. 598 00:51:48,240 --> 00:51:53,520 ���ıʼDZ��ϼ���������͸������ He filled notebooks with sketches and scribbled thoughts, 599 00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:58,800 ���������и��ֻ����ṹ�� digging into the underlying structures and curious parallels 600 00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:01,280 ��Ȼ�������ƽ���� he found all around him in nature. 601 00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:10,520 �����ɶ�������ʱ�������Ϳ�ѧû�н��� In Leonardo's time, there is no division between art and science. 602 00:52:10,520 --> 00:52:14,080 ������ѧϰ͸�ӻ��� The artist studies the laws of perspective, 603 00:52:14,080 --> 00:52:16,520 �о�ɫ�ʵı仯 works out how colours change, 604 00:52:16,520 --> 00:52:21,000 ��ϸ�۲�����Ļ������� looks very closely at the underlying structure of things. 605 00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:28,160 ������ѧϰ������ĥ�����Ը�����Ĺ۲� The artist learns how to grind lenses to look more closely, 606 00:52:28,160 --> 00:52:32,680 ѧϰ��������������������� learns how to cast metal to create a statue. 607 00:52:34,320 --> 00:52:38,240 ��ѧ����֪ʶ ��ѧϰʵ��������ʹ Science is just knowledge, and learning 608 00:52:38,240 --> 00:52:44,040 �������� �������� ���Բ��� the practical skills which allow other things, including art, to be made. 609 00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:51,240 ���ڹ��������а��ɶ�һ�������ļ���ѧ And now the Duke gave Leonardo a chance to pull together 610 00:52:51,240 --> 00:52:55,160 ͸�ӻ��� ����ѧ֪ʶ������� his studies of geometry and perspective and human anatomy 611 00:52:55,160 --> 00:52:58,240 ���һ��ΰ�����Ļ��� for one spectacular painting. 612 00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:16,080 ˹������ί�������ɶ��� Sforza commissioned Leonardo to paint Christ's last supper with his 12 disciples 613 00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:18,600 ʥ�����ǵ¶������޵�Ժ������ǽ�� on the wall of the monks' dining room 614 00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:22,120 ��һ��Ү�պ�����12����ͽ������͵Ļ� in the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. 615 00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:28,840 ����һ�����䳡�� ֮ǰ�ѱ����������� It was a traditional scene, one that had been painted many times before. 616 00:53:28,840 --> 00:53:31,480 (ò�����������...) Io voglio un grande... 617 00:53:31,480 --> 00:53:32,560 (ò�����������...) va bene? 618 00:53:32,560 --> 00:53:37,800 �ܵ���˵ ����ϣ������"��������"�޴� Above all, the Duke wanted his Last Supper to be big and impressive. 619 00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:41,640 ����ӡ����� �������ɶ���ʶ�� But Leonardo realised this was an opportunity 620 00:53:41,640 --> 00:53:44,480 �������˵��һ����Щ���µĻ��� to do something genuinely new. 621 00:53:47,520 --> 00:53:52,200 �����ɶ౻���ں�δ�������� Leonardo was obsessed by the now and the future. 622 00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:54,360 ����һ��ǿ��֢��ʵ���� He was a compulsive experimenter. 623 00:53:54,360 --> 00:53:58,320 ���ִ���ѧ��һ�� �������ڷ��� Like modern scientists, he was fascinated by finding 624 00:53:58,320 --> 00:54:01,440 ��ʵ֮���������� the hidden patterns underneath reality. 625 00:54:01,440 --> 00:54:03,440 ������ع˹�ȥ He wasn't about looking back. 626 00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:06,920 ��������õķ��� ����ר�ĵĿ� He was about looking better, looking more intently, 627 00:54:06,920 --> 00:54:10,040 �����ܵĶ����Լ���δ���� looking around him and looking ahead. 628 00:54:15,640 --> 00:54:17,000 �����ɶ������ʱ�� Leonardo decided to freeze 628 00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,240 ������һ��Ϸ���Ե�ʱ�� one dramatic moment in time. 629 00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:25,520 �����µĸ߳� ��Ү�ո�����ͽ�� The climax of the story, when Christ revealed to his disciples 630 00:54:25,520 --> 00:54:27,560 ��������һ���ᱳ���� that one of them would betray him. 631 00:54:34,440 --> 00:54:37,760 ���е�ÿһ������ ���� And every posture, every gesture, 632 00:54:37,760 --> 00:54:43,440 ÿһ���沿���鶼��Դ����ʵ���� every facial expression in the painting would be taken from real life. 633 00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:52,840 �����ɶ��������Ľ�ͷ��Ѱ��ͽ�ǵ��� Leonardo ransacked the streets of Milan looking for faces for the disciples. 