Original subtitles

About 66 million years

About 66 million years

About 66 million years ago, a cataclysmic event, most

ago, a cataclysmic event, most

ago, a cataclysmic event, most likely an asteroid impact, led

likely an asteroid impact, led

likely an asteroid impact, led to the extinction of almost all

to the extinction of almost all

to the extinction of almost all known species of dinosaurs except for the

known species of dinosaurs except for the

known species of dinosaurs except for the winged ones. Before that, the earth was

winged ones. Before that, the earth was

winged ones. Before that, the earth was ruled by these ferocious beasts, whether

ruled by these ferocious beasts, whether

ruled by these ferocious beasts, whether we're talking about land, water or air Obviously

we're talking about land, water or air Obviously

we're talking about land, water or air Obviously our planet was completely different at

our planet was completely different at

our planet was completely different at that time But what it looked like even

that time But what it looked like even

that time But what it looked like even before this era It is estimated that

before this era It is estimated that

before this era It is estimated that dinosaurs appeared

dinosaurs appeared

dinosaurs appeared 245 million years ago But the Earth

245 million years ago But the Earth

245 million years ago But the Earth is much older than that Being

is much older than that Being

is much older than that Being 4.5 billion years old

4.5 billion years old

4.5 billion years old Certainly a lot has changed since

Certainly a lot has changed since

Certainly a lot has changed since its appearance. So let's see what

its appearance. So let's see what

its appearance. So let's see what the earth looked like before the Age of Dinosaurs. The

the earth looked like before the Age of Dinosaurs. The

the earth looked like before the Age of Dinosaurs. The Hadean era. The universe was born

Hadean era. The universe was born

Hadean era. The universe was born 13.7 billion years ago. But our star,

13.7 billion years ago. But our star,

13.7 billion years ago. But our star, the sun, appeared 4.6 billion years ago,

the sun, appeared 4.6 billion years ago,

the sun, appeared 4.6 billion years ago, shortly after. At least when

shortly after. At least when

shortly after. At least when we speak in cosmic terms the early solar system

we speak in cosmic terms the early solar system

we speak in cosmic terms the early solar system began to take shape and the

began to take shape and the

began to take shape and the ring of dust and gas around the

ring of dust and gas around the

ring of dust and gas around the sun began to form the

sun began to form the

sun began to form the first planets. Eventually

first planets. Eventually

first planets. Eventually our earth was created but it was

our earth was created but it was

our earth was created but it was completely different from what

completely different from what

completely different from what we know. today For starters, the

we know. today For starters, the

we know. today For starters, the entire solar system was extremely

entire solar system was extremely

entire solar system was extremely chaotic in its early days, so

chaotic in its early days, so

chaotic in its early days, so cosmic impacts with other

cosmic impacts with other

cosmic impacts with other space objects were common. It is

space objects were common. It is

space objects were common. It is possible that there were initially

possible that there were initially

possible that there were initially several planets that did not

several planets that did not

several planets that did not survive to this day, according to the

survive to this day, according to the

survive to this day, according to the generally accepted theory that explains the origin of

generally accepted theory that explains the origin of

generally accepted theory that explains the origin of the moon. One such planet was Thea, a

the moon. One such planet was Thea, a

the moon. One such planet was Thea, a Mars-sized body that

Mars-sized body that

Mars-sized body that collided with Earth during its

collided with Earth during its

collided with Earth during its formative years. This impact tore off parts of

formative years. This impact tore off parts of

formative years. This impact tore off parts of the two planets, which then coalesced to

the two planets, which then coalesced to

the two planets, which then coalesced to form our Moon. This

form our Moon. This

form our Moon. This extremely violent period was also called the

extremely violent period was also called the

extremely violent period was also called the Hadean. name that refers to the

Hadean. name that refers to the

Hadean. name that refers to the Greek god of the underworld Hades All these

Greek god of the underworld Hades All these

Greek god of the underworld Hades All these impacts with asteroids and other planets

impacts with asteroids and other planets

impacts with asteroids and other planets made the surface of the earth

made the surface of the earth

made the surface of the earth extremely hot which is why

extremely hot which is why

extremely hot which is why the name was chosen this would have

the name was chosen this would have

the name was chosen this would have meant And the fact that the Rock on the top of its

meant And the fact that the Rock on the top of its

meant And the fact that the Rock on the top of its face is not would have had enough time to

face is not would have had enough time to

face is not would have had enough time to solidify, which made the

solidify, which made the

solidify, which made the Earth's surface incredibly unstable in the

Earth's surface incredibly unstable in the

Earth's surface incredibly unstable in the early part of Hadean.

early part of Hadean.

early part of Hadean. Convection currents in the mantle brought molten rock

Convection currents in the mantle brought molten rock

Convection currents in the mantle brought molten rock to the surface while the cooling rock

to the surface while the cooling rock

to the surface while the cooling rock was lowered into the

was lowered into the

was lowered into the magma seas. The elements were more Heavy elements like

magma seas. The elements were more Heavy elements like

magma seas. The elements were more Heavy elements like iron became the core while

iron became the core while

iron became the core while lighter elements like silicon

lighter elements like silicon

lighter elements like silicon rose to the surface and became

rose to the surface and became

rose to the surface and became incorporated into the growing crust.

incorporated into the growing crust.

incorporated into the growing crust. Although no one knows how the

Although no one knows how the

Although no one knows how the planet's first outer crust formed, some

planet's first outer crust formed, some

planet's first outer crust formed, some scientists believe that the existence of Several

scientists believe that the existence of Several

scientists believe that the existence of Several zircon grains dated to

zircon grains dated to

zircon grains dated to about 4.4 billion years ago confirm the

about 4.4 billion years ago confirm the

about 4.4 billion years ago confirm the presence of stable continents of

presence of stable continents of

presence of stable continents of liquid water and

liquid water and

liquid water and surface temperatures that were probably

surface temperatures that were probably

surface temperatures that were probably below 100°C. Some researchers also

below 100°C. Some researchers also

below 100°C. Some researchers also believe that at least initially water was

believe that at least initially water was

believe that at least initially water was was brought to Earth by asteroids

was brought to Earth by asteroids

was brought to Earth by asteroids that the planet collided with. In the early part

that the planet collided with. In the early part

that the planet collided with. In the early part of life, however, there is little evidence from

of life, however, there is little evidence from

of life, however, there is little evidence from that time because all of this

that time because all of this

that time because all of this original crust was replaced by the movements of

original crust was replaced by the movements of

original crust was replaced by the movements of tectonic plates. The oldest

tectonic plates. The oldest

tectonic plates. The oldest known rocks are the volcanic deposits of

known rocks are the volcanic deposits of

known rocks are the volcanic deposits of false amphibolite in the belt.

false amphibolite in the belt.

false amphibolite in the belt. green nuvo agit tuc stone from Quebec Canada

green nuvo agit tuc stone from Quebec Canada

green nuvo agit tuc stone from Quebec Canada estimated to be

28 billion years old instead the

28 billion years old instead the

28 billion years old instead the oldest minerals are the zircon grains

oldest minerals are the zircon grains

oldest minerals are the zircon grains mentioned earlier which were

mentioned earlier which were

mentioned earlier which were found in the Jack Hills of Australia which

found in the Jack Hills of Australia which

found in the Jack Hills of Australia which are also the oldest things found on

are also the oldest things found on

are also the oldest things found on Earth similar to the formation of the atmosphere

Earth similar to the formation of the atmosphere

Earth similar to the formation of the atmosphere and its initial composition are

and its initial composition are

and its initial composition are also highly debated topics in the

also highly debated topics in the

also highly debated topics in the scientific community although

scientific community although

scientific community although the discoveries we talked about

the discoveries we talked about

the discoveries we talked about previously suggest that Earth had both

previously suggest that Earth had both

previously suggest that Earth had both an atmosphere and oceans 4.4

an atmosphere and oceans 4.4

an atmosphere and oceans 4.4 billions of years ago the early atmosphere

billions of years ago the early atmosphere

billions of years ago the early atmosphere probably began as a region of

probably began as a region of

probably began as a region of escaping hydrogen and helium it is

escaping hydrogen and helium it is

escaping hydrogen and helium it is generally believed that ammonia methane and

generally believed that ammonia methane and

generally believed that ammonia methane and neon appeared sometime after the

neon appeared sometime after the

neon appeared sometime after the crust cooled and volcanic activity

crust cooled and volcanic activity

crust cooled and volcanic activity added water vapor nitrogen and

added water vapor nitrogen and

added water vapor nitrogen and additional hydrogen later it is believed much

additional hydrogen later it is believed much

additional hydrogen later it is believed much of of the water vapor in the atmosphere

of of the water vapor in the atmosphere

of of the water vapor in the atmosphere condensed to form clouds and rain

condensed to form clouds and rain

condensed to form clouds and rain which left large deposits of

which left large deposits of

which left large deposits of liquid water on the earth's surface

liquid water on the earth's surface

liquid water on the earth's surface

Archaic Era During the Hadean Era

Archaic Era During the Hadean Era

Archaic Era During the Hadean Era temperatures on earth began to

temperatures on earth began to

temperatures on earth began to slowly cool eventually forming

slowly cool eventually forming

slowly cool eventually forming favorable conditions life and

favorable conditions life and

favorable conditions life and thus moving into the next era which

thus moving into the next era which

thus moving into the next era which began 4 billion years ago and

began 4 billion years ago and

began 4 billion years ago and ended 2.5 billion years ago. The Archaic Era.

ended 2.5 billion years ago. The Archaic Era.

ended 2.5 billion years ago. The Archaic Era. During this period the earth as

During this period the earth as

During this period the earth as we know it today began to It was

we know it today began to It was

we know it today began to It was becoming more and more apparent, but it

becoming more and more apparent, but it

becoming more and more apparent, but it was still extremely different now. Not only do

was still extremely different now. Not only do

was still extremely different now. Not only do we have concrete evidence of the existence of

we have concrete evidence of the existence of

we have concrete evidence of the existence of the atmosphere and the ocean, but it was also at

the atmosphere and the ocean, but it was also at

the atmosphere and the ocean, but it was also at that time that the first organisms appeared in the

that time that the first organisms appeared in the

that time that the first organisms appeared in the water. Initially, the earth's atmosphere did not

water. Initially, the earth's atmosphere did not

water. Initially, the earth's atmosphere did not contain the oxygen necessary for life, or it

contain the oxygen necessary for life, or it

contain the oxygen necessary for life, or it contained it in extremely small quantities. small,

contained it in extremely small quantities. small,

contained it in extremely small quantities. small,

accumulating over many years. In those

accumulating over many years. In those

accumulating over many years. In those times, volcanism was extremely common,

times, volcanism was extremely common,

times, volcanism was extremely common, but the oxygen released by these processes

but the oxygen released by these processes

but the oxygen released by these processes was very small, being eclipsed by

was very small, being eclipsed by

was very small, being eclipsed by water vapor and carbon dioxide.

water vapor and carbon dioxide.

water vapor and carbon dioxide. Also, in its youth, the sun was

Also, in its youth, the sun was

Also, in its youth, the sun was much weaker than it is today. so the

much weaker than it is today. so the

much weaker than it is today. so the earth's waters should have been

earth's waters should have been

earth's waters should have been frozen but this

frozen but this

frozen but this never happened because

never happened because

never happened because greenhouse gases were able to keep

greenhouse gases were able to keep

greenhouse gases were able to keep enough of that heat locked in it

enough of that heat locked in it

enough of that heat locked in it is also possible that the entire

is also possible that the entire

is also possible that the entire surface of the earth was

surface of the earth was

surface of the earth was covered in water at this time or at least a

covered in water at this time or at least a

covered in water at this time or at least a little bit of the vast majority of this

little bit of the vast majority of this

little bit of the vast majority of this Obviously since the amount of

Obviously since the amount of

Obviously since the amount of oxygen was very low the first organisms

oxygen was very low the first organisms

oxygen was very low the first organisms were also anaerobic a

were also anaerobic a

were also anaerobic a higher amount of oxygen being enough

higher amount of oxygen being enough

higher amount of oxygen being enough to kill them fossil evidence of the

to kill them fossil evidence of the

to kill them fossil evidence of the first primitive life forms

first primitive life forms

first primitive life forms namely prokaryotes microbes and bacteria appear in

namely prokaryotes microbes and bacteria appear in

namely prokaryotes microbes and bacteria appear in rocks approximately old 3.5 3.7

rocks approximately old 3.5 3.7

rocks approximately old 3.5 3.7 billion years ago, but the discovery of

billion years ago, but the discovery of

billion years ago, but the discovery of ancient graphite fragments that

ancient graphite fragments that

ancient graphite fragments that could have been produced by microbes suggests that

could have been produced by microbes suggests that

could have been produced by microbes suggests that life could have appeared some time

life could have appeared some time

life could have appeared some time before

before

before 3.95 billion years ago, which is also the

3.95 billion years ago, which is also the

3.95 billion years ago, which is also the reason why oxygen became the

reason why oxygen became the

reason why oxygen became the main element in

main element in

main element in our atmosphere, carrying out the process of

our atmosphere, carrying out the process of

our atmosphere, carrying out the process of photosynthesis and transforming

photosynthesis and transforming

photosynthesis and transforming carbon dioxide into

carbon dioxide into

carbon dioxide into oxygen. The appearance of the first

oxygen. The appearance of the first

oxygen. The appearance of the first complex animals after the archaic was followed by

complex animals after the archaic was followed by

complex animals after the archaic was followed by protozoa, which began 2.5

protozoa, which began 2.5

protozoa, which began 2.5 billion years ago and ended

billion years ago and ended

billion years ago and ended 541 million years ago. During this period

541 million years ago. During this period

541 million years ago. During this period The Earth continued to become more and

The Earth continued to become more and

The Earth continued to become more and more hospitable and oxygen became

more hospitable and oxygen became

more hospitable and oxygen became the most common element in our atmosphere.

the most common element in our atmosphere.

the most common element in our atmosphere.

It is true that this process began

It is true that this process began

It is true that this process began in the archaic, but oxygen levels

in the archaic, but oxygen levels

in the archaic, but oxygen levels suddenly increased in

green protozoa, and this is also

green protozoa, and this is also

green protozoa, and this is also the moment when the Earth faced with

the moment when the Earth faced with

the moment when the Earth faced with its first extinction Considering that

its first extinction Considering that

its first extinction Considering that most organisms were anaerobic

most organisms were anaerobic

most organisms were anaerobic and could not adapt to the

and could not adapt to the

and could not adapt to the sudden change until eukaryotes

sudden change until eukaryotes

sudden change until eukaryotes established themselves in the environment, oxygen increased

established themselves in the environment, oxygen increased

established themselves in the environment, oxygen increased from a percentage of 10 to su to the levels

from a percentage of 10 to su to the levels

from a percentage of 10 to su to the levels that are still found today in the

that are still found today in the

that are still found today in the end unicellular organisms

end unicellular organisms

end unicellular organisms evolved into more complex

evolved into more complex

evolved into more complex multicellular creatures, sponges being among the

multicellular creatures, sponges being among the

multicellular creatures, sponges being among the first such animals to appear

first such animals to appear

first such animals to appear 800 million years ago. The

800 million years ago. The

800 million years ago. The Cambrian period, from

Cambrian period, from

Cambrian period, from 541 to

541 to

541 to 485 million years ago, was an

485 million years ago, was an

485 million years ago, was an explosion of new life forms that

explosion of new life forms that

explosion of new life forms that featured parts harder parts of

featured parts harder parts of

featured parts harder parts of the body such as shells and spines also appeared at this time, the

the body such as shells and spines also appeared at this time, the

the body such as shells and spines also appeared at this time, the first vertebrate animal appeared,

first vertebrate animal appeared,

first vertebrate animal appeared, a small ball that in addition to a spine

a small ball that in addition to a spine

a small ball that in addition to a spine had a well-defined tail and head although it did

had a well-defined tail and head although it did

had a well-defined tail and head although it did not have jaws. In the Devonian, that is, from

not have jaws. In the Devonian, that is, from

not have jaws. In the Devonian, that is, from 419 to 358 million years

419 to 358 million years

419 to 358 million years ago. Fish similar to those we

ago. Fish similar to those we

ago. Fish similar to those we know today with jaws also appeared, as well

know today with jaws also appeared, as well

know today with jaws also appeared, as well as the first transitions from fish to

as the first transitions from fish to

as the first transitions from fish to amphibians. More or less halfway through the

amphibians. More or less halfway through the

amphibians. More or less halfway through the period, the first trees also appeared, an

period, the first trees also appeared, an

period, the first trees also appeared, an extinct species called the Liop pod.

extinct species called the Liop pod.

extinct species called the Liop pod. Slowly, the Earth became full of life.

Slowly, the Earth became full of life.

Slowly, the Earth became full of life. Especially because the Earth's surface

Especially because the Earth's surface

Especially because the Earth's surface began to expand, but at

began to expand, but at

began to expand, but at that time we could still talk about a

that time we could still talk about a

that time we could still talk about a supercontinent that gradually began to

supercontinent that gradually began to

supercontinent that gradually began to break apart, eventually forming a A

break apart, eventually forming a A

break apart, eventually forming a A certain species of fish adapted to

certain species of fish adapted to

certain species of fish adapted to terrestrial life, using

gills for lungs, giving rise to

gills for lungs, giving rise to

gills for lungs, giving rise to a new evolutionary branch. The earth

a new evolutionary branch. The earth

a new evolutionary branch. The earth became a wet and

became a wet and

became a wet and swampy place full of tropical forests that were

swampy place full of tropical forests that were

swampy place full of tropical forests that were home to many incredible animals,

home to many incredible animals,

home to many incredible animals, such as the mean neura, a type of

such as the mean neura, a type of

such as the mean neura, a type of giant dragonfly, and the dimetrodon, an animal

giant dragonfly, and the dimetrodon, an animal

giant dragonfly, and the dimetrodon, an animal similar to the reptiles that appeared

similar to the reptiles that appeared

similar to the reptiles that appeared later as we can see the history of

later as we can see the history of

later as we can see the history of the earth before the appearance of these

the earth before the appearance of these

the earth before the appearance of these ferocious animals was totally fascinating

ferocious animals was totally fascinating

ferocious animals was totally fascinating and full of life today our planet

and full of life today our planet

and full of life today our planet and the organisms on its surface

and the organisms on its surface

and the organisms on its surface are totally different from those in the

are totally different from those in the

are totally different from those in the beginning but the way in which we

beginning but the way in which we

beginning but the way in which we managed getting to where we are

managed getting to where we are

managed getting to where we are today is completely

fascinating. History is full of

fascinating. History is full of

fascinating. History is full of disasters that range from the

disasters that range from the

disasters that range from the devastating to the downright bizarre.

devastating to the downright bizarre.

devastating to the downright bizarre. Beyond the typical disasters and

Beyond the typical disasters and

Beyond the typical disasters and man-made catastrophes, some

man-made catastrophes, some

man-made catastrophes, some events have unfolded under

events have unfolded under

events have unfolded under circumstances so unusual that they

circumstances so unusual that they

circumstances so unusual that they almost defies logic without further

almost defies logic without further

almost defies logic without further introduction So here's a look at

introduction So here's a look at

introduction So here's a look at some of the most bizarre disasters

some of the most bizarre disasters

some of the most bizarre disasters from around the world, each remarkable in

from around the world, each remarkable in

from around the world, each remarkable in its own right and each leaving an indelible mark

its own right and each leaving an indelible mark

its own right and each leaving an indelible mark on communities. which

on communities. which

on communities. which was affected at the time by the year

was affected at the time by the year

was affected at the time by the year without a summer in April

without a summer in April

without a summer in April 1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia

1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia

1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia exploded in one of the most

exploded in one of the most

exploded in one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions in

powerful volcanic eruptions in

powerful volcanic eruptions in recorded history the explosion killed tens of thousands of

recorded history the explosion killed tens of thousands of

recorded history the explosion killed tens of thousands of people in Southeast Asia and threw

people in Southeast Asia and threw

people in Southeast Asia and threw a cloud of ash giant ash cloud in the stratosphere

a cloud of ash giant ash cloud in the stratosphere

a cloud of ash giant ash cloud in the stratosphere As the cloud migrated across the globe it

As the cloud migrated across the globe it

As the cloud migrated across the globe it blocked the sun's rays, cooling it by

blocked the sun's rays, cooling it by

blocked the sun's rays, cooling it by 3° and causing

3° and causing

3° and causing global weather distortions the

global weather distortions the

global weather distortions the following year in India the droughts and floods

following year in India the droughts and floods

following year in India the droughts and floods caused by Tambora changed the

caused by Tambora changed the

caused by Tambora changed the ecology of the Bay of Bengal and

ecology of the Bay of Bengal and

ecology of the Bay of Bengal and contributed to the emergence of a new strains

contributed to the emergence of a new strains

contributed to the emergence of a new strains of cholera that killed millions of people

of cholera that killed millions of people

of cholera that killed millions of people Europe was hit by

Europe was hit by

Europe was hit by torrential rains and persistent cold that

torrential rains and persistent cold that

torrential rains and persistent cold that caused widespread famine and civil unrest

caused widespread famine and civil unrest

caused widespread famine and civil unrest in the United States

in the United States

in the United States heavy snowfalls fell in some areas in

heavy snowfalls fell in some areas in

heavy snowfalls fell in some areas in June, destroying crops and triggering

June, destroying crops and triggering

June, destroying crops and triggering an economic recession later

an economic recession later

an economic recession later New Englanders nicknamed the

New Englanders nicknamed the

New Englanders nicknamed the year

year

year 1816 18 su and ice to death but

1816 18 su and ice to death but

1816 18 su and ice to death but it became better known as The year

it became better known as The year

it became better known as The year without a summer weather disruptions

without a summer weather disruptions

without a summer weather disruptions had some unusual side effects.

had some unusual side effects.

had some unusual side effects. Some have attributed the high price of

Some have attributed the high price of

Some have attributed the high price of horse feed in Europe to

horse feed in Europe to

horse feed in Europe to inspiring German inventor Carl

inspiring German inventor Carl

inspiring German inventor Carl Zeiss to invent an early version of the

Zeiss to invent an early version of the

Zeiss to invent an early version of the bicycle. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, the

bicycle. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, the

bicycle. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, the gloomy weather and constant rain of

gloomy weather and constant rain of

gloomy weather and constant rain of 1816 had forced writer Mary

1816 had forced writer Mary

1816 had forced writer Mary Shelly to spend the summer indoors she

Shelly to spend the summer indoors she

Shelly to spend the summer indoors she entertained herself writing the famous horror novel

entertained herself writing the famous horror novel

entertained herself writing the famous horror novel Frankenstein the

Frankenstein the

Frankenstein the Carrington event of

Carrington event of

Carrington event of 1859 solar flares occur when

1859 solar flares occur when

1859 solar flares occur when magnetic energy built up on the surface of the

magnetic energy built up on the surface of the

magnetic energy built up on the surface of the sun is released in bursts of

sun is released in bursts of

sun is released in bursts of radiation and charged particles the

radiation and charged particles the

radiation and charged particles the resulting explosions are equivalent to The

resulting explosions are equivalent to The

resulting explosions are equivalent to The force of millions of hydrogen bombs

force of millions of hydrogen bombs

force of millions of hydrogen bombs and the solar winds they create

and the solar winds they create

and the solar winds they create have the capacity to wreak havoc on the

have the capacity to wreak havoc on the

have the capacity to wreak havoc on the Earth's atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere is exactly what happened in

is exactly what happened in

is exactly what happened in late August and early

late August and early

late August and early September

September

September 1859 when the planet was bombarded by

1859 when the planet was bombarded by

1859 when the planet was bombarded by the largest solar storm on record.

the largest solar storm on record.

the largest solar storm on record. ever so called

ever so called

ever so called Carrington event named after

Carrington event named after

Carrington event named after British astronomer Richard Carrington caused the

British astronomer Richard Carrington caused the

British astronomer Richard Carrington caused the sky to shine with

sky to shine with

sky to shine with bright multi-colored auroras until close

bright multi-colored auroras until close

bright multi-colored auroras until close to the equator but the US state of Colorado

to the equator but the US state of Colorado

to the equator but the US state of Colorado was so bright that one

was so bright that one

was so bright that one witness said people could easily read

witness said people could easily read

regular print at night the

regular print at night the

regular print at night the light show could have been beautiful but the

light show could have been beautiful but the

light show could have been beautiful but the geomagnetic disturbances that

geomagnetic disturbances that

geomagnetic disturbances that accompanied it grounded

accompanied it grounded

accompanied it grounded Telegraph systems around the world torrents of

Telegraph systems around the world torrents of

Telegraph systems around the world torrents of sparks flew from some

sparks flew from some

sparks flew from some Telegraph machines causing fires and

Telegraph machines causing fires and

Telegraph machines causing fires and painful shock to their operators

painful shock to their operators

painful shock to their operators the atmosphere was so charged with

the atmosphere was so charged with

the atmosphere was so charged with electricity in some places that

electricity in some places that

electricity in some places that technicians discovered they could

technicians discovered they could

technicians discovered they could disconnect the batteries of the Telegraphs and

disconnect the batteries of the Telegraphs and

disconnect the batteries of the Telegraphs and still transmit messages the

still transmit messages the

still transmit messages the solar storm of

solar storm of

solar storm of 1859 passed after a few days but

1859 passed after a few days but

1859 passed after a few days but scientists estimate that if a

scientists estimate that if a

scientists estimate that if a similar event were to occur today it

similar event were to occur today it

similar event were to occur today it could bring down telecoms

could bring down telecoms

could bring down telecoms and cause trillions of

and cause trillions of

and cause trillions of dollars in damage the year of the locusts

1874 crop-destroying locust plagues

1874 crop-destroying locust plagues

1874 crop-destroying locust plagues were a a common phenomenon in the

were a a common phenomenon in the

were a a common phenomenon in the late 19th century on the

late 19th century on the

late 19th century on the American frontier but most of it does not

American frontier but most of it does not

American frontier but most of it does not compare to the one that hit the great

compare to the one that hit the great

compare to the one that hit the great American plains In the summer of

American plains In the summer of

American plains In the summer of 1874, a dry, arid spring created the

1874, a dry, arid spring created the

1874, a dry, arid spring created the perfect conditions for the

perfect conditions for the

perfect conditions for the Rocky Mountain locusts to lay their eggs

Rocky Mountain locusts to lay their eggs

Rocky Mountain locusts to lay their eggs in large numbers. Trillions of them

in large numbers. Trillions of them

in large numbers. Trillions of them later hatched and besieged Nebraska,

later hatched and besieged Nebraska,

later hatched and besieged Nebraska, Kansas, Dakota, Iowa, and several other states.

