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* MUSIC
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NARRATOR: High up above
the Mediterranean Sea,
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00:00:05,733 --> 00:00:08,767
newborn monkeys
prepare to patrol
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00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:11,467
the Rock of Gibraltar.
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00:00:11,500 --> 00:00:13,033
Across the Atlantic,
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00:00:13,067 --> 00:00:20,067
flamboyant flamingos
forage to feed their flock.
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00:00:20,100 --> 00:00:21,300
And a single-mother
manatee
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00:00:21,333 --> 00:00:24,200
trains her young
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00:00:24,233 --> 00:00:27,200
in the ways
of the wild.
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00:00:30,367 --> 00:00:34,600
Bound together
by a common goal,
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00:00:34,633 --> 00:00:38,700
Fighting
for their future.
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00:00:38,733 --> 00:00:40,100
For these animals,
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00:00:40,133 --> 00:00:44,633
family life
is the key to survival.
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00:00:49,300 --> 00:00:53,733
Inside the different
realms of the Wild Kingdom,
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00:00:53,767 --> 00:00:58,600
members of a single species
assemble in droves,
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00:00:58,633 --> 00:01:00,500
And one flock,
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00:01:00,533 --> 00:01:02,067
herd,
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00:01:02,100 --> 00:01:03,433
or troop
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00:01:03,467 --> 00:01:06,200
reigns supreme.
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00:01:06,233 --> 00:01:09,767
These are
the world's great
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At the southern tip
of Europe,
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the Rock of Gibraltar
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stands guard
at the gateway
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between
the Atlantic Ocean
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and
the Mediterranean Sea.
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This is one of
the Pillars of Hercules,
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the end of the known world
in Greek mythology.
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The British flag
now flies
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00:01:50,167 --> 00:01:54,200
above this strategically
valuable post.
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00:01:54,233 --> 00:01:56,767
And modern myth says
it will stay here,
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as long as Gibraltar's
wild monkeys,
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remain rulers of the Rock.
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00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:09,767
Currently,
there are just over
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00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:12,133
200 Barbary macaques
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00:02:12,167 --> 00:02:15,167
living amongst
the 30,000 residents
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00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:19,133
of the small, densely populated
city of Gibraltar.
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00:02:28,267 --> 00:02:34,033
Hundreds of tourists also
flock to the Rock every day.
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00:02:34,067 --> 00:02:35,600
The hustle and
bustle of the city
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00:02:35,633 --> 00:02:39,233
is a part of life
for the macaques
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00:02:39,267 --> 00:02:41,133
But make no mistake,
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these are
wild monkeys.
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In fact, they are the only
non-human primates
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00:02:52,567 --> 00:02:55,367
that live
wild in Europe
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The empire of the
Barbary macaques
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00:02:59,367 --> 00:03:00,733
is scattered across
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00:03:00,767 --> 00:03:02,100
northern Africa,
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once known as
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the Barbary Coast,
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and here in Gibraltar.
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In 2009 the species
was declared endangered.
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00:03:14,533 --> 00:03:17,333
Deforestation has decimated
the Atlas Mountains
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of Algeria
and Morocco,
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00:03:19,167 --> 00:03:21,267
which was once home
to three quarters
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00:03:21,300 --> 00:03:24,500
of the Barbary
macaque population.
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00:03:28,467 --> 00:03:31,633
So while Gibraltar's
stronghold is thriving,
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it may also be the last hope
for the Barbary macaques.
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If this animal empire
is to rise again,
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it must have a well-established
succession plan.
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Macaques form
social groups
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of 10-100 individuals
called troops.
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00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,567
While hierarchy among females
is based on birthright,
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00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:12,067
male members of the troop
must fight for their rank.
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00:04:21,067 --> 00:04:23,367
Two competing males
joust with each other
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to establish
dominance.
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The fight draws a crowd.
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00:04:36,767 --> 00:04:38,400
Potential allies
pick sides
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hoping to be part of
the winning coalition.
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As is often the case,
the elder emerges the winner.
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00:05:04,500 --> 00:05:06,800
It's not uncommon for
these sparring matches
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to leave lasting scars.
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00:05:10,500 --> 00:05:13,500
But it's well
worth it.
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To the victor
goes the spoils.
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00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,133
Evidence suggests
it's the macaque female
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who chooses
her mate.
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And chances are,
she'll pick the winning male.
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00:05:34,267 --> 00:05:38,133
But Barbary macaques
are a promiscuous bunch.
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After partnering with
the dominant male,
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females will mate with
others in the troop.
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This increases
the odds of conception.
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00:05:56,700 --> 00:06:03,267
It also means there's no way
to know who the father is.
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00:06:03,300 --> 00:06:04,667
In a busy city
like Gibraltar,
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this could
pose a problem.
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A baby monkey
is vulnerable.
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Danger lurks around
every corner.
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Someone will have to
help protect
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00:06:18,300 --> 00:06:20,600
the heir
to the empire.
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To the west,
across the Atlantic,
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the Caribbean Sea rests between
the coasts of two continents
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This is the breeding ground
of the American flamingo,
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also known as
the Caribbean flamingo.
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00:07:02,267 --> 00:07:06,100
These are the only flamingos
found in North America.
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At least, the only
real flamingos.
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00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,667
It was artist
Don Featherstone in 1957
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who created
the now infamous
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00:07:20,633 --> 00:07:22,767
pink plastic
lawn ornaments.
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00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:26,667
Fake fowl folk art is
an icon of American kitsch
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that is celebrated
to this day
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and a popular prank
on 40th birthdays.
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From cave drawings
to Alice's croquet mallets,
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this colorful character
has been making an appearance
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in artwork and stories
for centuries.
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In the natural world,
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the American flamingo
is currently thriving.
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But that may not
last long.
