All language subtitles for Adevarul Despre Pamant - Lucruri Care Par Imposibile.

About 66 million years

About 66 million years
ago, a cataclysmic event, most

ago, a cataclysmic event, most

ago, a cataclysmic event, most
likely an asteroid impact, led

likely an asteroid impact, led

likely an asteroid impact, led
to the extinction of almost all

to the extinction of almost all

to the extinction of almost all
known species of dinosaurs except for the

known species of dinosaurs except for the

known species of dinosaurs except for the
winged ones. Before that, the earth was

winged ones. Before that, the earth was

winged ones. Before that, the earth was
ruled by these ferocious beasts, whether

ruled by these ferocious beasts, whether

ruled by these ferocious beasts, whether
we're talking about land, water or air Obviously

we're talking about land, water or air Obviously

we're talking about land, water or air Obviously
our planet was completely different at

our planet was completely different at

our planet was completely different at
that time But what it looked like even

that time But what it looked like even

that time But what it looked like even
before this era It is estimated that

before this era It is estimated that

before this era It is estimated that
dinosaurs appeared

dinosaurs appeared

dinosaurs appeared
245 million years ago But the Earth

245 million years ago But the Earth

245 million years ago But the Earth
is much older than that Being

is much older than that Being

is much older than that Being
4.5 billion years old

4.5 billion years old

4.5 billion years old
Certainly a lot has changed since

Certainly a lot has changed since

Certainly a lot has changed since
its appearance. So let's see what

its appearance. So let's see what

its appearance. So let's see what
the earth looked like before the Age of Dinosaurs. The

the earth looked like before the Age of Dinosaurs. The

the earth looked like before the Age of Dinosaurs. The
Hadean era. The universe was born

Hadean era. The universe was born

Hadean era. The universe was born
13.7 billion years ago. But our star,

13.7 billion years ago. But our star,

13.7 billion years ago. But our star,
the sun, appeared 4.6 billion years ago,

the sun, appeared 4.6 billion years ago,

the sun, appeared 4.6 billion years ago,
shortly after. At least when

shortly after. At least when

shortly after. At least when
we speak in cosmic terms the early solar system

we speak in cosmic terms the early solar system

we speak in cosmic terms the early solar system
began to take shape and the

began to take shape and the

began to take shape and the
ring of dust and gas around the

ring of dust and gas around the

ring of dust and gas around the
sun began to form the

sun began to form the

sun began to form the
first planets. Eventually

first planets. Eventually

first planets. Eventually
our earth was created but it was

our earth was created but it was

our earth was created but it was
completely different from what

completely different from what

completely different from what
we know. today For starters, the

we know. today For starters, the

we know. today For starters, the
entire solar system was extremely

entire solar system was extremely

entire solar system was extremely
chaotic in its early days, so

chaotic in its early days, so

chaotic in its early days, so
cosmic impacts with other

cosmic impacts with other

cosmic impacts with other
space objects were common. It is

space objects were common. It is

space objects were common. It is
possible that there were initially

possible that there were initially

possible that there were initially
several planets that did not

several planets that did not

several planets that did not
survive to this day, according to the

survive to this day, according to the

survive to this day, according to the
generally accepted theory that explains the origin of

generally accepted theory that explains the origin of

generally accepted theory that explains the origin of
the moon. One such planet was Thea, a

the moon. One such planet was Thea, a

the moon. One such planet was Thea, a
Mars-sized body that

Mars-sized body that

Mars-sized body that
collided with Earth during its

collided with Earth during its

collided with Earth during its
formative years. This impact tore off parts of

formative years. This impact tore off parts of

formative years. This impact tore off parts of
the two planets, which then coalesced to

the two planets, which then coalesced to

the two planets, which then coalesced to
form our Moon. This

form our Moon. This

form our Moon. This
extremely violent period was also called the

extremely violent period was also called the

extremely violent period was also called the
Hadean. name that refers to the

Hadean. name that refers to the

Hadean. name that refers to the
Greek god of the underworld Hades All these

Greek god of the underworld Hades All these

Greek god of the underworld Hades All these
impacts with asteroids and other planets

impacts with asteroids and other planets

impacts with asteroids and other planets
made the surface of the earth

made the surface of the earth

made the surface of the earth
extremely hot which is why

extremely hot which is why

extremely hot which is why
the name was chosen this would have

the name was chosen this would have

the name was chosen this would have
meant And the fact that the Rock on the top of its

meant And the fact that the Rock on the top of its

meant And the fact that the Rock on the top of its
face is not would have had enough time to

face is not would have had enough time to

face is not would have had enough time to
solidify, which made the

solidify, which made the

solidify, which made the
Earth's surface incredibly unstable in the

Earth's surface incredibly unstable in the

Earth's surface incredibly unstable in the
early part of Hadean.

early part of Hadean.

early part of Hadean.
Convection currents in the mantle brought molten rock

Convection currents in the mantle brought molten rock

Convection currents in the mantle brought molten rock
to the surface while the cooling rock

to the surface while the cooling rock

to the surface while the cooling rock
was lowered into the

was lowered into the

was lowered into the
magma seas. The elements were more Heavy elements like

magma seas. The elements were more Heavy elements like

magma seas. The elements were more Heavy elements like
iron became the core while

iron became the core while

iron became the core while
lighter elements like silicon

lighter elements like silicon

lighter elements like silicon
rose to the surface and became

rose to the surface and became

rose to the surface and became
incorporated into the growing crust.