Kansas, Dakota, Iowa, and several other states.

Kansas, Dakota, Iowa, and several other states. Witnesses reported that the locusts

Witnesses reported that the locusts

Witnesses reported that the locusts arrived. in clouds so thick they could

arrived. in clouds so thick they could

arrived. in clouds so thick they could block sunlight for

block sunlight for

block sunlight for hours upon landing They devoured

hours upon landing They devoured

hours upon landing They devoured entire fields of crops local vegetation and

entire fields of crops local vegetation and

entire fields of crops local vegetation and even the clothes on people's backs

even the clothes on people's backs

even the clothes on people's backs the air was literally alive with them wrote the

the air was literally alive with them wrote the

the air was literally alive with them wrote the New York Times they crashed into houses they

New York Times they crashed into houses they

New York Times they crashed into houses they crowded into windows cover the

crowded into windows cover the

crowded into windows cover the passing trains working as if they were

passing trains working as if they were

passing trains working as if they were sent to destroy, the newspaper added.

sent to destroy, the newspaper added.

sent to destroy, the newspaper added. People tried to burn the insects with

People tried to burn the insects with

People tried to burn the insects with fire and blow them up with

fire and blow them up with

fire and blow them up with gunpowder, but they were powerless to fight

gunpowder, but they were powerless to fight

gunpowder, but they were powerless to fight such a large swarm of crops

such a large swarm of crops

such a large swarm of crops worth millions of dollars at the

worth millions of dollars at the

worth millions of dollars at the time were eventually destroyed

time were eventually destroyed

time were eventually destroyed in what became known as the

in what became known as the

in what became known as the year of the locusts the US military

year of the locusts the US military

year of the locusts the US military was called in to distribute supplies to

was called in to distribute supplies to

was called in to distribute supplies to the victims, but many homeowners

the victims, but many homeowners

the victims, but many homeowners conceded defeat and retreated

conceded defeat and retreated

conceded defeat and retreated east. Similar plagues continued to

east. Similar plagues continued to

east. Similar plagues continued to plague the settlers in the following years.

plague the settlers in the following years.

plague the settlers in the following years. They ceased only in the early

They ceased only in the early

They ceased only in the early 20th century when environmental changes

20th century when environmental changes

20th century when environmental changes led to the disappearance of the locusts in the

led to the disappearance of the locusts in the

led to the disappearance of the locusts in the Mountains. rocky The Dust Veil of

Mountains. rocky The Dust Veil of

Mountains. rocky The Dust Veil of 536 AD in the middle of the

536 AD in the middle of the

536 AD in the middle of the 6th century a cloud of sand and dust

6th century a cloud of sand and dust

6th century a cloud of sand and dust suddenly descended over a large part of the Globe

suddenly descended over a large part of the Globe

suddenly descended over a large part of the Globe obscuring the sun and causing

obscuring the sun and causing

obscuring the sun and causing unusually low temperatures

unusually low temperatures

unusually low temperatures for several years the most

for several years the most

for several years the most terrible foreshadowing of the The

terrible foreshadowing of the The

terrible foreshadowing of the The Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the year

Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the year

Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the year 536 that the sun emitted its light

536 that the sun emitted its light

536 that the sun emitted its light without brightness and appeared extremely

without brightness and appeared extremely

without brightness and appeared extremely similar to the sun in eclipse because

similar to the sun in eclipse because

similar to the sun in eclipse because the rays it emitted were not clear. He

the rays it emitted were not clear. He

the rays it emitted were not clear. He added that the long winter that followed

added that the long winter that followed

added that the long winter that followed brought drought, crop failures, and

brought drought, crop failures, and

brought drought, crop failures, and famine. Around the world, some

famine. Around the world, some

famine. Around the world, some researchers speculate that it

researchers speculate that it

researchers speculate that it also played a role in triggering the

also played a role in triggering the

also played a role in triggering the first known outbreak of

first known outbreak of

first known outbreak of bubonic plague. in europe despite

bubonic plague. in europe despite

bubonic plague. in europe despite its widespread effects scientists

its widespread effects scientists

its widespread effects scientists are still not entirely sure what

are still not entirely sure what

are still not entirely sure what caused the global cooling in the

caused the global cooling in the

caused the global cooling in the 530s one theory is that a

530s one theory is that a

530s one theory is that a massive volcanic eruption threw dust into the

massive volcanic eruption threw dust into the

massive volcanic eruption threw dust into the upper atmosphere and blocked the

upper atmosphere and blocked the

upper atmosphere and blocked the sun's rays studies of

sun's rays studies of

sun's rays studies of core samples Sixth-century ice cores

core samples Sixth-century ice cores

core samples Sixth-century ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica show

from Greenland and Antarctica show

from Greenland and Antarctica show high concentrations of sulfate ions

high concentrations of sulfate ions

high concentrations of sulfate ions released by volcanoes, and there is evidence that

released by volcanoes, and there is evidence that

released by volcanoes, and there is evidence that a massive eruption may have occurred in

a massive eruption may have occurred in

a massive eruption may have occurred in El Salvador in the

El Salvador in the

El Salvador in the 530s. Other researchers believe the

530s. Other researchers believe the

530s. Other researchers believe the most likely culprit was

most likely culprit was

most likely culprit was the impact of or almost being hit by a

the impact of or almost being hit by a

the impact of or almost being hit by a comet Comet Hay passed by

comet Comet Hay passed by

comet Comet Hay passed by Earth in

Earth in

Earth in 530 and it is possible that a piece of it

530 and it is possible that a piece of it

530 and it is possible that a piece of it got caught and created a

got caught and created a

got caught and created a huge cloud of debris on impact the great smog

huge cloud of debris on impact the great smog

huge cloud of debris on impact the great smog of

of

of 1952 Not all natural disasters are

1952 Not all natural disasters are

1952 Not all natural disasters are in In December

in In December

in In December 1952, man-made air pollution in London

1952, man-made air pollution in London

1952, man-made air pollution in London turned into a

turned into a

turned into a mass of soot smoke that persisted

mass of soot smoke that persisted

mass of soot smoke that persisted for four days, causing The

for four days, causing The

for four days, causing The air quality havoc the dead miasma was the

air quality havoc the dead miasma was the

air quality havoc the dead miasma was the result of a high-

result of a high-

result of a high- pressure system that created

pressure system that created

pressure system that created unnaturally stagnant conditions. Instead of

unnaturally stagnant conditions. Instead of

unnaturally stagnant conditions. Instead of dispersing into the atmosphere as usual,

dispersing into the atmosphere as usual,

dispersing into the atmosphere as usual, clouds of coal smoke and pollution

clouds of coal smoke and pollution

clouds of coal smoke and pollution from factories gathered over the city

from factories gathered over the city

from factories gathered over the city and refused to to move the smog reduced

and refused to to move the smog reduced

and refused to to move the smog reduced visibility in some places to almost

visibility in some places to almost

visibility in some places to almost zero, animals died as they were on

zero, animals died as they were on

zero, animals died as they were on their pastures and dozens of Londoners fell

their pastures and dozens of Londoners fell

their pastures and dozens of Londoners fell ill with bronchitis, pneumonia and other

ill with bronchitis, pneumonia and other

ill with bronchitis, pneumonia and other respiratory problems, many children and the

respiratory problems, many children and the

respiratory problems, many children and the elderly died, their lungs

elderly died, their lungs

elderly died, their lungs ravaged by inflammation, approximately 4,000

ravaged by inflammation, approximately 4,000

ravaged by inflammation, approximately 4,000 people were killed before the winds

people were killed before the winds

people were killed before the winds picked up and cleared

picked up and cleared

picked up and cleared the smog, and thousands more could have perished in

the smog, and thousands more could have perished in

the smog, and thousands more could have perished in the weeks and months that followed.

the weeks and months that followed.

the weeks and months that followed. Spurred on by the Great Smog of

Spurred on by the Great Smog of

Spurred on by the Great Smog of 1952, the British government

1952, the British government

1952, the British government subsequently enacted the Clean Air Act of

subsequently enacted the Clean Air Act of

subsequently enacted the Clean Air Act of 1956, which gave citizens subsidies

1956, which gave citizens subsidies

1956, which gave citizens subsidies to switch to cleaner fuel

to switch to cleaner fuel

to switch to cleaner fuel and a ban on

and a ban on

and a ban on black coal smoke emissions in certain areas the

black coal smoke emissions in certain areas the

black coal smoke emissions in certain areas the

Tunguska event on June 30

Tunguska event on June 30

Tunguska event on June 30 1908 shortly after 7:00 a.m. a

1908 shortly after 7:00 a.m. a

1908 shortly after 7:00 a.m. a blinding light crossed the

blinding light crossed the

blinding light crossed the Siberian sky and exploded over the

Siberian sky and exploded over the

Siberian sky and exploded over the Tunguska area. The shock that followed had the

Tunguska area. The shock that followed had the

Tunguska area. The shock that followed had the force of 5 to 10 megatons of TNT,

force of 5 to 10 megatons of TNT,

force of 5 to 10 megatons of TNT, hundreds of times more powerful than the

hundreds of times more powerful than the

hundreds of times more powerful than the atomic bomb launched earlier. late over

atomic bomb launched earlier. late over

atomic bomb launched earlier. late over Hiroshima it destroyed nearly

Hiroshima it destroyed nearly

Hiroshima it destroyed nearly 200,000 hectares of forest and knocked down

200,000 hectares of forest and knocked down

200,000 hectares of forest and knocked down people more than 60 km away

people more than 60 km away

people more than 60 km away amazingly no one was killed in the

amazingly no one was killed in the

amazingly no one was killed in the explosion but its effects were

explosion but its effects were

explosion but its effects were felt around the world

felt around the world

felt around the world atmospheric and seismic devices were

atmospheric and seismic devices were

atmospheric and seismic devices were triggered as far away as England and over the

triggered as far away as England and over the

triggered as far away as England and over the next few nights the sky was

next few nights the sky was

next few nights the sky was so bright that people in Asia

so bright that people in Asia

so bright that people in Asia could read newspapers outdoors at

could read newspapers outdoors at

could read newspapers outdoors at night. Experts suspected a

night. Experts suspected a

night. Experts suspected a meteorite strike. But when a

meteorite strike. But when a

meteorite strike. But when a Russian expedition finally reached the

Russian expedition finally reached the

Russian expedition finally reached the remote site, of the explosion in

remote site, of the explosion in

remote site, of the explosion in 1927 found no sign of an

1927 found no sign of an

1927 found no sign of an impact crater despite the lack of a

impact crater despite the lack of a

impact crater despite the lack of a gun or crater

gun or crater

gun or crater most scientists argue

most scientists argue

most scientists argue that the event Tunguska was the

that the event Tunguska was the

that the event Tunguska was the result of a space rock impact.

result of a space rock impact.

result of a space rock impact. One possibility is that

One possibility is that

One possibility is that the event was caused by an

the event was caused by an

the event was caused by an icy comet that evaporated at the

icy comet that evaporated at the

icy comet that evaporated at the moment of impact, leaving

moment of impact, leaving

moment of impact, leaving little trace of itself, and more likely

little trace of itself, and more likely

little trace of itself, and more likely it was a meteorite with a diameter

it was a meteorite with a diameter

it was a meteorite with a diameter between 25 and 40 m exploded in the

between 25 and 40 m exploded in the

between 25 and 40 m exploded in the upper atmosphere and broke into

upper atmosphere and broke into

upper atmosphere and broke into small pieces. Witnesses reported

small pieces. Witnesses reported

small pieces. Witnesses reported hearing a noise like rocks falling

hearing a noise like rocks falling

hearing a noise like rocks falling from the sky after the initial explosion.

from the sky after the initial explosion.

from the sky after the initial explosion. Samples of decomposed vegetation

Samples of decomposed vegetation

Samples of decomposed vegetation from Tunguska include large deposits of

from Tunguska include large deposits of

from Tunguska include large deposits of nickel iron and other substances

nickel iron and other substances

nickel iron and other substances commonly found at meteorite impact sites the

commonly found at meteorite impact sites the

latrine disaster of

latrine disaster of

latrine disaster of Erfurt in late July

Erfurt in late July

Erfurt in late July 1184 Henry VI, King of Germany,

1184 Henry VI, King of Germany,

1184 Henry VI, King of Germany, held a court session in the city of

held a court session in the city of

held a court session in the city of Erfurt to help resolve

Erfurt to help resolve

Erfurt to help resolve a long-standing dispute between

a long-standing dispute between

a long-standing dispute between Louis II le from turing and

Louis II le from turing and

Louis II le from turing and archbishop conrad de mais many

archbishop conrad de mais many

archbishop conrad de mais many people came to witness the

people came to witness the

people came to witness the mediation process including a number of nobles from

mediation process including a number of nobles from

mediation process including a number of nobles from across the region the events barely

across the region the events barely

across the region the events barely They had begun when the wooden floor, under

They had begun when the wooden floor, under

They had begun when the wooden floor, under immense pressure from the

immense pressure from the

immense pressure from the large number of people present at the trial,

large number of people present at the trial,

large number of people present at the trial, suddenly collapsed. This was

suddenly collapsed. This was

suddenly collapsed. This was horrific in itself, but things were

horrific in itself, but things were

horrific in itself, but things were about to get much, much worse. Under the

about to get much, much worse. Under the

about to get much, much worse. Under the floor was apparently a huge latrine

floor was apparently a huge latrine

floor was apparently a huge latrine built for to serve the large order

built for to serve the large order

built for to serve the large order of monks its size was meant to

of monks its size was meant to

of monks its size was meant to ensure that it did not have to be

ensure that it did not have to be

ensure that it did not have to be emptied often a benefit for the monks

emptied often a benefit for the monks

emptied often a benefit for the monks but not for the poor people who found themselves

but not for the poor people who found themselves

but not for the poor people who found themselves swimming in it when the floor

swimming in it when the floor

swimming in it when the floor gave way it is believed that at least 60

gave way it is believed that at least 60

gave way it is believed that at least 60 people Some died from the fall

people Some died from the fall

people Some died from the fall itself and others drowned in excrement.

itself and others drowned in excrement.

itself and others drowned in excrement. King Henry and Archbishop Conrad

King Henry and Archbishop Conrad

King Henry and Archbishop Conrad escaped with their lives. They were standing in a

escaped with their lives. They were standing in a

escaped with their lives. They were standing in a stone niche and clung to the

stone niche and clung to the

stone niche and clung to the window railings to

window railings to

window railings to prevent themselves from falling. Despite the fact

prevent themselves from falling. Despite the fact

prevent themselves from falling. Despite the fact that the fall was in depths Louis I

that the fall was in depths Louis I

that the fall was in depths Louis I also managed to survive the rain

also managed to survive the rain

also managed to survive the rain of golf balls in Punta Gorda on September 1,

of golf balls in Punta Gorda on September 1,

of golf balls in Punta Gorda on September 1,

1969 The residents of Punta Gorda, Florida

1969 The residents of Punta Gorda, Florida

1969 The residents of Punta Gorda, Florida were stunned when, according to a

were stunned when, according to a

were stunned when, according to a newspaper report, dozens and dozens and dozens of white,

newspaper report, dozens and dozens and dozens of white,

newspaper report, dozens and dozens and dozens of white, dimpled balls rained down on the town

dimpled balls rained down on the town

dimpled balls rained down on the town during a normal downpour. The

during a normal downpour. The

during a normal downpour. The golf balls clogged the gutters and

golf balls clogged the gutters and

golf balls clogged the gutters and soiled the lawns, but otherwise they didn't seem to be a problem.

soiled the lawns, but otherwise they didn't seem to be a problem.

soiled the lawns, but otherwise they didn't seem to be a problem. to do too much harm Although the incident

to do too much harm Although the incident

to do too much harm Although the incident was bizarre at first glance, there was

was bizarre at first glance, there was

was bizarre at first glance, there was probably a perfectly reasonable explanation: the

probably a perfectly reasonable explanation: the

probably a perfectly reasonable explanation: the severe weather in Punta Gorda tends to

severe weather in Punta Gorda tends to

severe weather in Punta Gorda tends to cause water storms. Water storms

cause water storms. Water storms

cause water storms. Water storms are capable of absorbing

are capable of absorbing

are capable of absorbing entire bodies of water, so the

entire bodies of water, so the

entire bodies of water, so the golf balls probably came from a pond

golf balls probably came from a pond

golf balls probably came from a pond on a golf course where many

on a golf course where many

on a golf course where many unlucky players have lost a ball the storm

unlucky players have lost a ball the storm

unlucky players have lost a ball the storm water sucked up the pond then released it

water sucked up the pond then released it

water sucked up the pond then released it on unwary citizens

on unwary citizens

on unwary citizens shortly afterwards the lake nios disaster

shortly afterwards the lake nios disaster

shortly afterwards the lake nios disaster in cameroon at dawn on august 21,

in cameroon at dawn on august 21,

in cameroon at dawn on august 21, 1986 a volcanic lake in cameroon

1986 a volcanic lake in cameroon

1986 a volcanic lake in cameroon A cloud of carbon dioxide erupted,

A cloud of carbon dioxide erupted,

A cloud of carbon dioxide erupted, killing over 1,700 people

killing over 1,700 people

killing over 1,700 people carbon dioxide was probably generated by

carbon dioxide was probably generated by

carbon dioxide was probably generated by volcanic activity in other

volcanic activity in other

volcanic activity in other volcanic lakes. The change of seasons

volcanic lakes. The change of seasons

volcanic lakes. The change of seasons changes the density of surface water

changes the density of surface water

changes the density of surface water so that it

so that it

so that it periodically mixes with groundwater. In the case of

periodically mixes with groundwater. In the case of

periodically mixes with groundwater. In the case of Lake Nios, however, mixing did not

Lake Nios, however, mixing did not

Lake Nios, however, mixing did not occur because in the tropics temperatures

occur because in the tropics temperatures

occur because in the tropics temperatures remain relatively warm throughout the

remain relatively warm throughout the

remain relatively warm throughout the year because The surface waters of

year because The surface waters of

year because The surface waters of this tropical lake have not cooled

this tropical lake have not cooled

this tropical lake have not cooled sufficiently to lower the concentrations

sufficiently to lower the concentrations

sufficiently to lower the concentrations of carbon dioxide gas dissolved or

of carbon dioxide gas dissolved or

of carbon dioxide gas dissolved or accumulated in the water floating near the

accumulated in the water floating near the

accumulated in the water floating near the bottom of the lake, apparently a

bottom of the lake, apparently a

bottom of the lake, apparently a sudden landslide or an increase in

sudden landslide or an increase in

sudden landslide or an increase in warming from below through

warming from below through

warming from below through volcanic activity. forced bubbles of

volcanic activity. forced bubbles of

volcanic activity. forced bubbles of carbon dioxide to the surface where they

carbon dioxide to the surface where they

carbon dioxide to the surface where they combined to form a

combined to form a

combined to form a suffocating cloud whose volume could have been

suffocating cloud whose volume could have been

suffocating cloud whose volume could have been up to 1.2 km c the deadly cloud that

up to 1.2 km c the deadly cloud that

up to 1.2 km c the deadly cloud that probably formed in the space of

probably formed in the space of

probably formed in the space of just a few minutes killed people and

just a few minutes killed people and

just a few minutes killed people and animals in the village and other animals Within a

animals in the village and other animals Within a

animals in the village and other animals Within a radius of 24 km the deadly fog in

radius of 24 km the deadly fog in

radius of 24 km the deadly fog in Donora in late October

Donora in late October

Donora in late October 1948 the town of Donora in Pennsylvania

1948 the town of Donora in Pennsylvania

1948 the town of Donora in Pennsylvania was visited by a fog For

was visited by a fog For

was visited by a fog For four days, the deadly weather conditions

four days, the deadly weather conditions

four days, the deadly weather conditions trapped the Monongahela River Valley, where the

trapped the Monongahela River Valley, where the

trapped the Monongahela River Valley, where the donor is located, with fluoride vapors,

donor is located, with fluoride vapors,

donor is located, with fluoride vapors, particulates including lead and cadmium, and

particulates including lead and cadmium, and

particulates including lead and cadmium, and other emissions such as

other emissions such as

other emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and

carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and

carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfur dioxide from steel smelters

sulfur dioxide from steel smelters

sulfur dioxide from steel smelters and of zinc in the region the air did not

and of zinc in the region the air did not

and of zinc in the region the air did not move and high concentrations of

move and high concentrations of

move and high concentrations of airborne pollutants accumulated

airborne pollutants accumulated

airborne pollutants accumulated near the ground almost 5000

near the ground almost 5000

near the ground almost 5000 people suffered from this

people suffered from this

people suffered from this polar episode many of them

polar episode many of them

polar episode many of them developing fluorine poisoning at

developing fluorine poisoning at

developing fluorine poisoning at blood concentration levels that

blood concentration levels that

blood concentration levels that increased 12-25 times the

increased 12-25 times the

increased 12-25 times the normal amount 22 people

normal amount 22 people

normal amount 22 people died and about 50 more deaths

died and about 50 more deaths

died and about 50 more deaths attributed to the fog occurred in the following

attributed to the fog occurred in the following

attributed to the fog occurred in the following months over the next 10 years the

months over the next 10 years the

months over the next 10 years the death rate in the city exceeded that

death rate in the city exceeded that

death rate in the city exceeded that of its neighbors many of the

of its neighbors many of the

of its neighbors many of the survivors had

survivors had

survivors had permanent respiratory damage despite

permanent respiratory damage despite

permanent respiratory damage despite deadly fog from Donora The state of Pennsylvania

deadly fog from Donora The state of Pennsylvania

deadly fog from Donora The state of Pennsylvania created and passed its first

created and passed its first

created and passed its first air pollution law in

air pollution law in

air pollution law in 1959 and The story of this event

1959 and The story of this event

1959 and The story of this event was presented as evidence in support of

was presented as evidence in support of

was presented as evidence in support of the development and passage of the

the development and passage of the

the development and passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970. The