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Other flamingo species
in the western hemisphere,
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like the Chilean and Andean
flamingos, are in decline.
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Current trends suggest
the American flamingo
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may face
the same fate.
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If they are to avoid
the fall of their empire,
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00:08:18,100 --> 00:08:22,767
flamingo families must
ensure their bloodlines.
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00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:24,300
And that means
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00:08:24,333 --> 00:08:28,100
relying on a heavily
coordinated mating ritual.
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The American flamingo lives
throughout the Caribbean,
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and from South Florida
in the north
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to Venezuela
in the south.
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Each year,
thousands travel
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from the mainland
of Venezuela
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to the island of Bonaire,
to breed.
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In Pekelmeer, on the southern
tip of the island,
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is the largest natural
flamingo sanctuary
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in the western
hemisphere.
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00:09:01,833 --> 00:09:06,333
It's an ideal habitat
for these aquatic birds.
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00:09:06,367 --> 00:09:09,267
"Pekel" is Dutch for
salt water,
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00:09:09,300 --> 00:09:13,200
and "meer"
means lake.
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00:09:13,233 --> 00:09:16,133
The shallow water
is home to algae, insects
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and the meal of choice
for flamingos,
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00:09:19,133 --> 00:09:21,500
shellfish.
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00:09:21,533 --> 00:09:25,800
This is the source
of their signature look.
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00:09:25,833 --> 00:09:30,100
These crustaceans contain large
amounts of beta carotene,
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just like carrots.
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00:09:33,133 --> 00:09:37,300
And it's beta carotene
that makes flamingos pink.
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These birds seem proud
of their pink plumage.
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Flamingos spend about a quarter
of their time preening,
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nearly twice as much
as other waterfowl.
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00:09:58,133 --> 00:09:59,733
When birds preen,
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they gather oil from a gland
at the base of their tail.
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00:10:04,267 --> 00:10:08,500
They then redistribute the oil
to the rest of their bodies.
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00:10:08,533 --> 00:10:12,200
It keeps the bird's feathers
in tip-top shape.
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00:10:15,300 --> 00:10:17,700
Here on Bonaire's
breeding grounds,
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00:10:17,733 --> 00:10:21,100
looking good
is especially important.
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00:10:26,733 --> 00:10:30,067
In addition to keeping
them warm and dry,
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00:10:30,100 --> 00:10:33,367
well-preened plumage
helps attract a partner.
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00:10:34,633 --> 00:10:37,067
Like many other species,
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these birds
compete for a mate.
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00:10:40,633 --> 00:10:43,467
But this isn't
a show of strength,
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00:10:43,500 --> 00:10:47,067
it's more like
a dance competition.
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All at once,
groups of tens
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or even hundreds
within the colony
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will begin an elaborate
series of movements,
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all with the goal
of attracting a mate.
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00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:04,333
And the flamboyant
flamingos
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have some
fancy dance moves.
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They start
with a head flag,
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stretching their necks
and heads high,
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bill pointing up,
and moving their heads
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from side to side.
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00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:26,267
They then lift their wing
in a salute
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to show off
their plumage.
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00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,633
And finally,
the twist preen.
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00:11:34,667 --> 00:11:39,433
Each bird twists it's head
back and quickly preens.
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But, unlike the macaques
of Gibraltar,
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a flamingo couple
will usually mate for life.
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All the more reason
for this single adult female
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to be picky
in choosing her partner.
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Finally,
the dance ends
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and cupid's arrow
finds its mark.
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A female calls out
to her chosen mate,
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Then starts walking away
from the group,
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making herself
available.
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She stops, lowers her head
and spreads her wings.
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It's an invitation
for the male to mount.
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It's a complex
operation.
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Made no easier
by the fact
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that it all takes place
in the water.
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For this couple,
it's just the first
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of many
challenging steps
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in starting
a flamingo family.
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They must now
build a nest
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big and strong enough
to resist flooding
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and changes
in temperature.
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The bond between these
partners may be unbreakable,
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but the fragile egg
they hope to produce, is not.
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1,200 miles
northeast from Bonaire,
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the coast of Florida is a much
sought after winter escape.
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And not just for humans.
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When the temperature drops
in December,
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manatees begin to move
from the cold open ocean
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to the warmer inland waters
along the coast.
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Manatees are large
marine mammals
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that belong to
the order Sirenia.
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00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:03,300
Sirenia is from the Latin
"siren", or mermaid.
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The myth of
a part-woman,
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part-fish
has existed
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00:14:13,233 --> 00:14:16,467
as long as there
have been seafarers.
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00:14:18,567 --> 00:14:20,667
Christopher Columbus
himself wrote
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00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:26,400
of the "female forms that rose
high out of the sea".
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00:14:26,433 --> 00:14:30,800
Historians believe this
is the first written record
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00:14:30,833 --> 00:14:34,500
of a manatee sighting
in these waters.
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00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,167
Similar to flamingos,
West Indian manatees
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range from the southeastern
United States
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to the northern coast
of South America.
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00:14:45,733 --> 00:14:47,800
Manatees are
slow moving
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and have
a low metabolic rate.
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This leaves them
vulnerable in the cold.
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00:14:54,833 --> 00:14:56,800
Exposure to
water temperatures
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below 70 degrees
Fahrenheit
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00:14:59,367 --> 00:15:03,133
can lead to a condition called
"cold stress syndrome"
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and even death.
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00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:07,767
So, like the snowbirds
that make
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the annual migration
south for the winter,
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00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:15,300
these manatees
head for warmer climes.
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00:15:15,333 --> 00:15:17,100
One popular destination
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00:15:17,133 --> 00:15:18,467
is Sanibel Island,
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off the coast
of Fort Myers, Florida.
