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Beneath the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico...
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..lies another world.
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A labyrinth of caves...
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..carved by freshwater...
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..and essential for life on Earth.
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Freshwater shapes the land and the creatures that live in it...
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..in the most surprising ways.
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[CHIRPING]
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The rainforest of Costa Rica.
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As you might expect, it rains most days.
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[RUMBLE OF THUNDER]
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But it's only during the wet season
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that the rains become torrential.
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And with them...
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..comes a most remarkable creature.
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Gliding tree frogs.
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Thousands drop in...
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..to gather at this newly-formed pond.
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They all have an urgent need.
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To breed.
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This female needs to find a leaf
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and lay her eggs.
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[FROGS CROAK]
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The breeding frenzy will only last one day...
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..so she needs to get a move on.
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There are lots of eager males.
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Nine for every female.
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And all are ready to spring into action.
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So, for her, getting a partner is no problem.
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But the other males are desperate.
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For this female, mating is rather chaotic.
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Things are getting out of hand.
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There is one way to deal with this.
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A few well-placed kicks...
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..usually does the job.
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Problem solved.
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[FROGS CROAK]
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She and her partner can now finally mate...
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..in relative peace.
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The eggs are positioned perfectly...
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..directly overhanging the pond.
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This is the ideal nursery for tadpoles.
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For now, her work here is done.
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She'll be back next year when the heavy rains return.
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As quickly as freshwater appears...
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..it can vanish.
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Southeast Sri Lanka.
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[FLIES BUZZ]
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It's the middle of the dry season.
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[WIND HOWLS]
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This is the only remaining water hole for miles around.
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[DEER YELPS]
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Mugger crocodiles -
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giants, five metres long.
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Dozens are hiding...
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..beneath the surface.
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And others...
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..are on their way.
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This male has been travelling for hours.
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The water hole is the only place where he has a chance
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to catch a deer.
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A single adult would be enough to feed him for the entire dry season.
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But hunting prey that knows you're here...
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..requires something truly remarkable.
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He creates...
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..a trap.
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He digs down into the mud...
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..deep enough to hide beneath the vegetation.
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Perfect camouflage.
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He has built his trap right on the water's edge...
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..so it's the first place that thirsty deer will come to drink.
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[SQUAWKING]
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These crocodiles have learned to exploit
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the deer's desperate need for freshwater.
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Freshwater transforms not only the lives of animals...
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..but entire landscapes.
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Every year, over a trillion litres of water
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flow into the Kalahari Desert.
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It has travelled a thousand miles from where it fell as rain.
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And on arrival...
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..it turns the Kalahari...
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..into a vast oasis.
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[SQUAWKING]
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The Okavango Delta.
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These waters attract millions of animals.
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And for some, now is the perfect time to raise a family.
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A lily-trotter.
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[CRACKING]
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And he is a father...
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[CHIRPING]
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..on duty.
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[SQUAWKING]
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He has not just one...
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..but four newly-hatched chicks.
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They won't be able to fly for another six weeks...
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..so, until then, he alone is their protector.
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[CHIRPING]
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Walking on water is not straightforward...
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..so he must show them how to be a lily-trotter.
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The floodwaters make the perfect training ground.
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And in two weeks...
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..his chicks not only double in size...
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..they grow in confidence.
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But this is a dangerous place to stray.
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[SQUAWKING]
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He sounds the alarm,
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and his chicks instantly freeze.
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They can't yet fly to safety.
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But there is one thing he can do to protect them.
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[SQUAWKING]
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And it's risky.
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[SQUAWKING]
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Get close enough to distract...
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..and hopefully divert the crocodile.
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[SQUAWKING]
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[SQUAWKING]
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Mission accomplished.
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[SQUAWKING]
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He signals the all clear.
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But one chick is missing.
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[SQUAWKING]
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His calls...
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[SQUAWKING]
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..go unanswered.
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A little bedraggled but alive and well.
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[CHIRPING]
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His chick just hadn't heard his call.
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And when danger threatens,
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its always better to be safe than sorry.
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He's brought his chicks, all four of them,
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to the verge of independence.
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Whilst lily-trotters are well adapted
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to life in this flooded world...
