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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:08,320 Life in the wild is tough. 2 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:12,200 Animals sometimes have to pull out all the stops to survive. 3 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:14,440 And while some play by the rules, 4 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:17,920 others, it seems, are more than happy to break them. 5 00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:27,520 The natural world is full of animals who are up to no good. 6 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:31,080 They're stealing. 7 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:34,680 Vandalising. 8 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:38,600 Fighting. 9 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:43,000 And even kidnapping. 10 00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:47,960 But is this really as appalling as it looks? 11 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:50,760 I'm travelling the planet 12 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:54,360 to witness some of these animal antics first-hand... 13 00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:57,440 They are very cheeky, very cheeky. 14 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:01,280 ..meeting the experts making groundbreaking new discoveries... 15 00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:02,680 That's mad! 16 00:01:02,680 --> 00:01:05,400 ..and finding out for myself 17 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:07,800 if what appears to be bad behaviour 18 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:09,800 may just be the secret 19 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:11,200 to their success. 20 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:13,480 I'm really beginning to love these guys. 21 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:15,760 That's just clever and funny. 22 00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:17,640 But we need our camera back. 23 00:01:20,040 --> 00:01:22,200 Next on my journey, I'm discovering 24 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:26,120 just how far some creatures will go to find food. 25 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:28,720 I'm going to introduce you to the extraordinary animals 26 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:32,040 who will stop at nothing to get a good meal. 27 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:49,800 Every day, animals face 28 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:52,120 one of life's greatest challenges. 29 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:55,720 Finding food. 30 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:01,280 But getting your share is never easy. 31 00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:08,200 On one of Australia's most remote outposts, 32 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:12,680 one animal's search for sustenance is causing trouble for the locals. 33 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:16,200 MAN: When I first arrived at the island, 34 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:18,480 in the middle of the night, you'd hear knocks and scratches, 35 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:21,320 and some people think the place is haunted. 36 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:22,920 MAN: I just left my bag on the ground, 37 00:02:22,920 --> 00:02:24,440 like you normally would anywhere else. 38 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:28,560 Go for a walk that way, you come back. "Where's my bag?" 39 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:30,120 He's gotten it open. 40 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:32,320 There's a camera that's now over there 41 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:33,720 and he's got my drink bottle. 42 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:37,760 He's clawing at the lid, just trying to get in. 43 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:42,120 I've come to meet the creature 44 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:43,800 behind this crime wave. 45 00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:46,640 This magnificent animal 46 00:02:46,640 --> 00:02:48,440 is the coconut crab, 47 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:50,960 the world's largest land crab. 48 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:54,480 It's been known to grow as long 49 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:56,200 as half a metre in length 50 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:59,080 and can be as heavy as four kilos. 51 00:02:59,080 --> 00:03:01,160 I mean, just look at it. 52 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:07,240 These giants are equipped with formidable armour 53 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:11,720 and claws powerful enough to tear open a coconut. 54 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:16,640 Here on Christmas Island, there are over a million of them. 55 00:03:16,640 --> 00:03:20,520 That's 500 crabs for every human. 56 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:22,600 And they all need to eat. 57 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:25,800 So, every opportunity is fair game. 58 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:28,960 These crabs are doing something a little bit unexpected. 59 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:31,560 They've turned to a life of crime. 60 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:35,160 In fact, to the locals here, they're known as robber crabs. 61 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:44,560 We'd find the crabs 62 00:03:44,560 --> 00:03:47,360 were stealing our lunch every time we left it alone. 63 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:51,080 They can get into cool-boxes, they can cut through plastic, 64 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:53,400 they can cut through metal. 65 00:03:57,320 --> 00:03:58,680 We were down at Dolly Beach 66 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:00,520 and we were opening some coconuts with a machete. 67 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:03,280 We just put the machete down for a second, walked away, 68 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:05,320 and when we came back, the robber crab 69 00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:07,280 was walking off with the machete. 70 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:13,760 These daring thieves are taking everything that isn't nailed down. 71 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:17,360 Stories abound all over Christmas Island 72 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,840 of coconut crabs stealing non-food items. 73 00:04:20,840 --> 00:04:22,920 They pinch shoes off porches, 74 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:24,520 shiny things like cutlery. 75 00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:26,920 There's even a story of a coconut crab 76 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:29,240 taking a gun off a military guard. 77 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:32,800 But why would crabs nick things they can't even eat? 78 00:04:34,280 --> 00:04:37,680 I want to see what they get up to for myself, 79 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,200 so I'm setting a trap using some everyday objects 80 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:42,840 and motion-sensor cameras 81 00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:45,520 to catch the crabs in the act. 82 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:47,280 OK. 83 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:56,560 The next morning, I return with Max Orchard, 84 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,480 an expert in coconut crab behaviour, 85 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:01,280 to look over what we filmed. 86 00:05:01,280 --> 00:05:04,640 OK, let's have a look... 87 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,080 ..at what these coconut crabs have been up to. 88 00:05:08,080 --> 00:05:09,600 MAX: Mm hmm. 89 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:11,000 LIZ: Oh! 90 00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:13,560 MAX: Uh-huh. 91 00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:17,040 First of all, the antennae make an appearance. 92 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:19,640 Flip-flop, bosh! 93 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:21,680 Cheeky crab. He's having that. 94 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,440 The footage reveals that up to 10 different crabs 95 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:28,720 investigated the items. 96 00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:31,800 It was busy here last night, wasn't it? 97 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,320 Max...Ma...! Look at this! 98 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:38,400 That's... Wow. 99 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:39,920 Taking the camera. 