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00:15:22,333 --> 00:15:26,133
Its warm water springs,
lagoons and bayous
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00:15:26,167 --> 00:15:29,667
offer ideal habitats
to find a mate.
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00:15:32,167 --> 00:15:35,767
But that habitat
is shrinking.
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00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:40,767
And so too is
the manatee population.
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00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,767
It's estimated that
there are fewer than
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00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:47,600
6,500 manatees
in Florida,
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00:15:47,633 --> 00:15:52,600
few enough to be
considered endangered.
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00:15:52,633 --> 00:15:54,600
Because females
give birth
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00:15:54,633 --> 00:15:56,733
only once
every two years,
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00:15:56,767 --> 00:15:59,433
every chance to breed
is crucial
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00:15:59,467 --> 00:16:02,033
to sustaining
their empire.
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00:16:06,767 --> 00:16:11,267
In one of Sanibel Island's
warm water springs,
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00:16:11,300 --> 00:16:14,200
a female
lays in wait.
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00:16:15,133 --> 00:16:20,267
She has the full attention
of multiple male suitors.
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00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:22,733
A dozen bulls
follow her,
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00:16:22,767 --> 00:16:25,067
forming
a mating herd.
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00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,300
Within the herd,
these males compete
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00:16:30,333 --> 00:16:33,133
to become
the first to mate.
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00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:38,567
Like the macaques,
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00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:40,400
more than one
will have a chance
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00:16:40,433 --> 00:16:43,533
at fathering her calf.
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00:16:43,567 --> 00:16:47,300
It's a matter of
playing the odds.
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00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:52,767
For this female to have the best
possible chance at conception,
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00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:57,600
she will mate with multiple
members of the herd.
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00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:02,633
Three weeks later,
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00:17:02,667 --> 00:17:05,233
the males disperse.
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00:17:05,267 --> 00:17:08,067
Their part in the breeding
process is complete.
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00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:11,367
And it's been
a success.
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00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:15,200
This female
is now pregnant.
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00:17:15,233 --> 00:17:18,667
Her pregnancy will last
a whole year.
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00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:21,033
During this time,
the mother manatee
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00:17:21,067 --> 00:17:24,600
and her unborn calf
are vulnerable.
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00:17:29,067 --> 00:17:32,200
When these big mammals
break the surface to breathe
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00:17:32,233 --> 00:17:37,433
they're an unwitting target
for the hull or prop of a boat.
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00:17:42,500 --> 00:17:44,667
Most of Florida's
manatees
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00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:49,167
bear distinctive scars
to prove it.
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00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:56,200
Locals say that not a single
manatee has gone unscathed.
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00:17:56,233 --> 00:17:58,633
This potential
new manatee mother
253
00:17:58,667 --> 00:18:00,633
must be cautious
and careful
254
00:18:00,667 --> 00:18:02,800
if she's to survive
long enough
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00:18:02,833 --> 00:18:07,000
to deliver the newborn
now growing inside her.
256
00:18:28,367 --> 00:18:30,367
High up on
the Rock of Gibraltar,
257
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:32,300
six months have passed
258
00:18:32,333 --> 00:18:38,133
and a new member
has joined the troop.
259
00:18:38,167 --> 00:18:39,533
Like other primates,
260
00:18:39,567 --> 00:18:42,467
the baby macaque sticks close
to its mom at first,
261
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:44,767
feeding on her milk.
262
00:18:47,633 --> 00:18:50,300
Though sometimes
mistaken as apes,
263
00:18:50,333 --> 00:18:52,667
macaques are
in fact, monkeys.
264
00:18:55,367 --> 00:18:58,600
The difference
is in the tail.
265
00:18:58,633 --> 00:19:00,433
Most monkeys
have them.
266
00:19:00,467 --> 00:19:02,533
Ape's don't.
267
00:19:04,633 --> 00:19:06,300
Though it doesn't
look like it,
268
00:19:06,333 --> 00:19:08,267
macaque's
do have a tail,
269
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:10,567
it's just
really small.
270
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,100
A fully-grown
macaque's tail
271
00:19:19,133 --> 00:19:23,633
is only between 1/8 and
3/4 of an inch long.
272
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:34,267
And there is another
extraordinary quality
273
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:38,067
that makes the Barbary
macaques unusual.
274
00:19:40,767 --> 00:19:45,467
Males play an active role
in parenting.
275
00:19:46,467 --> 00:19:48,433
It's uncommon
among primates.
276
00:19:48,467 --> 00:19:52,300
Especially when
paternity is uncertain.
277
00:19:56,100 --> 00:20:00,233
Since it's near impossible
to know who the father is,
278
00:20:00,267 --> 00:20:02,533
it would be easy enough
for any mating male
279
00:20:02,567 --> 00:20:05,533
to be a deadbeat dad.
280
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:10,267
Instead,
they all pitch in.
281
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:21,233
Perhaps because of
this uncertainty,
282
00:20:21,267 --> 00:20:24,167
all male Barbary
macaques in a troop
283
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:28,100
are integral to raising
all the infants.
284
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:35,233
It's a form of what scientists
call "alloparenting",
285
00:20:35,267 --> 00:20:38,200
when individuals other than
the biological parents
286
00:20:38,233 --> 00:20:41,333
act in a parental role.
287
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:50,333
For the Barbary
macaques,
288
00:20:50,367 --> 00:20:54,733
it really does take a village
to raise a family.
289
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:00,200
Just months ago,
290
00:21:00,233 --> 00:21:02,367
these male macaques
waged war
291
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:06,367
for the affection
of a female.
292
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:08,200
But when it comes
to child care,
293
00:21:08,233 --> 00:21:10,500
they must put aside
their differences
294
00:21:10,533 --> 00:21:16,500
and help train and protect
the troop's new recruits.
295
00:21:16,533 --> 00:21:20,000
It's a challenging
responsibility.