634 00:54:52,840 --> 00:54:55,960 ���ѵ����̴� The really difficult one was Judas. 635 00:54:55,960 --> 00:54:58,360 �����˽���һ��Ѱ��һ���� And, apparently, he spent nearly a year 636 00:54:58,360 --> 00:55:04,200 ���ֳ��̴�IJ���а����� looking for somebody with the right mix of cruelty and evil to play Judas. 637 00:55:08,240 --> 00:55:12,120 �����ɶ����һϵ�еĽ��������� Leonardo drew on a series of his own anatomical sketches 638 00:55:12,120 --> 00:55:15,200 ����׽�������ı��� to capture the essence of human expression. 639 00:55:19,560 --> 00:55:24,880 ������ �����ͻ��ϵ����︡�ֳ��� Slowly, the painting and its characters began to emerge. 640 00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:40,960 ��������ļ�๤�� ������������� Finally, after three years of painstaking work, The Last Supper was finished. 641 00:55:45,840 --> 00:55:48,800 (�������...) Boungiorno signore. Per favore. 642 00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:51,400 (�������...) Posso... Aspetta. 643 00:56:25,360 --> 00:56:30,240 �����Ϳ�ѧ�漣��Ľ������ Art and science had come together in miraculous harmony. 644 00:56:31,480 --> 00:56:38,360 �����ɶ�ͨ����ͽ��ԭʼ���鸳���������� Leonardo had humanised the disciples by allowing them to show raw emotions. 645 00:56:38,360 --> 00:56:40,440 �� Shock. 646 00:56:40,440 --> 00:56:42,560 ���� Grief. 647 00:56:42,560 --> 00:56:44,400 ��ŭ Anger. 648 00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:50,400 ����˹��ѧ�ߵĹ�ѧ��͸��ͼ�Ļ����� Building on Islamic scholarship of optics and perspective, 649 00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:55,240 �������ǵ�Ŀ�⼯�������������Ү���� he draws our eye to Christ at the centre of the table. 650 00:56:55,240 --> 00:56:58,040 ���ж���������ɢ���� Everything radiates from him. 651 00:57:04,160 --> 00:57:06,240 ���ڵ�һ�ο����⻭������˵ For the people who first saw it, 652 00:57:06,240 --> 00:57:10,240 �⼸������þ� this would have been almost like a hallucination. 653 00:57:10,240 --> 00:57:14,400 ����䷿��Է� ���DZ�Ү��������ȥ Sitting and eating in this room, they would have been drawn towards Christ 654 00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:19,760 ���ǻ���÷·��Ү������һ���ò� almost as if they were sitting and eating with Christ in person. 655 00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,880 ����������ʱ�� ����Ǵ��¸��˵��� In its day, this was the shock of the new. 656 00:57:28,840 --> 00:57:35,840 �����ɶ�һֱ�ǻ���ŷ���µ������ĵ���ͷ�� Leonardo remains a standard-bearer for the new confidence of Christian Europe, 657 00:57:35,840 --> 00:57:40,600 �����ո���֮·Զ��ֹ�Ǹ��򵥵�ŷ�޹��� but its journey to Renaissance was far more than simply a European story. 658 00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:48,080 ��̶���ǵ���ˮ������ȫ����IJƸ����뷨 That muddy backwater had absorbed wealth and ideas from all around the world. 659 00:57:48,080 --> 00:57:51,920 һЩ��������˴���ʯ Some of that mud was now paved with marble, 660 00:57:51,920 --> 00:57:57,840 ��ˮ�����������̴���ð�ռ� and the backwater now thronged with merchants' ships, adventurers. 661 00:57:57,840 --> 00:58:01,640 ŷ����׼����Զ�� Europe was ready to spread her sails. 662 00:58:06,320 --> 00:58:08,600 ��һ�� In the next programme... 664 00:58:09,880 --> 00:58:12,480 �Ӷ��ʱ�� ..the age of plunder. 665 00:58:12,480 --> 00:58:15,480 ̽�� ���� Exploration, conquest... 666 00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,720 �Լ��ʱ�����ĵ��� ..and the birth of capitalism. 667 00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:25,640 ��������˽���������ʷ��������¶�� If you'd like to know a little bit more about how the past is revealed, 668 00:58:25,640 --> 00:58:26,620 �������Ѷ���һ����Ϊ you can order a free booklet 668 00:58:26,620 --> 00:58:30,120 "������ô֪��"��С���� called How Do They Know That? 669 00:58:30,120 --> 00:58:33,120 ��ֻҪ���� Just call: 670 00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:38,280 ���½ Or go to: 671 00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:43,640 ������Ŵ�ѧ������ And follow the links to the Open University. 85435

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