Clean Air Act of 1970. The

Clean Air Act of 1970. The Great Boston Molasses Flood

Great Boston Molasses Flood

Great Boston Molasses Flood of

of

of 1919. At noon on January 15,

1919. At noon on January 15,

1919. At noon on January 15, 1919, a flood of sweet

1919, a flood of sweet

1919, a flood of sweet , sticky death poured out of a

, sticky death poured out of a

, sticky death poured out of a ruptured storage tank in Boston. the tank was

ruptured storage tank in Boston. the tank was

ruptured storage tank in Boston. the tank was intended to contain fermented molasses

intended to contain fermented molasses

intended to contain fermented molasses which was used in the process of

which was used in the process of

which was used in the process of manufacturing industrial alcohol for

manufacturing industrial alcohol for

manufacturing industrial alcohol for munitions and other weapons during the

munitions and other weapons during the

munitions and other weapons during the First World War it is said that the

First World War it is said that the

First World War it is said that the wave released during the great

wave released during the great

wave released during the great molasses flood was between 5 and 12 m high

molasses flood was between 5 and 12 m high

molasses flood was between 5 and 12 m high and approximately 50 m wide width passing through the

and approximately 50 m wide width passing through the

and approximately 50 m wide width passing through the streets at approximately 55 km/h

streets at approximately 55 km/h

streets at approximately 55 km/h demolished buildings and covered cars

demolished buildings and covered cars

demolished buildings and covered cars horses and pedestrians thickened by the

horses and pedestrians thickened by the

horses and pedestrians thickened by the low temperatures of the season mistletoe

low temperatures of the season mistletoe

low temperatures of the season mistletoe molasses solidified quickly

[Music]

from climate anomalies and

from climate anomalies and

from climate anomalies and devastating volcanic eruptions to

devastating volcanic eruptions to

devastating volcanic eruptions to solar phenomena Extremes and accidents

solar phenomena Extremes and accidents

solar phenomena Extremes and accidents man-made disasters highlight the

man-made disasters highlight the

man-made disasters highlight the fragility of our balance natural

fragility of our balance natural

fragility of our balance natural and social, every remarkable incident,

and social, every remarkable incident,

and social, every remarkable incident, whether it is the year without a summer of

whether it is the year without a summer of

whether it is the year without a summer of 1816, the solar storm of

1816, the solar storm of

1816, the solar storm of 1859 or the latrine disaster in Erfurt,

1859 or the latrine disaster in Erfurt,

1859 or the latrine disaster in Erfurt, reflects not only the direct consequences

reflects not only the direct consequences

reflects not only the direct consequences of catastrophes but also the

of catastrophes but also the

of catastrophes but also the human capacity to adapt and learn from

human capacity to adapt and learn from

human capacity to adapt and learn from these experiences, sometimes changing

these experiences, sometimes changing

these experiences, sometimes changing the course of history. through

the course of history. through

the course of history. through our innovative and

legislative responses to the Great Story of the

legislative responses to the Great Story of the

legislative responses to the Great Story of the Cosmos, the question of the origin of

Cosmos, the question of the origin of

Cosmos, the question of the origin of life on Earth persists as a

life on Earth persists as a

life on Earth persists as a captivating mystery. Some researchers and philosophers have

captivating mystery. Some researchers and philosophers have

captivating mystery. Some researchers and philosophers have explored the possibility that the emergence of

explored the possibility that the emergence of

explored the possibility that the emergence of life on our planet was not the

life on our planet was not the

life on our planet was not the result of inevitable evolution but

result of inevitable evolution but

result of inevitable evolution but rather the result of an

rather the result of an

rather the result of an accident. cosmic this theory suggests

accident. cosmic this theory suggests

accident. cosmic this theory suggests that life as we know it today

that life as we know it today

that life as we know it today could be a chance consequence of

could be a chance consequence of

could be a chance consequence of unique conditions and

unique conditions and

unique conditions and rare events in the Universe in this

rare events in the Universe in this

rare events in the Universe in this intriguing perspective the fundamental question

intriguing perspective the fundamental question

intriguing perspective the fundamental question arises not only how life arose but also

arises not only how life arose but also

arises not only how life arose but also whether our presence on earth is

whether our presence on earth is

whether our presence on earth is just the result of a series of

just the result of a series of

just the result of a series of cosmic coincidences or a

cosmic coincidences or a

cosmic coincidences or a preconceived plan So here is the answer to the

preconceived plan So here is the answer to the

preconceived plan So here is the answer to the question of whether life on earth is

question of whether life on earth is

question of whether life on earth is just an accident and what does this

just an accident and what does this

just an accident and what does this scenario imply the emergence of life an

scenario imply the emergence of life an

scenario imply the emergence of life an accident evolution took over

accident evolution took over

accident evolution took over 3 billion years to produce Homo

3 billion years to produce Homo

3 billion years to produce Homo sapiens if the climate had completely caved in

sapiens if the climate had completely caved in

sapiens if the climate had completely caved in even once during this time

even once during this time

even once during this time then evolution would have stopped abruptly and

then evolution would have stopped abruptly and

then evolution would have stopped abruptly and we wouldn't be here now So

we wouldn't be here now So

we wouldn't be here now So to understand how we came to

to understand how we came to

to understand how we came to exist on planet Earth we will need to

exist on planet Earth we will need to

exist on planet Earth we will need to know how has the earth managed to remain fit

know how has the earth managed to remain fit

know how has the earth managed to remain fit for life for billions of years

for life for billions of years

for life for billions of years this is not a trivial problem

this is not a trivial problem

this is not a trivial problem current global warming shows us that

current global warming shows us that

current global warming shows us that in fact the climate can change

in fact the climate can change

in fact the climate can change considerably even within a

considerably even within a

considerably even within a few centuries on geological time scales

few centuries on geological time scales

few centuries on geological time scales it is even easier to change the climate

it is even easier to change the climate

it is even easier to change the climate calculations show that there is the potential for the

calculations show that there is the potential for the

calculations show that there is the potential for the earth's climate to deteriorate

earth's climate to deteriorate

earth's climate to deteriorate to temperatures below 0° or above the

to temperatures below 0° or above the

to temperatures below 0° or above the boiling point in just a few million

boiling point in just a few million

boiling point in just a few million years we also know that the sun has

years we also know that the sun has

years we also know that the sun has become 30% brighter since

become 30% brighter since

become 30% brighter since life appeared Theoretically this

life appeared Theoretically this

life appeared Theoretically this should have caused the oceans to

should have caused the oceans to

should have caused the oceans to boil by now considering that

boil by now considering that

boil by now considering that they were generally not frozen on the

they were generally not frozen on the

they were generally not frozen on the early Earth this is

early Earth this is

early Earth this is known as the

known as the

known as the young and weak sun paradox yet somehow

young and weak sun paradox yet somehow

young and weak sun paradox yet somehow this puzzle of habitability has been

this puzzle of habitability has been

this puzzle of habitability has been solved scientists have came with

solved scientists have came with

solved scientists have came with two main theories the first is that

two main theories the first is that

two main theories the first is that Earth might possess something like

Earth might possess something like

Earth might possess something like a thermostat a feedback mechanism or mechanisms

a thermostat a feedback mechanism or mechanisms

a thermostat a feedback mechanism or mechanisms that prevent the climate from cooling or

that prevent the climate from cooling or

that prevent the climate from cooling or heating to

heating to

heating to fatal temperatures the second is that

fatal temperatures the second is that

fatal temperatures the second is that out of a large number of planets maybe

out of a large number of planets maybe

out of a large number of planets maybe some succeed just by luck and

some succeed just by luck and

some succeed just by luck and Earth is one of these. This

Earth is one of these. This

Earth is one of these. This second scenario is made more

second scenario is made more

second scenario is made more plausible by the discoveries in recent

plausible by the discoveries in recent

plausible by the discoveries in recent decades of numerous planets outside

decades of numerous planets outside

decades of numerous planets outside our solar system, so-called

our solar system, so-called

our solar system, so-called exoplanets. Astronomical observations of

exoplanets. Astronomical observations of

exoplanets. Astronomical observations of distant stars tell us that

distant stars tell us that

distant stars tell us that many of them have planets

many of them have planets

many of them have planets orbiting them, and that some have a

orbiting them, and that some have a

orbiting them, and that some have a size, density, and

size, density, and

size, density, and orbital distance such that they are theoretically

orbital distance such that they are theoretically

orbital distance such that they are theoretically possible temperatures suitable for

possible temperatures suitable for

possible temperatures suitable for life. It has been estimated that there

life. It has been estimated that there

life. It has been estimated that there are at least 2 billion

are at least 2 billion

are at least 2 billion such candidate planets in our galaxy alone.

such candidate planets in our galaxy alone.

such candidate planets in our galaxy alone. Scientists would love to travel to

Scientists would love to travel to

Scientists would love to travel to these exoplanets to investigate. If

these exoplanets to investigate. If

these exoplanets to investigate. If any of them managed to achieve the

any of them managed to achieve the

any of them managed to achieve the 1 billion year climate stability

1 billion year climate stability

1 billion year climate stability of Earth, even the

of Earth, even the

of Earth, even the closest exoplanets, those orbiting the

closest exoplanets, those orbiting the

closest exoplanets, those orbiting the star Proxima Centauri, are

star Proxima Centauri, are

star Proxima Centauri, are over four light years away

over four light years away

over four light years away and Observational or

and Observational or

and Observational or experimental evidence is hard to find The

experimental evidence is hard to find The

experimental evidence is hard to find The 100,000 Planets Experiment

100,000 Planets Experiment

100,000 Planets Experiment Toby Tyrell, professor of

Toby Tyrell, professor of

Toby Tyrell, professor of earth system science at the University

earth system science at the University

earth system science at the University of Southampton, conducted an

of Southampton, conducted an

of Southampton, conducted an experiment to test the theory of the

experiment to test the theory of the

experiment to test the theory of the accidental emergence of life on earth

accidental emergence of life on earth

accidental emergence of life on earth Using a computer program

Using a computer program

Using a computer program designed to simulate evolution climate

designed to simulate evolution climate

designed to simulate evolution climate on planets In general not just on earth

on planets In general not just on earth

on planets In general not just on earth this initially generated 100 mi

this initially generated 100 mi

this initially generated 100 mi planets each with a different set of

planets each with a different set of

planets each with a different set of climatic feedbacks climatic feedbacks

climatic feedbacks climatic feedbacks

climatic feedbacks climatic feedbacks are processes that can amplify or

are processes that can amplify or

are processes that can amplify or diminish climate change Think

diminish climate change Think

diminish climate change Think for example of the melting of Arctic sea ice

for example of the melting of Arctic sea ice

for example of the melting of Arctic sea ice replacing the ice that

replacing the ice that

replacing the ice that reflects sunlight with the open sea

reflects sunlight with the open sea

reflects sunlight with the open sea absorbing sunlight which in

absorbing sunlight which in

absorbing sunlight which in turn causes greater heating and

turn causes greater heating and

turn causes greater heating and melting to investigate how

melting to investigate how

melting to investigate how likely it is that each of these

likely it is that each of these

likely it is that each of these diverse planets will remain habitable over

diverse planets will remain habitable over

diverse planets will remain habitable over enormous geological time periods the

enormous geological time periods the

enormous geological time periods the scientist simulated each of them

scientist simulated each of them

scientist simulated each of them 100 times each time the planet

100 times each time the planet

100 times each time the planet started from a different initial temperature

started from a different initial temperature

started from a different initial temperature and was exposed to a set of

and was exposed to a set of

and was exposed to a set of different climate events in a

different climate events in a

different climate events in a random manner these events represent

random manner these events represent

random manner these events represent Factor of Change of climate events such as

Factor of Change of climate events such as

Factor of Change of climate events such as supervolcano eruptions like

supervolcano eruptions like

supervolcano eruptions like Mount Pinatubo but much larger

Mount Pinatubo but much larger

Mount Pinatubo but much larger asteroid impacts like the one that

asteroid impacts like the one that

asteroid impacts like the one that killed the dinosaurs. In each of the

killed the dinosaurs. In each of the

killed the dinosaurs. In each of the 100 rounds, the planet's temperature was

100 rounds, the planet's temperature was

100 rounds, the planet's temperature was tracked until it became

tracked until it became

tracked until it became too hot or too cold or until it

too hot or too cold or until it

too hot or too cold or until it survived for 3 billion years at

survived for 3 billion years at

survived for 3 billion years at which point it was considered

which point it was considered

which point it was considered a possible crucible for

a possible crucible for

a possible crucible for intelligent life the simulation results

intelligent life the simulation results

intelligent life the simulation results provided him with a definitive answer to

provided him with a definitive answer to

provided him with a definitive answer to this habitability problem at

this habitability problem at

this habitability problem at least in terms of the importance of

least in terms of the importance of

least in terms of the importance of feedbacks and luck was

feedbacks and luck was

feedbacks and luck was very rare in fact only once in

very rare in fact only once in

very rare in fact only once in 100,000 that a planet has

100,000 that a planet has

100,000 that a planet has such strong stabilizing feedbacks that it

such strong stabilizing feedbacks that it

such strong stabilizing feedbacks that it remains habitable 100 times

remains habitable 100 times

remains habitable 100 times regardless of random climatic events

regardless of random climatic events

regardless of random climatic events in fact most planets

in fact most planets

in fact most planets that have remained habitable at least once

that have remained habitable at least once

that have remained habitable at least once have done so by less than 10

have done so by less than 10

have done so by less than 10 times out of 100 in almost all situations

times out of 100 in almost all situations

times out of 100 in almost all situations in the simulation where a planet

in the simulation where a planet

in the simulation where a planet remained habitable for 3 billion

remained habitable for 3 billion

remained habitable for 3 billion years this was partly due to

years this was partly due to

years this was partly due to luck at the same time luck

luck at the same time luck

luck at the same time luck itself proved insufficient

itself proved insufficient

itself proved insufficient planets that were

planets that were

planets that were specifically designed to have no

specifically designed to have no

specifically designed to have no feedback never remained habitable

feedback never remained habitable

feedback never remained habitable other random planets shaken

other random planets shaken

other random planets shaken by climatic events never held up

by climatic events never held up

by climatic events never held up This general result

This general result

This general result that outcomes depend partly on

that outcomes depend partly on

that outcomes depend partly on reactions and partly The luck factor is solid,

reactions and partly The luck factor is solid,

reactions and partly The luck factor is solid, so the researcher concluded

so the researcher concluded

so the researcher concluded that Earth must possess some

that Earth must possess some

that Earth must possess some climate-stabilizing reactions, but at the

climate-stabilizing reactions, but at the

climate-stabilizing reactions, but at the same time luck must have been

same time luck must have been

same time luck must have been involved in maintaining habitability

involved in maintaining habitability

involved in maintaining habitability if, for example, an asteroid or

if, for example, an asteroid or

if, for example, an asteroid or solar flare had been slightly larger

solar flare had been slightly larger

solar flare had been slightly larger than was or if it had happened

than was or if it had happened

than was or if it had happened at a slightly different time More critically We

at a slightly different time More critically We

at a slightly different time More critically We probably wouldn't be on

probably wouldn't be on

probably wouldn't be on Earth today this offers a

Earth today this offers a

Earth today this offers a different perspective on why

different perspective on why

different perspective on why we are able to Look back

we are able to Look back

we are able to Look back at the remarkably enormously extensive history

at the remarkably enormously extensive history

at the remarkably enormously extensive history of life on Earth that evolved

of life on Earth that evolved

of life on Earth that evolved diversified and became

diversified and became

diversified and became increasingly complex to the point where it

increasingly complex to the point where it

increasingly complex to the point where it gave birth to us if there had been no life on earth the

gave birth to us if there had been no life on earth the

gave birth to us if there had been no life on earth the earth would be a

earth would be a

earth would be a very different place from our familiar home

very different place from our familiar home

very different place from our familiar home if life had never existed

if life had never existed

if life had never existed the composition and atmospheric chemistry would be

the composition and atmospheric chemistry would be

the composition and atmospheric chemistry would be completely different so that

completely different so that

completely different so that this would affect the climate and the

this would affect the climate and the

this would affect the climate and the physical processes that form the earth if we

physical processes that form the earth if we

physical processes that form the earth if we visited such a place we would

visited such a place we would

visited such a place we would certainly find a completely hostile and

certainly find a completely hostile and

certainly find a completely hostile and alien world on which we could not

alien world on which we could not

alien world on which we could not survive even though life began

survive even though life began

survive even though life began about 3 .5 billion years ago

about 3 .5 billion years ago

about 3 .5 billion years ago it remained largely

it remained largely

it remained largely unicellular and anaerobic for almost

unicellular and anaerobic for almost

unicellular and anaerobic for almost 2 billion years when

2 billion years when

2 billion years when photosynthetic bacteria evolved.

photosynthetic bacteria evolved.

photosynthetic bacteria evolved. This changed the

This changed the

This changed the planet's atmosphere from one composed primarily

planet's atmosphere from one composed primarily

planet's atmosphere from one composed primarily of carbon dioxide and nitrogen with traces of

of carbon dioxide and nitrogen with traces of

of carbon dioxide and nitrogen with traces of oxygen. to a more oxygen-rich one this

oxygen. to a more oxygen-rich one this

oxygen. to a more oxygen-rich one this oxygen helped the development of the

oxygen helped the development of the

oxygen helped the development of the more complex eukaryotic cell and

more complex eukaryotic cell and

more complex eukaryotic cell and eventually the emergence of multicellular life it

eventually the emergence of multicellular life it

eventually the emergence of multicellular life it also precipitated iron oxides

also precipitated iron oxides

also precipitated iron oxides forming all those red soils

forming all those red soils

forming all those red soils around the world without this oxygen there would

around the world without this oxygen there would

around the world without this oxygen there would be no ozone layer that would

be no ozone layer that would

be no ozone layer that would filter out harmful UV radiation without

filter out harmful UV radiation without

filter out harmful UV radiation without life the initial high levels of

life the initial high levels of

life the initial high levels of carbon dioxide would have remained in

carbon dioxide would have remained in

carbon dioxide would have remained in the atmosphere because they could not have been

the atmosphere because they could not have been

the atmosphere because they could not have been removed as marine carbonates

removed as marine carbonates

removed as marine carbonates practically without life the earth would be

practically without life the earth would be

practically without life the earth would be similar to Venus there would be no

similar to Venus there would be no

similar to Venus there would be no oxygen But there would be dioxide of carbon

oxygen But there would be dioxide of carbon

oxygen But there would be dioxide of carbon in abundance which could create a

in abundance which could create a

in abundance which could create a greenhouse effect evaporating the oceans there

greenhouse effect evaporating the oceans there

greenhouse effect evaporating the oceans there would also probably be

would also probably be

would also probably be sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere which would

sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere which would

sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere which would lead to acid rain sulfides

lead to acid rain sulfides

lead to acid rain sulfides and

and

and nitrites could block the oceans

nitrites could block the oceans

nitrites could block the oceans so there would be no chains

so there would be no chains

so there would be no chains mountainous but only large volcanoes that would

mountainous but only large volcanoes that would

mountainous but only large volcanoes that would pierce a global crust of granite

pierce a global crust of granite

pierce a global crust of granite erupting rarely But catastrophically would

erupting rarely But catastrophically would

erupting rarely But catastrophically would lack the great variety of terrestrial rocks

lack the great variety of terrestrial rocks

lack the great variety of terrestrial rocks that we know today including

that we know today including

that we know today including slate limestone Crete and all

slate limestone Crete and all

slate limestone Crete and all the other sedimentary rocks thus

the other sedimentary rocks thus

the other sedimentary rocks thus concluding the recent discoveries regarding the

concluding the recent discoveries regarding the

concluding the recent discoveries regarding the origin of life and habitability of

origin of life and habitability of

origin of life and habitability of earth support the idea that

earth support the idea that

earth support the idea that our existence could be the result of a

our existence could be the result of a

our existence could be the result of a cosmic accident a simulated experiment on

cosmic accident a simulated experiment on

cosmic accident a simulated experiment on 100 thousand planets shows that despite

100 thousand planets shows that despite

100 thousand planets shows that despite climate feedback mechanisms

climate feedback mechanisms

climate feedback mechanisms luck was essential in maintaining

luck was essential in maintaining

luck was essential in maintaining habitability but in the absence of life

habitability but in the absence of life

habitability but in the absence of life the earth would have been similar to Venus

the earth would have been similar to Venus

the earth would have been similar to Venus with its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere

with its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere

with its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere and without the

and without the

and without the complex geological features of today, so

complex geological features of today, so

complex geological features of today, so the question of our existence

the question of our existence

the question of our existence becomes a combination of

becomes a combination of

becomes a combination of biological evolution and unique circumstances that

biological evolution and unique circumstances that

biological evolution and unique circumstances that favored the emergence and maintenance of life

favored the emergence and maintenance of life

favored the emergence and maintenance of life on

earth. Imagine a world in which the

earth. Imagine a world in which the

earth. Imagine a world in which the geography we know now is

geography we know now is

geography we know now is completely overturned. It would be a world in which the

completely overturned. It would be a world in which the

completely overturned. It would be a world in which the vast oceans we know

vast oceans we know

vast oceans we know today are replaced by

today are replaced by

today are replaced by endless continents and the current land masses

endless continents and the current land masses

endless continents and the current land masses would be submerged under huge bodies of

would be submerged under huge bodies of

would be submerged under huge bodies of water such a dramatic reversal of the

water such a dramatic reversal of the

water such a dramatic reversal of the earth's geography raises

earth's geography raises

earth's geography raises fascinating questions about its ecosystems

fascinating questions about its ecosystems

fascinating questions about its ecosystems climate and even humanity's survival

climate and even humanity's survival

climate and even humanity's survival and maintenance of life How would

and maintenance of life How would

and maintenance of life How would this transformation influence climate patterns

this transformation influence climate patterns

this transformation influence climate patterns biodiversity and human civilization

biodiversity and human civilization

biodiversity and human civilization Here's an exploration of what

Here's an exploration of what

Here's an exploration of what our planet might look like if

our planet might look like if

our planet might look like if land and water and would reverse the roles

land and water and would reverse the roles

land and water and would reverse the roles and what this scenario could mean

and what this scenario could mean

and what this scenario could mean for us The

for us The

for us The inverted Earth theory is an

inverted Earth theory is an

inverted Earth theory is an imaginative but fascinating concept in which the

imaginative but fascinating concept in which the

imaginative but fascinating concept in which the land surfaces and oceans of

land surfaces and oceans of

land surfaces and oceans of our planet are completely reversed

our planet are completely reversed

our planet are completely reversed in this hypothesis

in this hypothesis

in this hypothesis land becomes water and the oceans

land becomes water and the oceans

land becomes water and the oceans turn into vast expanses

turn into vast expanses

turn into vast expanses This idea gained popularity a

This idea gained popularity a

This idea gained popularity a few decades ago when an

few decades ago when an

few decades ago when an unusual map of the Earth appeared online

unusual map of the Earth appeared online

unusual map of the Earth appeared online depicting a completely different planet, the

depicting a completely different planet, the

depicting a completely different planet, the continents were covered in water. and the

continents were covered in water. and the

continents were covered in water. and the oceans were expanses of land If

oceans were expanses of land If

oceans were expanses of land If this reversal were to become reality, the

this reversal were to become reality, the

this reversal were to become reality, the planet would undergo major changes, being

planet would undergo major changes, being

planet would undergo major changes, being dominated by huge bodies of water and

dominated by huge bodies of water and

dominated by huge bodies of water and only small portions of land. Currently,

only small portions of land. Currently,

only small portions of land. Currently, approximately

approximately

approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is water

71% of the Earth's surface is water

71% of the Earth's surface is water and the oceans hold almost

and the oceans hold almost

and the oceans hold almost 97% of all energy resources. water on the

97% of all energy resources. water on the

97% of all energy resources. water on the planet if this balance were

planet if this balance were

planet if this balance were reversed the earth would be made up

reversed the earth would be made up

reversed the earth would be made up largely of continuous land surfaces

largely of continuous land surfaces

largely of continuous land surfaces for this hypothetical discussion we will

for this hypothetical discussion we will

for this hypothetical discussion we will assume that even high landforms

assume that even high landforms

assume that even high landforms would turn into deep trenches

would turn into deep trenches

would turn into deep trenches such a change would bring countless

such a change would bring countless

such a change would bring countless differences and landforms life would have

differences and landforms life would have

differences and landforms life would have to adapt or even disappear what

to adapt or even disappear what

to adapt or even disappear what would the earth look like in this

would the earth look like in this

would the earth look like in this scenario rising temperature

scenario rising temperature

scenario rising temperature oceans play a key role in

oceans play a key role in

oceans play a key role in regulating the earth's temperature evaporating

regulating the earth's temperature evaporating

regulating the earth's temperature evaporating large amounts of water and

large amounts of water and

large amounts of water and thus preventing a sudden warming if

thus preventing a sudden warming if

thus preventing a sudden warming if most of the surface were to be formed

most of the surface were to be formed

most of the surface were to be formed from the earth temperatures would increase

from the earth temperatures would increase

from the earth temperatures would increase significantly water with its

significantly water with its

significantly water with its high capacity to store

high capacity to store

high capacity to store heat levels helps moderate

heat levels helps moderate

heat levels helps moderate temperatures in the absence of these vast

temperatures in the absence of these vast

temperatures in the absence of these vast water reservoirs the earth's warming

water reservoirs the earth's warming

water reservoirs the earth's warming would be much faster another effect would be

would be much faster another effect would be

would be much faster another effect would be the reduction absorption of greenhouse gases

the reduction absorption of greenhouse gases

the reduction absorption of greenhouse gases because the oceans, which are large

because the oceans, which are large

because the oceans, which are large natural absorbers of carbon dioxide,

natural absorbers of carbon dioxide,

natural absorbers of carbon dioxide, would no longer be able to absorb these emissions,

would no longer be able to absorb these emissions,

would no longer be able to absorb these emissions, as a result the atmosphere would become

as a result the atmosphere would become

as a result the atmosphere would become saturated with greenhouse gases,

saturated with greenhouse gases,

saturated with greenhouse gases, accelerating climate change and

accelerating climate change and

accelerating climate change and causing an increase in

causing an increase in

causing an increase in global temperatures similar to those on

global temperatures similar to those on

global temperatures similar to those on Venus

Venus

Venus irregular climate inverted earth would have a

irregular climate inverted earth would have a

irregular climate inverted earth would have a very different climate than the current

very different climate than the current

very different climate than the current ocean they contribute to the

ocean they contribute to the

ocean they contribute to the uniform distribution of heat around the globe

uniform distribution of heat around the globe

uniform distribution of heat around the globe through the continuous processes of evaporation and

through the continuous processes of evaporation and

through the continuous processes of evaporation and condensation without oceans this

condensation without oceans this

condensation without oceans this water cycle would be seriously disrupted

water cycle would be seriously disrupted

water cycle would be seriously disrupted significantly reducing precipitation in the regions

significantly reducing precipitation in the regions

significantly reducing precipitation in the regions On land this would cause

On land this would cause

On land this would cause severe droughts and major climate change.