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[PANTING]
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..these residents of the delta are not.
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[HIGH-PITCHED BARKING]
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African painted dogs.
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Normally, they are remarkably successful hunters.
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But this pack of five hasn't eaten in days.
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[PANTING]
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Finding prey isn't the problem.
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This herd of lechwe is only a few hundred metres away.
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But between them is deep water.
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[HIGH-PITCHED WHINING]
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[GRUNTING]
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[HIGH-PITCHED SQUEALS]
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It's not safe to cross here.
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[LECHWE BARKS]
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On dry land, the dogs can run at over 40mph.
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But when threatened, lechwe always seek the safety of water.
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With their splayed hooves and long hind legs,
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they can power their way through the water.
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The dogs can't.
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The pack won't be able to outswim the lechwe.
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[PANTING]
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But they do have a strategy.
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The dogs drive the lechwe to where they have the advantage.
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Back towards dry land.
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Now the pack can regain lost ground.
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Success today, but tomorrow the pack will need to hunt again.
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In the Okavango,
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animals must always adapt to the coming and going of freshwater.
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But there are a few rare places, as here in Lake Malawi,
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where freshwater has lain for millions of years.
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And that has enabled life to evolve
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into a dazzling diversity of species.
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There are over a thousand different kinds of fish here...
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..more than any other lake on Earth.
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Competition in these waters is intense.
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Meet Nimbochromis livingstonii.
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A master of deception
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that tricks other fish into thinking it's dead.
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Its mottled colouration mimics decaying flesh.
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But to appear dead...
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..one must at least...
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..act dead.
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This juvenile is fooling no-one.
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Perhaps faking his death will be more believable.
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Blown it.
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A more subtle performance will be needed.
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This is more convincing.
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But his aim must be better than that.
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Nearly.
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It seems he's overstayed his welcome.
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In a final effort...
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..he appears to even hold his breath.
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Success at last.
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All it took was a million years of evolution...
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..and the unique stability of this ancient lake.
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Off the western coast of Equatorial Africa
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lies the volcanic island of Bioko.
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[RUMBLE OF THUNDER]
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Freshwater here has a turbulent nature.
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Few venture into such waters,
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but for those that do, there can be great rewards.
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After months feeding and growing out at sea,
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these gobies are ready to breed.
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And the safest place to lay their eggs
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is somewhere that ocean predators can't reach.
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The top of this waterfall.
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Surely an impossible journey for a fish.
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But over the coming days, the gobies transform themselves.
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They change colour.
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Their mouth rotates and acts like a kind of suction cup...
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..which they will certainly need.
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Because the only way...is up.
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It is 30 metres to the top.
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They are only an inch long.
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This is the equivalent of a human being scaling a waterfall
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over a mile high.
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Millions attempt the climb...
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..but less than 1% will make it.
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This goby has been climbing for days.
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Made it!
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Those that reach the top can now prepare to breed.
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And when the time comes, their young will be washed back out to sea.
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The extraordinary power of flowing water
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makes it our planet's greatest architect.
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This may look like the surface of an alien planet...
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..but these strange patterns are channels of freshwater...
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.flowing towards the sea.
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For 3.8 billion years,
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ever since the first rains fell...
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..freshwater has been making this journey.
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But today, two thirds of our world's great rivers
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no longer reach the sea.
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[CREAKING]
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There is a finite amount of freshwater on Earth...
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..so humans have devised extraordinary means
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to ensure that it is always available to meet our every demand.
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We now control freshwater...
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..on a colossal scale.
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The largest irrigation system on Earth
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has been built here in Pakistan.
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[HORNS BLARE]
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A vast network of dams and canals...
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..that diverts and drains the great Indus River.
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It's used to irrigate an area the size of England.
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This man-made freshwater world
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provides water and a livelihood
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for millions of people...
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[LAUGHTER]
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[CHATTER]
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..but at a cost to the natural world.
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[CHATTER]
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A rare creature has become stranded in this irrigation canal.
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And the water will soon be gone,
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used to supply the surrounding land.
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Endangered, they number fewer than 2,000 individuals.
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An Indus river dolphin.
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[CHATTER, YELLING]
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This female dolphin is 150 miles from the main river.