100 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:43,160 And he has been so obliging by lighting himself, 101 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:45,280 triggering the camera. 102 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:47,880 Oh, that's just brilliant to see. 103 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:50,640 Max, what is it all about? 104 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:53,480 Why would they be so interested in non-food items? 105 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:55,640 They come across things that they don't know, 106 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:58,360 but they check them out - they may be able to eat them. 107 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,760 And is it always about food? 108 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:01,960 It's the driving force. 109 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:04,160 If things are out in the open, 110 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,640 they like to grab them and then cart off. 111 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:09,360 And if they are edible, chew them, 112 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:12,600 without other crabs trying to steal them from them. 113 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:17,320 Somewhere out here, there's a crab sitting on my camera. 114 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:21,880 With so many crabs on the island, 115 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:24,440 the competition for food is intense, 116 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:27,760 which means they'll check out anything new 117 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:29,840 to see if they can eat it. 118 00:06:29,840 --> 00:06:32,960 Well, I can see a crab in there and I can see the flip flop. 119 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,880 And because they take these items somewhere safe to investigate them, 120 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:40,320 it looks, to us, like theft. 121 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:43,960 (GASPS) Right, OK, look, that's... 122 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:45,880 ..that's a piece of the camera there, look. 123 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:50,840 I'm really beginning to love these guys. 124 00:06:50,840 --> 00:06:53,360 That's just clever and funny. 125 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:54,960 But we need our camera back. 126 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,320 It's not that funny, then. 127 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:01,440 But there is one thing this doesn't explain. 128 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:05,600 Coconut crabs seem to show up from nowhere 129 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:07,840 as soon as a new item appears. 130 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:12,680 A somewhat surprising skill for a crustacean. 131 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:18,400 So, how does a crab hone in so superbly well 132 00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:20,960 on the items it's interested in? 133 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:27,160 Max has been helping scientists to find the answer. 134 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:31,720 And it's all down to one of their incredible sensors. 135 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:36,760 To show me, he's positioned one of their favourite foods, a coconut, 136 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:38,800 off the ground, 137 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:41,360 alongside some empty control poles. 138 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:44,680 With the raised bait harder to see, 139 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,120 do the crabs need to rely on something other than sight? 140 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:54,280 It's only a matter of minutes before they appear. 141 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:04,720 Now, I can see that it's waving its antennae around. 142 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:06,400 What's going on there. 143 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:08,840 The ones that you can see waving 144 00:08:08,840 --> 00:08:11,920 are actually their equivalent of our nose. 145 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:14,080 They pick up the scent in the air 146 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:17,440 and then it's transmitted to the brain. 147 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:19,640 - So, he's having a good smell. - He is. 148 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,440 He's getting a whiff of that coconut. 149 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:24,760 As they evolved to live on land, 150 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,280 these crabs developed an incredibly effective way 151 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:29,600 of detecting smells in the air, 152 00:08:29,600 --> 00:08:31,600 as opposed to underwater. 153 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:34,840 The tips of their inner antennae are covered with thin hairs 154 00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:38,240 detecting chemicals from any item with a scent. 155 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:42,240 The robber crabs can pick up distinct aromas 156 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:44,720 from over 150 metres away... 157 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:45,840 That far? 158 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:49,560 ..and actually change course in their wanderings through the bush 159 00:08:49,560 --> 00:08:51,920 to track down the source of those smells. 160 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:56,000 They can even detect residual scent. 161 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:59,040 Anything that's previously come into contact with the food 162 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:01,240 and even other smells like sweat 163 00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:02,960 can grab their attention. 164 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:11,760 Which is why they seem to appear out of nowhere for any object. 165 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:16,200 And why they make light work 166 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:18,600 of honing in on their favourite food. 167 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:19,920 He's making a beeline for the coconut. 168 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:21,080 He is. 169 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:24,960 Come on, you can do it. 170 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:32,280 Look at him. He's...he's hanging 171 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:33,880 almost backwards up the pole, 172 00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:36,160 like an acrobat - I love it. 173 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:38,800 To get their claws on what they want, 174 00:09:38,800 --> 00:09:40,600 coconut crabs have become 175 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:42,200 nimble climbers, too. 176 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:43,640 Oh, my goodness. 177 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:45,800 Here he goes. 178 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:48,920 He's not gonna drop it. 179 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:50,640 Look at how he hangs on. 180 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:53,800 - He didn't drop it. - Perfection. 181 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:55,640 I can't believe he just did that. 182 00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:57,800 - That's amazing. - They're real survivors. 183 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:01,520 Here on Christmas Island, you know, they're...they're the kingpins. 184 00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:02,880 They rule the place. 185 00:10:05,680 --> 00:10:09,520 For robber crabs to evolve such an astounding set of skills 186 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:11,400 is quite remarkable. 187 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:14,920 It's what's earned them their name 188 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:18,800 and the reputation as the island's resident kleptomaniacs. 189 00:10:21,680 --> 00:10:24,360 A highly developed sense of smell, 190 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:26,560 great strength and dexterity, 191 00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:28,880 combined with intense curiosity, 192 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:30,840 has led to what could be described 193 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:33,920 as a blatant disregard for personal property. 