296
00:21:21,067 --> 00:21:22,033
After a few months,
297
00:21:22,067 --> 00:21:24,733
the young macaque is eager
to roam the slope
298
00:21:24,767 --> 00:21:30,467
and explore the empire
it will one day inherit.
299
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:32,267
Now weaned
from its mother,
300
00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:37,133
it must find food
on its own.
301
00:21:37,167 --> 00:21:40,467
But Gibraltar
is a busy post.
302
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:43,167
The roads of
the Rock are dangerous,
303
00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:44,333
especially
for a hungry,
304
00:21:44,367 --> 00:21:46,633
and curious,
little monkey.
305
00:21:59,667 --> 00:22:01,800
On the Caribbean island
of Bonaire,
306
00:22:01,833 --> 00:22:04,133
when it comes
to nesting,
307
00:22:04,167 --> 00:22:07,567
birds of a feather
truly flock together.
308
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:13,767
The expecting flamingo parents
join other couples,
309
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:20,500
all nesting together at
the same time, once a year.
310
00:22:20,533 --> 00:22:22,733
The success of
this animal empire
311
00:22:22,767 --> 00:22:30,033
is based on the colony's chicks
all hatching in sync.
312
00:22:30,067 --> 00:22:33,533
This makes it easier
to provide for the newborns.
313
00:22:33,567 --> 00:22:36,700
a responsibility that,
like the Barbary macaques,
314
00:22:36,733 --> 00:22:43,400
is shared by all the adults
of the flock.
315
00:22:43,433 --> 00:22:45,733
To get ready for laying
and hatching,
316
00:22:45,767 --> 00:22:48,100
both the male and female
help build the nest
317
00:22:48,133 --> 00:22:50,733
out of mounds of
mud, stone,
318
00:22:50,767 --> 00:22:53,533
straw and feathers.
319
00:22:54,300 --> 00:22:58,733
Construction takes
about six weeks.
320
00:22:58,767 --> 00:23:01,267
The flamingos use their bills
to make the mound
321
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:03,300
by bringing the mud
and other materials
322
00:23:03,333 --> 00:23:06,000
towards their feet.
323
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:09,533
If they build it right,
324
00:23:09,567 --> 00:23:12,533
it will stand about
12 to 18 inches tall
325
00:23:12,567 --> 00:23:15,567
and will be shaped
like a volcano.
326
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:21,367
On top they make a shallow
well for the egg.
327
00:23:25,667 --> 00:23:32,100
The mound helps keep the egg
at a constant temperature
328
00:23:32,133 --> 00:23:36,533
It also keeps it out of
ground level flooding.
329
00:23:36,567 --> 00:23:40,033
The nest has to be built
well enough to hold the egg
330
00:23:40,067 --> 00:23:44,233
and mom and dad,
for at least a month.
331
00:23:44,267 --> 00:23:48,400
Once the nest is complete,
mother flamingo lays her egg.
332
00:23:56,533 --> 00:24:00,633
Flamingos usually
lay one large egg.
333
00:24:00,667 --> 00:24:03,533
It's shaped the same
as a chicken egg,
334
00:24:03,567 --> 00:24:09,367
but weighs two to
three times as much.
335
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:15,433
Both parents help with
incubation while they wait.
336
00:24:15,467 --> 00:24:18,100
And after
just under a month,
337
00:24:18,133 --> 00:24:20,333
the egg hatches
338
00:24:28,467 --> 00:24:31,200
Both mother and
father are there
339
00:24:31,233 --> 00:24:34,167
when the chick
emerges from its shell.
340
00:24:36,467 --> 00:24:39,033
They stand over
and gently preen
341
00:24:39,067 --> 00:24:41,267
and nibble the newborn.
342
00:24:43,067 --> 00:24:45,333
At first, the chick
can only move
343
00:24:45,367 --> 00:24:50,700
by pushing its wings
and lifting its head.
344
00:24:50,733 --> 00:24:52,800
As the hours
and days pass,
345
00:24:52,833 --> 00:24:57,700
it grows stronger
and begins to walk.
346
00:24:57,733 --> 00:25:00,467
Its red bill and
plump, swollen legs
347
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:03,667
turn black
after a week or so.
348
00:25:05,633 --> 00:25:07,467
After ten days,
349
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:12,433
the new chick
is ready to join a creche,
350
00:25:12,467 --> 00:25:14,667
it's a kind of
flamingo daycare
351
00:25:14,700 --> 00:25:18,100
where chicks are watched
by a group of adults.
352
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:25,633
There's still
a long way to go
353
00:25:25,667 --> 00:25:28,700
before he is ready
to leave the nest for good.
354
00:25:28,733 --> 00:25:31,733
He must learn
to feed on his own.
355
00:25:31,767 --> 00:25:36,133
And with human civilization
expanding nearby,
356
00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:40,733
Bonaire's once bountiful banquet
is depleting.
357
00:25:40,767 --> 00:25:45,433
There's simply not enough
grub to go around.
358
00:25:45,467 --> 00:25:47,233
With thousands
of mouths to feed,
359
00:25:47,267 --> 00:25:49,600
the newest members
of this empire
360
00:25:49,633 --> 00:25:53,100
will need to learn
to fight for food,
361
00:25:53,133 --> 00:25:57,167
or flee, if they are going
to survive.
362
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:06,133
The inland waters of
Florida's Sanibel Island
363
00:26:06,167 --> 00:26:09,233
are calm and quiet.
364
00:26:11,067 --> 00:26:12,233
It's been a year
365
00:26:12,267 --> 00:26:16,500
since the manatee
mating herd dispersed.
366
00:26:16,533 --> 00:26:20,633
The pregnant female has managed
to stay safe and secure
367
00:26:20,667 --> 00:26:26,600
in the warm shallow
waters of the mangroves.
