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As we began
to contemplate evacuation,

the question,
the burning question was,

"Who goes,

and who gets left behind?"

I borrowed a truck

and I basically sent
the signal to my folks,

and this meant a group
of South Vietnamese majors,

lieutenant colonels, colonels
and their families

to muster at an address
in downtown Saigon.

I drove down there,
they loaded up onto the truck,

and I drove them to the airbase.

And I had told them,
"When you hear three thumps,

"that means
hold the babies' mouths.

"Don't breathe, don't talk,
don't make any noise

because we're going through
the gatepost."

I saluted in uniform

as a captain
of the United States Army.

The guard waved me through,

and I drove straight out
to the flight line

to an aircraft
that was awaiting.

One Vietnamese colonel that was
putting his family on the plane,

he had wanted to stay in Vietnam
to defend the country.

And this full colonel had,
like, eight kids and a wife.

And he was in tears,
the family...

The family were in tears,

and I said to him,
"Get on the plane.

"Just... go.

Go."

It was a terrible,
terrible, terrible moral dilemma

for everybody.

We today have concluded
an agreement to end the war

and bring peace with honor
in Vietnam.

We have adopted a plan
for the complete withdrawal

of all U.S. combat
ground forces.

We are finally bringing
American men home.

We who made the agreement

thought that it would be
the beginning

not of peace
in the American sense,

but the beginning of a period
of coexistence

which might evolve as it did
in Korea into two states.

Reconciliation between
North and South Vietnam

we knew would be
extremely difficult.

But I was hopeful.

Because of the Paris Agreement,

American soldiers
were going home.

But I was on my way back
to Vietnam.

I was assigned to Saigon

in the first week
of August 1973,

so about six months
after the ceasefire.

I would say that between
the State Department people

and CIA people,

the contractors who were there
to maintain infrastructure,

maintain aircraft,

as well as people like me,

we had 5,000 to 7,000 Americans
in country.

A lot of the guys had Vietnamese
girlfriends and wives,

in many cases with children.

In general,
things were eerily calm

and in many ways normal
in Saigon.

My sense was that
we were gonna be there,

you know, pretty much
for a long time to come.

I was assigned to the
American embassy in Saigon.

I was in charge

of the 84 Marine security guards
that were there,

making sure that they kept up

with their physical fitness
training.

We were there to protect
American lives

as well as American property.

It was just a day-to-day job.

The Ambassador there
was a guy named Graham Martin,

a North Carolinian,
just as I was.

He spoke with a slow
Southern drawl.

He was a great gentleman.

He was a cold warrior
in the old stripe.

He'd lost an adopted son
in Vietnam to combat.

And he was not gonna give up
South Vietnam to the Communists.

He was determined
to keep U.S. aid

flowing into Saigon.

When the ceasefire occurred
in 1973,

everybody toasted it
with Bloody Marys

in the U.S. embassy.

It was a grand party.

We thought peace was at hand.

But the Paris Peace Accord
was a masterpiece of ambiguity.

In order to get President
Thieu and the South Vietnamese

to go along
with the Paris Agreement,

President Nixon
pulled out all the stops,

and in a letter
to President Thieu,

he promised that
if the North Vietnamese

were to substantially violate

the terms
of the Paris Agreement,

the United States would respond
with full force.

In other words, reenter the war.

The North Vietnamese
viewed Nixon as a madman.

They were terrified of him.

They believed that Nixon,
if necessary,

would bring back
American air power.

But in August 1974, he was gone.

Nixon resigned
because of Watergate.

And overnight,
everything changed.

Hanoi suddenly saw the road
to Saigon as being open.

The South Vietnamese population

had ample reason to fear
the Vietnamese Communists.

The Communist conduct
throughout the course of the war

had been violent
and unforgiving.

For example,
when the city of Hue

was taken over
by the North Vietnamese,

several thousand people
on a long blacklist

were rounded up...

School teachers,
government civil servants,

people who were known
anti-Communists...

And they were executed,

in some cases even buried alive.

So panic was
but a millimeter away.

Hundreds
of thousands of refugees

are in a blind rush
to flee even further

from the rapidly advancing
Communists.

Bruce Dunning reports.

President Thieu
broadcast a strong appeal

to the soldiers and the people
of Da Nang,

urging them to stay and fight.

As the enemy approaches,
the panic has swept

from the coastal city's
crowded backstreets and pagodas

onto runways at the airport.

Our plane is surrounded here.

I don't know how the hell
we're gonna get out.

We're racing down the runway,

leaving behind hundreds
and thousands of people.

Another dozen of them
running along,

grabbing at the air stair.

We're pulling them on
as fast as we can.

There's a sea of humanity
jamming on.

Impossible to stop the crowd.

We're pulling away.

We're leaving them behind.

We're pulling up with the...

People are falling
off the air stairs!

The plane is taking off.

It was every man for himself.

So you saw
the World Airways flight

being mobbed
by South Vietnamese soldiers.

You saw ships
with thousands of refugees,

including lots of soldiers.

You saw out-of-control panic.

Basically
any boats, trucks, airplanes,

or anything going south

were besieged by people
wanting to get onboard.

The Americans were gone,

and as a result, the house
of cards began to collapse.

The North Vietnamese
decided to escalate,

escalate, escalate, escalate
at every turn

to see if the United States
would react.

In April of '75, I
was with President Gerald Ford,

and we were flying across
the country on Air Force One

when one of the airplane's crew

comes and hands me a note,

and it says,
"Da Nang has fallen."

Ford was bombarded
by questions from the press

after he got off Air Force One.

Around 150,000 to 175,000

well-trained North Vietnamese
regular forces

in violation
of the Paris Peace Accords

moved into South Vietnam.

We have objected
to that violation.

It's a tragedy unbelievable
in its ramifications.

We are now in a crisis.

We had a wave of humanity:

500,000 refugees rolling,
rolling south towards Saigon,

and 160,000 North Vietnamese
troops moving right behind them.

I had become so concerned,

I decided to pull
our best Vietnamese agents in

out of the woodwork

to try to see
what they could tell us

about Communist planning, which
obviously was rapidly evolving.

On the 8th of April,

I met with one of our
best agents,

who said, "The Communists
are gonna drive on Saigon."

They're gonna be in there
by Ho Chi Minh's birthday,"

which was May 19th,
literally a month away.

Communist forces
in South Vietnam,

already solidly in control
of 11 provinces,

began working on yet
another one today: Binh Dinh.

I kept a map every day

on the progress of the North
Vietnamese onslaught.

By the 5th of April,

the North Vietnamese had 15,
even 16 divisions

heading in the direction
of Saigon.

They were bringing
SA-2 missiles down

to provide anti-aircraft cover
for their forces.

There were people
who were saying,

"Look, we've gotta do
some heavy, heavy planning here

"because depending
on how this goes,

and it doesn't look good now,
we may all have to evacuate."

And Ambassador Martin

wouldn't tolerate or countenance
such thought.

That was defeatism.

That was poisonous
to the prospects

of the people
we're here to help.

But people could see
what was going on

and they started leaving,
especially the Americans.

I'm leaving Vietnam.

Why?

I'm kind of scared,
to be honest with you.

To be perfectly honest with you,
I'm really scared.

I think the situation's
a lot worse than we know about.

There was always a standing
evacuation plan in the embassy.

It held that in an emergency,

all Americans
still in the country,

about 6,000 people,
would be evacuated

and that no South Vietnamese
would be evacuated with them.

I was a student.