severe droughts and major climate change.

severe droughts and major climate change. Coastal areas would remain habitable but the

Coastal areas would remain habitable but the

Coastal areas would remain habitable but the interior of the continents far from

interior of the continents far from

interior of the continents far from water sources would turn into

water sources would turn into

water sources would turn into deserts. Hot high

deserts. Hot high

deserts. Hot high altitude regions would gradually turn into

altitude regions would gradually turn into

altitude regions would gradually turn into tropical forests while the

tropical forests while the

tropical forests while the great distance from the oceans would lead to

great distance from the oceans would lead to

great distance from the oceans would lead to daily climate fluctuations in

daily climate fluctuations in

daily climate fluctuations in continental areas precipitation patterns would

continental areas precipitation patterns would

continental areas precipitation patterns would change dramatically some places would

change dramatically some places would

change dramatically some places would become extremely humid while others

become extremely humid while others

become extremely humid while others would be affected by severe droughts

would be affected by severe droughts

would be affected by severe droughts most current ecosystems would would be

most current ecosystems would would be

most current ecosystems would would be seriously affected and species that depend

seriously affected and species that depend

seriously affected and species that depend on current conditions would have great

on current conditions would have great

on current conditions would have great difficulty

difficulty

difficulty adapting. The atmosphere and

adapting. The atmosphere and

adapting. The atmosphere and ocean currents approximately 50-70% of

ocean currents approximately 50-70% of

ocean currents approximately 50-70% of atmospheric oxygen is produced by

atmospheric oxygen is produced by

atmospheric oxygen is produced by marine plants. On a land with less water,

marine plants. On a land with less water,

marine plants. On a land with less water, oxygen production would decrease while

oxygen production would decrease while

oxygen production would decrease while carbon dioxide would accumulate

carbon dioxide would accumulate

carbon dioxide would accumulate causing a significant increase in

causing a significant increase in

causing a significant increase in air and soil pollution. Also,

air and soil pollution. Also,

air and soil pollution. Also, industries that depend on the oceans for

industries that depend on the oceans for

industries that depend on the oceans for waste management would encounter great

waste management would encounter great

waste management would encounter great difficulties with the drastically

difficulties with the drastically

difficulties with the drastically changed composition of the air. It is certain

changed composition of the air. It is certain

changed composition of the air. It is certain that the type of organisms that

that the type of organisms that

that the type of organisms that evolve under these conditions would have

evolve under these conditions would have

evolve under these conditions would have adapted in very different modes of

adapted in very different modes of

adapted in very different modes of high temperature and toxic air

high temperature and toxic air

high temperature and toxic air also major ocean currents that

also major ocean currents that

also major ocean currents that drive global weather patterns would

drive global weather patterns would

drive global weather patterns would be severely affected leading to

be severely affected leading to

be severely affected leading to chaotic weather phenomena and

chaotic weather phenomena and

chaotic weather phenomena and unpredictable weather worldwide coasts

unpredictable weather worldwide coasts

unpredictable weather worldwide coasts and continental shelves would be

and continental shelves would be

and continental shelves would be submerged causing massive

submerged causing massive

submerged causing massive population displacement and destroying

population displacement and destroying

population displacement and destroying infrastructure coast new oceans and

infrastructure coast new oceans and

infrastructure coast new oceans and continents in the earth reversal scenario

continents in the earth reversal scenario

continents in the earth reversal scenario Lakes would turn into

Lakes would turn into

Lakes would turn into islands and rivers into narrow strips of

islands and rivers into narrow strips of

islands and rivers into narrow strips of land The current mountains would become

land The current mountains would become

land The current mountains would become deep trenches on the inverted Earth.

deep trenches on the inverted Earth.

deep trenches on the inverted Earth. Depressions like the Mariana Trench would

Depressions like the Mariana Trench would

Depressions like the Mariana Trench would form prominent mountain ranges.

form prominent mountain ranges.

form prominent mountain ranges. Such a mountain range would include Mount

Such a mountain range would include Mount

Such a mountain range would include Mount Challenger in the Mariana Trench, which would

Challenger in the Mariana Trench, which would

Challenger in the Mariana Trench, which would become the highest peak on the planet,

become the highest peak on the planet,

become the highest peak on the planet, surpassing Mount Everest. In contrast, the

surpassing Mount Everest. In contrast, the

surpassing Mount Everest. In contrast, the highest Deepest point would be Everest Deep in the

highest Deepest point would be Everest Deep in the

highest Deepest point would be Everest Deep in the Himalayan water hole On the new earth only

Himalayan water hole On the new earth only

Himalayan water hole On the new earth only 29% of the surface would be covered by water

29% of the surface would be covered by water

29% of the surface would be covered by water distributed in four shallow oceans

distributed in four shallow oceans

distributed in four shallow oceans and the deepest place would be in the

and the deepest place would be in the

and the deepest place would be in the Himalayan trench north of the Gulf of India The

Himalayan trench north of the Gulf of India The

Himalayan trench north of the Gulf of India The Antarctic Ocean would be frozen

Antarctic Ocean would be frozen

Antarctic Ocean would be frozen permanently alongside large portions of the

permanently alongside large portions of the

permanently alongside large portions of the oceans of America and Australia the only

oceans of America and Australia the only

oceans of America and Australia the only continent Pangea 2.0 would have been dominated by

continent Pangea 2.0 would have been dominated by

continent Pangea 2.0 would have been dominated by high plateaus in the Atlantic

high plateaus in the Atlantic

high plateaus in the Atlantic and Pacific regions the average altitude would have been

and Pacific regions the average altitude would have been

and Pacific regions the average altitude would have been 3700 m with the highest point Mount

3700 m with the highest point Mount

3700 m with the highest point Mount Challenger at

Challenger at

Challenger at 1099 4 m where the lack of oxygen and

1099 4 m where the lack of oxygen and

1099 4 m where the lack of oxygen and extreme temperatures of 60° would make

extreme temperatures of 60° would make

extreme temperatures of 60° would make the peaks inaccessible to the east; many

the peaks inaccessible to the east; many

the peaks inaccessible to the east; many parts of the great Pacific desert would

parts of the great Pacific desert would

parts of the great Pacific desert would never record a

never record a

never record a raindrop impact on life in this

raindrop impact on life in this

raindrop impact on life in this scenario life would have evolved on land

scenario life would have evolved on land

scenario life would have evolved on land much earlier because the oceans would have

much earlier because the oceans would have

much earlier because the oceans would have been fewer and smaller limiting

been fewer and smaller limiting

been fewer and smaller limiting aquatic habitat more organisms would have

aquatic habitat more organisms would have

aquatic habitat more organisms would have moved to land because the

moved to land because the

moved to land because the oceans could not meet their

oceans could not meet their

oceans could not meet their energy needs the size of

energy needs the size of

energy needs the size of animals would also have been

animals would also have been

animals would also have been relatively smaller to cope with the

relatively smaller to cope with the

relatively smaller to cope with the water shortage; carnivores would have

water shortage; carnivores would have

water shortage; carnivores would have dominated as the number of plants and

dominated as the number of plants and

dominated as the number of plants and trees would have decreased drastically; the anatomy of

trees would have decreased drastically; the anatomy of

trees would have decreased drastically; the anatomy of humans would have been very different

humans would have been very different

humans would have been very different if they had been able to

if they had been able to

if they had been able to survive the high temperatures;

survive the high temperatures;

survive the high temperatures; humans probably would not have been as dependent on

humans probably would not have been as dependent on

humans probably would not have been as dependent on water as we are now and would have

water as we are now and would have

water as we are now and would have developed better means of locomotion

developed better means of locomotion

developed better means of locomotion on land such as more agile limbs

on land such as more agile limbs

on land such as more agile limbs due to the extreme

due to the extreme

due to the extreme temperature differences between day and night

temperature differences between day and night

temperature differences between day and night complex species such as birds and mammals

complex species such as birds and mammals

complex species such as birds and mammals would have been rare or would have disappeared

would have been rare or would have disappeared

would have been rare or would have disappeared the ability to grow food and

the ability to grow food and

the ability to grow food and access fresh water resources would have been

access fresh water resources would have been

access fresh water resources would have been reduced leading to widespread famine

reduced leading to widespread famine

reduced leading to widespread famine and social instability the

and social instability the

and social instability the available land would have been overstretched

available land would have been overstretched

available land would have been overstretched to support human and animal life

to support human and animal life

to support human and animal life resulting in an extremely challenging environment

resulting in an extremely challenging environment

resulting in an extremely challenging environment for long-term survival the

for long-term survival the

for long-term survival the earth doesn't stay like this in the

earth doesn't stay like this in the

earth doesn't stay like this in the end although the map depicting an

end although the map depicting an

end although the map depicting an inverted earth is fascinating

inverted earth is fascinating

inverted earth is fascinating the reality would be much different and

the reality would be much different and

the reality would be much different and things wouldn't stay stable for

things wouldn't stay stable for

things wouldn't stay stable for long first of all the length of a

long first of all the length of a

long first of all the length of a day would vary slightly due to the change in the

day would vary slightly due to the change in the

day would vary slightly due to the change in the mass of the earth first of all the length of

mass of the earth first of all the length of

mass of the earth first of all the length of a day would varies slightly due to

a day would varies slightly due to

a day would varies slightly due to changes in the mass of the earth because

changes in the mass of the earth because

changes in the mass of the earth because soil is denser and heavier than

soil is denser and heavier than

soil is denser and heavier than water this small change could have

water this small change could have

water this small change could have knock-on effects on ecosystems and

knock-on effects on ecosystems and

knock-on effects on ecosystems and species in addition the oceans are an

species in addition the oceans are an

species in addition the oceans are an important source of thermal and

important source of thermal and

important source of thermal and electrical energy and their drastic reduction would

electrical energy and their drastic reduction would

electrical energy and their drastic reduction would mean that global energy demand

mean that global energy demand

mean that global energy demand could no longer be met rivers would

could no longer be met rivers would

could no longer be met rivers would have difficulty discharging water into the

have difficulty discharging water into the

have difficulty discharging water into the oceans which would make fresh water

oceans which would make fresh water

oceans which would make fresh water extremely scarce oceans

extremely scarce oceans

extremely scarce oceans also act as

also act as

also act as stabilizing entities that control the movement of

stabilizing entities that control the movement of

stabilizing entities that control the movement of land masses with their absence

land masses with their absence

land masses with their absence land masses would become unstable,

land masses would become unstable,

land masses would become unstable, suffering from frequent

suffering from frequent

suffering from frequent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tectonic movements.

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tectonic movements.

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tectonic movements. Another major problem is that any

Another major problem is that any

Another major problem is that any landmass that exceeds the

landmass that exceeds the

landmass that exceeds the current altitude of Mount Everest,

current altitude of Mount Everest,

current altitude of Mount Everest, such as in the case of The Mariana Trench

such as in the case of The Mariana Trench

such as in the case of The Mariana Trench would begin to collapse under the effect of

would begin to collapse under the effect of

would begin to collapse under the effect of gravity, with so much water

gravity, with so much water

gravity, with so much water concentrated in shallow seas and

concentrated in shallow seas and

concentrated in shallow seas and more land exposed around the

more land exposed around the

more land exposed around the poles, it would be very likely that a new

poles, it would be very likely that a new

poles, it would be very likely that a new ice age would set in within

ice age would set in within

ice age would set in within a decade, much more severe. than

a decade, much more severe. than

a decade, much more severe. than any previous glaciation in the absence of the

any previous glaciation in the absence of the

any previous glaciation in the absence of the necessary amount of water to

necessary amount of water to

necessary amount of water to produce ozone and maintain

produce ozone and maintain

produce ozone and maintain atmospheric heat the earth would begin to

atmospheric heat the earth would begin to

atmospheric heat the earth would begin to constantly lose essential gases which would lead

constantly lose essential gases which would lead

constantly lose essential gases which would lead to the disappearance of most

to the disappearance of most

to the disappearance of most life forms in the end our planet would become

life forms in the end our planet would become

life forms in the end our planet would become a sterile landscape like the other

a sterile landscape like the other

a sterile landscape like the other rocky planets from the Solar System

rocky planets from the Solar System

rocky planets from the Solar System ultimately becoming a true geological nightmare

ultimately becoming a true geological nightmare

ultimately becoming a true geological nightmare

if the Earth had rings it would certainly be

if the Earth had rings it would certainly be

if the Earth had rings it would certainly be a wonderful sight to

a wonderful sight to

a wonderful sight to observe for example Saturn's rings

observe for example Saturn's rings

observe for example Saturn's rings are one of the most iconic

are one of the most iconic

are one of the most iconic features of our

features of our

features of our solar system and it is natural to wonder what

solar system and it is natural to wonder what

solar system and it is natural to wonder what the planet would look like Our planet would have

the planet would look like Our planet would have

the planet would look like Our planet would have rings, but we must

rings, but we must

rings, but we must also know that Earth's hypothetical rings

also know that Earth's hypothetical rings

also know that Earth's hypothetical rings would be different from

would be different from

would be different from Saturn's in one essential respect: Earth would have no

Saturn's in one essential respect: Earth would have no

Saturn's in one essential respect: Earth would have no

ice. is much closer

ice. is much closer

ice. is much closer to the Sun than Saturn, so

to the Sun than Saturn, so

to the Sun than Saturn, so the radiation from

the radiation from

the radiation from our star would make it difficult for

our star would make it difficult for

our star would make it difficult for ice to exist in Earth's ring system,

ice to exist in Earth's ring system,

ice to exist in Earth's ring system, instead Earth's rings

instead Earth's rings

instead Earth's rings would be composed mainly of rock.

would be composed mainly of rock.

would be composed mainly of rock. So before exploring

So before exploring

So before exploring this hypothetical scenario further, we must let's

this hypothetical scenario further, we must let's

this hypothetical scenario further, we must let's first understand how

first understand how

first understand how these rings are typically formed, namely

these rings are typically formed, namely

these rings are typically formed, namely planetary rings are made up of

planetary rings are made up of

planetary rings are made up of countless particles that

countless particles that

countless particles that orbit the planet these particles can

orbit the planet these particles can

orbit the planet these particles can range in size from small grains of

range in size from small grains of

range in size from small grains of dust to large rocks the particles are

dust to large rocks the particles are

dust to large rocks the particles are held in orbit around the planet by

held in orbit around the planet by

held in orbit around the planet by its gravity and are

its gravity and are

its gravity and are constantly colliding with each other creating an

constantly colliding with each other creating an

constantly colliding with each other creating an amazing spectacle of debris four

amazing spectacle of debris four

amazing spectacle of debris four planets in our solar system have

planets in our solar system have

planets in our solar system have rings and these four planets are

rings and these four planets are

rings and these four planets are all the so-called gas planets

all the so-called gas planets

all the so-called gas planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune On the

Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune On the

Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune On the other hand we have four so-called

other hand we have four so-called

other hand we have four so-called terrestrial planets or rocky Mercury Venus

terrestrial planets or rocky Mercury Venus

terrestrial planets or rocky Mercury Venus Earth and Mars and as I mentioned they

Earth and Mars and as I mentioned they

Earth and Mars and as I mentioned they don't have rings however we have to

don't have rings however we have to

don't have rings however we have to wonder if Earth had rings

wonder if Earth had rings

wonder if Earth had rings in the past are you passionate about all things

in the past are you passionate about all things

in the past are you passionate about all things space and and you want to know

space and and you want to know

space and and you want to know more about the Universe subscribe to

more about the Universe subscribe to

more about the Universe subscribe to our channel for more

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our channel for more videos like this and don't forget to

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videos like this and don't forget to press the bell to know when

press the bell to know when

press the bell to know when more fascinating content appears did

more fascinating content appears did

more fascinating content appears did the earth have rings scientists believe

the earth have rings scientists believe

the earth have rings scientists believe it is possible that the earth had

it is possible that the earth had

it is possible that the earth had rings similar to those of Saturn in the past

rings similar to those of Saturn in the past

rings similar to those of Saturn in the past the idea that Earth may have had

the idea that Earth may have had

the idea that Earth may have had rings in the past is not new and has been

rings in the past is not new and has been

rings in the past is not new and has been proposed by various scientists

proposed by various scientists

proposed by various scientists over the years some evidence of the

over the years some evidence of the

over the years some evidence of the existence of ancient

existence of ancient

existence of ancient Earth rings has been found in the form of

Earth rings has been found in the form of

Earth rings has been found in the form of rocks lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo missions.

rocks lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo missions.

rocks lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo missions. These rocks contain small

These rocks contain small

These rocks contain small glass droplets that have a similar composition to the

glass droplets that have a similar composition to the

glass droplets that have a similar composition to the glassy particles found in

glassy particles found in

glassy particles found in Saturn's rings. It is believed that the

Saturn's rings. It is believed that the

Saturn's rings. It is believed that the glass droplets formed when a

glass droplets formed when a

glass droplets formed when a large object such as a comet, asteroid, or

large object such as a comet, asteroid, or

large object such as a comet, asteroid, or planet could It collided with the

planet could It collided with the

planet could It collided with the Earth and created a debris field

Earth and created a debris field

Earth and created a debris field that eventually coalesced into

that eventually coalesced into

that eventually coalesced into a ring. Some scientists believe that the

a ring. Some scientists believe that the

a ring. Some scientists believe that the Earth's rings were

Earth's rings were

Earth's rings were short-lived and quickly disappeared

short-lived and quickly disappeared

short-lived and quickly disappeared after formed while others

after formed while others

after formed while others believe they took millions of years. Okay,

believe they took millions of years. Okay,

believe they took millions of years. Okay, so whether the theory about

so whether the theory about

so whether the theory about Earth's rings in the past is true or

Earth's rings in the past is true or

Earth's rings in the past is true or not, the question for this episode is, what

not, the question for this episode is, what

not, the question for this episode is, what would happen if Earth had

would happen if Earth had

would happen if Earth had rings today? Let's explore this

rings today? Let's explore this

rings today? Let's explore this in more detail. many details earth with

in more detail. many details earth with

in more detail. many details earth with rings the most obvious change would be

rings the most obvious change would be

rings the most obvious change would be the appearance of the earth the rings would look like

the appearance of the earth the rings would look like

the appearance of the earth the rings would look like a shiny band of rocks that would

a shiny band of rocks that would

a shiny band of rocks that would surround the planet however

surround the planet however

surround the planet however as I mentioned the earth's rings

as I mentioned the earth's rings

as I mentioned the earth's rings would not be made of ice unlike

would not be made of ice unlike

would not be made of ice unlike the rings of Saturn instead these

the rings of Saturn instead these

the rings of Saturn instead these would be made of rocks and

would be made of rocks and

would be made of rocks and dust particles the rings would be visible from Earth

dust particles the rings would be visible from Earth

dust particles the rings would be visible from Earth but would not be as prominent as

but would not be as prominent as

but would not be as prominent as Saturn's rings in addition the

Saturn's rings in addition the

Saturn's rings in addition the visual display of the hypothetical rings would vary

visual display of the hypothetical rings would vary

visual display of the hypothetical rings would vary greatly depending on the location of

greatly depending on the location of

greatly depending on the location of the Observatory the rings around a

the Observatory the rings around a

the Observatory the rings around a planet they would be more stable when

planet they would be more stable when

planet they would be more stable when located along its equator

located along its equator

located along its equator which would lead to different appearances

which would lead to different appearances

which would lead to different appearances depending on latitude for example in

depending on latitude for example in

depending on latitude for example in Colombia or Equator near the

Colombia or Equator near the

Colombia or Equator near the equator the rings would be visible from the

equator the rings would be visible from the

equator the rings would be visible from the inner edge creating the impression of a

inner edge creating the impression of a

inner edge creating the impression of a thin line rising directly from the

thin line rising directly from the

thin line rising directly from the Horizon. As you move away from the

Horizon. As you move away from the

Horizon. As you move away from the Equator, the appearance of the rings would undergo

Equator, the appearance of the rings would undergo

Equator, the appearance of the rings would undergo notable changes. They would widen

notable changes. They would widen

notable changes. They would widen significantly, becoming more prominent,

significantly, becoming more prominent,

significantly, becoming more prominent, and at certain points of observation they would

and at certain points of observation they would

and at certain points of observation they would appear so close to the Horizon that it would be as

appear so close to the Horizon that it would be as

appear so close to the Horizon that it would be as if you were to reach out your hand. you could touch it

if you were to reach out your hand. you could touch it

if you were to reach out your hand. you could touch it interesting no not that now it's

interesting no not that now it's

interesting no not that now it's just a visual aspect but what other

just a visual aspect but what other

just a visual aspect but what other potential consequences would an earth

potential consequences would an earth

potential consequences would an earth with rings bring climate effects and the rings the

with rings bring climate effects and the rings the

with rings bring climate effects and the rings the presence of the rings would have a

presence of the rings would have a

presence of the rings would have a significant impact on the earth's climate

significant impact on the earth's climate

significant impact on the earth's climate the rings would block some of the

the rings would block some of the

the rings would block some of the sunlight which reaches the surface of the planet

sunlight which reaches the surface of the planet

sunlight which reaches the surface of the planet causing a drop in temperature

causing a drop in temperature

causing a drop in temperature this would lead to a cooler climate

this would lead to a cooler climate

this would lead to a cooler climate which could have both positive

which could have both positive

which could have both positive and negative effects on the

and negative effects on the

and negative effects on the planet's ecosystem the rings would also have an

planet's ecosystem the rings would also have an

planet's ecosystem the rings would also have an effect on the tides on earth the

effect on the tides on earth the

effect on the tides on earth the gravitational pull of the rings would

gravitational pull of the rings would

gravitational pull of the rings would create additional tidal forces that

create additional tidal forces that

create additional tidal forces that could cause sea level fluctuations;

could cause sea level fluctuations;

could cause sea level fluctuations; tides would be higher in areas

tides would be higher in areas

tides would be higher in areas where the rings are closest

where the rings are closest

where the rings are closest to the planet and lower in areas where

to the planet and lower in areas where

to the planet and lower in areas where they are further away distant there is a

they are further away distant there is a

they are further away distant there is a huge probability that if the earth

huge probability that if the earth

huge probability that if the earth had rings it would not have the Moon as

had rings it would not have the Moon as

had rings it would not have the Moon as we know it So this would

we know it So this would

we know it So this would cause even more pronounced changes in terms of

cause even more pronounced changes in terms of

cause even more pronounced changes in terms of sea levels and

sea levels and

sea levels and tidal forces But what about the

tidal forces But what about the

tidal forces But what about the General impact for us humans the

General impact for us humans the

General impact for us humans the impact on life human if the

impact on life human if the

impact on life human if the earth had rings this would

earth had rings this would

earth had rings this would have a significant impact on

have a significant impact on

have a significant impact on human life For example if the earth

human life For example if the earth

human life For example if the earth had rings it would change the amount and

had rings it would change the amount and

had rings it would change the amount and quality of daylight on earth

quality of daylight on earth

quality of daylight on earth the rings would cast shadows on different

the rings would cast shadows on different

the rings would cast shadows on different parts of the planet affecting the amount

parts of the planet affecting the amount

parts of the planet affecting the amount of sunlight reaching the

of sunlight reaching the

of sunlight reaching the surface This could have an

surface This could have an

surface This could have an impact on plant growth and the

impact on plant growth and the

impact on plant growth and the behavior of animals that

behavior of animals that

behavior of animals that rely on daylight to

rely on daylight to

rely on daylight to regulate their activities. The presence of rings

regulate their activities. The presence of rings

regulate their activities. The presence of rings around the earth could also affect

around the earth could also affect

around the earth could also affect navigation and

navigation and

navigation and communication systems, which satellites and other

communication systems, which satellites and other

communication systems, which satellites and other space technology should be

space technology should be

space technology should be repositioned or redesigned to

repositioned or redesigned to

repositioned or redesigned to avoid a collision with the rings, this

avoid a collision with the rings, this

avoid a collision with the rings, this could pose a

could pose a

could pose a significant challenge for space agencies

significant challenge for space agencies

significant challenge for space agencies and private companies that rely on

and private companies that rely on

and private companies that rely on these systems for communication and

these systems for communication and

these systems for communication and navigation. The presence of rings around the

navigation. The presence of rings around the

navigation. The presence of rings around the earth would have At the same time, a

earth would have At the same time, a

earth would have At the same time, a significant impact on the economy and

significant impact on the economy and

significant impact on the economy and space exploration. The rings would make it more difficult

space exploration. The rings would make it more difficult

space exploration. The rings would make it more difficult to observe objects in space

to observe objects in space

to observe objects in space because they would create additional light polarization

because they would create additional light polarization

because they would create additional light polarization and interfere with

and interfere with

and interfere with telescopes and other instruments.