368
00:26:26,633 --> 00:26:28,633
And she's now
the proud mother
369
00:26:28,667 --> 00:26:31,667
of a new baby calf.
370
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:35,633
Like most
manatee births,
371
00:26:35,667 --> 00:26:37,800
her newborn
is a single calf
372
00:26:37,833 --> 00:26:39,800
just over
three feet long
373
00:26:39,833 --> 00:26:43,633
and weighing between
55 and 65 pounds.
374
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:48,467
Within minutes
of birth,
375
00:26:48,500 --> 00:26:50,467
the precocious
newborn manatee calf
376
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:52,700
is able to swim.
377
00:27:00,633 --> 00:27:07,300
Like all mammals,
manatees need air to breathe.
378
00:27:07,333 --> 00:27:09,133
They hold their
breath underwater
379
00:27:09,167 --> 00:27:12,567
while closing the flaps
on their nostrils.
380
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:21,500
They can stay submerged
for as long as 20 minutes.
381
00:27:21,533 --> 00:27:23,667
But they'll usually
go to the surface
382
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,767
every five minutes
to breathe.
383
00:27:33,167 --> 00:27:36,733
And while the newborn can swim
to the surface on his own,
384
00:27:36,767 --> 00:27:41,267
he needs a bit
of encouragement.
385
00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:44,233
An attentive mother
is right alongside
386
00:27:44,267 --> 00:27:45,467
to make sure
her baby
387
00:27:45,500 --> 00:27:48,700
does as
nature intended.
388
00:27:48,733 --> 00:27:52,533
The calf begins to feed
within a few hours after birth,
389
00:27:52,567 --> 00:27:58,200
nursing from teats located
behind his mother's flippers.
390
00:27:58,233 --> 00:28:03,433
During nursing, the mother
and calf bond is strong.
391
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:10,100
West Indian manatees
392
00:28:10,133 --> 00:28:13,233
can grow as large as
13 feet long
393
00:28:13,267 --> 00:28:16,667
and weigh
1,200 pounds,
394
00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:20,200
about as much
as a grand piano.
395
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:27,200
Manatees are sometimes
called sea cows.
396
00:28:27,233 --> 00:28:29,200
And, given
their size and shape,
397
00:28:29,233 --> 00:28:32,533
it's easy
to see why.
398
00:28:32,567 --> 00:28:35,067
Their closest relative
is in fact
399
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:38,233
a four-legged
land animal,
400
00:28:38,267 --> 00:28:41,367
but it's not
the cow.
401
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:43,733
It's the elephant.
402
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:50,700
There's an unusual twist
in this family tree,
403
00:28:50,733 --> 00:28:53,533
it's thought that manatees
evolved from a land mammal
404
00:28:53,567 --> 00:28:56,067
and moved
to the sea,
405
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:58,367
the opposite of
the usual evolution story
406
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:04,667
that tells of animals
leaving the water for land.
407
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:07,033
Now, millions
of years later,
408
00:29:07,067 --> 00:29:12,067
manatees have adapted
to life in the sea.
409
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:21,633
Unlike macaques
and flamingos,
410
00:29:21,667 --> 00:29:25,667
by the time this newborn manatee
takes his first breath,
411
00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:30,500
his father
will be long gone.
412
00:29:30,533 --> 00:29:34,333
Mom will be the sole parent
for the crucial first years
413
00:29:34,367 --> 00:29:37,700
of this vulnerable
infant's life.
414
00:29:39,067 --> 00:29:41,467
The young manatee stays close
to his mother's side
415
00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:43,567
at all times.
416
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:49,300
While adults typically
swim in single file,
417
00:29:49,333 --> 00:29:54,467
the calf will always travel
parallel to his mother
418
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:56,633
Sticking close
means mother and calf
419
00:29:56,667 --> 00:29:59,467
can stay in constant
communication.
420
00:30:07,667 --> 00:30:11,200
Manatees are relatively
quiet creatures.
421
00:30:12,333 --> 00:30:17,167
But they can emit
a wide range of sounds.
422
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:20,467
Mother and calf are
especially talkative,
423
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:22,467
the calf cries out
when it's hungry
424
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:26,267
or gets separated.
425
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:30,467
This dependency will continue
for as long as two years.
426
00:30:33,467 --> 00:30:39,300
During this time, mother
manatee will serve as teacher.
427
00:30:39,333 --> 00:30:42,433
The young manatee
is an attentive student.
428
00:30:42,467 --> 00:30:46,067
And he must be.
429
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:48,333
There's lots to learn,
about migration routes,
430
00:30:48,367 --> 00:30:51,100
rest areas,
and especially,
431
00:30:51,133 --> 00:30:54,600
how to find food.
432
00:30:54,633 --> 00:31:01,100
These mammals are herbivores
and eat a variety of plants.
433
00:31:01,133 --> 00:31:02,433
Mother manatee
will eat
434
00:31:02,467 --> 00:31:08,400
15% of her body weight
every day.
435
00:31:08,433 --> 00:31:11,800
The newborn must learn to find
enough food on his own,
436
00:31:11,833 --> 00:31:16,233
if he's to make it
past his second birthday.
437
00:31:16,267 --> 00:31:19,300
And foraging for food
pushes the young manatee
438
00:31:19,333 --> 00:31:22,067
further into Florida's
busy waterways,
439
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:26,400
and into the path
of potential danger.
440
00:31:48,067 --> 00:31:49,433
Putting food
on the table
441
00:31:49,467 --> 00:31:54,033
is a fundamental part
of any family life.
442
00:31:54,067 --> 00:31:55,500
Once infants have
been weaned,
443
00:31:55,533 --> 00:32:01,700
they have to learn how
to forage on their own.