The school's not closing,

but it seemed like nobody's
interested in school anymore.

You can't stay here.

You can't live
with the Communists,

especially if you have
a connection with the Americans.

Then you really gotta get out.

If we really made up a
list of endangered South Vietnamese,

the ones who really worked
closely with us during the war,

this number could be
150,000, 200,000.

Including their families,
many more than that.

But the idea
of talking about an evacuation

and of planning
for an evacuation of Americans,

let alone an evacuation
of Vietnamese,

was still anathema
in the embassy.

If you mean, "Is South Vietnam"

on the imminent verge
of collapse?"

I think the answer
is quite definitely no.

We were
dealing with an ambassador

who was just convinced
that somehow,

he was going to be able
to pull this out

and that there wouldn't have
to be an evacuation

and therefore, there wouldn't
have to be a concern

about evacuating
South Vietnamese.

The situation in South
Vietnam has reached a critical phase

requiring immediate and positive
decisions by this government.

There are tens of thousands

of South Vietnamese employees
of the United States government,

of news agencies,

of contractors and businesses
for many years

whose lives,
with their dependents,

are in very grave peril.

I'm therefore
asking the Congress

to appropriate without delay
$722 million

for emergency military
assistance for South Vietnam.

If the very worst
were to happen,

at least allow the orderly
evacuation of Americans

and endangered South Vietnamese
to places of safety.

There was no way in 1975

that the Congress
was going to vote any money

to go to the aid
of South Vietnam.

We had pulled out our troops
in 1973

and public opinion
at that point shifted.

The people of the United States,
having seen Watergate,

having seen the deception
of the generals,

weren't about to give any help
in Southeast Asia.

And you know,
Kissinger knew this.

We knew we were not going to get
the $722 million.

By that time
it made no big difference,

but President Ford said

he owed it to Vietnam
to make a request.

We've sent, so to speak,
battleship after battleship

and bomber after bomber
and 500,000 and more men

and billions and billions
of dollars.

If billions and billions
didn't do

at a time when we had
all our men there,

how can $722 million
save the day?

This is the way
my map looked in mid-April.

The North Vietnamese
just rolled down the coast.

Saigon was clearly threatened.

The situation was urgent.

Urgent understates it.

At this time, Ambassador
Martin had been back in Washington

trying to persuade Congress
to vote additional aid.

Do you have anything
to say on your arrival?

He has no statement to make.

He came back to Saigon,

and my boss,
the CIA station chief, said,

"Go down and tell the old man
what's happening."

I went and I said,
"Mr. Ambassador,

"half of the South Vietnamese
Army has disintegrated.

"We're in grave trouble.

"Please, sir,
plan for an evacuation.

"At least allow us
to begin putting together

lists of South Vietnamese
we should rescue."

And he saw, "No, Frank.

"It's not so bleak.

And I won't have
this negative talk."

Young officers in the embassy

began to mobilize
a black operation,

meaning a makeshift
underground railway evacuation

using outgoing cargo aircraft

that would be totally below
the radar of the Ambassador.

People like myself and others

took the bull by the horns
and organized an evacuation.

In my case,
that meant friends of mine

who were senior officers in
the South Vietnamese military.

As the North Vietnamese came
closer and closer to Saigon,

these people
were dead men walking.

I had arranged a signal

with my intelligence
community friends

that if I said,
"I'm having a barbecue,"

that meant come to a certain
pre-designated place

and bring your families
and only bring one suitcase

because we're going
to have a party.

But it was understood
the party meant

I was going to get them out.

Black Ops were essentially
violating the rules...

In this case meaning,

you're not allowed to bring out
Vietnamese military people

who were under obligation
to stand and fight.

We were fully expecting
if we got caught doing this

that we would be run
out of country.

End of career, do not pass go.

But sometimes there's an issue
not of legal and illegal,

but right or wrong.

The deputy defense attaché
moved out Vietnamese personnel

and their families to Clark Air
Base in the Philippines

without any approval whatsoever,

without any immigration papers,
anything...

Passports, you name it.

And when they began showing up
in the Philippines,

Martin hit the roof
and fired him!

But that didn't stop
other State Department people

who had Vietnamese friends
and family members.

They continued to organize
these makeshift airlifts.

That April, I was in Can Tho,

which was about 100 miles
from Saigon.

And we were getting reports

of this town falling and
that province falling and so on.

And then we were attacked.

Sergeant Hasty came by to
give me a report on the damage.

Can Tho came under pretty
intense artillery bombardment.

The North Vietnamese had overrun

some South Vietnamese
artillery batteries

and managed to turn those around
and shell the center of Can Tho.

I was in regular
contact with the embassy,

and I was told that
when the time came,

I should be ready to evacuate,

and that I should not try
to take any Vietnamese out

because it was too dangerous,

and I should only
restrict myself

to evacuating Americans
using my three helicopters.

Well, I'd been there for almost
five years at this point,

and I was committed
to the Vietnamese.

I did have a responsibility,
I thought,

for the people
who had worked for us

and who had given their loyal
service to us over many years.

So I decided that
despite the order from Saigon,

we're gonna really
make an effort

to evacuate the people
in Can Tho

who I thought might be
in mortal danger.

This could be hundreds
of people.

So I spent one sleepless night
worrying about this.

"How am I going to do this?"

And then I thought,
"Hell, we're on a river.

"We don't need helicopters.

We can go down the river."

It's 70 miles from Can Tho
down to the mouth of the river.

So I found two invasion barges
and got them ready to go.

We knew that
the situation was bad.

We could see that the South
Vietnamese Army was eroding.

Supplies had been cutoff

and you could see
the armaments dwindling.

We were, under the
terms of the Paris Agreement,

committed to resupplying
the South Vietnamese.

They lacked simple things,
like barbed wire

and bags for sand bags.

They were rationing
their artillery shells

because they were running out.

The military support,
the material support,

was not coming.

When President
Ford went before the Congress,

he had two major concerns.

The first was to save
as many people as we could.

He cared for the human beings
involved;

They were not just pawns

that once they had lost their
military power were abandoned.

The second was the honor
of America,

that we would not be seen at
the final agony of South Vietnam

as having stabbed it
in the back.

Congress wouldn't pass it.

They said, "No more."

No more troops, no more money,
no more aid to the Vietnamese."

Well, I had to go into President
Ford's office to tell him.

I had never heard Ford
use a curse word

in all the time I'd known him.

But when I showed him
this story, he said,

"Those sons of bitches."

I think there were a total
of 50 ships that were there.

I mean, it wasn’t just us;
It was a whole bunch of ships.

We were standing by
for the evacuation of Americans.

I was a terrible letter writer.

I would write one letter
for my wife's ten letters,

and she didn't like that,
so she said,

"We're going to exchange tapes."

So I would run
into my stateroom,

turn the tape recorder on
for a couple of minutes

and tell her what's happening.

I really
don‘t know where to start.

It's been such an unusual
couple days for us.

We went with the rest
of this huge task force of ours

up into about, oh,
20 miles off the coast,

basically east of Saigon.

As most Navy operations are,
it was very carefully planned.

We planned it to death.

The chain of command,
as I understood it

as a captain of the United
States Marine Corps,

and I think I got it right,

is that for any evacuation,

that decision
is the Ambassador's decision.

Graham Martin
is the responsible guy.

But the military is responsible

forgiving him
all kinds of plans.

And this is how we got
into the four options.

The first option was

you would take commercial ships
right up the Saigon River

to a couple blocks
from the embassy.