telescopes and other instruments.

telescopes and other instruments. However, the rings could also offer

However, the rings could also offer

However, the rings could also offer new opportunities for exploration

new opportunities for exploration

new opportunities for exploration and research because they would be a

and research because they would be a

and research because they would be a unique feature of our planet

unique feature of our planet

unique feature of our planet that could be studied in detail

that could be studied in detail

that could be studied in detail ecological consequences if the earth had

ecological consequences if the earth had

ecological consequences if the earth had rings would have a significant impact

rings would have a significant impact

rings would have a significant impact on the planet's plant life the

on the planet's plant life the

on the planet's plant life the rings would cast a shadow on the

rings would cast a shadow on the

rings would cast a shadow on the planet's surface reducing the amount of

planet's surface reducing the amount of

planet's surface reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the planets as

sunlight reaching the planets as

sunlight reaching the planets as mentioned This could lead

mentioned This could lead

mentioned This could lead to a decrease in photosynthesis, which is

to a decrease in photosynthesis, which is

to a decrease in photosynthesis, which is essential for plant growth, as a

essential for plant growth, as a

essential for plant growth, as a result of which plant growth could be

result of which plant growth could be

result of which plant growth could be slowed down and the number of plants on

slowed down and the number of plants on

slowed down and the number of plants on earth could decrease. On the other hand,

earth could decrease. On the other hand,

earth could decrease. On the other hand, the rings could represent a source of

the rings could represent a source of

the rings could represent a source of nutrients for plants. would

nutrients for plants. would

nutrients for plants. would contain dust and other particles that

contain dust and other particles that

contain dust and other particles that could fall to the planet's surface and

could fall to the planet's surface and

could fall to the planet's surface and provide nutrients for plants

provide nutrients for plants

provide nutrients for plants this could lead to a

this could lead to a

this could lead to a development of plant growth in the

development of plant growth in the

development of plant growth in the areas where the particles fall the presence of

areas where the particles fall the presence of

areas where the particles fall the presence of rings could also have an

rings could also have an

rings could also have an impact on the behavior of

impact on the behavior of

impact on the behavior of animals on Earth, for example,

animals on Earth, for example,

animals on Earth, for example, changing the amount of sunlight

changing the amount of sunlight

changing the amount of sunlight reaching the planet's surface

reaching the planet's surface

reaching the planet's surface could affect the behavior of

could affect the behavior of

could affect the behavior of diurnal animals; these animals are active

diurnal animals; these animals are active

diurnal animals; these animals are active during the day and rely on

during the day and rely on

during the day and rely on sunlight to regulate their

sunlight to regulate their

sunlight to regulate their activity levels with less light As the solar radiation

activity levels with less light As the solar radiation

activity levels with less light As the solar radiation reaching the surface decreases, these animals

reaching the surface decreases, these animals

reaching the surface decreases, these animals may become less active or

may become less active or

may become less active or change their behavior. On the other hand,

change their behavior. On the other hand,

change their behavior. On the other hand, nocturnal animals may be less

nocturnal animals may be less

nocturnal animals may be less affected by the presence of the Rings.

affected by the presence of the Rings.

affected by the presence of the Rings. These animals are active at

These animals are active at

These animals are active at night and depend less on

night and depend less on

night and depend less on sunlight to survive. regulate

sunlight to survive. regulate

sunlight to survive. regulate behavior however the presence of

behavior however the presence of

behavior however the presence of the rings could still have an impact

the rings could still have an impact

the rings could still have an impact on their behavior the rings

on their behavior the rings

on their behavior the rings could provide a new source of light at

could provide a new source of light at

could provide a new source of light at night which could attract

night which could attract

night which could attract or repel certain animals

or repel certain animals

or repel certain animals geological implications not least the presence of

geological implications not least the presence of

geological implications not least the presence of rings around the earth would could

rings around the earth would could

rings around the earth would could lead to significant changes in

lead to significant changes in

lead to significant changes in tectonic activity the

tectonic activity the

tectonic activity the gravitational pull of the rings could

gravitational pull of the rings could

gravitational pull of the rings could cause stresses on the

cause stresses on the

cause stresses on the Earth's crust which could lead to

Earth's crust which could lead to

Earth's crust which could lead to increased volcanic activity and

increased volcanic activity and

increased volcanic activity and earthquakes the rings could also

earthquakes the rings could also

earthquakes the rings could also cause changes in the Earth's rotation and

cause changes in the Earth's rotation and

cause changes in the Earth's rotation and orbit which could

orbit which could

orbit which could further affect tectonic activity the

further affect tectonic activity the

further affect tectonic activity the rings could also have a

rings could also have a

rings could also have a significant impact on

significant impact on

significant impact on erosion patterns on Earth particles from the

erosion patterns on Earth particles from the

erosion patterns on Earth particles from the rings could collide with the

rings could collide with the

rings could collide with the atmosphere causing increased erosion of the

atmosphere causing increased erosion of the

atmosphere causing increased erosion of the upper atmosphere this

upper atmosphere this

upper atmosphere this could lead to changes in

could lead to changes in

could lead to changes in weather and climate patterns as well as

weather and climate patterns as well as

weather and climate patterns as well as changes in the chemical composition of the

changes in the chemical composition of the

changes in the chemical composition of the planet. Thus, the hypothesis

planet. Thus, the hypothesis

planet. Thus, the hypothesis regarding the presence of rings around the

regarding the presence of rings around the

regarding the presence of rings around the Earth opens

Earth opens

Earth opens fascinating perspectives on the transformations

fascinating perspectives on the transformations

fascinating perspectives on the transformations that our planet would undergo. The

current state of hypothetical rings

current state of hypothetical rings

current state of hypothetical rings underlines the complexity of the changes

underlines the complexity of the changes

underlines the complexity of the changes that would occur in the way of

that would occur in the way of

that would occur in the way of human life in the ecology of the planet and in

human life in the ecology of the planet and in

human life in the ecology of the planet and in geological activity offering a

geological activity offering a

geological activity offering a captivating perspective on the

captivating perspective on the

captivating perspective on the potential interactions between the earth

potential interactions between the earth

potential interactions between the earth and its

cosmic environment. People have always been

cosmic environment. People have always been

cosmic environment. People have always been curious not only about the future of

curious not only about the future of

curious not only about the future of humanity but also about the fate of planet earth

humanity but also about the fate of planet earth

humanity but also about the fate of planet earth and the universe itself, all of this

and the universe itself, all of this

and the universe itself, all of this in Nowadays, the threat

in Nowadays, the threat

in Nowadays, the threat posed by climate change makes us

posed by climate change makes us

posed by climate change makes us think even more often about the future of

think even more often about the future of

think even more often about the future of our planet, although scientists

our planet, although scientists

our planet, although scientists cannot answer with certainty

cannot answer with certainty

cannot answer with certainty what It will happen thousands or millions

what It will happen thousands or millions

what It will happen thousands or millions of years in the future. They are trying to

of years in the future. They are trying to

of years in the future. They are trying to map the future with the knowledge

map the future with the knowledge

map the future with the knowledge and technology available today.

and technology available today.

and technology available today. So here is a brief prediction of what

So here is a brief prediction of what

So here is a brief prediction of what the Earth will look like in the next

the Earth will look like in the next

the Earth will look like in the next 100 million years and the changes

100 million years and the changes

100 million years and the changes that will occur. In this time period

that will occur. In this time period

that will occur. In this time period 10,000 years into the

10,000 years into the

10,000 years into the future if a failure of the ice plug

future if a failure of the ice plug

future if a failure of the ice plug in the Wilks Glacier basin in the

in the Wilks Glacier basin in the

in the Wilks Glacier basin in the coming centuries were to endanger the

coming centuries were to endanger the

coming centuries were to endanger the East Antarctic Ice Sheet it would

East Antarctic Ice Sheet it would

East Antarctic Ice Sheet it would take this long for

take this long for

take this long for sea level to completely melt would rise

sea level to completely melt would rise

sea level to completely melt would rise by 3 to 4 m one of the

by 3 to 4 m one of the

by 3 to 4 m one of the potential long-term effects of

potential long-term effects of

potential long-term effects of global warming this is separate

global warming this is separate

global warming this is separate from the shorter-term threat to the

from the shorter-term threat to the

West Antarctic ice sheet according to an estimate called the

West Antarctic ice sheet according to an estimate called the

West Antarctic ice sheet according to an estimate called the Doomsday argument proposed by

Doomsday argument proposed by

Doomsday argument proposed by Australian theoretical physicist

Australian theoretical physicist

Australian theoretical physicist Brandon Carter there is a

Brandon Carter there is a

Brandon Carter there is a 95% chance that humans will be extinct in 10,000

95% chance that humans will be extinct in 10,000

95% chance that humans will be extinct in 10,000 years this argument has been heavily

years this argument has been heavily

years this argument has been heavily debated so we are not entirely

debated so we are not entirely

debated so we are not entirely sure whether humans will still exist or

sure whether humans will still exist or

sure whether humans will still exist or not but if they are in 10,000 years there will

not but if they are in 10,000 years there will

not but if they are in 10,000 years there will be no more regional genetic variation

be no more regional genetic variation

be no more regional genetic variation between people this does not mean

between people this does not mean

between people this does not mean that people will all look the same but

that people will all look the same but

that people will all look the same but any genetic differences that exist

any genetic differences that exist

any genetic differences that exist such as blue eyes versus

such as blue eyes versus

such as blue eyes versus brown eyes will be distributed evenly across the

brown eyes will be distributed evenly across the

brown eyes will be distributed evenly across the entire

entire

entire Planet 13,000 years in the

Planet 13,000 years in the

Planet 13,000 years in the future by this time the

future by this time the

future by this time the earth's axial tilt will have reversed which

earth's axial tilt will have reversed which

earth's axial tilt will have reversed which will cause summer and winter to occur

will cause summer and winter to occur

will cause summer and winter to occur on opposite sides of the earth's orbit

on opposite sides of the earth's orbit

on opposite sides of the earth's orbit this means that the seasons in the

this means that the seasons in the

this means that the seasons in the northern hemisphere which experience

northern hemisphere which experience

northern hemisphere which experience more pronounced seasonal variations

more pronounced seasonal variations

more pronounced seasonal variations because of a larger percentage of land

because of a larger percentage of land

because of a larger percentage of land they will be even more extreme because the earth will be

they will be even more extreme because the earth will be

they will be even more extreme because the earth will be oriented towards the sun at perihelion

oriented towards the sun at perihelion

oriented towards the sun at perihelion and away from the sun at aphelion

and away from the sun at aphelion

and away from the sun at aphelion 15000 years in the

15000 years in the

15000 years in the future according to the Pompeii Sahara theory

future according to the Pompeii Sahara theory

future according to the Pompeii Sahara theory the precession of the earth's poles will move the

the precession of the earth's poles will move the

the precession of the earth's poles will move the North African monsoon far enough

North African monsoon far enough

North African monsoon far enough towards north to transform the

towards north to transform the

towards north to transform the Sahara back into a Tropical climate

Sahara back into a Tropical climate

Sahara back into a Tropical climate as it was 5 10000

as it was 5 10000

as it was 5 10000 years ago 20000 years in the

years ago 20000 years in the

years ago 20000 years in the future exclusion zone from Chernobyl, the

future exclusion zone from Chernobyl, the

future exclusion zone from Chernobyl, the 2,600 sq km area of ​​Ukraine and

2,600 sq km area of ​​Ukraine and

2,600 sq km area of ​​Ukraine and Belarus left deserted by the

Belarus left deserted by the

1986 Chernobyl disaster, becomes safe for human life

1986 Chernobyl disaster, becomes safe for human life

1986 Chernobyl disaster, becomes safe for human life 36,000 years in the future. The tiny

36,000 years in the future. The tiny

36,000 years in the future. The tiny red dwarf star Ros 200 48 will pass

red dwarf star Ros 200 48 will pass

red dwarf star Ros 200 48 will pass within about three light years

within about three light years

within about three light years of Earth. becoming the closest

of Earth. becoming the closest

of Earth. becoming the closest star to the sun it will move away after

star to the sun it will move away after

star to the sun it will move away after about 8000 years with

about 8000 years with

about 8000 years with first Alpha Centauri again and then

first Alpha Centauri again and then

first Alpha Centauri again and then Gissi 445 being the closest

Gissi 445 being the closest

Gissi 445 being the closest stars 500 years in the

stars 500 years in the

stars 500 years in the future Niagara Falls will have eroded the

future Niagara Falls will have eroded the

future Niagara Falls will have eroded the remaining 32 km to at Lake Irii and will

remaining 32 km to at Lake Irii and will

remaining 32 km to at Lake Irii and will cease to exist according to Berger

cease to exist according to Berger

cease to exist according to Berger and Lutru the current astronomical intergalactic period

[Music]

reaches approximately

reaches approximately

reaches approximately 8640 seconds due to the lunar tides

8640 seconds due to the lunar tides

8640 seconds due to the lunar tides that slow down the rotation of the Earth according to the

that slow down the rotation of the Earth according to the

that slow down the rotation of the Earth according to the Current system of measuring time

Current system of measuring time

Current system of measuring time either a leap second should be added

either a leap second should be added

either a leap second should be added to clock every day either to

to clock every day either to

to clock every day either to compensate should have been that by then

compensate should have been that by then

compensate should have been that by then the length of the day will be officially extended

the length of the day will be officially extended

the length of the day will be officially extended by one second 100 years in the

by one second 100 years in the

by one second 100 years in the future The giant star Vic canis majoris

future The giant star Vic canis majoris

future The giant star Vic canis majoris will probably have exploded in a

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] proper motion or the

proper motion or the

proper motion or the long-term motion of celestial bodies through

long-term motion of celestial bodies through

long-term motion of celestial bodies through space the star constellations familiar stars

space the star constellations familiar stars

space the star constellations familiar stars like Ursa Major Orion and Perseus no longer

like Ursa Major Orion and Perseus no longer

like Ursa Major Orion and Perseus no longer exist either; a young

exist either; a young

exist either; a young submarine volcano in the Hawaiian Chain rises

submarine volcano in the Hawaiian Chain rises

submarine volcano in the Hawaiian Chain rises above the surface of the Pacific Ocean and

above the surface of the Pacific Ocean and

above the surface of the Pacific Ocean and becomes a new island; and the Voyager 2 probe

becomes a new island; and the Voyager 2 probe

becomes a new island; and the Voyager 2 probe passes within 4.7 light years of

passes within 4.7 light years of

passes within 4.7 light years of the brightest star from the

the brightest star from the

the brightest star from the night sky Sirius

night sky Sirius

night sky Sirius 2 300,000 years in the

2 300,000 years in the

2 300,000 years in the future at some point in the next

future at some point in the next

future at some point in the next few hundred thousand years the

few hundred thousand years the

few hundred thousand years the Wolf Royat Star

Wolf Royat Star

Wolf Royat Star WR14 is expected to explode in a supernova it has been

WR14 is expected to explode in a supernova it has been

WR14 is expected to explode in a supernova it has been suggested that this could produce a

suggested that this could produce a

suggested that this could produce a gamma ray burst that could would

gamma ray burst that could would

gamma ray burst that could would pose a threat to life on

pose a threat to life on

pose a threat to life on Earth if its poles

Earth if its poles

Earth if its poles were aligned at 12° or less from

were aligned at 12° or less from

were aligned at 12° or less from Earth's axis of rotation of the Star has not

Earth's axis of rotation of the Star has not

Earth's axis of rotation of the Star has not yet been determined with

yet been determined with

yet been determined with certainty 500,000 years in the

certainty 500,000 years in the

certainty 500,000 years in the future Earth will probably be hit by

future Earth will probably be hit by

future Earth will probably be hit by an asteroid with a diameter of about

an asteroid with a diameter of about

an asteroid with a diameter of about 1 km assuming that it cannot be

1 km assuming that it cannot be

1 km assuming that it cannot be avoided the spent nuclear fuel from

avoided the spent nuclear fuel from

avoided the spent nuclear fuel from current reactors will be Finally

current reactors will be Finally

current reactors will be Finally safe this is of also the

safe this is of also the

safe this is of also the final date by which we can hold

final date by which we can hold

final date by which we can hold off a new Global Freeze If we burn

off a new Global Freeze If we burn

off a new Global Freeze If we burn all remaining fossil fuels

all remaining fossil fuels

all remaining fossil fuels 1 million years in the

1 million years in the

1 million years in the future Earth will have probably suffered a

future Earth will have probably suffered a

future Earth will have probably suffered a super volcanic eruption

super volcanic eruption

super volcanic eruption large enough to spew 3200 km C of

large enough to spew 3200 km C of

large enough to spew 3200 km C of magma a event comparable to the supernova

magma a event comparable to the supernova

magma a event comparable to the supernova explosion of 75,000 years ago

explosion of 75,000 years ago

explosion of 75,000 years ago this is also the longest

this is also the longest

this is also the longest estimated time until the red supergiant star

estimated time until the red supergiant star

estimated time until the red supergiant star beetlejuice will explode

beetlejuice will explode

beetlejuice will explode in a supernova the explosion is expected

in a supernova the explosion is expected

in a supernova the explosion is expected to be easily visible in daylight it

to be easily visible in daylight it

to be easily visible in daylight it could explode in just 100 thousands of years

could explode in just 100 thousands of years

could explode in just 100 thousands of years depending on the evolutionary model plus

depending on the evolutionary model plus

depending on the evolutionary model plus all the glass created to date

all the glass created to date

all the glass created to date will have eventually degraded

will have eventually degraded

will have eventually degraded massive stone structures like cast iron

massive stone structures like cast iron

massive stone structures like cast iron or sculptures Mount Rushmore

or sculptures Mount Rushmore

or sculptures Mount Rushmore might still exist the rest will

might still exist the rest will

might still exist the rest will disappear desdemona and cresida the moons of

disappear desdemona and cresida the moons of

disappear desdemona and cresida the moons of uranus will probably have collided 2

uranus will probably have collided 2

uranus will probably have collided 2 million years in the

million years in the

million years in the future this is the estimated time for

future this is the estimated time for

coral reef ecosystems to recover from

coral reef ecosystems to recover from

coral reef ecosystems to recover from human-caused ocean acidification a similar time was

human-caused ocean acidification a similar time was

human-caused ocean acidification a similar time was needed to restore

needed to restore

needed to restore marine ecosystems after the acidification event

marine ecosystems after the acidification event

marine ecosystems after the acidification event that occurred approximately

that occurred approximately

that occurred approximately 65 million years ago The Grand Canyon

65 million years ago The Grand Canyon

65 million years ago The Grand Canyon will continue to erode

[Music] as

a new ocean basin deepens to

a new ocean basin deepens to

a new ocean basin deepens to divide the African continent and the

divide the African continent and the

divide the African continent and the African plate into the Nubian plate and the

African plate into the Nubian plate and the

African plate into the Nubian plate and the newly formed somali plate this is

newly formed somali plate this is

newly formed somali plate this is also the estimated time for

also the estimated time for

also the estimated time for full recovery of biodiversity after a

full recovery of biodiversity after a

full recovery of biodiversity after a possible holocene extinction if

possible holocene extinction if

possible holocene extinction if it were on the scale of the five

it were on the scale of the five

it were on the scale of the five previous major extinctions. Even in the

previous major extinctions. Even in the

previous major extinctions. Even in the absence of a mass extinction by

absence of a mass extinction by

absence of a mass extinction by this date most of the current species

this date most of the current species

this date most of the current species will be extinct due to the

will be extinct due to the

will be extinct due to the background extinction rate and many species will

background extinction rate and many species will

background extinction rate and many species will gradually evolve into new forms 50

gradually evolve into new forms 50

gradually evolve into new forms 50 million years in the

million years in the

million years in the future this is the maximum estimated time

future this is the maximum estimated time

future this is the maximum estimated time until the moon Phobo will collide with

until the moon Phobo will collide with

until the moon Phobo will collide with Mars also according to

Mars also according to

Mars also according to Christopher Scot

merge the Californian coast will begin

merge the Californian coast will begin

merge the Californian coast will begin to be

subducted in addition The collision of Africa with

subducted in addition The collision of Africa with

subducted in addition The collision of Africa with Eurasia closes the Mediterranean basin and

Eurasia closes the Mediterranean basin and

Eurasia closes the Mediterranean basin and creates a mountain range similar to the

creates a mountain range similar to the

creates a mountain range similar to the Himalayas also the peaks of the

Himalayas also the peaks of the

Himalayas also the peaks of the Appalachian Mountains will largely erode at a

Appalachian Mountains will largely erode at a

Appalachian Mountains will largely erode at a rate of 5.7 Babov units although the

rate of 5.7 Babov units although the

rate of 5.7 Babov units although the topography will actually rise as

topography will actually rise as

topography will actually rise as regional valleys deepen

regional valleys deepen

regional valleys deepen at twice this rate

at twice this rate

at twice this rate 100 million years into the

100 million years into the

100 million years into the future this is the upper estimate

future this is the upper estimate

future this is the upper estimate of the lifespan of Saturn's rings

of the lifespan of Saturn's rings

of the lifespan of Saturn's rings in their current state also By

in their current state also By

in their current state also By now, Earth will likely have been hit

now, Earth will likely have been hit

now, Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid of comparable size

by an asteroid of comparable size

by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction

to the one that triggered the KPG extinction

to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago, assuming

66 million years ago, assuming

66 million years ago, assuming it can't be avoided in

it can't be avoided in

it can't be avoided in 100 million years. It's

100 million years. It's

100 million years. It's possible that all the continents on Earth will be hit by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago.

possible that all the continents on Earth will be hit by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago.

possible that all the continents on Earth will be hit by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago. Earth to merge again into a