444
00:32:01,733 --> 00:32:04,200
A young Barbary macaque
takes its lead
445
00:32:04,233 --> 00:32:06,533
from the troop's
senior supervisors,
446
00:32:06,567 --> 00:32:09,033
searching the slopes
of the Rock of Gibraltar
447
00:32:09,067 --> 00:32:11,167
for a meal.
448
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:13,700
The diet of
most macaques
449
00:32:13,733 --> 00:32:17,033
consists of a mixture
of plants and insects
450
00:32:17,067 --> 00:32:20,233
like snails, worms,
and spiders.
451
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:26,533
The Gibraltar monkeys
have an advantage
452
00:32:26,567 --> 00:32:31,333
over their African
and Asian kin.
453
00:32:31,367 --> 00:32:35,667
They're a popular
tourist attraction.
454
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,167
And despite rules
against feeding,
455
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:39,667
they get,
and often take,
456
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:44,500
their fair share
of handouts.
457
00:32:44,533 --> 00:32:47,567
Hand feeding often
encourages good monkeys
458
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:49,733
to behave badly.
459
00:32:56,367 --> 00:32:57,800
Local officials
have taken measures
460
00:32:57,833 --> 00:33:00,267
to control
the feeding.
461
00:33:05,533 --> 00:33:08,333
They offer grains of barley
and chopped up vegetables
462
00:33:08,367 --> 00:33:11,500
to keep the monkeys happy,
and occupied.
463
00:33:16,667 --> 00:33:19,600
It's a healthier alternative
to human leftovers
464
00:33:19,633 --> 00:33:22,733
that can cause tooth decay
and disease.
465
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:29,767
But it's a less than
ideal solution
466
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:32,333
to a serious problem.
467
00:33:36,733 --> 00:33:39,133
Any helping hand
from humans
468
00:33:39,167 --> 00:33:41,500
puts the monkeys
at risk.
469
00:33:45,433 --> 00:33:47,100
On the Rock of Gibraltar,
470
00:33:47,133 --> 00:33:50,433
natural predators like dogs
and birds are scarce.
471
00:33:50,467 --> 00:33:54,367
Cars and trucks,
however, are not.
472
00:33:57,100 --> 00:33:59,433
A sentinel watches from above
as other members
473
00:33:59,467 --> 00:34:03,733
of the troop
scavenge for food.
474
00:34:03,767 --> 00:34:06,100
Suddenly, he appears
agitated,
475
00:34:06,133 --> 00:34:08,567
scratching and
moving sporadically.
476
00:34:10,233 --> 00:34:12,100
He senses danger,
477
00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:15,667
and calls out to
the rest of the troop.
478
00:34:15,700 --> 00:34:20,267
It's a very
specific call.
479
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:22,667
Pitch and loudness vary
based on the caller
480
00:34:22,700 --> 00:34:24,767
and who he's calling.
481
00:34:31,267 --> 00:34:33,533
Barbary macaques can tell
the difference between calls
482
00:34:33,567 --> 00:34:35,567
by members
of their own troop
483
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,500
from those
in other groups.
484
00:34:42,733 --> 00:34:48,567
They even have different calls
for different threats.
485
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:52,467
It's an essential skill
for the society to survive.
486
00:35:05,267 --> 00:35:07,233
Thanks to
the warning signal,
487
00:35:07,267 --> 00:35:11,667
the foraging party is able
to move out of harm's way.
488
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,367
As the sun sets
over the Mediterranean,
489
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:31,633
the Barbary macaques
seek shelter in the trees
490
00:35:31,667 --> 00:35:37,300
along the slopes of
the Rock of Gibraltar.
491
00:35:37,333 --> 00:35:40,033
The juvenile monkeys
are now safe and secure
492
00:35:40,067 --> 00:35:42,467
in the company
of the troop.
493
00:35:43,700 --> 00:35:46,367
To relieve the stress
of a dramatic day,
494
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,200
they relax
by grooming.
495
00:35:51,133 --> 00:35:53,533
Though it sometimes
results in a snack,
496
00:35:53,567 --> 00:35:55,033
the main function
of grooming
497
00:35:55,067 --> 00:36:00,700
seems to be
to soothe the nerves.
498
00:36:00,733 --> 00:36:03,167
Scientists believe
that it's the groomer,
499
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:09,267
not the groomed,
that benefits the most.
500
00:36:09,300 --> 00:36:11,633
And as they have
for the last few months,
501
00:36:11,667 --> 00:36:14,367
male adults play
a leading role in ensuring
502
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:21,500
the juveniles have
a chance to unwind.
503
00:36:21,533 --> 00:36:23,133
In just
a few more years,
504
00:36:23,167 --> 00:36:25,633
when they reach
the age of four or five,
505
00:36:25,667 --> 00:36:31,500
the juveniles will be ready
to start their own families.
506
00:36:31,533 --> 00:36:34,333
And they too will have
to help their young
507
00:36:34,367 --> 00:36:37,100
navigate the streets
of Gibraltar.
508
00:36:42,333 --> 00:36:44,133
For the last
six centuries,
509
00:36:44,167 --> 00:36:47,600
macaques and humans have
managed to live together
510
00:36:47,633 --> 00:36:50,133
in these tight quarters.
511
00:36:53,267 --> 00:36:55,767
Both must follow
the rules of the Rock
512
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:58,600
if they're to continue
to co-exist
513
00:36:58,633 --> 00:37:01,533
for the centuries
to come.
514
00:37:22,333 --> 00:37:24,767
It's not just mammals
like monkeys and manatees
515
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:27,700
that provide milk
to their newborns.
516
00:37:31,133 --> 00:37:32,767
When young
flamingos are born,
517
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,100
both mother and father
produce a liquid food
518
00:37:36,133 --> 00:37:40,167
in a pouch in their throat
called a crop.