You would load
whoever you wanted

to bring out on these ships
and you'd be done with it.

The second option was, you know,

United and Continental
and Flying Tiger Airlines

were still using Tan Son Nhut
Air Force Base at the time,

and you could've brought
anybody you wanted out

by commercial aviation.

The third option was military
fixed-wing aviation...

The C5As, the C-141s,
which carry a lot of people.

You could've brought them
out of Tan Son Nhut on those.

The very last option,
the very last option,

was helicopters off the carriers

in the Tan Son Nhut
Air Force Base.

We had 75 Marine Corps
helicopters out there.

The helicopter option,

that was absolutely
the last resort.

You know,
they don't go very fast,

they don't carry
that many people.

That was if everything else
failed.

I got into Vietnam
late on the 24th of April, 1975.

Saigon was full of rumor,
of false stories,

whether we were going to have
a last attempt

to draw a line
across the country,

that Saigon and the south
would remain a free republic,

all of these things,

and it was all churning
all around.

The fighting was close to Saigon

but hadn't shown up
in the streets of Saigon.

I served as a naval officer

in three and a half tours
in Vietnam,

two of those years
as a Special Forces advisor

with a 20-boat River Division,
all Vietnamese.

I could tell jokes
and hear jokes in Vietnamese.

And once you start off
like that,

you eventually end up being able
to dream in Vietnamese.

In 1975, my mission was
to remove or destroy

as many ships, swift boats,

anything that I considered
to be a benefit to the enemy.

I met with Captain Do Kiem,

who was the operations officer
of the Vietnamese Navy.

The plan was to sail

all the large ships
of the South Vietnamese Navy

down the Saigon River to the sea

and rendezvous
at Con Son Island.

We had to keep this secret.

If word got out,
it would have had an effect

on the morale of the people
in the street.

We knew that there
were roughly 5,000 Americans

still in the country.

Many of them had Vietnamese
wives, mistresses, whatever.

Just hadn't left.

And they were basically
letting us know,

"We're not leaving
without our families."

Finally, we were given authority
by the Ambassador

to bypass the immigration laws

and send these Vietnamese
out of the country.

So then we started an operation

basically to get out
the Americans

and their Vietnamese dependents.

It was not an
official evacuation.

We still had no organized plan

for evacuating high-risk
South Vietnamese

because we had an ambassador

who was making up his mind
on the wing.

The President
also asked Congress

for authorization to use
American troops here

to evacuate Americans

and Vietnamese
who worked for Americans.

If it were necessary.

Do you have plans for that?

Well, of course, every embassy
in the world has plans for it.

Do you think
it will be necessary?

That again, you see,
is a judgment

that I can’t possibly make
at this time.

We have been reducing
the population here

as measure of prudency

and will take measures
to reduce it further

as a question of prudence.

The Ambassador
was extremely skittish,

and I guess understandably so,
about talking about evacuation,

about sending signals
that an evacuation

was being planned
or even executed.

He feared it would trigger
a panic.

It time to get out.

And in Saigon at that time,
it was like, "Who do you know?"

The the key word
would be "connection."

There's a lot of people,
they try to get their money

because if the people
have money,

maybe they will find
a connection to get out.

You know, and so,
"You want to go?

Give me this kind of money."

One guy said to me,

"Your family, tell them
to come to the boat dock.

I'll be waiting for them."

Of course they took the money,
but they never got us.

There was chaos
in Saigon at that time.

Everybody was looking for ways
to get out as soon as possible.

Of course, the Americans
we worked with

had a plan in place for us.

They told us to get
to the meeting place,

which was a safe house
near the American embassy,

and to wait for buses
to come to pick us up.

If we were gonna get people out,

we were gonna have
to make it happen

and deliver the Vietnamese
to the big airplanes

in some form or fashion.

And the only way
we could do that

was keeping the airport open
as long as we could.

Ambassador Martin
still hoped that somehow,

this thing would not end
with the North Vietnamese

humiliating the United States
by attacking Saigon.

But it seemed like the North
Vietnamese had other ideas.

What may be the final battle
of Saigon has begun.

Communist ground forces
have started moving in

on Saigon's
Tan Son Nhut Airport.

Rockets exploded
all over the base,

touching off three major fires.

The air base was
under continuous artillery fire.

I felt the rounds.

They were so close,

the shrapnel was plinking
against the fence behind us.

It was abundantly clear that
it was a whole new ball game.

We never expected
any trouble out there.

And then, of course,
fear a little bit set in

because now we knew that it
really meant business, you know?

Were they gonna continue
shelling Tan Son Nhut?

They had given us a warning,
you know?

"Get out."

As the sun
came up, General Smith,

who was our defense attaché
out at Tan Son Nhut,

contacted the Ambassador
and said,

"The plan to use the fixed-wing

"to get a few thousand people
out today

"isn't gonna work.

"And we need to consider
that this is it.

A heavy-lift
helicopter evacuation."

And Ambassador Martin
wouldn’t hear of it.

He said,
"l want to come out there.

I want to see it,"
and which he did.

He got in a sedan.

He didn't lack for guts.

There were still rounds
coming in...

Sporadic, but there was still
artillery fire.

And he could see that
the main runway

was full of craters
from North Vietnamese artillery.

And it was understood
that General Smith

was not being premature with the
recommendation for Option 4.

Ambassador Martin's
concern very clearly up to now

was that once we started
an official evacuation,

it's pretty obvious that
the game is over.

You've got to remember,
this is an ambassador

who had lost his only son
in combat in Vietnam.

One becomes pretty invested
in that country.

He had been holding out hope

that some kind of third-party
solution could be worked out

so that South Vietnam
could continue

with some form of independence
or autonomy.

And he was being encouraged

to think that
this might be possible.

But the morning of the 29th,

he came to accept the fact that
that wasn’t going to happen.

And I picked up the phone

and told Secretary Kissinger
to inform the President

that I had decided we would have
to go to Option 4.

When I tell President
Ford the airport is being shelled

and that it's now time
to pull the plug,

he keeps coming back
time and again,

"You really think
we have to do it?"

That's how heartbreaking
it was for him.

He finally reluctantly
gave the go-ahead

for the final evacuation.

This is the American
Forces Vietnam Network.

The prearranged
signal for the evacuation

was broadcast on American radio
in Saigon.

The message was,

"The temperature
is 105 and rising,"

and then Bing Crosby's
"White Christmas.“"

And sure enough,
about 10:00 in the morning,

I believe, on the 29th,

there was Bing Crosby
on the airwaves.

♪ Just like the ones
I used to know ♪

♪ Where the treetops glisten
and children listen ♪

♪ To hear sleigh bells
in the snow... ♪

The plan was
when the signal was given,

Americans still in Saigon

would immediately go
to pick-up zones around the city

so that buses could then come
to these 13 locations

and get everybody
out to the airbase,

where they would be helicoptered
to the fleet.

We had prepared
three or four landing zones

right across the street
from the main runway

of Tan Son Nhut airbase...

Areas which had not been
under artillery fire,

where heavy lift helicopters
could come in.

It was a good plan,

they had good facilities,
they had good security.

Now that Option 4
had been declared,

I don't think anyone said,

"Okay, we have 7,000,
6,000, 5,000," or what have you

left to evacuate.

I think it was,
"We are going to bring out

"everybody we have left
at the airport

"and everybody
who might show up,

"and at a point in time,

"the embassy will evacuate
its few hundred by buses to us

and it'll be over."