Earth to merge again into a

Earth to merge again into a supercontinent three

supercontinent three

supercontinent three potential arrangements of this configuration

potential arrangements of this configuration

potential arrangements of this configuration have been named Amasia Novo Pangea and

have been named Amasia Novo Pangea and

have been named Amasia Novo Pangea and Pangea Ultima thus in the Light of

Pangea Ultima thus in the Light of

Pangea Ultima thus in the Light of Predictions about the evolution of

Predictions about the evolution of

Predictions about the evolution of our planet over the next millions of years it

our planet over the next millions of years it

our planet over the next millions of years it becomes clear that climate change and the

becomes clear that climate change and the

becomes clear that climate change and the forces of nature will fundamentally shape

forces of nature will fundamentally shape

forces of nature will fundamentally shape the appearance and characteristics of the

the appearance and characteristics of the

the appearance and characteristics of the earth although some scenarios

earth although some scenarios

earth although some scenarios are speculative they underline

are speculative they underline

are speculative they underline the importance of understanding and

the importance of understanding and

the importance of understanding and adequately managing our impact on the

adequately managing our impact on the

adequately managing our impact on the environment and preparing for the

environment and preparing for the

environment and preparing for the challenges future giving us a

challenges future giving us a

challenges future giving us a mirror on how

mirror on how

mirror on how our actions today can affect future generations

our actions today can affect future generations

our actions today can affect future generations

throughout history humanity and has made the

throughout history humanity and has made the

throughout history humanity and has made the ever-growing collection of huge weapons in

ever-growing collection of huge weapons in

ever-growing collection of huge weapons in various environments on land in the oceans and

various environments on land in the oceans and

various environments on land in the oceans and even in space the detonation of

even in space the detonation of

even in space the detonation of nuclear bombs often under the guise of

nuclear bombs often under the guise of

nuclear bombs often under the guise of Research It has taken place in multiple environments

Research It has taken place in multiple environments

Research It has taken place in multiple environments including underground tests conducted

including underground tests conducted

including underground tests conducted to explore their effects,

to explore their effects,

to explore their effects, however, a thought-provoking question arises:

however, a thought-provoking question arises:

What would happen if we ventured

What would happen if we ventured

What would happen if we ventured further into testing these bombs? What

further into testing these bombs? What

further into testing these bombs? What would happen if we reached the highest levels?

would happen if we reached the highest levels?

would happen if we reached the highest levels? great depths on our planet

great depths on our planet

great depths on our planet Well we will find out these answers in

Well we will find out these answers in

Well we will find out these answers in today's episode in which we will see

today's episode in which we will see

today's episode in which we will see practically What would happen if we detonated

practically What would happen if we detonated

practically What would happen if we detonated nuclear bombs in the core of

nuclear bombs in the core of

nuclear bombs in the core of our earth What is the core of the earth The

our earth What is the core of the earth The

our earth What is the core of the earth The earth is made up of three

earth is made up of three

earth is made up of three main layers we human beings live on the

main layers we human beings live on the

main layers we human beings live on the solid outer layer called the crust or

solid outer layer called the crust or

solid outer layer called the crust or crust beneath the crust is the mantle which

crust beneath the crust is the mantle which

crust beneath the crust is the mantle which is made up of hot magma and other semi-solid

is made up of hot magma and other semi-solid

is made up of hot magma and other semi-solid rocks and minerals

rocks and minerals

rocks and minerals tectonic activity in the

tectonic activity in the

tectonic activity in the mantle often results in

mantle often results in

mantle often results in visible changes in the crust we live on

visible changes in the crust we live on

visible changes in the crust we live on including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes under the mantle lies the core the

under the mantle lies the core the

under the mantle lies the core the Earth's core is the deepest and

Earth's core is the deepest and

Earth's core is the deepest and hottest layer and is made up of

hottest layer and is made up of

hottest layer and is made up of two layers proper the

two layers proper the

two layers proper the outer core which borders the mantle and the

outer core which borders the mantle and the

outer core which borders the mantle and the inner core which is a

inner core which is a

inner core which is a ball-shaped layer made up almost

ball-shaped layer made up almost

ball-shaped layer made up almost entirely of metal the outer core has It is

entirely of metal the outer core has It is

entirely of metal the outer core has It is about 2000 km thick and is

about 2000 km thick and is

about 2000 km thick and is made up mostly of a

made up mostly of a

made up mostly of a combination of iron and nickel along with

combination of iron and nickel along with

combination of iron and nickel along with small amounts of other dense elements

small amounts of other dense elements

small amounts of other dense elements such as gold, platinum and uranium.

such as gold, platinum and uranium.

such as gold, platinum and uranium. These metals can of course also be found

These metals can of course also be found

These metals can of course also be found on the surface of the earth in solid form

on the surface of the earth in solid form

on the surface of the earth in solid form in the outer core they are in a

in the outer core they are in a

in the outer core they are in a very hot liquid form how

very hot liquid form how

very hot liquid form how hot well between 3800 and

hot well between 3800 and

hot well between 3800 and 4900

4900

4900 grc the inner core is about a thickness

grc the inner core is about a thickness

grc the inner core is about a thickness 1200 m and is made up

1200 m and is made up

1200 m and is made up mainly of iron unlike the

mainly of iron unlike the

mainly of iron unlike the outer core the inner core is

outer core the inner core is

outer core the inner core is mostly solid although the iron

mostly solid although the iron

mostly solid although the iron in the inner core is even

in the inner core is even

in the inner core is even hotter than the outer at around

hotter than the outer at around

hotter than the outer at around 5500 grc or more as

5500 grc or more as

5500 grc or more as hot as the surface of the sun the

hot as the surface of the sun the

hot as the surface of the sun the intense pressure in the rest of the planet

intense pressure in the rest of the planet

intense pressure in the rest of the planet is so great that iron

is so great that iron

is so great that iron cannot melt billions of years ago

cannot melt billions of years ago

cannot melt billions of years ago when the Earth formed all the

when the Earth formed all the

when the Earth formed all the heavier substances

heavier substances

heavier substances sank towards the middle of the developing planet the

sank towards the middle of the developing planet the

sank towards the middle of the developing planet the lighter and

lighter and

lighter and less dense substances remained more close to the

less dense substances remained more close to the

less dense substances remained more close to the crust that's why the inner core is

crust that's why the inner core is

crust that's why the inner core is made of some of the heaviest

made of some of the heaviest

made of some of the heaviest materials on earth with a

materials on earth with a

materials on earth with a giant ball of solid metal as its core the whole

giant ball of solid metal as its core the whole

giant ball of solid metal as its core the whole earth is magnetic

earth is magnetic

earth is magnetic scientists believe that the earth's strong magnetic field

scientists believe that the earth's strong magnetic field

scientists believe that the earth's strong magnetic field is controlled by the

is controlled by the

is controlled by the liquid outer core the field The Earth's magnetic field

liquid outer core the field The Earth's magnetic field

liquid outer core the field The Earth's magnetic field protects us from all sorts of

protects us from all sorts of

protects us from all sorts of charged particles floating around in the

charged particles floating around in the

charged particles floating around in the Solar System, including many of the

Solar System, including many of the

Solar System, including many of the sun's harmful rays. Although it might

sun's harmful rays. Although it might

sun's harmful rays. Although it might be hard to imagine, scientists

be hard to imagine, scientists

be hard to imagine, scientists believe that the metals in the Earth's core

believe that the metals in the Earth's core

believe that the metals in the Earth's core are constantly moving some

are constantly moving some

are constantly moving some researchers even believe that the

researchers even believe that the

researchers even believe that the Earth's inner core rotates

Earth's inner core rotates

Earth's inner core rotates faster than the rest of the planet movement

faster than the rest of the planet movement

faster than the rest of the planet movement within the Earth's liquid outer core

within the Earth's liquid outer core

within the Earth's liquid outer core occasionally changes the location of the

occasionally changes the location of the

Earth's North and South magnetic poles an atomic bomb

Earth's North and South magnetic poles an atomic bomb

Earth's North and South magnetic poles an atomic bomb once shook the Earth's core in

once shook the Earth's core in

once shook the Earth's core in 1971 the US military dug a hole 1.6 km into the

1971 the US military dug a hole 1.6 km into the

1971 the US military dug a hole 1.6 km into the earth's crust placed a

earth's crust placed a

earth's crust placed a 5-megaton atomic bomb at the bottom of the

5-megaton atomic bomb at the bottom of the

5-megaton atomic bomb at the bottom of the resulting hole and lit the fuse all of

resulting hole and lit the fuse all of

resulting hole and lit the fuse all of this was highly controversial

this was highly controversial

this was highly controversial the site located in the remote

the site located in the remote

the site located in the remote Aule Ine Islands of Alaska was prone to

Aule Ine Islands of Alaska was prone to

Aule Ine Islands of Alaska was prone to earthquakes and volcanoes critics feared

earthquakes and volcanoes critics feared

earthquakes and volcanoes critics feared that The bomb could trigger a disaster

that The bomb could trigger a disaster

that The bomb could trigger a disaster when the bomb exploded a

when the bomb exploded a

when the bomb exploded a powerful earthquake shook the test site the

powerful earthquake shook the test site the

powerful earthquake shook the test site the pit itself collapsed the force of

pit itself collapsed the force of

pit itself collapsed the force of the explosion leaving a radioactive crater on the surface the

the explosion leaving a radioactive crater on the surface the

the explosion leaving a radioactive crater on the surface the shock waves traveled through the

shock waves traveled through the

shock waves traveled through the planet penetrating deep enough

planet penetrating deep enough

planet penetrating deep enough to ricochet off the planet's solid iron

to ricochet off the planet's solid iron

to ricochet off the planet's solid iron in fact the test was

in fact the test was

in fact the test was strong enough to allow

strong enough to allow

strong enough to allow geologists to study the interior of the

geologists to study the interior of the

geologists to study the interior of the planet to shed light into the

planet to shed light into the

planet to shed light into the deepest depths of the Earth

deepest depths of the Earth

deepest depths of the Earth including the core this test

including the core this test

including the core this test thus allowed us to know many of the aspects we

thus allowed us to know many of the aspects we

thus allowed us to know many of the aspects we know today about the

know today about the

know today about the inner core of our planet all

inner core of our planet all

inner core of our planet all nuclear bombs detonated in the core

nuclear bombs detonated in the core

nuclear bombs detonated in the core as we saw a bomb not was enough

as we saw a bomb not was enough

as we saw a bomb not was enough to create catastrophic consequences for

to create catastrophic consequences for

to create catastrophic consequences for the planet But what would happen if all

the planet But what would happen if all

the planet But what would happen if all the citizens of the earth were to unite

the citizens of the earth were to unite

the citizens of the earth were to unite one day and decide to detonate

one day and decide to detonate

one day and decide to detonate our entire nuclear arsenal in the

our entire nuclear arsenal in the

our entire nuclear arsenal in the Earth's core At this moment there

Earth's core At this moment there

Earth's core At this moment there are over 12,000 nuclear bombs on earth

are over 12,000 nuclear bombs on earth

are over 12,000 nuclear bombs on earth what It certainly represents

what It certainly represents

what It certainly represents a great destructive power, but the

a great destructive power, but the

a great destructive power, but the good news is that it is probably not enough

good news is that it is probably not enough

good news is that it is probably not enough to destroy the world. The

to destroy the world. The

to destroy the world. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that triggered

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that triggered

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that triggered a massive tsunami and one of the most

a massive tsunami and one of the most

a massive tsunami and one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in

catastrophic natural disasters in

catastrophic natural disasters in recent times is estimated to have generated between 23,000

recent times is estimated to have generated between 23,000

recent times is estimated to have generated between 23,000 and 400 Hiroshima nuclear bombs

and 400 Hiroshima nuclear bombs

and 400 Hiroshima nuclear bombs worth of energy about double or

worth of energy about double or

worth of energy about double or more of the total number of

more of the total number of

more of the total number of nuclear bombs we currently have the

nuclear bombs we currently have the

nuclear bombs we currently have the

asteroid that killed the dinosaurs

asteroid that killed the dinosaurs

asteroid that killed the dinosaurs carried an energy of about 10

carried an energy of about 10

carried an energy of about 10 billion times greater than that of the

billion times greater than that of the

billion times greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb. Obviously,

Hiroshima bomb. Obviously,

Hiroshima bomb. Obviously, circumstances are essential to

circumstances are essential to

circumstances are essential to how any

how any

how any event of such magnitude unfolds, but

event of such magnitude unfolds, but

event of such magnitude unfolds, but none of these

none of these

none of these massive events have managed to enormously alter the

massive events have managed to enormously alter the

massive events have managed to enormously alter the earth itself. Our planet has been

earth itself. Our planet has been

earth itself. Our planet has been able to absorbs the energy created and

able to absorbs the energy created and

able to absorbs the energy created and released and continues to

released and continues to

released and continues to revolve around the sun without

revolve around the sun without

revolve around the sun without change would be exactly the same as

change would be exactly the same as

change would be exactly the same as detonating many nuclear bombs in the core the

detonating many nuclear bombs in the core the

detonating many nuclear bombs in the core the energy is released into the air in

energy is released into the air in

energy is released into the air in the atmosphere through the ground which is why

the atmosphere through the ground which is why

the atmosphere through the ground which is why we can all see the devastation

we can all see the devastation

we can all see the devastation caused in a natural way Similarly, when

caused in a natural way Similarly, when

caused in a natural way Similarly, when nuclear bombs are detonated on the ground,

nuclear bombs are detonated on the ground,

nuclear bombs are detonated on the ground, their incredible power spreads

their incredible power spreads

their incredible power spreads and propagates, but in the inner core,

and propagates, but in the inner core,

and propagates, but in the inner core, things are obviously different.

things are obviously different.

things are obviously different. None or few of these

None or few of these

None or few of these effects would be repeated

effects would be repeated

effects would be repeated even with over 12,000 nuclear warheads. The

even with over 12,000 nuclear warheads. The

even with over 12,000 nuclear warheads. The iron ball and nickel which is the

iron ball and nickel which is the

iron ball and nickel which is the inner core would most likely absorb the

inner core would most likely absorb the

inner core would most likely absorb the energy the pressure there is too

energy the pressure there is too

energy the pressure there is too great for even our most powerful

great for even our most powerful

great for even our most powerful weapons and a disaster would

weapons and a disaster would

weapons and a disaster would probably not occur even

probably not occur even

probably not occur even for modern nuclear weapons whose

for modern nuclear weapons whose

for modern nuclear weapons whose energy potential has increased

energy potential has increased

energy potential has increased since 1945 the pressure is too high

since 1945 the pressure is too high

since 1945 the pressure is too high though If all the nuclear bombs were

though If all the nuclear bombs were

though If all the nuclear bombs were detonated down there at the same time

detonated down there at the same time

detonated down there at the same time then we would be more likely to feel

then we would be more likely to feel

then we would be more likely to feel at least earthquakes on the surface after all

at least earthquakes on the surface after all

at least earthquakes on the surface after all any energy that wasn't

any energy that wasn't

any energy that wasn't absorbed on its way up should

absorbed on its way up should

absorbed on its way up should to go somewhere but the damage caused

to go somewhere but the damage caused

to go somewhere but the damage caused would most likely be

would most likely be

would most likely be negligible the middle of the

negligible the middle of the

negligible the middle of the inner core is about 6000

inner core is about 6000

inner core is about 6000 km below the surface we are on so

km below the surface we are on so

km below the surface we are on so again even the most massive

again even the most massive

again even the most massive explosion would have serious difficulty

explosion would have serious difficulty

explosion would have serious difficulty penetrating to the surface of the planet

penetrating to the surface of the planet

penetrating to the surface of the planet the core is so strong that it would

the core is so strong that it would

the core is so strong that it would withstand such shocks it may not

withstand such shocks it may not

withstand such shocks it may not seem like it but the surface of the earth its crust

seem like it but the surface of the earth its crust

seem like it but the surface of the earth its crust is fragile by comparison and could

is fragile by comparison and could

is fragile by comparison and could break into pieces the inner core is not

break into pieces the inner core is not

break into pieces the inner core is not that way That being said it is probably

that way That being said it is probably

that way That being said it is probably better that this is just a

better that this is just a

better that this is just a scenario hypothetically all the science and

scenario hypothetically all the science and

scenario hypothetically all the science and logic says that a core detonation

logic says that a core detonation

logic says that a core detonation shouldn't create that many

shouldn't create that many

shouldn't create that many problems but maybe it still wouldn't be

problems but maybe it still wouldn't be

problems but maybe it still wouldn't be wise to try that in the first place

wise to try that in the first place

wise to try that in the first place Even if the journey to the core were

Even if the journey to the core were

Even if the journey to the core were possible which is not then would be

possible which is not then would be

possible which is not then would be fraught with incredible dangers yet

fraught with incredible dangers yet

fraught with incredible dangers yet this scenario serves to highlight

this scenario serves to highlight

this scenario serves to highlight the weight and extraordinary power

the weight and extraordinary power

the weight and extraordinary power that the earth holds within itself an

that the earth holds within itself an

that the earth holds within itself an incredibly impenetrable almost

incredibly impenetrable almost

incredibly impenetrable almost indestructible realm that will continue to

indestructible realm that will continue to

indestructible realm that will continue to spin No matter what happens

spin No matter what happens

spin No matter what happens so that a Conclusion Despite the

so that a Conclusion Despite the

so that a Conclusion Despite the crazy idea of ​​detonating Earth's nuclear arsenal

crazy idea of ​​detonating Earth's nuclear arsenal

crazy idea of ​​detonating Earth's nuclear arsenal in its inner core, the

in its inner core, the

in its inner core, the results would probably not

results would probably not

results would probably not really affect the planet, although

really affect the planet, although

really affect the planet, although devastating natural events such as the

devastating natural events such as the

devastating natural events such as the 2004 earthquake or the asteroid impact that

2004 earthquake or the asteroid impact that

2004 earthquake or the asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs have released

killed the dinosaurs have released

killed the dinosaurs have released considerable energy beyond the Earth's ability to

considerable energy beyond the Earth's ability to

considerable energy beyond the Earth's ability to absorb and store it. manage such forces

absorb and store it. manage such forces

absorb and store it. manage such forces is

remarkable an asteroid is preparing to

remarkable an asteroid is preparing to

remarkable an asteroid is preparing to hit the Earth is a

hit the Earth is a

hit the Earth is a common scenario in Hollywood but also at NASA an

common scenario in Hollywood but also at NASA an

common scenario in Hollywood but also at NASA an asteroid the size of a truck will

asteroid the size of a truck will

asteroid the size of a truck will pass extraordinarily close to the Earth

pass extraordinarily close to the Earth

pass extraordinarily close to the Earth we have been tracking a new asteroid called 2023 dw

we have been tracking a new asteroid called 2023 dw

we have been tracking a new asteroid called 2023 dw which has a small chance of to hit Earth

which has a small chance of to hit Earth

which has a small chance of to hit Earth in

in

in 2046 NASA announced in March

2046 NASA announced in March

2046 NASA announced in March 2023 there is a one in 560 chance of

2023 there is a one in 560 chance of

2023 there is a one in 560 chance of impact NASA further stated, or in

impact NASA further stated, or in

impact NASA further stated, or in other words, more positively, there is a

other words, more positively, there is a

other words, more positively, there is a 99.8% chance that 2023 ww will

99.8% chance that 2023 ww will

99.8% chance that 2023 ww will safely pass by our planet and

safely pass by our planet and

safely pass by our planet and leave us alone. But if that

leave us alone. But if that

0.2% possibility were to become a reality, what would

0.2% possibility were to become a reality, what would

0.2% possibility were to become a reality, what would happen in this case We could stop the

happen in this case We could stop the

happen in this case We could stop the asteroid Let's find out what

asteroid Let's find out what

asteroid Let's find out what asteroid

asteroid

asteroid 2023

2023

2023 ww is asteroid 2023 ww was

ww is asteroid 2023 ww was

ww is asteroid 2023 ww was first observed on February 26,

first observed on February 26,

first observed on February 26, 2023 scientists believe it has a

2023 scientists believe it has a

2023 scientists believe it has a diameter of about 50 m and

diameter of about 50 m and

diameter of about 50 m and is currently 22 million km

is currently 22 million km

is currently 22 million km from Earth as a reference The Moon orbits the

from Earth as a reference The Moon orbits the

from Earth as a reference The Moon orbits the Earth on average at a distance

Earth on average at a distance

Earth on average at a distance of approximately

of approximately

of approximately 380,000 km This is a huge distance

380,000 km This is a huge distance

380,000 km This is a huge distance So the asteroid 2023 dw is at a

So the asteroid 2023 dw is at a

So the asteroid 2023 dw is at a great distance from Earth according to data

great distance from Earth according to data

great distance from Earth according to data provided by NASA's

provided by NASA's

provided by NASA's Near-Earth Object Study Center

Near-Earth Object Study Center

Near-Earth Object Study Center asteroid

asteroid

asteroid 2023 dw takes

2023 dw takes

2023 dw takes 271 days to orbit the

271 days to orbit the

271 days to orbit the sun, but no orbit is a

sun, but no orbit is a

sun, but no orbit is a perfect circle, and in the case of this

perfect circle, and in the case of this

perfect circle, and in the case of this asteroid, the eccentricity its the

asteroid, the eccentricity its the

asteroid, the eccentricity its the amount by which it deviates from a

amount by which it deviates from a

amount by which it deviates from a circular orbit means that

circular orbit means that

circular orbit means that scientists believe it could pass relatively

scientists believe it could pass relatively

scientists believe it could pass relatively close to earth

close to earth

close to earth on valentine's day on february 14,

on valentine's day on february 14,

on valentine's day on february 14, 2026 how romantic is this

2026 how romantic is this

2026 how romantic is this according to current calculations the

according to current calculations the

according to current calculations the closest distance it could have o from

closest distance it could have o from

closest distance it could have o from Earth is approximately 2.7 million

Earth is approximately 2.7 million

Earth is approximately 2.7 million

km How is the potential

km How is the potential

km How is the potential danger of asteroids classified

danger of asteroids classified

danger of asteroids classified Over 1 million asteroids have been discovered

Over 1 million asteroids have been discovered

Over 1 million asteroids have been discovered but it is not worth worrying about

but it is not worth worrying about

but it is not worth worrying about each of them Scientists

each of them Scientists

each of them Scientists pay special attention to the so-called

pay special attention to the so-called

pay special attention to the so-called potentially dangerous asteroids hazardous To

potentially dangerous asteroids hazardous To

potentially dangerous asteroids hazardous To be classified as potentially

be classified as potentially

be classified as potentially hazardous an asteroid must

hazardous an asteroid must

hazardous an asteroid must meet two main criteria:

meet two main criteria:

meet two main criteria: firstly, it must have a

firstly, it must have a

firstly, it must have a minimum orbital intersection distance

minimum orbital intersection distance

minimum orbital intersection distance with Earth of

with Earth of

with Earth of 0.05 astronomical units or less; an

0.05 astronomical units or less; an

0.05 astronomical units or less; an asteroid with such an orbit can

asteroid with such an orbit can

asteroid with such an orbit can dangerously close to our planet

dangerously close to our planet

dangerously close to our planet secondly it must have an

secondly it must have an

secondly it must have an absolute magnitude of

absolute magnitude of

absolute magnitude of 22.0 or less the

22.0 or less the

22.0 or less the smallest asteroids in this category are estimated to

smallest asteroids in this category are estimated to

smallest asteroids in this category are estimated to have a size ranging from between 100 and

have a size ranging from between 100 and

have a size ranging from between 100 and 240 m being sufficient to

240 m being sufficient to

240 m being sufficient to cause significant local damage in the

cause significant local damage in the

cause significant local damage in the event of an impact the hazard potential of

event of an impact the hazard potential of

event of an impact the hazard potential of an asteroid is measured using

an asteroid is measured using

an asteroid is measured using two scales The Turin Impact Hazard Scale

two scales The Turin Impact Hazard Scale

two scales The Turin Impact Hazard Scale and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale The

and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale The

and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale The Turin Scale is

Turin Scale is

Turin Scale is used to communicate to the

used to communicate to the

used to communicate to the general public the potential risk of a future

general public the potential risk of a future

general public the potential risk of a future asteroid impact on this

asteroid impact on this

asteroid impact on this simple scale an object is assigned a

simple scale an object is assigned a

simple scale an object is assigned a value from 0 to 10 based on

value from 0 to 10 based on

value from 0 to 10 based on the probability of collision and the

the probability of collision and the

the probability of collision and the kinetic energy of the possible collision the

kinetic energy of the possible collision the

kinetic energy of the possible collision the Palermo scale is a similar scale but