519
00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:42,433
They regurgitate
this flamingo milk
520
00:37:42,467 --> 00:37:44,467
to the young.
521
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:49,100
It's also,
the color red.
522
00:37:49,133 --> 00:37:51,567
While the baby is grey
or white at birth,
523
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:53,367
the pigment
from the flamingo milk
524
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:58,567
will turn it pink
after a year or so.
525
00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:01,467
Then, he's on his own.
526
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,400
Once the young flamingo's
beak is developed,
527
00:38:05,433 --> 00:38:08,333
he must learn
how to use it.
528
00:38:14,467 --> 00:38:16,167
A flamingo's beak
is custom built
529
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:19,000
for the job
of filtering food.
530
00:38:26,667 --> 00:38:30,300
The top looks like
an inverted spoon
531
00:38:30,333 --> 00:38:32,600
Inside are hundreds
of horny plates,
532
00:38:32,633 --> 00:38:38,267
similar to certain
baleen whales like humpbacks.
533
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:43,700
These work like
a filter or sieve.
534
00:38:43,733 --> 00:38:47,800
In shallow water, they use their
long legs like stir sticks,
535
00:38:47,833 --> 00:38:50,633
churning the sediment
on the bottom.
536
00:38:56,533 --> 00:38:59,533
The hungry flamingo
dips its head upside down,
537
00:38:59,567 --> 00:39:03,133
taking a mouthful of
water laden with insects,
538
00:39:03,167 --> 00:39:06,467
tiny crustaceans
and algae.
539
00:39:10,067 --> 00:39:12,500
It then pumps its muscular
tongue like a piston
540
00:39:12,533 --> 00:39:16,767
to drive water
through the filter.
541
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,667
Algae and shellfish now
take the place of the red milk,
542
00:39:20,700 --> 00:39:22,367
providing
the beta carotene
543
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:26,133
that keeps a flamingo's
feathers pink.
544
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:32,467
As the chicks grow,
545
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:36,667
so too
will their appetites.
546
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:42,467
Flamingos spend about
a third of their time feeding.
547
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:45,467
Most eat
during the night.
548
00:39:45,500 --> 00:39:47,533
But breeding flamingos
will also eat
549
00:39:47,567 --> 00:39:50,033
during the day.
550
00:39:51,133 --> 00:39:52,333
Producing milk
for their chick
551
00:39:52,367 --> 00:39:56,667
leaves both parents
looking rather pale.
552
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:59,467
They've lost much of
their pretty pink plumage
553
00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:01,633
and must eat extra helpings
of shellfish
554
00:40:01,667 --> 00:40:05,267
to return to their
former glory.
555
00:40:08,233 --> 00:40:10,233
With growing chicks
and hungry parents,
556
00:40:10,267 --> 00:40:15,800
the demand on food sources
here in Bonaire increases.
557
00:40:15,833 --> 00:40:22,767
And there's not enough to
feed the thousands of beaks.
558
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:25,433
Both climate change and
encroaching development
559
00:40:25,467 --> 00:40:27,300
are putting a strain
on the wetlands
560
00:40:27,333 --> 00:40:30,467
on which flamingos
depend for food.
561
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:34,033
And when food
is scarce,
562
00:40:34,067 --> 00:40:37,233
hungry birds
get agitated.
563
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:39,133
Though they may have
a reputation
564
00:40:39,167 --> 00:40:41,633
as peaceful and
gentle creatures,
565
00:40:41,667 --> 00:40:43,767
when it comes
to food,
566
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:49,600
these birds
aren't afraid to fight.
567
00:40:49,633 --> 00:40:53,400
It starts with
a show of force.
568
00:40:53,433 --> 00:40:57,167
They expand their plumage
and open their wings,
569
00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:00,100
each competitor
trying to show he or she
570
00:41:00,133 --> 00:41:02,600
is the biggest and
strongest.
571
00:41:04,433 --> 00:41:06,333
If an actual
fight breaks out,
572
00:41:06,367 --> 00:41:10,100
it's called
bill fencing.
573
00:41:10,133 --> 00:41:11,733
A parry and thrust
of necks
574
00:41:11,767 --> 00:41:14,233
and bashing together
of beaks.
575
00:41:21,533 --> 00:41:26,100
Finally, one bird gets tired
and walks away.
576
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:33,200
But diminishing resources
don't diminish their appetites.
577
00:41:33,233 --> 00:41:36,067
Everyone has to eat.
578
00:41:38,333 --> 00:41:39,633
As a result,
every day,
579
00:41:39,667 --> 00:41:42,100
a few hundred
leave the island
580
00:41:42,133 --> 00:41:45,233
for the coastal waters
of nearby Venezuela,
581
00:41:45,267 --> 00:41:47,600
in search
of more food.
582
00:41:51,267 --> 00:41:55,233
Flamingos may not look like
they were built to fly.
583
00:41:55,267 --> 00:41:58,067
Their legs are longer
than their bodies.
584
00:41:58,100 --> 00:41:59,467
And their necks
are so long
585
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:02,667
they need nineteen bones
for support.
586
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:12,600
But they are, in fact,
expert and frequent flyers.
587
00:42:12,633 --> 00:42:14,400
They need
a running take-off
588
00:42:14,433 --> 00:42:17,233
to get their long lean
bodies in the air,
589
00:42:17,267 --> 00:42:20,533
and must continuously
flap their wings.
590
00:42:25,067 --> 00:42:27,200
Once they
take to the skies,
591
00:42:27,233 --> 00:42:31,400
adult flamingos can fly
up to 40 miles per hour.
592
00:42:37,067 --> 00:42:38,333
They need the speed.
593
00:42:38,367 --> 00:42:41,033
Theirs is a daily round
trip commute,
594
00:42:41,067 --> 00:42:42,667
50 miles
from Bonaire
595
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:45,300
to the mainland
and back again.