But unfortunately,
the plan was compromised.

Vietnamese would
come up to these pick-up points

and just my to get on the buses.

It was word of mouth.

Everybody in Saigon that day
seemed to want to leave.

And by the time I got to my
pick-up point, it was chaos.

Take it easy now, one at a time!

Everybody knew these buses

were going to be going out
to Tan San Nhut airbase

and there would be an escape
from Vietnam.

I got a telephone
call from Saigon

saying that the president
had given an order for us

to evacuate all Americans.

Everybody was alerted,

including all the Vietnamese
that l had informed.

We got everybody
down to the boats.

Our plan was that my deputy
would bring up the rear,

and he would go through
the consulate buildings

and make sure
that we had destroyed

all of the sensitive materials.

Staff Sergeant Hasty stayed
and helped him.

I made the last broadcast.

You know, "Saigon
and any monitoring station",

"this is Can Tho Consulate,
signing off the air.

We are evacuating."

And then we drove down

to where Terry McNamara
was loading people

onboard the landing craft.

We were trying to be, um...

as unobtrusive as possible
in doing so.

We did not want a repeat
of Da Nang.

We set sail
with two landing craft

packed with 18 Americans and
BOO-and-something Vietnamese.

The biggest concern, of course,

was basically
the North Vietnamese

or what remnants
oi the VG were there

would ambush us
at the narrowest portion,

and basically we'd get our ass
handed to us.

We got some
distance from Can Tho

and suddenly, there were
some boats that came along,

and they fired across our bow.

They were South
Vietnamese navy boats

and they told us to heave to,

which we did because they were
extremely well armed.

Evidently, the orders
had gone out from on high

to stop, you know,
anybody going out.

They had been given
orders to bring us back to Can Tho

because they thought that
we had deserters on board...

You know, military officers
and people of military age.

There actually were a couple,

including the deputy
air force commander

who put on civilian clothes
and snuck on the boat.

But I wasn't going to go back
to Can Tho,

so there was a standoff
in the middle of the river.

I asked the Vietnamese officer
in charge

to get in touch with the navy
commander, Commodore Thang.

I had gotten Commodore Thang's
wife and children out of Saigon.

I was hoping that he would
reciprocate.

And he did.

He came down finally and
in a very loud voice, he said,

"You don't have any
military people on here

or people of military age?"

And I said,
"Oh no, of course not."

Well, he told the sailors
to stand down,

and we continued down the river.

The chances of success
of going down the river

were 50/50 at best.

But we continued on nonetheless.

As the morning progressed,

the helicopter evacuation
was pretty well underway.

But the timing
of when it would be over

wasn't really our timing.

It was, frankly, what the North
Vietnamese would tolerate.

How long would they stand by
and let us do this?

But that morning, Ambassador
Martin received a message

that said within 24 hours,

the U.S. presence in Vietnam
had to be closed out.

Meaning, we had to be gone.

I was part of the Four-Party
Joint Military Team,

which was stationed out
at Tan Son Nhut.

We thought, "We're going
to get ordered to leave."

But instead, we got orders
from the ambassador

to go to the embassy

and be prepared to stay
after the embassy evacuated.

We were to be the sole U.S.
military presence in Vietnam

once the embassy evacuated
and the ambassador was gone.

You know, lock ourselves
in a room

and then come out
when the dust is settled

and introduce ourselves
to the North Vietnamese.

This was not a popular plan.

But we complied.

And around 11:00, 11:30,
we drove to the embassy.

And when we got there,
it was teeming with people.

That morning, there
must have been, I would guess,

at least 10,000 people
literally ringing the embassy.

The embassy compound
was the size of a city block.

It was big.

And all sides of it were filled
200, 300 feet back.

Fortunately, people were
by and large very controlled.

They were very patient.

They were just hoping
desperately to get in.

It's like the whole of Saigon

want to get inside
the American embassy.

So you have to know somebody,
you know?

If you're like me,
I find my friend

and got a little paper
to ensure us to get in.

So several of us
went to the embassy.

Then my friend, he showed
the paper to the guard,

and he's just kind of pointing
at each one of us,

and we, one by one,
could go inside of the embassy.

When I first got in,
I feel so good.

"I'm in America...
I'm almost there."

They have a courtyard
and a swimming pool,

and we mostly gather
around the swimming pool.

And 1,000 people there,
and they just keep coming in.

That morning, CIA choppers
began picking up evacuees

off the roofs of buildings
around the city

and bringing them
to the embassy.

There was an old pilot
named O.B. Harnage.

He was blind in one eye
and lame in one leg.

And I said, "Harnage,
we got people at 6 Gia Long."

You gotta go pick them up."

It was the deputy CIA station
chief's apartment building.

There were a number
of very high-risk Vietnamese,

including the defense minister
of South Vietnam,

all waiting to be rescued.

As they climbed up the ladder
to the roof,

a photographer took
that famous photograph.

Many people thought
that was the U.S. embassy.

It wasn't.

But it indicated to what extent
chaos had descended

on this entire operation.

So the CIA choppers
were bringing people to the embassy

who where then supposed to go
to Tan Son Nhut airbase by bus,

where they would magically
find their way

to heavy lift helicopters.

It was very clear
to the citizenry

that something was up,

and that something was probably
the Americans are leaving.

Inside the embassy,
we discovered

as we walked through the
buildings and the outbuildings

and the swimming pool area
and the social club area,

everywhere we looked
was teeming with Vietnamese.

We counted them,
and the total number

was about 2,800.

There was no hiding it
that somehow,

people had to have let
these people into the embassy.

Was it, you know,

Marine security guards who kind
of looked the other way?

Was it American employees
in the embassy

who were doing kind of
what we did with black ops

and taking care of their own?

We never got
to the bottom of that

and frankly,
we never pursued it.

One of my Marines said to me,

"You know, we should take out
the tailor."

There was a tailor who made
all our civilian clothes.

So I said,

"Why don't we
take out the cook too?"

He said, "Well, you should
take out the cook too",

"and all the other cooks.

"They should get out.

They had business
with Americans."

So they took the bread truck

and they rounded up the tailor,
the cooks and the dishwashers,

a few others and their families,

and drove them
into the embassy compound.

The embassy had become a refuge.

People were hoping to get in,

and we were hoping
to get people out

and down to the airbase.

You couldn't have gotten
to the airfield if you wanted to.

The roads were totally blocked.

It forced the buses
to come back.

So what if the master plan

to take people out by air
from Tungshen doesn't work?

Where's our fallback?

Where's Plan B?

If we were going
to bring out everybody

who was inside the embassy,
it was obvious

that there was the need for
a hasty plan to be developed

for a helicopter airlift
out of the embassy to the fleet.

And we had less than 24 hours
to pull it off.

There was in the
parking lot of the embassy

a great tamarind tree,

which the Ambassador
had often referred to

as "steadfast as the American
commitment in Vietnam."

The CIA station chief
that last morning said,

"Mr. Ambassador,
we have to cut this tree down."

You could not land any large
helicopters on the parking lot

unless the tree and all
the shrubbery was all gone.

The Ambassador had resisted us
cutting that tree

because he did not want anybody
to be alerted

that we were doing
any sort of evacuation

or were going to do
any sort of evacuation.

He was upset.

But finally he succumbed,
you know, to just common sense

and gave up his, uh...

I guess you could call it
a dream.

And we cut it down.

He had also, for
the past few days,

prevented us from burning
classified documents

for fear that it would panic
the South Vietnamese.