Palermo scale is a similar scale but

Palermo scale is a similar scale but more complex Which is mainly used

more complex Which is mainly used

more complex Which is mainly used by professional astronomers The

by professional astronomers The

by professional astronomers The orbits of celestial bodies change

orbits of celestial bodies change

orbits of celestial bodies change under the influence of the sun's gravity of

under the influence of the sun's gravity of

under the influence of the sun's gravity of planets and other asteroids

planets and other asteroids

planets and other asteroids Therefore, as soon as an asteroid is

Therefore, as soon as an asteroid is

Therefore, as soon as an asteroid is labeled as potentially dangerous,

labeled as potentially dangerous,

labeled as potentially dangerous, scientists track it and

scientists track it and

scientists track it and perform high-precision calculations if

perform high-precision calculations if

perform high-precision calculations if an asteroid is observed for 10 years

an asteroid is observed for 10 years

an asteroid is observed for 10 years its orbit can be calculated 200

its orbit can be calculated 200

its orbit can be calculated 200 years in advance scientists need

years in advance scientists need

years in advance scientists need time to tell the orbit of an

time to tell the orbit of an

time to tell the orbit of an asteroid NASA's Eyes on Asteroids website

asteroid NASA's Eyes on Asteroids website

asteroid NASA's Eyes on Asteroids website features 3D visualizations

features 3D visualizations

features 3D visualizations real-time and information about every

real-time and information about every

real-time and information about every asteroid and comet Known classified

asteroid and comet Known classified

asteroid and comet Known classified as a near-earth object any

as a near-earth object any

as a near-earth object any small object in the

small object in the

small object in the Solar System that can come relatively close

Solar System that can come relatively close

Solar System that can come relatively close to the earth is called a near-

to the earth is called a near-

to the earth is called a near- earth object or Neo for short in case

earth object or Neo for short in case

earth object or Neo for short in case a Neo has a width greater than 140

a Neo has a width greater than 140

a Neo has a width greater than 140 meters and its orbit intersects that

meters and its orbit intersects that

meters and its orbit intersects that of the earth it is called a

of the earth it is called a

of the earth it is called a potentially hazardous object or

potentially hazardous object or

potentially hazardous object or ph when

ph when

ph when new asteroids like 2023 dw are detected nasa says it

new asteroids like 2023 dw are detected nasa says it

new asteroids like 2023 dw are detected nasa says it needs quite a while to

needs quite a while to

needs quite a while to gather enough data to reduce

gather enough data to reduce

gather enough data to reduce uncertainties and

uncertainties and

uncertainties and adequately predict their orbits years into the future.

adequately predict their orbits years into the future.

adequately predict their orbits years into the future. This is because the

This is because the

This is because the longer one observes, the

longer one observes, the

longer one observes, the better one can analyze how an

better one can analyze how an

better one can analyze how an asteroid moves around the sun,

asteroid moves around the sun,

asteroid moves around the sun, and the more accurate one can predict its orbits. better can it be predicted

and the more accurate one can predict its orbits. better can it be predicted

and the more accurate one can predict its orbits. better can it be predicted When it is likely to intersect with

When it is likely to intersect with

When it is likely to intersect with Earth Why is asteroid

Earth Why is asteroid

Earth Why is asteroid 2023

2023

2023 ww dw called in its name it is part of a

ww dw called in its name it is part of a

ww dw called in its name it is part of a standard naming convention for

standard naming convention for

standard naming convention for the discovery of such

the discovery of such

the discovery of such celestial objects the first number refers to the year

celestial objects the first number refers to the year

celestial objects the first number refers to the year in which a is discovered object in

in which a is discovered object in

in which a is discovered object in this case is about the year

this case is about the year

this case is about the year 2023 and the letters refer to the month and the

2023 and the letters refer to the month and the

2023 and the letters refer to the month and the order in which the object is

order in which the object is

order in which the object is discovered each month being divided

discovered each month being divided

discovered each month being divided into two halves so from January 1

into two halves so from January 1

into two halves so from January 1 to January 15 for example is the letter A

to January 15 for example is the letter A

to January 15 for example is the letter A from January 16 to January 31 is

from January 16 to January 31 is

from January 16 to January 31 is the letter B so the first object that

the letter B so the first object that

the letter B so the first object that was discovered in the first half of

was discovered in the first half of

was discovered in the first half of January 2023 it was called 2023 Aa

January 2023 it was called 2023 Aa

January 2023 it was called 2023 Aa and the second 2023 AB and so on

and the second 2023 AB and so on

and the second 2023 AB and so on until we reach

until we reach

until we reach 2023 dw which was discovered in the second

2023 dw which was discovered in the second

2023 dw which was discovered in the second half of February and was the

half of February and was the

half of February and was the 23rd object

23rd object

23rd object discovered technology NASA's Dart on

discovered technology NASA's Dart on

discovered technology NASA's Dart on September 26, 2022 NASA managed to

September 26, 2022 NASA managed to

September 26, 2022 NASA managed to successfully crash a space shuttle

successfully crash a space shuttle

successfully crash a space shuttle Into an asteroid in the first

Into an asteroid in the first

Into an asteroid in the first such attempt to change the trajectory of

such attempt to change the trajectory of

such attempt to change the trajectory of a celestial object the mission called Darth

a celestial object the mission called Darth

a celestial object the mission called Darth Double asteroid redirection test hit

Double asteroid redirection test hit

Double asteroid redirection test hit dim morphos an asteroid that orbits

dim morphos an asteroid that orbits

dim morphos an asteroid that orbits in around a larger asteroid called

in around a larger asteroid called

in around a larger asteroid called Didim neither of the two asteroids

Didim neither of the two asteroids

Didim neither of the two asteroids pose a threat to Earth

pose a threat to Earth

pose a threat to Earth but were good for the test Dim Morphos

but were good for the test Dim Morphos

but were good for the test Dim Morphos has a diameter of approximately 160 m,

has a diameter of approximately 160 m,

has a diameter of approximately 160 m, three times larger than

three times larger than

three times larger than asteroid

asteroid

asteroid 2023 dw Dart was a

2023 dw Dart was a

2023 dw Dart was a proof-of-concept mission for the US

proof-of-concept mission for the US

proof-of-concept mission for the US National Preparedness Strategy and

National Preparedness Strategy and

National Preparedness Strategy and Action Plan on

Action Plan on

Action Plan on Near-Earth Objects aimed at

Near-Earth Objects aimed at

Near-Earth Objects aimed at preparing for the defense of Earth in

preparing for the defense of Earth in

preparing for the defense of Earth in the event of an potential impact with an

the event of an potential impact with an

the event of an potential impact with an unguided object in March 2023 NASA

unguided object in March 2023 NASA

unguided object in March 2023 NASA published the latest results of the

published the latest results of the

published the latest results of the Dart mission in a set of four

Dart mission in a set of four

Dart mission in a set of four papers they concluded that

papers they concluded that

papers they concluded that Dart's asteroid deflection technology

Dart's asteroid deflection technology

Dart's asteroid deflection technology also known as a

also known as a

also known as a kinetic impactor altered the orbit of the

kinetic impactor altered the orbit of the

kinetic impactor altered the orbit of the model for calculating dimorphism

model for calculating dimorphism

model for calculating dimorphism any threats posed by

any threats posed by

any threats posed by asteroids Discovered in the future but NASA

asteroids Discovered in the future but NASA

asteroids Discovered in the future but NASA says it needs

says it needs

says it needs sufficient warning time of at least a few years

sufficient warning time of at least a few years

sufficient warning time of at least a few years but preferably decades that

but preferably decades that

but preferably decades that could mean we might have a chance

could mean we might have a chance

could mean we might have a chance to deflect however small the threat of

to deflect however small the threat of

to deflect however small the threat of asteroid 2023 dw given that

asteroid 2023 dw given that

asteroid 2023 dw given that we have 23 years what

we have 23 years what

we have 23 years what happens if asteroid 2023 ww hits

happens if asteroid 2023 ww hits

happens if asteroid 2023 ww hits earth the fact that 2023 ww has a

earth the fact that 2023 ww has a

earth the fact that 2023 ww has a Torino score of 1 meaning that the asteroid is

Torino score of 1 meaning that the asteroid is

Torino score of 1 meaning that the asteroid is a routine discovery that does not present

a routine discovery that does not present

a routine discovery that does not present an unusual level of danger even

an unusual level of danger even

an unusual level of danger even if it hits the earth it will not cause a

if it hits the earth it will not cause a

if it hits the earth it will not cause a global catastrophe fortunately in the case of

global catastrophe fortunately in the case of

global catastrophe fortunately in the case of asteroid 2023 ww the scale of the

asteroid 2023 ww the scale of the

asteroid 2023 ww the scale of the destruction could be similar to the

destruction could be similar to the

destruction could be similar to the explosion of a atomic bombs will

explosion of a atomic bombs will

explosion of a atomic bombs will asteroid 2023 ww hit earth in

asteroid 2023 ww hit earth in

asteroid 2023 ww hit earth in 2046 Despite being at the

2046 Despite being at the

2046 Despite being at the top of the risk list it is extremely

top of the risk list it is extremely

top of the risk list it is extremely unlikely that 2023 ww will hit

unlikely that 2023 ww will hit

unlikely that 2023 ww will hit earth according to NASA the estimated odds of

earth according to NASA the estimated odds of

earth according to NASA the estimated odds of impact is 1 in

impact is 1 in

impact is 1 in 560 as we mentioned initially and

560 as we mentioned initially and

560 as we mentioned initially and The number is constantly changing as

The number is constantly changing as

The number is constantly changing as researchers obtain more data, and in

researchers obtain more data, and in

researchers obtain more data, and in an optimistic scenario, in a few months, the

an optimistic scenario, in a few months, the

likelihood of a collision could finally be eliminated or confirmed. How many other

likelihood of a collision could finally be eliminated or confirmed. How many other

likelihood of a collision could finally be eliminated or confirmed. How many other potentially dangerous asteroids

potentially dangerous asteroids

potentially dangerous asteroids are there besides 2023 ww? By

are there besides 2023 ww? By

are there besides 2023 ww? By February

February

February 2023, astronomers had detected

2023, astronomers had detected

2023, astronomers had detected 2,330. potentially hazardous asteroids,

2,330. potentially hazardous asteroids,

2,330. potentially hazardous asteroids, 151 of which have a diameter greater

151 of which have a diameter greater

151 of which have a diameter greater than 1 km The largest

than 1 km The largest

than 1 km The largest known potentially hazardous asteroid is

known potentially hazardous asteroid is

known potentially hazardous asteroid is 1999 jm 8 and is estimated to have a

1999 jm 8 and is estimated to have a

1999 jm 8 and is estimated to have a diameter of approximately 7 km. We would like to

diameter of approximately 7 km. We would like to

diameter of approximately 7 km. We would like to emphasize that this data does not

emphasize that this data does not

emphasize that this data does not mean that all of these asteroids will

mean that all of these asteroids will

mean that all of these asteroids will eventually hit Earth,

eventually hit Earth,

eventually hit Earth, but only that they have the potential. to do

but only that they have the potential. to do

but only that they have the potential. to do this None of these

this None of these

this None of these pose a sufficient risk of impact in the

pose a sufficient risk of impact in the

pose a sufficient risk of impact in the next 100 years fortunately

next 100 years fortunately

next 100 years fortunately asteroids like 2023 dw pose

asteroids like 2023 dw pose

asteroids like 2023 dw pose real threats to earth that

real threats to earth that

real threats to earth that NASA is constantly considering

NASA is constantly considering

NASA is constantly considering fortunately but 2023 ww has a very

fortunately but 2023 ww has a very

fortunately but 2023 ww has a very small chance of hit our planet in

small chance of hit our planet in

small chance of hit our planet in 2046 and it is also a

2046 and it is also a

2046 and it is also a small asteroid that would not create extremely

small asteroid that would not create extremely

small asteroid that would not create extremely large damage even if it did

hit while Earth is currently

hit while Earth is currently

hit while Earth is currently our only known home and

our only known home and

our only known home and offers us the perfect conditions for life

offers us the perfect conditions for life

offers us the perfect conditions for life there are other planets in our galaxy

there are other planets in our galaxy

there are other planets in our galaxy that could have similar or

that could have similar or

that could have similar or even superior conditions to support life.

even superior conditions to support life.

even superior conditions to support life. In this episode, we'll take a closer look

In this episode, we'll take a closer look

In this episode, we'll take a closer look at some of these planets

at some of these planets

at some of these planets and explore what makes them unique and

and explore what makes them unique and

and explore what makes them unique and potentially more suitable for life.

potentially more suitable for life.

potentially more suitable for life. So buckle up. and get ready

So buckle up. and get ready

So buckle up. and get ready to discover some interesting

to discover some interesting

to discover some interesting and unexpected planets discovered by NASA that

and unexpected planets discovered by NASA that

and unexpected planets discovered by NASA that could change the way we think

could change the way we think

could change the way we think about our place in the

about our place in the

about our place in the universe Kepler

universe Kepler

universe Kepler 438b an alien world orbiting

438b an alien world orbiting

438b an alien world orbiting a distant star in the

a distant star in the

a distant star in the constellation Libra could be the most

constellation Libra could be the most

constellation Libra could be the most similar planet with Earth

similar planet with Earth

similar planet with Earth ever discovered outside the

ever discovered outside the

ever discovered outside the solar system planet called Kepler

solar system planet called Kepler

solar system planet called Kepler 438b It is slightly larger than Earth

438b It is slightly larger than Earth

438b It is slightly larger than Earth and orbits an orange dwarf star

and orbits an orange dwarf star

and orbits an orange dwarf star that bathes it with 40%

that bathes it with 40%

that bathes it with 40% more light than our planet receives

more light than our planet receives

more light than our planet receives from the sun

from the sun

from the sun Kepler

Kepler

Kepler 438b's small size is a make it likely to be a

438b's small size is a make it likely to be a

438b's small size is a make it likely to be a rocky world while its proximity

rocky world while its proximity

rocky world while its proximity to the star places it in the habitable zone

to the star places it in the habitable zone

to the star places it in the habitable zone where the temperature is right for

where the temperature is right for

where the temperature is right for liquid water to flow a

liquid water to flow a

liquid water to flow a rocky surface and flowing water are two

rocky surface and flowing water are two

rocky surface and flowing water are two of the most important factors

of the most important factors

of the most important factors scientists look for

scientists look for

scientists look for when Assessing the chances of a planet

when Assessing the chances of a planet

when Assessing the chances of a planet being hospitable to life Kepler

being hospitable to life Kepler

being hospitable to life Kepler 438b which is 470

438b which is 470

438b which is 470 light years away It completes an orbit

light years away It completes an orbit

light years away It completes an orbit around its star every 35

around its star every 35

around its star every 35 days, making a year on the planet

days, making a year on the planet

days, making a year on the planet 10 times faster than on

10 times faster than on

10 times faster than on Earth. Small planets are more likely

Earth. Small planets are more likely

Earth. Small planets are more likely to be rocky than giant ones, and

to be rocky than giant ones, and

to be rocky than giant ones, and at a size of just 12% larger

at a size of just 12% larger

at a size of just 12% larger than our planet, the chances of Kepler

than our planet, the chances of Kepler

than our planet, the chances of Kepler 438b being rocky are over 70%,

438b being rocky are over 70%,

438b being rocky are over 70%, researchers said. However, Kepler

researchers said. However, Kepler

researchers said. However, Kepler 438b has some problems. A

438b has some problems. A

438b has some problems. A major challenge is its distance from Earth,

major challenge is its distance from Earth,

major challenge is its distance from Earth, which makes it difficult to study and

which makes it difficult to study and

which makes it difficult to study and understand its conditions and

understand its conditions and

understand its conditions and potential for life. The planet

potential for life. The planet

potential for life. The planet also receives more

also receives more

also receives more starlight than Earth, which could

starlight than Earth, which could

starlight than Earth, which could lead to stronger solar winds and

lead to stronger solar winds and

lead to stronger solar winds and flares that could strip away the

flares that could strip away the

flares that could strip away the planet's atmosphere and

planet's atmosphere and

planet's atmosphere and eventually damage its surface. The

eventually damage its surface. The

eventually damage its surface. The exact composition and conditions of the

exact composition and conditions of the

exact composition and conditions of the planet Kepler 403 8b are not known. are still poorly

planet Kepler 403 8b are not known. are still poorly

planet Kepler 403 8b are not known. are still poorly known so

known so

known so further research is needed to

further research is needed to

further research is needed to fully assess its habitability potential

fully assess its habitability potential

fully assess its habitability potential Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri b This is a planet located in the

b This is a planet located in the

b This is a planet located in the habitable zone of the closest star to

habitable zone of the closest star to

habitable zone of the closest star to our solar system Proxima Centauri

our solar system Proxima Centauri

our solar system Proxima Centauri is located at a distance of approximately 4.2

is located at a distance of approximately 4.2

is located at a distance of approximately 4.2 light years from Earth, being the

light years from Earth, being the

light years from Earth, being the closest potentially habitable planet

closest potentially habitable planet

closest potentially habitable planet discovered to date Proxima

discovered to date Proxima

discovered to date Proxima Centauri b is a rocky planet of

Centauri b is a rocky planet of

Centauri b is a rocky planet of similar size to those of

similar size to those of

similar size to those of Earth and orbits

Earth and orbits

Earth and orbits its star in just

its star in just

its star in just 11.2 days Proxima Centauri could be

11.2 days Proxima Centauri could be

11.2 days Proxima Centauri could be a better candidate to support

a better candidate to support

a better candidate to support life than Earth because it is

life than Earth because it is

life than Earth because it is located in its star's habitable zone

located in its star's habitable zone

located in its star's habitable zone where temperatures may be suitable

where temperatures may be suitable

where temperatures may be suitable for liquid water to exist on the

for liquid water to exist on the

for liquid water to exist on the surface In addition, Proxima Centauri is

surface In addition, Proxima Centauri is

surface In addition, Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, which means it

a red dwarf star, which means it

a red dwarf star, which means it is much cooler and less

is much cooler and less

is much cooler and less bright than our sun.

bright than our sun.

bright than our sun. This could be an advantage because it

This could be an advantage because it

This could be an advantage because it could allow the planet to maintain a

could allow the planet to maintain a

stable atmosphere and surface temperature despite the fact that that it is

stable atmosphere and surface temperature despite the fact that that it is

stable atmosphere and surface temperature despite the fact that that it is much closer to its star than the

much closer to its star than the

much closer to its star than the earth is to the sun the planet's proximity to

earth is to the sun the planet's proximity to

earth is to the sun the planet's proximity to earth also makes it an

earth also makes it an

earth also makes it an attractive target for future

attractive target for future

attractive target for future interstellar exploration and potential colonization

interstellar exploration and potential colonization

interstellar exploration and potential colonization however despite its

however despite its

however despite its potential advantages Proxima Centauri b

potential advantages Proxima Centauri b

potential advantages Proxima Centauri b faces some challenges and

faces some challenges and

faces some challenges and disadvantages, for example the

disadvantages, for example the

disadvantages, for example the planet's proximity to its star means

planet's proximity to its star means

planet's proximity to its star means it could be tidally locked with one

it could be tidally locked with one

it could be tidally locked with one side permanently facing the star

side permanently facing the star

side permanently facing the star while the other side is in

while the other side is in

while the other side is in perpetual darkness. This could

perpetual darkness. This could

perpetual darkness. This could create extreme differences in temperature

create extreme differences in temperature

create extreme differences in temperature between the two sides making

between the two sides making

between the two sides making survival difficult in addition Proxima Senta

survival difficult in addition Proxima Senta

survival difficult in addition Proxima Senta is a very active star that can

is a very active star that can

is a very active star that can produce intense flares and radiation that

produce intense flares and radiation that

produce intense flares and radiation that could be harmful to any

could be harmful to any

could be harmful to any potential life form on the planet

potential life form on the planet

potential life form on the planet these factors highlight the need for

these factors highlight the need for

these factors highlight the need for further research and exploration

further research and exploration

further research and exploration to understand fully

to understand fully

to understand fully habitable Proxima Centauri b

habitable Proxima Centauri b

habitable Proxima Centauri b planets hosted by the star Trappist

planets hosted by the star Trappist

planets hosted by the star Trappist 1 located 39 light years from Earth

1 located 39 light years from Earth

1 located 39 light years from Earth Trappist 1 is a relatively cool dwarf star

Trappist 1 is a relatively cool dwarf star

Trappist 1 is a relatively cool dwarf star with a mass of about 9% that of the

with a mass of about 9% that of the

with a mass of about 9% that of the Sun and a radius of about 12%

Sun and a radius of about 12%

Sun and a radius of about 12% of it This

of it This

of it This ultra-cool star is believed to host at least seven

ultra-cool star is believed to host at least seven

ultra-cool star is believed to host at least seven rocky planets the size of Earth

rocky planets the size of Earth

rocky planets the size of Earth or smaller. Using

or smaller. Using

or smaller. Using terrestrial climate and photochemical models, researchers at the

terrestrial climate and photochemical models, researchers at the

terrestrial climate and photochemical models, researchers at the University of Washington simulated

University of Washington simulated

University of Washington simulated environmental conditions. For each planet

environmental conditions. For each planet

environmental conditions. For each planet in the Trappist 1 system, the models show that

in the Trappist 1 system, the models show that

in the Trappist 1 system, the models show that all seven exoplanets

all seven exoplanets

all seven exoplanets likely evolved like Venus, meaning that

likely evolved like Venus, meaning that

likely evolved like Venus, meaning that any water or oceans would have evaporated

any water or oceans would have evaporated

any water or oceans would have evaporated early in the system's formation. According to

early in the system's formation. According to

early in the system's formation. According to these models, the seven

these models, the seven

these models, the seven Trappist 1 planets would have dense,

Trappist 1 planets would have dense,

Trappist 1 planets would have dense, uninhabitable atmospheres. However, one of the

uninhabitable atmospheres. However, one of the

uninhabitable atmospheres. However, one of the worlds, called Trappist 1e, could host

worlds, called Trappist 1e, could host

worlds, called Trappist 1e, could host liquid water on its surface and

liquid water on its surface and

liquid water on its surface and therefore could host

therefore could host

therefore could host Earth-like life. Trappist

Earth-like life. Trappist

Earth-like life. Trappist 1s is in the habitable zone of

1s is in the habitable zone of

1s is in the habitable zone of its star, although we don't know the

its star, although we don't know the

its star, although we don't know the full conditions on it yet. And That

full conditions on it yet. And That

full conditions on it yet. And That could prove to be a problem. This planet

could prove to be a problem. This planet

could prove to be a problem. This planet could also have a

could also have a

could also have a large amount of oxygen, the researchers said.

large amount of oxygen, the researchers said.