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She can't return on her own,
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so the only option is for this rescue team to take her.
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[CHATTER]
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[CHATTER CONTINUES]
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Out of water, she cannot survive for long.
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[CHATTER]
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The journey back to the river will take hours.
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[CHATTER]
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Her life now depends on these people.
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[SIREN WAILS]
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[CHATTER]
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Nearly 30 dolphins had to be rescued in one month alone.
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Freshwater is not only a resource for humans.
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It is the home for countless species
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that simply cannot survive without it.
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Freshwater is the lifeblood
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of Planet Earth.
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To film the story of the most endangered freshwater dolphin,
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the Planet Earth team joined the world's leading expert - Uzma Khan.
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The first time I saw Indus dolphin, I was just amazed.
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00:50:02,520 --> 00:50:04,520
It's a beautiful creature, you know,
274
00:50:04,520 --> 00:50:07,240
it's like love at first sight. It's so unique.
275
00:50:08,760 --> 00:50:12,760
Uzma has been studying the last remaining population
276
00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:14,760
for over 20 years.
277
00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:19,960
There's a dolphin that surfaced just right there.
278
00:50:19,960 --> 00:50:24,560
Indus river dolphin can only live in freshwater.
279
00:50:24,560 --> 00:50:27,760
It is only found in Pakistan and nowhere else.
280
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:32,040
And we only have about 2,000 of them left in the Indus River.
281
00:50:32,040 --> 00:50:36,240
So, you know, each individual is special.
282
00:50:38,320 --> 00:50:43,320
Following the dolphins in the murky water is extremely challenging.
283
00:50:44,320 --> 00:50:47,320
They only surface for a split second
284
00:50:47,320 --> 00:50:51,040
and that makes protecting them difficult, too.
285
00:50:51,040 --> 00:50:57,040
Their greatest threat is becoming trapped in the irrigation canals.
286
00:50:58,040 --> 00:51:00,800
But Uzma may have a solution,
287
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,040
and teams up with a rescue unit...
288
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:08,720
..to attempt something never done before.
289
00:51:11,080 --> 00:51:14,040
This is the first time we'll be putting satellite tags
290
00:51:14,040 --> 00:51:16,040
on river dolphins in Asia.
291
00:51:16,040 --> 00:51:19,040
Sensors has not been tested on this species,
292
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:22,360
there's a little bit of anxiety, but if they work,
293
00:51:22,360 --> 00:51:25,360
then it's going to be a breakthrough for conservation.
294
00:51:25,360 --> 00:51:28,400
[SIREN WAILS]
295
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:33,400
Uzma has been developing a suitable tag for over ten years
296
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:37,520
and hopes it will help her collect critical data
297
00:51:37,520 --> 00:51:41,040
on how the dolphins are moving through the dams and canals.
298
00:51:42,280 --> 00:51:47,280
But in order to tag, she will first need a successful rescue.
299
00:51:47,280 --> 00:51:51,400
[CHATTER]
300
00:51:57,040 --> 00:52:01,600
I'm usually very concerned when a rescue is happening.
301
00:52:11,520 --> 00:52:14,040
You know, the divers, they are very experienced,
302
00:52:14,040 --> 00:52:16,840
but a part of me is always very worried.
303
00:52:18,280 --> 00:52:21,520
They are wild animals that have never been handled.
304
00:52:23,440 --> 00:52:26,520
It's really quite a risky thing that they're undertaking here.
305
00:52:26,520 --> 00:52:28,760
There's a good chance the dolphin might die.
306
00:52:28,760 --> 00:52:31,520
But, of course, they're balancing that against the fact
307
00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:34,040
that they definitely will die if they stay in here,
308
00:52:34,040 --> 00:52:36,040
so it's a risk they have to take.
309
00:52:41,520 --> 00:52:45,520
[CHATTER]
310
00:52:52,280 --> 00:52:55,200
Have they got the dolphin? Yeah, I think so. They've got it.
311
00:52:58,520 --> 00:53:01,280
Now speed is key.
312
00:53:03,760 --> 00:53:07,480
[CHATTER]
313
00:53:10,520 --> 00:53:14,000
We're now bombing across the field on the way to the release site,
314
00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:16,520
and I think Uzma went ahead of us, so I'm really hopeful
315
00:53:16,520 --> 00:53:19,040
that she'll get her opportunity to tag the dolphin.