596
00:42:52,067 --> 00:42:55,667
By the time the youngsters
reach two and a half months old,
597
00:42:55,700 --> 00:42:59,367
they too are able
to make the flight.
598
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,200
But they're traveling
on a different itinerary.
599
00:43:03,233 --> 00:43:06,633
They will stay on the mainland
for 4 to 5 years,
600
00:43:06,667 --> 00:43:09,400
until they reach
sexual maturity.
601
00:43:10,267 --> 00:43:12,300
Only then
will they return
602
00:43:12,333 --> 00:43:14,633
to the breeding
grounds of Bonaire,
603
00:43:14,667 --> 00:43:17,800
with the hopes that it will
still have enough resources
604
00:43:17,833 --> 00:43:20,167
for them to continue
the life cycle
605
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,633
of their empire.
606
00:43:35,667 --> 00:43:37,633
Manatees spend
approximately
607
00:43:37,667 --> 00:43:40,700
half of their day
sleeping underwater,
608
00:43:44,267 --> 00:43:49,767
They spend the remainder
of their time mostly, eating.
609
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:51,267
A fully grown
manatee
610
00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:56,733
can consume over
100 pounds of plants.
611
00:43:56,767 --> 00:43:59,367
That means mom
is munching on a meal
612
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:02,467
for up to
seven hours every day
613
00:44:05,133 --> 00:44:08,500
Now she must teach her calf
how to use his flippers
614
00:44:08,533 --> 00:44:11,267
to "walk"
along the bottom,
615
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:17,167
to dig for plants and
roots on the sea floor.
616
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:18,767
When she finds
a plant,
617
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:20,300
she uses
her flippers
618
00:44:20,333 --> 00:44:25,733
to scoop the vegetation
toward her lips.
619
00:44:25,767 --> 00:44:29,067
A manatee's lips
are split in half,
620
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:31,133
left and right sides
can move independently
621
00:44:31,167 --> 00:44:33,600
and have seven muscles.
622
00:44:35,567 --> 00:44:37,567
They work
much like the trunk
623
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:40,333
of their distant relative,
the elephant.
624
00:44:43,533 --> 00:44:46,100
They're called
prehensile lips.
625
00:44:46,133 --> 00:44:47,400
They work
back and forth
626
00:44:47,433 --> 00:44:50,100
in a way that helps them
graze on sea grass
627
00:44:50,133 --> 00:44:52,367
and large leafy plants.
628
00:44:56,300 --> 00:45:00,300
The manatee does not
have front teeth.
629
00:45:00,333 --> 00:45:02,667
Behind the lips,
on the roof of the mouth
630
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:05,533
are dense, rigid pads
like molars,
631
00:45:05,567 --> 00:45:08,500
used to tear through
and grind plants.
632
00:45:19,633 --> 00:45:21,700
On Sanibel Island,
633
00:45:21,733 --> 00:45:23,367
it may appear as though
the manatees
634
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:26,067
live a tropical
life of leisure,
635
00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:31,700
relaxing and feasting
in the warm shallow water.
636
00:45:31,733 --> 00:45:35,100
But this
image is deceiving.
637
00:45:37,500 --> 00:45:39,700
Boat strikes
kill an average
638
00:45:39,733 --> 00:45:45,500
of nearly one hundred animals
every year,
639
00:45:45,533 --> 00:45:48,167
Water pollution and
rising sea temperatures
640
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:51,133
also cause "red tide",
641
00:45:51,167 --> 00:45:53,600
large concentrations
of toxic algae
642
00:45:53,633 --> 00:45:57,667
that kill hundreds
of manatees a year.
643
00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:01,167
It takes females five years,
and males eight,
644
00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:05,100
before they reach
sexual maturity.
645
00:46:05,133 --> 00:46:06,700
Manatees that don't
make it that long,
646
00:46:06,733 --> 00:46:11,667
don't have
a chance to breed.
647
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:14,033
Conservation efforts
are helping to protect
648
00:46:14,067 --> 00:46:16,700
these docile,
mythical creatures.
649
00:46:20,067 --> 00:46:22,033
But for now,
mother manatee
650
00:46:22,067 --> 00:46:25,200
must trust that her newborn
is well-equipped
651
00:46:25,233 --> 00:46:27,167
to survive
in the wild,
652
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:29,133
and will live
long enough
653
00:46:29,167 --> 00:46:32,400
to start a family
of his own.
654
00:46:46,833 --> 00:46:48,467
From southern Europe,
655
00:46:48,500 --> 00:46:52,367
to the islands
of the Caribbean,
656
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:56,767
to the warm waters
of Florida,
657
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:58,767
the survival of
each of these species
658
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:02,267
depends on preserving
its lineage.
659
00:47:02,300 --> 00:47:06,167
Macaques, flamingos,
and manatees
660
00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:08,800
all face looming threats
at the hands of
661
00:47:08,833 --> 00:47:12,800
an expanding
human population.
662
00:47:12,833 --> 00:47:16,367
Whether by
working together,
663
00:47:16,400 --> 00:47:18,500
or forced
to go it alone
664
00:47:18,533 --> 00:47:21,400
family life is paramount
to ensuring
665
00:47:21,433 --> 00:47:22,633
the next generation
666
00:47:22,667 --> 00:47:25,433
can adapt to
a changing environment,
667
00:47:25,467 --> 00:47:27,100
and continue
the legacy
668
00:47:27,133 --> 00:47:28,267
of these
669
00:47:28,300 --> 00:47:30,067
of these
Animal Empires.
670
00:47:30,100 --> 00:47:40,100
* THEME MUSIC
671
00:47:40,133 --> 00:47:45,067
* THEME MUSIC
672
00:47:45,100 --> 00:47:54,100
* THEME MUSIC
50856
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