large amount of oxygen, the researchers said. As water evaporates from the

As water evaporates from the

As water evaporates from the planet's surface and is hit by

planet's surface and is hit by

planet's surface and is hit by ultraviolet emissions from a star, the

ultraviolet emissions from a star, the

ultraviolet emissions from a star, the hydrogen and oxygen molecules break

hydrogen and oxygen molecules break

hydrogen and oxygen molecules break apart. The hydrogen can It would be

apart. The hydrogen can It would be

apart. The hydrogen can It would be light enough to escape the atmosphere despite the

light enough to escape the atmosphere despite the

light enough to escape the atmosphere despite the planet's gravity, but the oxygen would

planet's gravity, but the oxygen would

planet's gravity, but the oxygen would remain trapped. It could

remain trapped. It could

remain trapped. It could have a thick oxygen atmosphere

have a thick oxygen atmosphere

have a thick oxygen atmosphere formed by processes that are very

formed by processes that are very

formed by processes that are very different from anything observed

different from anything observed

different from anything observed

so far. gissi

so far. gissi

so far. gissi 667

667

667 CC This is an exoplanet located in the

CC This is an exoplanet located in the

CC This is an exoplanet located in the habitable zone of the star system gissi

habitable zone of the star system gissi

habitable zone of the star system gissi 667 c which is approximately 22

667 c which is approximately 22

667 c which is approximately 22 light years from Earth it was discovered

light years from Earth it was discovered

light years from Earth it was discovered in 2011 and has a mass approximately 4.5

in 2011 and has a mass approximately 4.5

in 2011 and has a mass approximately 4.5 times that of Earth which

times that of Earth which

times that of Earth which What makes it a super earth? It

What makes it a super earth? It

What makes it a super earth? It orbits its star in

orbits its star in

orbits its star in 28.1 Earth days and has a radius

28.1 Earth days and has a radius

28.1 Earth days and has a radius about 1.5 times that of

about 1.5 times that of

about 1.5 times that of Earth. Gissi

Earth. Gissi

Earth. Gissi 667 cc is a variant to support

667 cc is a variant to support

667 cc is a variant to support life because it is located in the

life because it is located in the

life because it is located in the habitable zone of its star. where temperate

habitable zone of its star. where temperate

habitable zone of its star. where temperate conditions may be suitable for

conditions may be suitable for

conditions may be suitable for liquid water to exist on its surface. In

liquid water to exist on its surface. In

liquid water to exist on its surface. In addition, it is thought to have a stable climate,

addition, it is thought to have a stable climate,

addition, it is thought to have a stable climate, which could be due to its

which could be due to its

which could be due to its relatively circular orbit and the presence of a

relatively circular orbit and the presence of a

relatively circular orbit and the presence of a thick atmosphere. The planet's mass and radius

thick atmosphere. The planet's mass and radius

thick atmosphere. The planet's mass and radius suggest that it could have a

suggest that it could have a

suggest that it could have a rocky composition and possibly even an

rocky composition and possibly even an

rocky composition and possibly even an atmospheric composition similar to that of

atmospheric composition similar to that of

atmospheric composition similar to that of Earth but gissi

Earth but gissi

Earth but gissi 667 CC faces some challenges

667 CC faces some challenges

667 CC faces some challenges and disadvantages one major challenge is the

and disadvantages one major challenge is the

and disadvantages one major challenge is the fact that it orbits a

fact that it orbits a

fact that it orbits a triple star system means that it

triple star system means that it

triple star system means that it could suffer extreme

could suffer extreme

could suffer extreme temperature variations depending on its position in

temperature variations depending on its position in

temperature variations depending on its position in relation to the three stars, plus its

relation to the three stars, plus its

relation to the three stars, plus its distance from Earth

distance from Earth

distance from Earth makes it difficult to study and understand the

makes it difficult to study and understand the

makes it difficult to study and understand the planet's atmosphere and In addition to other conditions

planet's atmosphere and In addition to other conditions

planet's atmosphere and In addition to other conditions that would be necessary to support

that would be necessary to support

that would be necessary to support life, there are also unknowns

life, there are also unknowns

life, there are also unknowns regarding the conditions on the

regarding the conditions on the

regarding the conditions on the planet's surface and

planet's surface and

planet's surface and potential radiation exposure that would be

potential radiation exposure that would be

potential radiation exposure that would be important for

important for

important for long-term survival on the planet. The future of the search for

long-term survival on the planet. The future of the search for

long-term survival on the planet. The future of the search for an Earth-like planet

an Earth-like planet

an Earth-like planet to predict more well habit

to predict more well habit

to predict more well habit ability of planets similar to

ability of planets similar to

ability of planets similar to Earth exoplanet researchers

Earth exoplanet researchers

Earth exoplanet researchers need to understand the atmospheres

need to understand the atmospheres

need to understand the atmospheres around them for that

around them for that

around them for that very powerful instruments are needed and

very powerful instruments are needed and

very powerful instruments are needed and fortunately these will be available

fortunately these will be available

fortunately these will be available soon in 10 years we will have

soon in 10 years we will have

soon in 10 years we will have ridiculously good telescopes said a researcher

ridiculously good telescopes said a researcher

ridiculously good telescopes said a researcher space telescope Roman al NASA is

space telescope Roman al NASA is

space telescope Roman al NASA is set to launch sometime in the mid-

set to launch sometime in the mid-

set to launch sometime in the mid- 2020s, and

2020s, and

2020s, and it will embark on a

it will embark on a

it will embark on a five-year journey to identify 2,500

five-year journey to identify 2,500

five-year journey to identify 2,500 new exoplanets. The telescope has already been launched.

new exoplanets. The telescope has already been launched.

new exoplanets. The telescope has already been launched. space James Web Which is

space James Web Which is

space James Web Which is one of the most powerful

one of the most powerful

one of the most powerful exoplanet hunters of all time a

exoplanet hunters of all time a

exoplanet hunters of all time a very significant and explicit part

very significant and explicit part

very significant and explicit part of its mission is studying

of its mission is studying

of its mission is studying the atmospheres around

the atmospheres around

the atmospheres around Earth-like worlds in addition it will search for

Earth-like worlds in addition it will search for

Earth-like worlds in addition it will search for Bios gas signatures associated with

Bios gas signatures associated with

Bios gas signatures associated with past or present life Is there something profound

past or present life Is there something profound

past or present life Is there something profound in to search for something in

in to search for something in

in to search for something in common with our own on distant worlds requires a

common with our own on distant worlds requires a

common with our own on distant worlds requires a lot of precise circumstances

lot of precise circumstances

lot of precise circumstances for a planet like ours to exist

for a planet like ours to exist

for a planet like ours to exist the idea that this precision could be

the idea that this precision could be

the idea that this precision could be repeated does not diminish how special

repeated does not diminish how special

repeated does not diminish how special Earth is but rather amplifies the possibility that

Earth is but rather amplifies the possibility that

Earth is but rather amplifies the possibility that life could develop

Elsewhere Perhaps we often cast our

Elsewhere Perhaps we often cast our

Elsewhere Perhaps we often cast our eyes towards space, thinking about the

eyes towards space, thinking about the

eyes towards space, thinking about the possibility of

possibility of

possibility of extraterrestrial life and what

extraterrestrial life and what

extraterrestrial life and what those strange and wonderful worlds might look like.

those strange and wonderful worlds might look like.

those strange and wonderful worlds might look like. Even so, we must not ignore our

Even so, we must not ignore our

Even so, we must not ignore our own earth, which may be the home of some

own earth, which may be the home of some

own earth, which may be the home of some truly natural wonders. incredible

truly natural wonders. incredible

truly natural wonders. incredible space exploration It will probably

space exploration It will probably

space exploration It will probably represent the future for the human species one

represent the future for the human species one

represent the future for the human species one day, but for now Let's

day, but for now Let's

day, but for now Let's look at 12 wonders that can

look at 12 wonders that can

look at 12 wonders that can only be found on Earth 1 Aurora Borealis

only be found on Earth 1 Aurora Borealis

only be found on Earth 1 Aurora Borealis Auroras are completely natural phenomena

Auroras are completely natural phenomena

Auroras are completely natural phenomena that consist of spectacular displays

that consist of spectacular displays

that consist of spectacular displays found near the earth's magnetic poles

found near the earth's magnetic poles

found near the earth's magnetic poles the lights appear in many colors

the lights appear in many colors

the lights appear in many colors green and pink being the most common

green and pink being the most common

green and pink being the most common although shades of red

although shades of red

although shades of red yellow blue and purple have been reported they appear in

yellow blue and purple have been reported they appear in

yellow blue and purple have been reported they appear in many forms from spots or

many forms from spots or

many forms from spots or scattered clouds of light to pillars arcs

scattered clouds of light to pillars arcs

scattered clouds of light to pillars arcs or rays which illuminate the sky with an

or rays which illuminate the sky with an

or rays which illuminate the sky with an eerie glow, their intensity

eerie glow, their intensity

eerie glow, their intensity increases as we head

increases as we head

increases as we head north, but they appear relatively randomly so

north, but they appear relatively randomly so

north, but they appear relatively randomly so they are difficult to predict, especially during

they are difficult to predict, especially during

they are difficult to predict, especially during a short trip. Even so,

a short trip. Even so,

a short trip. Even so, researchers have found that their

researchers have found that their

researchers have found that their activity rate is cyclical with some

activity rate is cyclical with some

activity rate is cyclical with some peaks. every few years As for

peaks. every few years As for

peaks. every few years As for their cause, the northern lights are actually the

their cause, the northern lights are actually the

their cause, the northern lights are actually the result of collisions between

result of collisions between

result of collisions between gaseous particles in the

gaseous particles in the

gaseous particles in the earth's atmosphere with charged particles

earth's atmosphere with charged particles

earth's atmosphere with charged particles released from the sun's atmosphere. The

released from the sun's atmosphere. The

released from the sun's atmosphere. The color variations are due to

color variations are due to

color variations are due to the type of gas particles that

the type of gas particles that

the type of gas particles that collide. The most common auroral color is

collide. The most common auroral color is

collide. The most common auroral color is a pale yellowish green. It is produced by

a pale yellowish green. It is produced by

a pale yellowish green. It is produced by oxygen molecules located

oxygen molecules located

oxygen molecules located approximately 90 km above the Earth.

approximately 90 km above the Earth.

approximately 90 km above the Earth. Rarely, red auroras are produced by

Rarely, red auroras are produced by

Rarely, red auroras are produced by high-altitude oxygen at heights of

high-altitude oxygen at heights of

high-altitude oxygen at heights of up to 320 km and nitrogen produces

up to 320 km and nitrogen produces

up to 320 km and nitrogen produces blue or red-violet Aurora two

blue or red-violet Aurora two

blue or red-violet Aurora two socotra around the world we can find many

socotra around the world we can find many

socotra around the world we can find many unusual destinations but one of the

unusual destinations but one of the

unusual destinations but one of the strangest is certainly

strangest is certainly

strangest is certainly the island of socotra the islands in the archipelago

the island of socotra the islands in the archipelago

the island of socotra the islands in the archipelago are so secluded from the rest of the world

are so secluded from the rest of the world

are so secluded from the rest of the world that a third of the plants there do not

that a third of the plants there do not

Plants like the stic trees are

Plants like the stic trees are

Plants like the stic trees are certainly interesting, but without a doubt the

certainly interesting, but without a doubt the

certainly interesting, but without a doubt the island's main attraction are the

island's main attraction are the

island's main attraction are the dragon's blood trees. This type of

dragon's blood trees. This type of

dragon's blood trees. This type of tree has a long commercial history

tree has a long commercial history

tree has a long commercial history that dates back to

that dates back to

that dates back to ancient Rome and is named after Sevas Sa.

ancient Rome and is named after Sevas Sa.

ancient Rome and is named after Sevas Sa. red as blood fortunately today

red as blood fortunately today

red as blood fortunately today the island is protected from

the island is protected from

the island is protected from human exploitation as well as an almost alien tourist location

human exploitation as well as an almost alien tourist location

human exploitation as well as an almost alien tourist location however the future of

however the future of

however the future of the species is uncertain few populations

the species is uncertain few populations

the species is uncertain few populations regenerate naturally and in some

regenerate naturally and in some

regenerate naturally and in some areas young trees no longer have the

areas young trees no longer have the

areas young trees no longer have the characteristic umbrella shape the biggest

characteristic umbrella shape the biggest

characteristic umbrella shape the biggest problem is climate change

problem is climate change

problem is climate change so without human intervention this

so without human intervention this

so without human intervention this species could disappear almost completely

species could disappear almost completely

species could disappear almost completely in the next three years

in the next three years

in the next three years tianzi mountain another fantastic location

tianzi mountain another fantastic location

tianzi mountain another fantastic location tianzi mountain is undoubtedly unique in the

tianzi mountain is undoubtedly unique in the

tianzi mountain is undoubtedly unique in the known world and as the monarch of the Peak Forest the

known world and as the monarch of the Peak Forest the

known world and as the monarch of the Peak Forest the main attraction are the peaks that

main attraction are the peaks that

main attraction are the peaks that rise from the ground like

rise from the ground like

rise from the ground like pillars the location is so popular

pillars the location is so popular

pillars the location is so popular that it inspired one of the

that it inspired one of the

that it inspired one of the greatest sci-fi films avatar by James Cameron at

greatest sci-fi films avatar by James Cameron at

greatest sci-fi films avatar by James Cameron at a height of over 623 m tourists

a height of over 623 m tourists

a height of over 623 m tourists can admire the entire area uling yuan

can admire the entire area uling yuan

can admire the entire area uling yuan the pillars were formed 400

the pillars were formed 400

the pillars were formed 400 million years ago as a result of

million years ago as a result of

million years ago as a result of irregular uplifts in the Earth's crust

irregular uplifts in the Earth's crust

irregular uplifts in the Earth's crust

4ru Victoria Falls

4ru Victoria Falls

4ru Victoria Falls [Music]

[Music]

[Music] Victoria Falls is located in Africa

Victoria Falls is located in Africa

Victoria Falls is located in Africa along the border between Zambia and

along the border between Zambia and

along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe it was described by the Kolo tribe

Zimbabwe it was described by the Kolo tribe

Zimbabwe it was described by the Kolo tribe who lived in the area in the 1800s as Mosa

who lived in the area in the 1800s as Mosa

who lived in the area in the 1800s as Mosa tuna or in translation the smoke that thunders

tuna or in translation the smoke that thunders

tuna or in translation the smoke that thunders Modern is known as

Modern is known as

Modern is known as Victoria Falls and is the largest curtain of

Victoria Falls and is the largest curtain of

Victoria Falls and is the largest curtain of water in the world the columns can be seen

water in the world the columns can be seen

water in the world the columns can be seen from miles away and in the

from miles away and in the

from miles away and in the rainy season 500 million m cu

rainy season 500 million m cu

rainy season 500 million m cu of water was crashing over the edge

of water was crashing over the edge

of water was crashing over the edge every minute it can best be

every minute it can best be

every minute it can best be seen from Zimbabwe but visiting

seen from Zimbabwe but visiting

seen from Zimbabwe but visiting from Zambia offers a closer experience

from Zambia offers a closer experience

from Zambia offers a closer experience helicopter tours are

helicopter tours are

helicopter tours are also available a completely unique alternative

also available a completely unique alternative

also available a completely unique alternative to admire this

to admire this

to admire this incredible landscape 5 Mount

incredible landscape 5 Mount

incredible landscape 5 Mount Everest Mount Everest is the

Everest Mount Everest is the

Everest Mount Everest is the highest mountain range on Earth and

highest mountain range on Earth and

highest mountain range on Earth and its peak reaches an altitude of

its peak reaches an altitude of

its peak reaches an altitude of 88499 meters. Theoretically speaking, Mount

88499 meters. Theoretically speaking, Mount

88499 meters. Theoretically speaking, Mount Everest is only the highest mountain

Everest is only the highest mountain

Everest is only the highest mountain above sea level, being surpassed

above sea level, being surpassed

above sea level, being surpassed by Mount maun chea which although has a

by Mount maun chea which although has a

by Mount maun chea which although has a height of

height of

height of 4207 m over half of it is in the

4207 m over half of it is in the

4207 m over half of it is in the Pacific Ocean regardless of these

Pacific Ocean regardless of these

Pacific Ocean regardless of these details Mount Everest is truly

details Mount Everest is truly

details Mount Everest is truly imposing But also one of the most

imposing But also one of the most

imposing But also one of the most dangerous locations in the world Although it is a

dangerous locations in the world Although it is a

dangerous locations in the world Although it is a popular area for climbers only the

popular area for climbers only the

popular area for climbers only the most skilled can i climb it yes the lack of

most skilled can i climb it yes the lack of

most skilled can i climb it yes the lack of oxygen and cold being the biggest

oxygen and cold being the biggest

oxygen and cold being the biggest obstacles 6th great barrier reef

obstacles 6th great barrier reef

obstacles 6th great barrier reef as the largest

as the largest

as the largest coral reef in the world the great barrier reef

coral reef in the world the great barrier reef

coral reef in the world the great barrier reef in australia includes over 900

in australia includes over 900

in australia includes over 900 islands approximately 3000

islands approximately 3000

islands approximately 3000 separate reefs as well as a diverse ecosystem

separate reefs as well as a diverse ecosystem

separate reefs as well as a diverse ecosystem Due to its natural beauty, the Great

Due to its natural beauty, the Great

Due to its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the

Barrier Reef has become one of the

Barrier Reef has become one of the most popular tourist destinations

most popular tourist destinations

most popular tourist destinations in the world, offering various activities but

in the world, offering various activities but

in the world, offering various activities but especially a unique view throughout the

especially a unique view throughout the

especially a unique view throughout the world. world 7 waitomo glow worm

world. world 7 waitomo glow worm

world. world 7 waitomo glow worm caves so far we have talked about

caves so far we have talked about

caves so far we have talked about attractions that can be observed

attractions that can be observed

attractions that can be observed outdoors but the caves of the earth can

outdoors but the caves of the earth can

outdoors but the caves of the earth can also be impressive mainly

also be impressive mainly

also be impressive mainly when we think of caves we

when we think of caves we

when we think of caves we think of claustrophobic and dark locations

think of claustrophobic and dark locations

think of claustrophobic and dark locations but waitomo glow worm caves could not

but waitomo glow worm caves could not

but waitomo glow worm caves could not be more different instead of being dark the

be more different instead of being dark the

be more different instead of being dark the fish are lit up by a

fish are lit up by a

fish are lit up by a rare species of insect found only in New

rare species of insect found only in New

rare species of insect found only in New Zealand which provides an

Zealand which provides an

Zealand which provides an

incredible light show op

incredible light show op

incredible light show op rihat structure rihat structure also known as the

rihat structure rihat structure also known as the

rihat structure rihat structure also known as the blue eye of the Sahara

blue eye of the Sahara

blue eye of the Sahara is a geological formation in the

is a geological formation in the

is a geological formation in the Sahara Desert which resembles an enormous target

Sahara Desert which resembles an enormous target

Sahara Desert which resembles an enormous target the formation spans a

the formation spans a

the formation spans a 40 km desert region in the nation of

40 km desert region in the nation of

40 km desert region in the nation of Mauritania and is one of the

Mauritania and is one of the

Mauritania and is one of the natural structures that can be

natural structures that can be

natural structures that can be observed even from space the structure

observed even from space the structure

observed even from space the structure is certainly unique but how it

is certainly unique but how it

is certainly unique but how it came into being is still unknown

came into being is still unknown

came into being is still unknown although the main theory attributes it to

although the main theory attributes it to

although the main theory attributes it to an

an

an asteroid impact the Grand

asteroid impact the Grand

asteroid impact the Grand Canyon is probably the most imposing

Canyon is probably the most imposing

Canyon is probably the most imposing location on earth the massive and

location on earth the massive and

location on earth the massive and colorful landscape of the Grand Canyon offers

colorful landscape of the Grand Canyon offers

colorful landscape of the Grand Canyon offers views breathtaking that cannot be

views breathtaking that cannot be

views breathtaking that cannot be found anywhere else in the world the

found anywhere else in the world the

found anywhere else in the world the entire location is

entire location is

entire location is 446 km long and 29

446 km long and 29

446 km long and 29 km wide and the depths can reach

km wide and the depths can reach

km wide and the depths can reach up to

up to

up to 1857 m The Grand Canyon is located

1857 m The Grand Canyon is located

1857 m The Grand Canyon is located in Arizona near Las Vegas and is

in Arizona near Las Vegas and is

in Arizona near Las Vegas and is the result of 6 millions of years of

the result of 6 millions of years of

the result of 6 millions of years of erosion caused by the

erosion caused by the

erosion caused by the Colorado River 10

Colorado River 10

Colorado River 10 Marble Cathedral Marble Cathedral is located on the

Marble Cathedral Marble Cathedral is located on the

Marble Cathedral Marble Cathedral is located on the shores of Lake General Carrera in Patagonia,

shores of Lake General Carrera in Patagonia,

shores of Lake General Carrera in Patagonia, Chile This Natural Wonder

Chile This Natural Wonder

Chile This Natural Wonder earned the title due to the shape of

earned the title due to the shape of

earned the title due to the shape of the caves whose ceiling resembles

the caves whose ceiling resembles

the caves whose ceiling resembles that of a church The structure is

that of a church The structure is

that of a church The structure is accessible only by boat And several

accessible only by boat And several

accessible only by boat And several of the caverns are underwater so they

of the caverns are underwater so they

of the caverns are underwater so they cannot be visited directly even so The

cannot be visited directly even so The

cannot be visited directly even so The bright blue lake is often

bright blue lake is often

bright blue lake is often clear enough that the structures

clear enough that the structures

clear enough that the structures hidden by the water can be admired The region

hidden by the water can be admired The region

hidden by the water can be admired The region was covered by glaciers until

was covered by glaciers until

was covered by glaciers until about 10,000 years ago but The stone

about 10,000 years ago but The stone

about 10,000 years ago but The stone found in taverns was created

found in taverns was created

found in taverns was created about 300 million years

about 300 million years

about 300 million years ago when sedimentary limestone

ago when sedimentary limestone

ago when sedimentary limestone reacted with intense heat to The

reacted with intense heat to The

reacted with intense heat to The marble chapel itself was

marble chapel itself was

marble chapel itself was sculpted by the water of the Lake

sculpted by the water of the Lake

sculpted by the water of the Lake reacting with the rock over thousands of years

reacting with the rock over thousands of years

reacting with the rock over thousands of years to create intricate beautiful structures and caverns

to create intricate beautiful structures and caverns

to create intricate beautiful structures and caverns that continue to be

that continue to be

that continue to be shaped to this day. The

shaped to this day. The

shaped to this day. The marble cathedral may not be as well

marble cathedral may not be as well

marble cathedral may not be as well known as other natural wonders but

known as other natural wonders but

known as other natural wonders but it is certainly

it is certainly

it is certainly amazing 11 paricutin

amazing 11 paricutin

amazing 11 paricutin although today it is one of the most

although today it is one of the most

although today it is one of the most wonderful locations

wonderful locations

wonderful locations the earth has to offer paricutin has had a

the earth has to offer paricutin has had a

the earth has to offer paricutin has had a violent past one of the youngest

violent past one of the youngest

violent past one of the youngest volcano in the world buried two

volcano in the world buried two

volcano in the world buried two local villages in ash when it

local villages in ash when it

local villages in ash when it first erupted given in

first erupted given in

first erupted given in 1943 in the same year it rose to a

1943 in the same year it rose to a

1943 in the same year it rose to a height of

height of

height of 449 m from the ground and reached its peak at

449 m from the ground and reached its peak at

449 m from the ground and reached its peak at 2280 m in

2280 m in

2280 m in 1952 when it stopped erupting

1952 when it stopped erupting

1952 when it stopped erupting the volcano has been called one of the

the volcano has been called one of the

the volcano has been called one of the wonders of the natural world especially

wonders of the natural world especially

wonders of the natural world especially due to the fact that not only we witnessed

due to the fact that not only we witnessed

due to the fact that not only we witnessed his birth but also

his birth but also

his birth but also his death 12 the port of Rio de Janeiro Rio de

his death 12 the port of Rio de Janeiro Rio de

his death 12 the port of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro is one of the most

Janeiro is one of the most

Janeiro is one of the most impressive cities built by

impressive cities built by

impressive cities built by humanity First of all we can see

humanity First of all we can see

humanity First of all we can see the giant statue of Christ

the giant statue of Christ

the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer looking over the entire city

the Redeemer looking over the entire city

the Redeemer looking over the entire city but besides the man-made constructions

but besides the man-made constructions

but besides the man-made constructions Rio is also home to a natural wonder

Rio is also home to a natural wonder

Rio is also home to a natural wonder the port of Rio de Janeiro also known as

the port of Rio de Janeiro also known as

the port of Rio de Janeiro also known as Guanabara Bay the port has been

Guanabara Bay the port has been

Guanabara Bay the port has been classified as one of the seven

classified as one of the seven

classified as one of the seven natural wonders of the world along with

natural wonders of the world along with

natural wonders of the world along with Mount The Himalayas The Grand Canyon The Great

Mount The Himalayas The Grand Canyon The Great

Mount The Himalayas The Grand Canyon The Great Barrier Reef Victoria Falls

Barrier Reef Victoria Falls

Barrier Reef Victoria Falls The Northern Lights and the Paricutin Volcano

The Northern Lights and the Paricutin Volcano

The Northern Lights and the Paricutin Volcano The bay is surrounded by mountains and

The bay is surrounded by mountains and

The bay is surrounded by mountains and granite peaks including

granite peaks including

granite peaks including Sugarloaf Mountain Corcovado Peak and the

Sugarloaf Mountain Corcovado Peak and the

Sugarloaf Mountain Corcovado Peak and the Tih Cua Hills Based on

Tih Cua Hills Based on

Tih Cua Hills Based on water volume, Rio's port is the largest in the

water volume, Rio's port is the largest in the

water volume, Rio's port is the largest in the world hosting over 130

world hosting over 130

world hosting over 130 islands as well as some of the most

islands as well as some of the most

islands as well as some of the most famous beaches in the world so it

famous beaches in the world so it

famous beaches in the world so it 's not hard for us to understand why it

's not hard for us to understand why it

's not hard for us to understand why it 's considered a

's considered a

's considered a wonder that's all for today don't

wonder that's all for today don't

wonder that's all for today don't hesitate to give us a like and subscribe

hesitate to give us a like and subscribe

hesitate to give us a like and subscribe if you like I liked this episode.

if you like I liked this episode.

if you like I liked this episode. I also recommend the episode on the right. You

I also recommend the episode on the right. You

I also recommend the episode on the right. You might like it.