316
00:53:19,040 --> 00:53:22,760
[SIREN WAILS]
317
00:53:22,760 --> 00:53:27,040
But rescue missions don't always go to plan.
318
00:53:28,040 --> 00:53:29,840
[LOUD RELEASE OF AIR]
319
00:53:37,360 --> 00:53:39,040
A puncture.
320
00:53:46,520 --> 00:53:50,520
The dolphin is quickly moved to the film crew's truck.
321
00:53:59,680 --> 00:54:01,720
[ANXIOUS CHATTER]
322
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:14,040
But with no roof for shelter,
323
00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:17,760
the dolphin is at greater risk of dehydration.
324
00:54:17,760 --> 00:54:20,360
The stakes are high, even right now.
325
00:54:21,360 --> 00:54:24,040
It's a cute little animal and we don't want it to die.
326
00:54:29,440 --> 00:54:33,120
The team re-route to the closest release site.
327
00:54:35,280 --> 00:54:37,360
There can be no more delay.
328
00:54:38,520 --> 00:54:41,000
Uzma calls off the tagging.
329
00:54:59,520 --> 00:55:02,200
It's unfortunate because we were all prepared,
330
00:55:02,200 --> 00:55:05,280
we were very excited since morning, all geared up,
331
00:55:05,280 --> 00:55:10,040
but hopefully we'll get an opportunity to tag the next rescue.
332
00:55:20,760 --> 00:55:25,280
A few days later, Uzma finally gets her chance.
333
00:55:31,320 --> 00:55:34,360
It's a very exciting day for us.
334
00:55:34,360 --> 00:55:36,280
It's OK.
335
00:55:36,280 --> 00:55:40,240
The moment that we have been waiting for, over ten years.
336
00:55:41,240 --> 00:55:43,120
Just stay calm.
337
00:55:48,240 --> 00:55:50,280
OK, it's good to go.
338
00:55:54,120 --> 00:55:56,360
Congratulations.
339
00:55:56,360 --> 00:55:58,440
Well done.
340
00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:06,320
I am very happy, very happy.
341
00:56:06,320 --> 00:56:08,880
I think it's a great accomplishment.
342
00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:13,760
It's the happiest moment of my life.
343
00:56:15,440 --> 00:56:18,320
[APPLAUSE]
344
00:56:20,520 --> 00:56:26,280
Within a few weeks, the tags begin to reveal some new insights.
345
00:56:28,280 --> 00:56:32,120
They are moving quite a lot, which we never expected.
346
00:56:32,120 --> 00:56:37,280
So one of the dolphins actually went about 46km upstream
347
00:56:37,280 --> 00:56:40,840
from the release site, and the other thing is that we thought
348
00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:43,280
that they will stay in the main river stream,
349
00:56:43,280 --> 00:56:47,280
but they are using side channels. It is extremely interesting.
350
00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:51,240
Tracking the movement of the tagged dolphins
351
00:56:51,240 --> 00:56:53,520
will help Uzma better understand
352
00:56:53,520 --> 00:56:56,520
when and where they become trapped...
353
00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:02,760
..helping safeguard the future of this most endangered animal.
354
00:57:08,760 --> 00:57:10,520
Next time...
355
00:57:11,640 --> 00:57:13,240
..forests.
356
00:57:14,840 --> 00:57:17,080
A hidden world...
357
00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:19,000
[CHIRPING]
358
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:22,520
..where lives are intimately entwined...
359
00:57:24,360 --> 00:57:27,360
..in the most unexpected ways.
360
00:57:33,040 --> 00:57:37,240
Habitat Explorer brings animals and their habitats to life.
361
00:57:37,240 --> 00:57:40,880
Explore this free interactive and make origami animals.
362
00:57:40,880 --> 00:57:44,680
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3
363
00:57:44,680 --> 00:57:47,120
and follow the links to the Open University.
364
00:57:47,120 --> 00:57:49,520
Or to order a free printed version,
365
00:57:49,520 --> 00:57:52,760
visit the website or call the number on the screen.
26775
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