194 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:37,680 And, yet, these traits are exactly what make the coconut crab 195 00:10:37,680 --> 00:10:39,600 so successful out here. 196 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:43,680 But it's not just these crabs 197 00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:45,840 who turn to crime to find food. 198 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:52,920 Around the world, animal thieves are wreaking havoc. 199 00:10:56,120 --> 00:10:58,000 Breaking and entering. 200 00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:03,480 Shoplifting. 201 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:04,840 And even mugging. 202 00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:10,440 For some animals, 203 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:12,840 stealing has become a way of life. 204 00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:19,720 Frigate birds can get up to 40% of their food 205 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:22,720 by carrying out mid-air shakedowns on their neighbours. 206 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:29,000 And this gang of baboons thrive on the spoils 207 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:33,080 from the steady stream of people at a border crossing in Zimbabwe. 208 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:39,360 In fact, when food is hard to come by, 209 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:43,680 finding new ways to get what you need can be essential for survival. 210 00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:52,200 The dizzying heights of the Rocky Mountains. 211 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:55,760 Home to an incorrigible crook... 212 00:11:58,400 --> 00:11:59,800 ..the pika - 213 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,760 a rather adorable relative of the rabbit. 214 00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:11,240 It's August and summer is in full bloom. 215 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:21,240 (SHRIEKS) 216 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:25,760 But the days of plenty won't be here for long. 217 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:31,280 These slopes are only free from snow for 10 weeks a year 218 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:36,840 When winter comes, this pika will be trapped in its burrow. 219 00:12:38,680 --> 00:12:40,440 To survive, 220 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:42,320 it needs to stock up the larder. 221 00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:45,760 But while home is up here, 222 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,920 the food is all the way down there. 223 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:01,160 Every summer, pika must collect enough plants 224 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:03,600 to see them through the tough times to come. 225 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:09,080 Multiple trips are inevitable. 226 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:16,400 And anyone living high up on the slopes, 227 00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:18,080 like this female, 228 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:19,520 has their work cut out for them. 229 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:27,120 She may make over 10,000 trips in just one season. 230 00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:30,560 And the grand result 231 00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:32,120 of this frenetic activity... 232 00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:35,520 ..is a haystack. 233 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:39,960 These stockpiles of food 234 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:42,480 can weigh up to 28 kilograms. 235 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:46,200 That's more than 180 times a pika's own body weight. 236 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:50,040 It's exhausting work. 237 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:53,480 Perhaps there's another way. 238 00:13:55,160 --> 00:13:56,600 An easier way. 239 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:00,800 Just down the slope, 240 00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:02,640 another pika is getting started 241 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:04,480 on his haystack, 242 00:14:06,560 --> 00:14:07,920 But he's being watched. 243 00:14:18,920 --> 00:14:21,640 It's daylight robbery. 244 00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:23,680 But this is not just reckless behaviour. 245 00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:27,640 By taking food that's so much closer to home, 246 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:31,680 our pika is saving precious time and energy. 247 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:34,240 It's so tempting, 248 00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:36,680 she may well become a repeat offender. 249 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:40,040 But it's a risky business. 250 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:41,360 (SHRIEKING) 251 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:44,040 Caught red-handed. 252 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,280 Every bandit needs a good getaway route. 253 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:05,920 And it's worked. 254 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,040 But unfortunately, 255 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:10,800 she's not the only thief on the mountain. 256 00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:18,960 Time to get back to work. 257 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:26,680 Being skilled enough to successfully steal food 258 00:15:26,680 --> 00:15:29,720 can mean the difference between life and death. 259 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:34,520 And one animal has become particularly renowned 260 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:36,600 for its light-fingered ways. 261 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:44,080 After humans, rhesus macaques 262 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:47,520 are the most widespread primates on our planet. 263 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:54,240 Across mainland Asia, they thrive in urban environments... 264 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:59,400 ..where mouth-watering market food is a constant temptation. 265 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:04,720 These macaques time their robberies perfectly, 266 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:08,000 using the element of surprise 267 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:10,760 and making a swift exit. 268 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,640 But what's the secret to their expert thievery? 269 00:16:20,360 --> 00:16:23,040 It's all down to the decisions they make 270 00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:25,720 before carrying out the crime. 271 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:41,480 If I was going to try and nick this plate of cookies, 272 00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:44,080 my first thought would most likely be about 273 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:46,040 avoiding getting caught. 274 00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:48,920 It might seem obvious, 275 00:16:48,920 --> 00:16:51,000 but being able to think about the consequences 276 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:52,600 of being seen by someone 277 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:54,960 and what their intentions might be 278 00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:57,960 is a complex task for the brain to perform. 279 00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,400 In fact, it was once thought to be a uniquely human capacity. 280 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,080 But science is changing all that. 281 00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:13,760 I'm meeting Laurie Santos, 282 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:17,600 who has studied this troupe of rhesus macaques for over a decade. 283 00:17:19,840 --> 00:17:23,240 Based on her experience of these pilfering primates, 284 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:28,720 she's devised a test to find out what makes them so good at stealing. 285 00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:30,960 We have been duped by monkeys on this island a lot. 286 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:32,520 Every time we place our lunch down 287 00:17:32,520 --> 00:17:33,920 and stop paying attention for something, 288 00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:35,960 we look back and we realise it's gone. 289 00:17:35,960 --> 00:17:38,680 They must be cueing in to what we can see and what we can't. 290 00:17:38,680 --> 00:17:40,480 Otherwise, they wouldn't be such great thieves. 