So that morning of the 29th,

we had thousands of pages
of classified documents

we had failed to destroy
beforehand.

Our next job was just looking
at that classified document idea

and getting rid of that.

So we went to every office

and told them to start
pulling stuff,

and piles and piles of paper
began coming out.

And we began shredding.

There was a small building
where we handled the pay

for the Vietnamese
who worked for the embassy.

And in this building,

there was over $1 million
in U.S. currency.

So we had to send a message
to the Navy,

who sent it
to the Treasury Department,

who came back and said,
"Destroy it."

Sol assigned a few Marines
to get rid of the money.

And I said, "Oh, by the way,
we're gonna lock you in there."

It took them eight hours
to burn a million dollars.

That morning,

fear and desperation
were the order of the day.

But I had a job to do,

and it was an important job
to do, I thought,

to deny the enemy the South
Vietnamese Naval ships.

We had expected, frankly,

a longer time period
to get ready.

We had been told by people
in our intelligence community

that we might have as long
as the 4th of May,

but the North Vietnamese
were closing in quite tightly,

and clearly it was time
to send the signal to leave.

I knew this,

but I didn't know
how many civilians

were gonna be on board.

I had no idea.

I was the
first one into the embassy.

And my only mission
at this time,

this is early in the afternoon,
was to bring the Ambassador out.

It was actually a mission that
was called "Embassy Snatch."

I was just supposed
to get the Ambassador.

I land and I said to the people,

I said, "I'm here to get
the Ambassador."

Well, not quite.

The Ambassador refused
to leave until he could get

as many Vietnamese
on as many choppers as possible.

The evacuation
of Vietnamese happened

because Graham Martin
wanted it to happen.

So they loaded some
Vietnamese onto my helicopter

and because I'm supposed to have
the Ambassador on board,

we go right to the command ship,
the USS Blue Ridge.

We land on the Blue Ridge,
General Carey comes out,

wants to know where
the Ambassador is.

I said,
"Well, he didn't get on."

I mean, I don’t know
who I'm supposed to tell,

but I told everybody I was
supposed to get the Ambassador

but the Ambassador
didn't get on.

So that starts the lift.

Like I say, we had
75 Marine Corps helicopters.

You and your wingman
would fly into the embassy,

get your passengers loaded,

and fly back out to the ships.

It was a little over an hour
back and forth.

On the USS
Kirk, our mission was

to protect
the helicopters moving

from the embassy out
to the aircraft carriers

and back and forth.

We were very close
to the action.

You could
stand there on the deck

and you could
watch it all happening.

We thought that the USS Kirk
was just going to be

an observer to this whole thing

and when all of a sudden

on radar we started seeing
these little blips

coming out from the shore.

I really don't
know where to start.

We looked up at the horizon
and all you could see

were helicopters all heading
toward us.

These were not
Marine Corps helicopters.

They were small helicopters,
the little Hueys,

which were never part
of the evacuation plan.

But they were flying
over top of us.

We were watching them fly

over top over and over
and over again.

We viewed them as enemy
until we could verify who it was.

Then we realized that these

were South Vietnamese
trying to escape.

I figured if we could save one,

at least we'd save
15, 20 people.

They were packed in there
like sardines.

Sol made the decision.

Land the helicopter.

One of our sailors could
speak rudimentary Vietnamese.

So we put him on the radio
and he started broadcasting.

"This is ship 1087.

Land here."

So, we got his attention.

He came flying over
and landed on our flight deck.

And it turned out that
the pilot, he was the pilot

for the deputy chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Real high up.

And he had the general with him,
who was a two-star general,

and the two-star general's
nephew, three women,

and about four children.

It was a big deal for us.

When it landed,
we got everything off.

And I looked up
because there were five, six,

seven stacked up ready to land.

Turned out all throughout
the southern part of Vietnam

there were South Vietnamese Army
and Air Force installations

with one or two or three
or four helicopters.

And those helicopters
were flyable.

Their pilots were there.

And when they realized that
the evacuation was happening

and they weren't going
to be part of it, they said,

"Oh yeah, we are."

These young Vietnamese
pilots would go to their homes,

land right in their front yards,
pick up their families

and anybody else,
and head out to sea,

hoping they can rendezvous
with a ship.

Well, we're one of the
first ships they saw.

Our flight deck will only take

one helicopter at a time
landing.

There are no wheels on them.

They just have skids.

We couldn't think of what else
to do and these other planes

were looking for a place to land

so we just physically
pushed them.

Of course, this was a big old
helicopter, thousands of pounds,

so we had to figure out how
to get it 15 feet over

to the edge of the flight deck.

You don't have time to think
about what you did,

you just had to do it.

So, we open up our flight deck
and they begin to land,

one right after the other.

Some of them were shot at,
holes in them.

Most of the Vietnamese
who came out, I'm talking

about the flight crews,
they were heavily armed,

all with side arms,
some with M-16 rifles.

They had no idea what was going
to happen so they came out

ready for anything, really.

So we had to disarm them.

None of them had ever landed
on a ship before.

They were Vietnamese Air Force.

Everybody had a gun and we took
all the guns away from them.

Then about five minutes later
another one came in and landed.

And we pushed his airplane
over the side.

That was the second one.

I helped push that one over,
too.

Then the third plane came in.

It landed also.

We pushed it over the side.

So meanwhile, we've thrown three
helicopters in the water so far.

This is incredible.

I know you probably
don't believe any of this,

but it's all true.

By late afternoon,

the chopper flow at the embassy
really started.

And each time a bird came in,

here would go another
40, 50 people.

But did the right mix of people
get out?

You know, who says that
these were the people

who either deserved
or should have gone out?

At the embassy a lot
of the people who got out

happened to be good
wall jumpers.

The choppers started
coming in at ten-minute intervals.

One would land on the roof

and one would land
on the parking lot.

They would put all
the Vietnamese in groups,

they would search them,
and if they had any weapons

all those weapons were thrown
into the swimming pool.

And as soon as the chopper
would land they would be brought

into the restricted area where
a couple of the Marines

would escort them
into the aircraft.

Then they would raise
the ramp up and take off.

I remember l talked to my friend

and he said,
"Oh, it's our turn now.

We're almost there."

You know, so we're all excited.

And I remember very
distinctively that every time

the helicopter coming down
it just blew us away.

We have to kind of duck down

to fight with the wind
of the chopper.

Three of the choppers
that came in each landed a platoon

of 40 Marines
from the task force.

And they had to be brought in
because we didn't have enough.

Marines in the embassy security
guard to secure the walls.

I went with my
wife to the embassy.

A lot of people, they clenched
to the top of the wall,

but they couldn't get in.

Each gate
was besieged like that,

although the side gate was the
principal place where they came.

People holding letters saying,

you know,
"l worked for the Americans.

Please let me in."

Journalists were arriving
and counting on being recognized

to be let in by the Marines.

There was a sea of people

wanting to get out
by helicopters.

But, well, they looked up
at the helicopters leaving

and I could see their eyes.

Desperate eyes.

My dad flew a Chinook helicopter

in the South Vietnamese
Air Force.

He had been waiting for orders
but his captain had,

you know, basically just left.

So he and some other pilots

picked out the best Chinooks
and took off.

He said it was the Wild West
at this point.

Just you and your horse and you
just do what you had to do

to survive
and take care of your family.

He had given my mom a heads-up

that if she did hear
a Chinook coming, to get ready.

I was six and a half years old.

I can still hear the rumbling,

a very, you know, familiar
rumbling of a Chinook.