291 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:44,040 So, Laurie, how exactly is this test going to play out? 292 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:46,840 What we're going to do is try to see if we can find a monkey 293 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:49,760 - who's interested in stealing from us. - OK. 294 00:17:49,760 --> 00:17:51,560 We're going to use some really delicious grapes, 295 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:53,720 and I and one of my research assistants 296 00:17:53,720 --> 00:17:55,800 are going to approach monkeys with these grapes. 297 00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:57,720 We're gonna put it on a little foam platform 298 00:17:57,720 --> 00:17:59,160 and place it on the ground, 299 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:00,960 and one of us is going to turn around. 300 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:03,160 And the question is, does the monkey understand 301 00:18:03,160 --> 00:18:06,480 that the best person to steal from is the person who can't see? 302 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:10,360 For the test to work, we need to get 303 00:18:10,360 --> 00:18:14,000 one macaque's undivided attention. 304 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,680 We're just trying to find some monkey 305 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:17,160 who's maybe by himself. 306 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:19,320 There's is a guy over there we might be able to try. 307 00:18:21,120 --> 00:18:25,080 The lure of the grape eventually works on this male. 308 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:28,560 OK, ready? 309 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:31,160 - Step. - Here we go. 310 00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:32,360 Show. 311 00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,640 Down, up. 312 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:38,320 One turns around. 313 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:41,840 I love the way it looks around 314 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:44,480 to check out who else in the hierarchy is around 315 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:46,240 that might fight him off. 316 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:49,080 Which one is it going to go for? 317 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:53,600 Boom! 318 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,160 Takes the one from the researcher that's turned away. 319 00:18:58,120 --> 00:19:02,800 Our macaque makes a beeline for the unguarded grape. 320 00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:06,640 And this happens in 9 out of 10 tests. 321 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:10,760 That was really fascinating to watch. 322 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,760 What was going on in that macaque's brain 323 00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:15,680 as he was figuring out which grape to go for. 324 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:18,520 Yeah, I mean, my guess is the first thing that's going on in his head 325 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:20,120 is just, like, "Grape, grape!" 326 00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:22,880 I mean, he's...the guy who's out there on that little stretch 327 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:24,720 is probably a really low-ranking monkey. 328 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:26,920 He hasn't had a big meal in a while. He wants that grape. 329 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:29,720 But the neat thing is he doesn't just see the grape and run for it. 330 00:19:29,720 --> 00:19:31,280 He's socially processing. 331 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:33,200 He's like, "Is it OK for me to take it?" 332 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:35,320 And the first one, the one where the person's looking, 333 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:37,480 he pauses and he's like, "I can't. 334 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,000 "This person is really big," you know? "It's probably their grape. 335 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,000 "They're going to stop me if I try to do this." 336 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:44,640 But the person who's looking away, the monkey's like, 337 00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:47,600 "Hmm, I think...I think the coast is clear for this one." 338 00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:50,640 So this is not just about understanding 339 00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:52,880 where that human's eye gaze is going. 340 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:54,680 It's...it's more complex than that. 341 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:56,200 That's exactly right. 342 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,040 What we're showing is that primates are taking into account 343 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:00,960 what another person sees, 344 00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:02,880 and what that person knows 345 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:04,640 before they make these decisions. 346 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:10,440 This research shows that rhesus macaques 347 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:12,280 are clever enough to imagine 348 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:15,920 what the individual they're stealing from might be thinking - 349 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:19,040 what's known as theory of mind. 350 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:20,920 When you live in a large group 351 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:22,360 of intelligent animals, 352 00:20:22,360 --> 00:20:27,240 being able to watch and interpret another's behaviour can be crucial. 353 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:32,200 And if you can learn how to target the right monkey to steal from, 354 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:33,680 it pays off. 355 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,440 So, what we perceive as naughty behaviour - 356 00:20:37,440 --> 00:20:39,000 the ability for macaques 357 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,160 to basically steal everything and anything, given the chance - 358 00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:45,760 is, in fact, testament to just how intelligent these macaques are. 359 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:47,640 Yeah, they're using their understanding 360 00:20:47,640 --> 00:20:49,760 of this person's different perspective 361 00:20:49,760 --> 00:20:52,040 to steal really effectively. 362 00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:58,160 Laurie believes that theory of mind in primates 363 00:20:58,160 --> 00:21:01,360 may have evolved in order for them to cheat, deceive 364 00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:03,200 and steal from each other. 365 00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:08,040 And this ability can give them the upper hand with us, too... 366 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:15,400 ..allowing them to take advantage whenever the coast is clear. 367 00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:28,280 While stealing has proved highly successful for many, 368 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:32,520 for others, the challenge to find food is so great, 369 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:37,120 they must turn to even more sophisticated strategies. 370 00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:38,720 When you're a predator, 371 00:21:38,720 --> 00:21:42,200 you have to actively seek out and catch your prey. 372 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:46,720 But the game between the hunter and the hunted is never easy. 373 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:54,080 From evasive manoeuvres... 374 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:58,520 ..to chemical weapons... 375 00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:02,080 ..and frightening displays... 376 00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:10,640 ..animals everywhere have developed incredible ways to avoid being eaten. 377 00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:12,680 And that's driven predators to evolve 378 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:16,880 highly sophisticated and even, at times, devious tactics. 379 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:21,840 Even one of the world's most notorious hunters 380 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:26,120 has to use every tool at its disposal to get a meal. 381 00:22:33,240 --> 00:22:34,800 The tiger. 