When you hear the Chinook
coming, you know it's coming.

I knew my dad was coming.

In Saigon, during my childhood,

it was like, say, living in
the middle of busy L.A.

So, there's really not
a big area to land the Chinook.

So he came in and landed
in a playfield.

Caused a lot of wind,
caused a lot of commotion.

My mom grabbed my little sister,

who was about six months
at that time,

and I have a little brother
who was

about three or four years old,
and myself.

We quickly ran into the Chinook
and we all flew off

out into the Pacific Ocean.

My dad was afraid
for not having enough fuel,

afraid for a lot of things.

He was just flying blind.

And then he saw a ship
out there.

In the middle of the
day, after we had taken

those first helicopters aboard,

this huge helicopter called
a Chinook,

it came out and tried to land on
the ship.

And oh, we almost... the thing
almost crashed onboard our ship.

This big Chinook showed up.

There's no way he could land

on Kirk without impacting
the ship.

He would have killed everybody
on this helicopter plus my crew.

It was way too big to land.

We thought that the helicopter
would just fly away.

But as the ship was moving
forward probably four, five,

six knots, something like that,
the pilot communicated

that he was running low on fuel.

He opened up the port side
of the helicopter and he hovered

across the stern of the Kirk.

Then, all of a sudden,
here comes a human.

One by one, we jump out.

I jumped out,
my brother jumped out.

My mom was holding my sister,
obviously very scared.

And she just, you know, just
trustingly, just with one hand,

with her right hand, holding on
with her left to brace herself,

you know,
just dropped my baby sister.

One fella is standing
there and he said he looked up

and he saw this big bundle
of stuff come flying out

and it was a baby.

It was the one-year-old baby.

And then the mother jumped out
and he caught her, too.

Then the pilot flew out
on our starboard, right side.

He hovered with his wheels
in and out of the water.

He hovered there for like
ten minutes and we couldn't

figure out what he was doing
and it turned out

what he was doing was taking
his flight suit off.

Here's a man flying a twin rotor
helicopter by himself,

and at the same time
he's taking off a flight suit.

How you do it, I've talked
to helicopter pilots

and they can't figure out how he
did that, you know, how...

like a Houdini,
trying to get out of this thing.

And finally, he made
the helicopter roll to the right

as he stepped out the door
on the left.

Just thunderous loud noise.

The shrapnel is just blowing up.

And suddenly just quiet.

And he pops up.

And he's alive.

And he swam away.

And the helicopter
was only about 20 feet from him

when it hit the water;
It was amazing.

We went out and picked him up.

He was none,
no worse for the wear.

He was a little bit wet.

Only one unfortunate thing is
he had some small bars of gold,

which was all his worldly
possessions,

that were in his shirt pocket
and it sank.

So he lost everything.

He didn’t own
a thing but his underwear

when he finally came aboard
the ship.

He was a tremendous pilot.

The guy was just so cool
and calm.

We've so far taken a total
of 17 helicopters.

We ended up with 157 people
aboard this ship.

And that crew was very special.

They went, they took their
money, went to the Navy exchange

and commissary, bought all the
clothes and food they could get,

took it up and gave it to the
refugees they had befriended.

They were unbelievable.

We laid mats and all
kinds of blankets and stuff out

on the deck for the babies.

And there were all kinds of...
there were infants

and children and women,

and oh, it was a scene
I'll never forget.

We were happy.

My mom was just, you know, wow.

Symbolically, it was like,
you know, the first step

onto not American soil,
but American freedom.

We continued down the river,
our landing craft in the lead.

We were, at this point,
four or five hours from Can Tho.

It's a metal landing craft.

The sun is beating down,
it's hotter than hell.

A less than pleasant voyage.

When suddenly, whoosh, bam!

Somebody fired
a B40 rocket at us.

We immediately started
returning fire.

We weren't sure who the dip-wad
was that was opening up on us,

but we continued blazing away
as we got past the ambush site.

We said, "All right, that was
just a taste of what's coming."

"Once we hit the absolute
narrowest portion,

"that's where we're going
to really be in danger.

Stack the ammo because
this one's gonna be ugly."

The people on
the boat were scared.

We had to go through narrow
channels between the islands.

If we're gonna really get hit,
it'll be there.

But just at that point,
dark clouds formed in the sky

and it started raining
like hell.

Could not see the bow of
the landing craft from the stern,

and that's 60 feet.

The noise of the rain
hitting the water on the river

was so loud that it muffled
the sound of our engines.

And this continued on
for about 25 minutes.

It was long enough
to get us through

the most dangerous part
of the trip.

And as the rain started
to let up,

we had reached the area
of the river past the channel,

past the little islands,

where it opened up
into a broad river again.

So somebody was looking out
for us that day.

I remember looking
back at the sun setting

over the Mekong Delta,
which is a beautiful place,

and thinking, "Well,
I'll never see this again."

I had gotten very attached
to Vietnam.

As we came out
into the South China Sea,

it got dark,
and every now and then,

I would fire off
a couple of flares,

just in hopes that, you know,
maybe there is a ship out there.

Nothing.

And then we saw a faint light
on the horizon,

and as we got
a little bit closer,

we could see that they were
the lights of a ship's rigging.

So we said, "What the heck?"

So we made for it.

We came up alongside

and somebody shouted,
"Get rid of your weapons.

Nobody comes aboard
with weapons."

Sol yelled, "We're Marines"

and we're coming aboard
with our weapons."

Well, as it turned out, the guys
yelling down were Marines.

It was an American
freighter, the Pioneer Contender.

They took us aboard.

And I had 300 people with me.

They got them
into the hold of the ship.

All our Vietnamese remained
on the Pioneer Con tender.

We made sure
they were taken care of

and the Pioneer Contender
was going to Guam.

We knew they were safe.

When we started the evacuation

we were very, very excited
about it.

Then your next emotion
probably was

just determined to get this job
done and get these people out.

And then, later as it went on
you became fatigued

and frustrated that you could
never make a dent in the amount

of people that were coming out
of the embassy.

You’d ask questions like, was
the crowd getting any smaller?

"When are we going
to finish this?" you know.

And they'd say,

"You know, we're under orders
from the Ambassador.

We're doing the best we can."

Carrier pilots were saying,

look, it's an uncontrollable sea
of people

and Ambassador Martin has lost
his objectivity,

that Ambassador Martin is trying
to evacuate

all of Saigon
through the U.S. embassy.

But he was doing his best
under terrible circumstances.

Ambassador Martin
was dragging out the evacuation

as long as he could

to get as many South Vietnamese
out as possible.

Each helicopter took
about 40 people.

He knew that once the Americans
were gone,

the evacuation would be over.

So they just put one or two
Americans on each one.

You're very tired and you're
not seeing an end to this thing.

Sol got the word out,

"You know, we could use
some help out here.

We only have 75 helicopters."

And the word comes back, "No."

No, Marine pilots
don't get tired."

Back at the embassy under
the Ambassador's direction,

we, of course, were taking
advantage

of the presence of the aircraft
to evacuate threatened folks.

But there were other independent
efforts to get people out.

Several of us at the embassy
agreed that we would drive vans

down to the docks
on the Saigon River.

I had an assigned assembly point
in the middle of Saigon,

and I crammed about 15 people
into a nine-person van

and then drove through
the streets of Saigon

through various checkpoints
down to the docks.

People would get out

and go running for these
commercial boats and get on.

I made a number of runs
and there‘d just be more

and more and more people.

Finally, as the sun
was going down,

we were running out of light.

Man came up to me.

I turned to him and said,
"This is my last load.

L, you know,
I can't take anymore."

I said, "Well, get your family."

And he said, "Can’t do it."

"My family's too big.

My family's too big."

And he just shook my hand
and said, "Thanks for trying,"

and walked away.

Sol came back to the embassy
and parked the van.

It was already getting
well into twilight.

Got my way through the crowd.

It was a big crowd.

I had nothing more I could do.

So I went to get
on the helicopter

and Ambassador Martin pulled me
out of line and he said,

"l know what you've been doing.

"l know you’ve been out there.

"We've been talking.

I want to thank you."

I thought that
was a kind gesture.

By that time
it was definitely dark.

The lights of the...
of the helicopter inside

radiated very clearly.

I sat down, looked around.

I was one of maybe
two or three Americans.

The rest were all Vietnamese.

And we flew out.

It was very dark.

I remember that.

And people started to elbow
each other and try to get

in the front line.

And that's when
the Captain Herrington started

speaking to us in Vietnamese.

"Nobody is going to be
left behind."

And then he said, "when
you are in American embassy",

"you are in American soil.

"l promise, me and my soldier
will be the last one

leave the embassy."

So after that announcement
everybody feel relaxed.

Literally, we totally relaxed.

We have nothing to worry about.

Yeah.

We were told

that the North Vietnamese tanks
were coming very close.

So we asked,
we in the White House, asked

the Defense Department how many
South Vietnamese were left.

"“Left" meant inside
the embassy compound.

And then we calculated
how many helicopters

it would take to get them out.

We told Martin that he had
to be on the last helicopter.

All I know is that in Washington

there was confusion
about the numbers on the ground.

At 1:00 a.m. there were
1,100 people left to evacuate.

After we'd had a flurry
of choppers

and cleaned out
more than half of them

and there were 420 people left,

we received an order
from Washington

that the lift was over

other than the extraction
of the remaining Americans.

About 4:00 in the morning, 4:30,

I land on the
USS Blue Ridge again.

So, General Carey comes out,
gives me an apple

and a cup of coffee
or something and says,

"We're under orders
from the President.

You got to get
the Ambassador out."

So we fly in.

I land on the roof exactly at
4:50 in the morning and I said,

"I'm not leaving until
the Ambassador's onboard."

One of the Marines
lowered the flag, folded it up

and escorted the Ambassador
up to the landing zone

up on top of the embassy

and he gave him the flag

and, uh, that was it.

Major Kean came to
Colonel Madison, said, "No more."

Only Americans
from this point on."

And Madison said,
"The hell you say.

We've got these people
over here."

And Kean said,
"Sir, not going to happen.

It's a presidential order."

And Madison said, "I'll take
this up with the Ambassador."

He was very hot
under the collar.

And Kean said,
"You can't, that's him,"

and pointed to the CH-46
that was just flying away.

So the Ambassador's on board.

And out we go.

We land on the Blue Ridge.

15 or 20, maybe 25 people
get off with the Ambassador

and that was the end of it.

I flew 18.3 hours
straight through.

Graham Martin looked very tired,
extremely haggard.

I mean, he looked like... I'm
sure the pressure was immense.

And at what time
were you to cease evacuation?

Cease evacuation?

We could still be flying if
we hadn't gotten the Ambassador out

because he refused to stop
the lift.

I think about 3:00.

3:00 in the morning?

No, 3:45.

Colonel Madison
says to me, "We're screwed."

"Stu, you stay down here
in the parking lot

and keep these 420 people warm"-

meaning if they see us
all leave at the same time

they'll panic-"and then make
your way to the roof.

We gotta go."

And he was very angry
and very disappointed.

So they disappeared
into the embassy.

And I went to where
the remaining Vietnamese

who were waiting and told
them...

"Big helicopters about to come,"
and waited a few minutes.

Then I saw a chopper take off
and I thought,

"Shit, was I supposed to be
on that one?"

So, I looked at the Vietnamese
and I said...

"l got to take a leak."

And I left into the shadows.

I made my way around
in a circuitous route

and went into the embassy.

I thought about how this
really, really was wrong.

I thought maybe I should
just say, "I'm not leaving"

till they go,
because I promised them."

And then I said,
"Don't be a fool.

"Maybe they've started
shooting down helicopters

"for all you know.

"You're not going to get
anybody else out.

"It's a presidential order.

This decision has been made."

So, I got to the roof and a
CH-46 alighted on the rooftop,

put its ramp down
and we got on board.

As it took off,
the door was open.

And down in the parking lot

I could see the group
of 420 of them.

They were right were we had
left them marshaled

on this little patch of grass.

I felt absolutely awful.

It was just so...
serious and deep a betrayal.

Later that night I was
quite surprised that I got

a call to
"Come alongside the flagship.

The Admiral wants to speak
to you."

My first reaction, as any CO,
is, "What did we do?"

not realizing we had been picked
for a special mission.

We were supposed
to pick up this person.

He was 30 years old,
came aboard, civilian clothes.

And the Captain was just told

to take his direction
from this guy.

I went aboard the
Kirk and met with Captain Paul Jacobs.

And the first thing he said
to me is,

"Young man, I'm not accustomed

"to strange civilians coming
aboard my ship armed

in the middle of the night."

And I said, "Captain,
I assure you, neither am l."

He smelled like a
Naval officer, you know.

You know, one officer
can smell another one.

So, I looked him up
in the blue book.

He's a graduate
of the Naval Academy.

So from that point on
we were fine.

"What do you want to do?"

And we worked together
as a team.

We steamed down to Con
Son Island and we could see

on the radar display that
there were a lot of blips.

And I remember dawn breaking
and the sun coming up,

and seeing what I had seen
as a radar display in person.

There were dozens of ships.

And not just Vietnamese
naval ships,

but also civilian ships.

And they were all totally
crammed with people.

There are no words to describe

what a ship looks like
that holds 200

and it’s got 2,000 on it.

I don't think anybody really
understood the magnitude of it

until we looked at what
we got in front of us.

It looked like something
out of Exodus.

Our mission was to help the
ships into international waters.

But now they had
all these people.

My reaction is, "How the hell
are we going to do this?"

Most of the Vietnamese Navy
ships were dead in the water,

some were anchored,
some were just adrift.

So, we sent over our
engineering, technical people

to see what we could do to help
them and get them underway.

Some of these ships
had been hit by enemy fire

coming down the Saigon River.

One of the boats had been hit
and sinking,

so it went alongside one of the
other Vietnamese Navy ships.

A wooden plank was thrown
between the two ships

for the civilians and naval
personnel on the damaged ship

to cross onto the ship
that wasn't.

The seas were rolling and it was
a somewhat precarious passage.

At one point,
a young Vietnamese man panicked

as a young girl, I remember,
was walking across this plank,

and he kind of rushed ahead
of her

and she fell
between the two ships.

Apparently one of
the Vietnamese men pushed a girl.

She was killed.

She was drowned
between the two ships,

and that almost started a panic.

A Vietnamese sailor
immediately shot this guy,

and then order was restored.

They said,
"There will be no pushing

and there will be no shoving
on this ship."

People calmed down greatly
after that.

We had worked a plan out to
sail the ships to the Philippines.

And the Kirk was going
to escort them.

But the fact that
they're going to be crammed

with an unknown number
of civilians

was somewhat problematic.

The U.S. government already had
a refugee problem

with the U.S. Naval ships.