382 00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:39,240 And one of its main prey, a chital deer. 383 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:48,920 These deer have excellent hearing, a finely tuned sense of smell 384 00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:52,120 and are incredibly fleet of foot. 385 00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:01,320 The tiger needs to get close enough to ambush its prey. 386 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:05,000 Not easy for a 200-kilo cat. 387 00:23:08,120 --> 00:23:10,880 It has to be a master of subterfuge. 388 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:18,200 Large paws allow the tiger to move almost silently. 389 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,680 Approaching downwind helps it to evade detection. 390 00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:28,640 And its unmistakable stripes conceal its outline 391 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:30,880 in the shadows of the forest. 392 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:36,560 But it turns out the tigers are using a far more evasive ploy 393 00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:38,560 to dupe their prey. 394 00:23:39,680 --> 00:23:43,680 And it's all to do with that eye-catching orange coat. 395 00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:52,520 Scientists John Fennell and Laszlo Talas 396 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,480 from Bristol University's Camouflage Lab 397 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,000 are exploring how the tiger's colour 398 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,280 could actually be giving it yet another advantage. 399 00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:07,520 To understand how, I need to see the world through the eyes of a deer, 400 00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:12,600 and this fetching pair of glasses will allow me to do just that. 401 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:16,960 Most humans have trichromatic vision, 402 00:24:16,960 --> 00:24:21,040 meaning we have three different colour receptors in our retina, 403 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:23,760 enabling us to see the world in full colour. 404 00:24:25,120 --> 00:24:27,560 But deer are dichromats. 405 00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:31,120 Their colour vision comes from just two colour receptors, 406 00:24:31,120 --> 00:24:34,000 so they can only see greens and blues. 407 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:39,960 A filter in the glasses blocks any red light from reaching my eyes 408 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,520 to let me see the world like a deer. 409 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,400 Right, John, so how is this going to work? 410 00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:48,720 We're going to show you a series of images 411 00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:51,560 and they all contain a tiger in them somewhere. 412 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,640 All we want you to do is press a key on the keyboard 413 00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,120 as soon as you see the tiger. 414 00:24:57,120 --> 00:24:59,560 Right. So, this is all... this is time-dependent. 415 00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:01,800 This is about how quickly I can spot the tiger. 416 00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:03,320 - It is, yes. - OK. 417 00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:05,080 Are they really tricky? 418 00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:07,240 Uh, that's to be seen. 419 00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:09,160 Alright. I'm ready, John. 420 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,360 I'm quite nervous. I think I need more coffee just so I'm sharper. 421 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:16,240 Okey-dokey. 422 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,440 The big screen fills my field of vision. 423 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:22,800 What would take me less than a second to spot normally... 424 00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:24,160 What?! 425 00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:25,760 There isn't one in here. 426 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:29,600 ..now become significantly more difficult. 427 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:31,920 I can't tell whether that's the tiger there at all. 428 00:25:31,920 --> 00:25:33,400 No, it's not. 429 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,320 Ahhh! 430 00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:36,960 Where is it? Where is it? 431 00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:38,520 Where is it? Is this...? Ooh! 432 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:43,600 It's behind you! 433 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,400 Seeing the world through the eyes of a deer... 434 00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:48,000 Are some of these tricks? 435 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:49,680 There isn't a tiger here. 436 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:53,080 ..results in the tiger becoming very hard to pick out. 437 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:54,280 Ooh! 438 00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:56,160 Sometimes when they're closer, they're harder to spot. 439 00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:57,440 Isn't that weird? 440 00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:01,040 If I'm a deer. I'm dead. 441 00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:08,720 That was surprisingly more difficult than...than I imagined. 442 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:13,560 The tiger was very big and close up, and I missed it on a few occasions. 443 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:14,880 Yes, you did. 444 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:18,040 You, overall, were about half the speed you would have been 445 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:20,080 if you'd not been wearing the dichromat glasses. 446 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:24,360 So, essentially, what this is saying is that if a deer was trichromatic, 447 00:26:24,360 --> 00:26:26,320 it could spot tigers twice as fast. 448 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:27,960 Twice as quickly as you did. 449 00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,240 That would be the difference between a kill and not a kill, 450 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:31,720 if you're a tiger. 451 00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:39,080 Through our eyes, the tiger looks like this. 452 00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,640 But through the eyes of a deer, it looks very different. 453 00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:48,960 The colour orange now blends into the background. 454 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:56,920 This new research reveals 455 00:26:56,920 --> 00:27:01,280 that tigers are able to get up to seven metres closer to the deer 456 00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:03,520 without being spotted. 457 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:06,040 And that can make all the difference. 458 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,400 So, why are tigers not just green, then? 459 00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,520 For tigers to be green would require 460 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:19,280 a very big difference in their physiology, their biochemistry. 461 00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:22,320 - There are no green mammals. - There are no green mammals. No. 462 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:24,680 And, obviously, it's not necessary 'cause orange looks green anyway. 463 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:26,080 It doesn't need to go green. 464 00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:28,920 It doesn't need to go green because to the deer, to the prey... 465 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,600 - It's green. - ..it is green. 466 00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,200 The stunning orange coat of the tiger 467 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,160 acts as an excellent visual deception - 468 00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:40,320 yet another perfectly honed capability 469 00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,240 that makes this predator the king of the forest. 470 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:46,920 We've been studying tigers for decades 471 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:50,080 and, yet, one of the most fundamental and obvious questions 472 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:51,800 about their camouflage 473 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,360 is only beginning to be properly addressed. 474 00:27:54,360 --> 00:27:57,000 It's what their prey perceives that counts, 475 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:58,840 and that's driven the evolution of 476 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:01,240 a highly effective means of concealment. 477 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:10,160 But, of course, tigers are not the only predators 478 00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:13,280 to have evolved formidable adaptations 479 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:16,680 in order to stay one step ahead of their prey. 480 00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:23,400 The panther chameleon of Madagascar. 481 00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:28,840 It harbours a concealed weapon 482 00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,160 that packs a powerful punch. 483 00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:40,800 Its tongue shoots out at a speed of up to five metres a second - 484 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,240 so fast its prey rarely see it coming. 485 00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:50,480 In Australia's Great Barrier Reef, 486 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:54,040 this cone snail is one cunning mollusc. 487 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:57,680 The fish it hunts are fast. 488 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,080 So, it waits until they're asleep. 489 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:06,440 Sneaking up, it releases an invisible chemical weapon. 490 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:11,280 Once paralysed, the fish are eaten alive. 491 00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:20,320 But perhaps one of the ocean's most aggressive predators 492 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,200 is the thresher shark. 493 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:27,800 Whipping its tail at speeds of up to 50 miles an hour, 494 00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,680 it beats its fish before it eats them. 495 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:41,840 Being armed and dangerous is a sure-fire way to catch prey. 496 00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:46,720 But other predators face a very different problem. 497 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:52,560 What do you do if your prey can kill you? 498 00:29:56,960 --> 00:29:59,800 The tropical rainforests of Queensland. 499 00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:05,920 Home to a hunter who's diminutive but deadly. 500 00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:09,760 The jumping spider. 501 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:14,320 Rather than spinning a web, 502 00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:18,080 this predator uses stealth to catch its prey. 503 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:23,640 But the food it most desires 504 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:25,560 seems out of reach. 505 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:32,520 An ants' nest, full of delicious larvae. 506 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:39,760 The problem is they're guarded 507 00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:41,800 by a vicious army of adults. 508 00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:49,320 These green tree ants dominate the treetops. 509 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:57,280 Each colony can contain as many as half a million workers. 510 00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,160 They use a chemical signal or code 511 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:02,000 to identify each other. 512 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:06,720 At the first sign of an intruder who smells unfamiliar, 513 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:10,000 they're hard-wired to retaliate with violence. 514 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:14,400 Armed with formidable jaws, 515 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:18,040 the ants could kill our jumping spider with ease. 516 00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:25,440 Getting hold of the ant larvae seems like an impossible mission. 517 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,000 But these spiders 518 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,200 have evolved some remarkable tricks 519 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:32,440 to get to much-needed food sources. 520 00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:36,600 In fact, it's thought that about 300 species of spiders 521 00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:38,240 can mimic ants - 522 00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:40,280 a particularly cunning capability 523 00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:42,480 known as myrmecomorphy. 524 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:45,960 Predators all over the world 525 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,760 use the element of disguise to dupe their food. 526 00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,800 By pretending to be a harmless branch, 527 00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:57,840 this African vine snake tricks its prey into thinking they're safe... 528 00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:01,480 ..when they could be about to get eaten. 529 00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:06,720 In Hawaii, a fly is in for a shock... 530 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:11,840 ..from a carnivorous caterpillar in a leafy costume. 531 00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:16,560 And while it may look just like an alluring flower, 532 00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:19,920 this orchid mantis is a stealthy assassin. 533 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,680 But compared to these exceptional masquerades, 534 00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:33,440 our spider's disguise is... well, a little rubbish. 535 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,360 Its colour is a good match. 536 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:40,760 It has a decidedly un-spider-like nip 537 00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:42,000 at the waist, 538 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,360 just like an ant. 539 00:32:43,360 --> 00:32:45,040 But surely, no-one 540 00:32:45,040 --> 00:32:48,360 would mistake one for the other. 541 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:53,360 Nevertheless, it heads for the nest. 542 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:00,160 Will it get away with it? 543 00:33:32,520 --> 00:33:34,280 Mission accomplished, 544 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:36,840 and right under the ants' radar. 545 00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:44,960 But it wasn't its appearance that did the trick. 546 00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:51,160 It's mastered a far more complex impersonation. 547 00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:02,720 Our spider carries with it the ants' chemical code. 548 00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:06,600 Like all of its kind, 549 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:08,880 it was born in a green ant nest. 550 00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:12,320 Its mother laid her eggs there. 551 00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,560 It fed on ant larvae from birth 552 00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:19,200 and developed the ability 553 00:34:19,200 --> 00:34:21,240 to smell just like them. 554 00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,640 Now that it's essentially hacked into their security, 555 00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:30,480 it can rob the nest whenever it likes. 556 00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:40,600 Using a chemical disguise, 557 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,160 a spider can help itself to a meal 558 00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:46,520 without getting attacked by its very aggressive prey. 559 00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:48,280 That's incredibly impressive 560 00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:50,960 for a creature most of us wouldn't give a second thought to. 561 00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:52,440 I love it. 562 00:34:53,760 --> 00:34:56,680 Tricking prey is ingenious behaviour. 563 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:05,440 It takes creativity to get the food you need. 564 00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:10,840 Some animals will even work with another species to do it. 565 00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,040 These arrangements should be mutually beneficial. 566 00:35:16,680 --> 00:35:18,920 One species gets the food... 567 00:35:20,720 --> 00:35:23,720 ..and the other gets a service in return. 