This was another 30,000
or more people to deal with.

We were up all
night talking about it.

And I'm convinced that if we
sent them back or took them back

they would have killed them all.

And Armitage decided
to bring them.

And he didn't get permission
from Washington to do that.

I thought it was a
lot easier to beg forgiveness

than to get permission.

So the decision was made.

And they all went with us.

We had finally got
out the last of the refugees

that we could get out.

Now we had to evacuate
the Marines.

They were all inside the embassy
building except for us.

I was still on the embassy
grounds with two of my sergeants

and I said,
"You two stay right with me.

Don't leave my side."

We slowly walked backwards
to the embassy door

and a couple of Vietnamese
came towards me.

I said,
"We have no more helicopters.

"That's it.

"I'm sorry.

We cannot take you."

And they began to argue with me.

They spoke good English, too.

"We can ride
in your helicopter."

I said, "I'm sorry, no more."

So we spun around and slammed
these huge doors,

and we locked it from behind.

I kind of fall
asleep off and on,

but what gets me woke up
is the noise.

It's a different noise.

Sol kind of look up.

And the first thing
in my sight was

I didn't see that soldier there
anymore on that wall.

There were people throwing
blankets or jackets

and materials
over the barbed wire

so they can climb over
the wire to come in.

It was like,
"Where are the soldiers?"

We were going up the stairs.

Below me I could hear
feet running on the stairway.

When we got to the roof, Master
Sergeant Valdez was there.

He says, "We got everybody?"

"Yeah."

I said, "Man, there's somebody
chasing me up those stairs."

There were wall
lockers up on the roof

and those big fire extinguishers
with wheels so we tilted

all those wall lockers
and the fire extinguishers,

put them against the door.

There was a little window there
that we could see them in there,

all the Vietnamese trying
to get to the roof.

The Marines started going out
as choppers came in.

Then all of a sudden
choppers all cease.

There was 11 of us
still left there.

The briefing was delayed until
the evacuation was completed

and the last helicopters
are now in the air.

The President commends the
personnel of the armed forces

who accomplished it, as well
as Ambassador Graham Martin

and the staff of his mission
who served so well

under difficult conditions.

We were told that Martin
had left on the last helicopter

and that the evacuation
had ended.

I'm confident that every
American who wanted to come out

is out.

So we held a briefing.

Well, turned out not to be
the last helicopter

because there was another
horrendous screw-up.

There were no helicopters.

You know, we were just kind
of sitting down around

looking at each other,

wondering, you know,
what's going to happen here,

you know, whether they truly had
forgotten about us.

So l got on my radio and I
began saying, "U.S. Navy, U.S. Navy",

American embassy, request
extraction immediate."

And I repeated this over
and over and over.

The only option we had
was sit on the stupid roof

like a sitting duck.

And I kept thinking, "Where
are the North Vietnamese?"

About 7:45 in the
morning you could start seeing.

North Vietnamese
coming down the road.

My thoughts were, "What's
to keep them from bombing"

"the top of the embassy roof
and blowing us off," you know?

A tank is
going to take one shot.

If it hits the building,
you're gone.

So I didn't like the idea
of being up there,

but where else are you
going to go?

Finally I looked out
and I saw a black dot.

When that chopper landed,
I told the Marines,

"Go. Get in."

I was the last one out.

And as I was putting my foot
on the ramp, I fell down,

and I'm just hanging on
and the ramp's going up.

The ramp is closing

and I did what I was trained
in my first tour-count.

So I went, "One, two, three,
four, five, six... ten."

"Ten?

"One, two, three, four, five,
six... ten.

Ten."

And I looked at the crew chief
and I said, "Put it down."

I knew I was missing one man.

I remember looking at the ramp

and two hands were over
the top of it.

So the Marines
just kind of grabbed me

and then just pulled me in.

We left, by my
watch, at 7:58 Saigon time.

And we were the last 11.

My cameraman, Neil
Davis, and I decided to stay.

We saw the last helicopter leave
from the roof.

We then tried to scramble
into the embassy ourselves.

Neil got to the roof.

I did not.

And he saw dozens of Vietnamese

just sitting on the helicopter
pad on the roof of the embassy,

waiting, wanting to get out.

And of course no more
helicopters were going to come.

I didn't join them.

I actually... scared.

If the Communists come in,

the last thing
we want them to see us

is in the American embassy.

So we get out.

People were coming
in and out of the buildings.

Literally, anything that could
not be fastened down

or was not fastened down
was being taken away.

Any souvenirs
from the Ambassador's office

were taken away.

Almost brick by brick the
embassy was being dismantled.

It was ordinary looting.

But more than that, I think it
was just frustration and anger

and an opportunity to get back,
perhaps, at the Americans

because in the view of many
in that crowd that day,

we had deserted them.

NBC news correspondent
Jim Laurie

is one of the few Americans
still left in Saigon,

in the city when President Duong
Van Minh went on the radio

and told the Viet Cong

that his country would
surrender unconditionally

and that he had told its army
to lay down its arms.

Here from Saigon radio hookup

is Laurie's report
on the surrender.

In the words of General
Minh, "We are here to hand over"

the power of government to you
in order to avoid bloodshed.“

It is a unilateral ceasefire
and an unconditional surrender.

The 30-year war in South Vietnam
is at last over.

The first thing I did was
to destroy my documents,

my badges,
just keeping the civilian ID.

And then I went around Saigon
to see what happened.

I saw a lot of South Vietnamese
soldiers in underwear.

They took off all
their military clothes, boots,

and they threw them away.

And I thought, well, what
would happen to them?

And to me, to myself.

Right.

I thought of my friends who were
killed in action and I thought,

"Well, is this what
we fought for?"

"ls this what the Americans
came for?"

And I didn't have the answer.

I have wrestled
with this ever since.

I realized that l had become

the quintessential American
in Vietnam.

I had all these causes, all
these big things I was doing.

I was hying to get the truth
back to Washington.

I was talking to agents, trying
to persuade the Ambassador,

and I forgot that what
was at stake were human lives.

For years after that, I
hear that sound in my head,

that sound like,
"Tchk-tchk-tchk-tchk-tchk".

In the middle of the night
l just jump up.

I thought the helicopter come
pick me up.

I called it "dream in the wind."

Later we found out
the big fleet is out there.

You can just take a boat
and go there.

They take everybody.

If you can get out there,
you're on board.

And I just didn't know that.

You know, so...

As we approached the
Philippines with our refugees,

there was a big problem.

They wouldn't let us in.

And the reason
they wouldn't let us in is

because the government there
had recognized

the new regime in Vietnam

and these Navy ships
we were escorting,

they were all flying
South Vietnamese flags.

And the solution was to reflag
all these ships

as American ships.

They lowered their
Vietnamese flag, people crying.

It was very emotional for them
to lose their country,

their flag, their ship.

Everything was gone.

And then we raised
the American flag.

We tried to do that with
as much dignity as we could.

There were thousands
and thousands of Americans

who sewed in Vietnam who were
sitting at home heartbroken

at watching this whole thing
come to naught.

The end of April of 1975 was...

the whole Vietnam involvement
in microcosm...

Promises made
in good faith, promises broken;

People being hurt because
we didn't get our act together.

You know, the whole Vietnam War

is a story that kind of
sounds like that.

But on the other hand,
sometimes there are moments

when good people have to rise
to the occasion

and do the things
that need to be done.

And in Saigon, there was
no shortage of people like that.

Hope it helped -> bozxphd