568 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,560 But while it works well for the agama lizard and the lion... 569 00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:33,720 ..the hunger game can be more ruthless. 570 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:47,840 This pygmy falcon 571 00:35:47,840 --> 00:35:49,800 is about to become a father. 572 00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:57,080 Like all parents, 573 00:35:57,080 --> 00:35:59,240 he and his mate need to provide 574 00:35:59,240 --> 00:36:00,920 for their new arrivals. 575 00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:07,520 While he's just 20 centimetres tall, the size of a budgie... 576 00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,240 ..this bird of prey is a skilful hunter. 577 00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:25,560 But his next concern is to provide a home for the family. 578 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,560 And nest-building is not his forte. 579 00:36:32,160 --> 00:36:35,240 Fortunately, here in the southern Kalahari, 580 00:36:35,240 --> 00:36:39,640 our pygmy falcons have some master nest-builders on their doorstep. 581 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,280 A colony of insect-eating social weavers. 582 00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:51,320 And this is where they live. 583 00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:56,000 A highly sought-after property 584 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:58,360 of 100 individual homes, 585 00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:02,960 The biggest avian construction in the world. 586 00:37:04,240 --> 00:37:08,120 Expertly maintained by the skilful weavers. 587 00:37:11,480 --> 00:37:14,840 It's the perfect residence... 588 00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:17,000 ..for our falcons. 589 00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:29,000 So, they've moved in, 590 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:32,200 kicking out the current occupants in the process 591 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:36,560 For the weavers, this is a disaster. 592 00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:39,240 Not only have one pair lost their home - 593 00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:43,360 now the others have a predator living on their doorstep. 594 00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:49,280 But the falcons are not quite the villainous neighbours 595 00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:51,000 they might seem. 596 00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:56,560 They make the weavers an offer they simply can't refuse. 597 00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:00,160 Protection. 598 00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:10,000 These nests are regularly plagued 599 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,240 by unwelcome visitors... 600 00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:15,600 ..like mongoose... 601 00:38:17,360 --> 00:38:19,200 ..and hungry cobras. 602 00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:25,160 Cue security. 603 00:38:42,240 --> 00:38:46,320 The weavers' residence now has its own live-in protection. 604 00:38:50,360 --> 00:38:53,000 It seems like a good arrangement, 605 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,760 but the pygmy falcon is a predator. 606 00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:16,760 It's not long before the weavers and falcons 607 00:39:16,760 --> 00:39:18,920 all have new mouths to feed. 608 00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:25,560 The new falcon chicks need to eat 609 00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:29,520 nearly half their body weight in food daily. 610 00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:33,720 And as the dry season reaches its peak, 611 00:39:33,720 --> 00:39:37,000 the adults have to work harder to find enough to feed them. 612 00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:45,480 What they need is something easy. 613 00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:49,040 Something close to home. 614 00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:24,000 A weaver chick. 615 00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:32,560 To eat the chicks the falcons are supposed to be protecting 616 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:35,120 seems like a shocking betrayal. 617 00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:40,240 But the falcons must tread a fine line. 618 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:43,640 If they take too many chicks, 619 00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:45,960 the weavers might desert the colony... 620 00:40:47,560 --> 00:40:51,720 ..leaving a huge, vacant home, with no food. 621 00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:58,560 But this pair of falcons have played it just right. 622 00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:10,680 The falcons have fledged two chicks. 623 00:41:21,640 --> 00:41:23,720 And despite their losses, 624 00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:26,080 the weavers are thriving, too. 625 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:38,640 By providing protection, whilst not being too greedy, 626 00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:41,720 the pygmy falcons have found a perfect short cut 627 00:41:41,720 --> 00:41:43,680 to feeding their family. 628 00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:52,920 While the pygmy falcon at least give something back in return, 629 00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:55,600 on the opposite side of the world, 630 00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:57,600 another bird has found a way 631 00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,360 to violate one of the most longstanding arrangements 632 00:42:00,360 --> 00:42:02,120 on the planet. 633 00:42:04,360 --> 00:42:06,640 The cloud forests of Ecuador. 634 00:42:08,360 --> 00:42:11,920 Home to over 130 different species 635 00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:13,360 of hummingbird... 636 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:17,120 ..including the wedge-bill. 637 00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:22,240 But behind these enchanting looks 638 00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:26,000 lies one of the most criminal behaviours in the rainforest. 639 00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:30,000 To get its food, this little bird 640 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:32,240 does something truly outrageous. 641 00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:43,520 Hummingbirds are, quite simply, mesmerising creatures, 642 00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:45,320 capable of spectacular feats 643 00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:46,960 of aerobatics. 644 00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:48,560 Their wings can beat 645 00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:50,840 up to 80 times per second, 646 00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:53,040 allowing them to break and turn 647 00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:54,800 and hover in mid-air. 648 00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:58,280 But this impressive ability does come at a price. 649 00:42:58,280 --> 00:42:59,840 It needs to be fuelled 650 00:42:59,840 --> 00:43:02,840 by high-energy food, and lots of it. 651 00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:04,680 The diminutive hummingbird 652 00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:07,160 is, in fact, a very big eater. 653 00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,040 Our wedge-bill and all other hummingbirds 654 00:43:16,040 --> 00:43:20,560 have to eat more than twice their body weight in food each day. 655 00:43:22,560 --> 00:43:24,760 They burn through calories so quickly 656 00:43:24,760 --> 00:43:27,920 that if they were the size of an average human, 657 00:43:27,920 --> 00:43:31,720 they'd need two cans of fizzy drink every minute to survive. 658 00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:37,600 But over millions of years of evolution, 659 00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,280 they've struck up a bargain with the surrounding plants 660 00:43:40,280 --> 00:43:41,720 to get what they need. 661 00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:45,880 The plants produce flowers rich in nectar. 662 00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:49,400 In exchange, the hummingbirds act as pollinators. 663 00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:51,800 Moving pollen between flowers, 664 00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:54,400 they enable the plants to reproduce. 665 00:43:54,400 --> 00:44:00,120 But each flower only has a limited supply of nectar each day, 666 00:44:00,120 --> 00:44:03,840 which means the hummingbirds must compete for it. 667 00:44:10,280 --> 00:44:12,720 Each species has a unique ploy 668 00:44:12,720 --> 00:44:14,360 to get their prize. 669 00:44:16,040 --> 00:44:19,880 The green violetear is one pugnacious little bird. 670 00:44:19,880 --> 00:44:22,400 Engaging in aerial combat, 671 00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:23,880 it prevents all others 672 00:44:23,880 --> 00:44:26,000 from getting close to its patch. 673 00:44:27,960 --> 00:44:30,840 Th booted racket-tail takes a different approach... 674 00:44:32,320 --> 00:44:34,040 ..using agility and speed 675 00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:36,360 to outmanoeuvre the opposition. 676 00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:46,040 And the tiny, purple-throated woodstar 677 00:44:46,040 --> 00:44:48,200 has a very clever trick. 678 00:44:51,880 --> 00:44:55,360 Most hummingbirds are terrified of bees. 679 00:44:55,360 --> 00:44:57,200 Just one sting could be fatal. 680 00:44:58,880 --> 00:45:02,560 So, the wood star mimics the sound of a bee with its wings, 681 00:45:02,560 --> 00:45:04,640 scaring other hummingbirds off 682 00:45:04,640 --> 00:45:06,680 just long enough to get the goods. 683 00:45:09,040 --> 00:45:12,280 Whilst these birds may be somewhat brazen in their approach, 684 00:45:12,280 --> 00:45:15,680 they hold up their end of the bargain with the flowers. 685 00:45:16,680 --> 00:45:20,280 Our wedge-bill, however, has a far more rebellious plan. 686 00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:27,920 While the other hummingbirds fight it out, it makes its move. 687 00:45:30,880 --> 00:45:33,560 The wedge-bill doesn't reach inside the flower. 688 00:45:36,280 --> 00:45:38,240 It goes straight to the base 689 00:45:38,240 --> 00:45:41,480 and pierces a hole where the nectar is stored... 690 00:45:42,880 --> 00:45:45,560 ..tapping into the very source. 691 00:45:49,840 --> 00:45:52,240 It gets the food it needs, 692 00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:55,080 but it doesn't pollinate the plant. 693 00:46:00,720 --> 00:46:03,200 Our resourceful little wedge-bill 694 00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:05,080 has found a quick and effective way 695 00:46:05,080 --> 00:46:06,920 to get nectar from flowers. 696 00:46:06,920 --> 00:46:08,880 But if pollination isn't taking place, 697 00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:10,960 effectively, it's robbing the nectar 698 00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:13,560 without carrying out its part of the bargain - 699 00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:16,840 something that scientists call 'floral larceny'. 700 00:46:17,920 --> 00:46:20,480 By reneging on its deal with the plants, 701 00:46:20,480 --> 00:46:24,240 the wedge-bill has outwitted the competition 702 00:46:24,240 --> 00:46:28,080 and found an easy way to access any nectar it chooses. 703 00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:40,200 Getting its fill of the bounty without returning a favour 704 00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:41,840 is cheating, 705 00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:43,920 but finding a novel way to forage 706 00:46:43,920 --> 00:46:48,160 gives our wedge-bill a chance to thrive in a very competitive world, 707 00:46:48,160 --> 00:46:51,760 and that just makes me admire hummingbirds all the more. 708 00:46:59,440 --> 00:47:04,560 Animals will steal, trick and cheat their way to a meal. 709 00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:09,640 But sometimes, to get the food they need, 710 00:47:09,640 --> 00:47:12,680 brute force may be the only answer. 711 00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,880 With over 150 individuals, 712 00:47:23,880 --> 00:47:27,960 this is one of the largest communities of chimps ever recorded. 713 00:47:30,520 --> 00:47:33,360 So, there's a huge pressure to find food. 714 00:47:35,960 --> 00:47:38,560 Chimp family groups need to secure 715 00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:41,200 as many resources as possible, 716 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,440 so they're always on the lookout for new opportunities. 717 00:47:44,440 --> 00:47:47,800 Taking the lead from the alpha male, they can carry out daring raids 718 00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:49,800 in their rivals' territory. 719 00:47:49,800 --> 00:47:52,880 But the question is, is it a risk worth taking? 720 00:47:54,320 --> 00:47:58,480 The prize in this case is a fig tree full of fruit. 721 00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:02,320 But there's another group already in it. 722 00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:11,120 A patrol sets out into the forest. 723 00:48:12,240 --> 00:48:14,680 The chimps move with purpose... 724 00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:19,120 ..and in silence. 725 00:48:27,880 --> 00:48:31,480 Signs of the rival group confirm they're nearby. 726 00:48:33,920 --> 00:48:38,080 It takes an extraordinary amount of skill to get so close 727 00:48:38,080 --> 00:48:39,720 without being detected, 728 00:48:39,720 --> 00:48:42,760 but that's only the first part of this fascinating behaviour. 729 00:48:42,760 --> 00:48:45,120 So many chimps gathered together like this 730 00:48:45,120 --> 00:48:47,600 represents a lot of muscle power, 731 00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,560 capable of carrying out a full-on attack. 732 00:48:54,760 --> 00:48:57,360 The patrol edge forward. 733 00:49:02,280 --> 00:49:07,040 The way in which the chimps approach is so deliberate, so coordinated, 734 00:49:07,040 --> 00:49:10,560 that some scientists liken it to an act of warfare. 735 00:49:12,520 --> 00:49:14,320 (SHRIEKING) 736 00:49:14,320 --> 00:49:17,200 Loud calls announce the start of the battle. 737 00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:22,040 The aim is to terrorise and intimidate their rivals. 738 00:49:23,880 --> 00:49:25,760 This is a numbers game, 739 00:49:25,760 --> 00:49:28,720 and they need to show they're a formidable group. 740 00:49:33,040 --> 00:49:35,080 They push out the opposition. 741 00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:44,000 In such a frenzied situation, 742 00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,240 it's all too easy to become a victim. 743 00:49:46,240 --> 00:49:48,960 (SHRIEKING CONTINUES) 744 00:49:53,320 --> 00:49:55,800 One female is brutally attacked. 745 00:49:57,720 --> 00:50:02,200 She escapes, but chimps can easily be killed in fights like these. 746 00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:12,520 Resorting to violence has worked. 747 00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:18,800 And now they can feast on the best fig tree in the area. 748 00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:26,200 To get the resources they desperately need for the group, 749 00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:28,960 chimps must try to expand their territory 750 00:50:28,960 --> 00:50:31,320 by any means possible. 751 00:50:31,320 --> 00:50:35,320 Mounting an all-out attack is a massive risk. 752 00:50:35,320 --> 00:50:39,440 But if it means all the family get to eat, it's a risk worth taking. 753 00:50:44,360 --> 00:50:46,640 Food is essential to survival, 754 00:50:46,640 --> 00:50:49,320 and it can be hard to come by. 755 00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:53,280 So, it's no wonder it's resulted in so many... 756 00:50:53,280 --> 00:50:54,600 (SCREECHES) 757 00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:57,360 ..seemingly underhand tactics. 758 00:50:58,400 --> 00:50:59,440 From theft... 759 00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:03,680 ..to predatory tricks... 760 00:51:05,760 --> 00:51:07,440 ..broken promises, 761 00:51:07,440 --> 00:51:10,000 and even brute force. 762 00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:15,360 The lengths animals will go to to get a meal are simply spectacular. 763 00:51:15,360 --> 00:51:18,000 Finding food is a fundamental need, 764 00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:22,080 and it's driven the evolution of some extraordinary survival strategies 765 00:51:22,080 --> 00:51:24,960 all across the animal kingdom. 766 00:51:24,960 --> 00:51:26,640 Look at that! 767 00:51:29,120 --> 00:51:31,800 Now, some species will clearly stop at nothing, 768 00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:34,560 but what can be mistaken as dishonest behaviours 769 00:51:34,560 --> 00:51:37,560 are, in fact, remarkable approaches 770 00:51:37,560 --> 00:51:41,600 to winning the source of food that's up for grabs. 771 00:51:41,600 --> 00:51:43,240 And when you look at it that way, 772 00:51:43,240 --> 00:51:44,960 these behaviours are testament 773 00:51:44,960 --> 00:51:47,280 to the intelligence and the resourcefulness 774 00:51:47,280 --> 00:51:49,360 of the animals all around us. 775 00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:57,480 Next time I meet nature survivors - 776 00:51:57,480 --> 00:51:58,800 the delinquents.. 777 00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:00,520 They're breaking and entering. 778 00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:02,960 ..deceivers... 779 00:52:04,480 --> 00:52:06,120 ..and brutes, 780 00:52:06,120 --> 00:52:10,080 doing whatever it takes to stay alive. 60965

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