incorporated into the growing crust.

incorporated into the growing crust.
Although no one knows how the

Although no one knows how the

Although no one knows how the
planet's first outer crust formed, some

planet's first outer crust formed, some

planet's first outer crust formed, some
scientists believe that the existence of Several

scientists believe that the existence of Several

scientists believe that the existence of Several
zircon grains dated to

zircon grains dated to

zircon grains dated to
about 4.4 billion years ago confirm the

about 4.4 billion years ago confirm the

about 4.4 billion years ago confirm the
presence of stable continents of

presence of stable continents of

presence of stable continents of
liquid water and

liquid water and

liquid water and
surface temperatures that were probably

surface temperatures that were probably

surface temperatures that were probably
below 100°C. Some researchers also

below 100°C. Some researchers also

below 100°C. Some researchers also
believe that at least initially water was

believe that at least initially water was

believe that at least initially water was
was brought to Earth by asteroids

was brought to Earth by asteroids

was brought to Earth by asteroids
that the planet collided with. In the early part

that the planet collided with. In the early part

that the planet collided with. In the early part
of life, however, there is little evidence from

of life, however, there is little evidence from

of life, however, there is little evidence from
that time because all of this

that time because all of this

that time because all of this
original crust was replaced by the movements of

original crust was replaced by the movements of

original crust was replaced by the movements of
tectonic plates. The oldest

tectonic plates. The oldest

tectonic plates. The oldest
known rocks are the volcanic deposits of

known rocks are the volcanic deposits of

known rocks are the volcanic deposits of
false amphibolite in the belt.

false amphibolite in the belt.

false amphibolite in the belt.
green nuvo agit tuc stone from Quebec Canada

green nuvo agit tuc stone from Quebec Canada

green nuvo agit tuc stone from Quebec Canada
estimated to be

28 billion years old instead the

28 billion years old instead the
oldest minerals are the zircon grains

oldest minerals are the zircon grains

oldest minerals are the zircon grains
mentioned earlier which were

mentioned earlier which were

mentioned earlier which were
found in the Jack Hills of Australia which

found in the Jack Hills of Australia which

found in the Jack Hills of Australia which
are also the oldest things found on

are also the oldest things found on

are also the oldest things found on
Earth similar to the formation of the atmosphere

Earth similar to the formation of the atmosphere

Earth similar to the formation of the atmosphere
and its initial composition are

and its initial composition are

and its initial composition are
also highly debated topics in the

also highly debated topics in the

also highly debated topics in the
scientific community although

scientific community although

scientific community although
the discoveries we talked about

the discoveries we talked about

the discoveries we talked about
previously suggest that Earth had both

previously suggest that Earth had both

previously suggest that Earth had both
an atmosphere and oceans 4.4

an atmosphere and oceans 4.4

an atmosphere and oceans 4.4
billions of years ago the early atmosphere

billions of years ago the early atmosphere

billions of years ago the early atmosphere
probably began as a region of

probably began as a region of

probably began as a region of
escaping hydrogen and helium it is

escaping hydrogen and helium it is

escaping hydrogen and helium it is
generally believed that ammonia methane and

generally believed that ammonia methane and

generally believed that ammonia methane and
neon appeared sometime after the

neon appeared sometime after the

neon appeared sometime after the
crust cooled and volcanic activity

crust cooled and volcanic activity

crust cooled and volcanic activity
added water vapor nitrogen and

added water vapor nitrogen and

added water vapor nitrogen and
additional hydrogen later it is believed much

additional hydrogen later it is believed much

additional hydrogen later it is believed much
of of the water vapor in the atmosphere

of of the water vapor in the atmosphere

of of the water vapor in the atmosphere
condensed to form clouds and rain

condensed to form clouds and rain

condensed to form clouds and rain
which left large deposits of

which left large deposits of

which left large deposits of
liquid water on the earth's surface

liquid water on the earth's surface

liquid water on the earth's surface

Archaic Era During the Hadean Era

Archaic Era During the Hadean Era
temperatures on earth began to

temperatures on earth began to

temperatures on earth began to
slowly cool eventually forming

slowly cool eventually forming

slowly cool eventually forming
favorable conditions life and

favorable conditions life and

favorable conditions life and
thus moving into the next era which

thus moving into the next era which

thus moving into the next era which
began 4 billion years ago and

began 4 billion years ago and

began 4 billion years ago and
ended 2.5 billion years ago. The Archaic Era.

ended 2.5 billion years ago. The Archaic Era.

ended 2.5 billion years ago. The Archaic Era.
During this period the earth as

During this period the earth as

During this period the earth as
we know it today began to It was

we know it today began to It was

we know it today began to It was
becoming more and more apparent, but it

becoming more and more apparent, but it

becoming more and more apparent, but it
was still extremely different now. Not only do

was still extremely different now. Not only do

was still extremely different now. Not only do
we have concrete evidence of the existence of

we have concrete evidence of the existence of

we have concrete evidence of the existence of
the atmosphere and the ocean, but it was also at

the atmosphere and the ocean, but it was also at

the atmosphere and the ocean, but it was also at
that time that the first organisms appeared in the

that time that the first organisms appeared in the

that time that the first organisms appeared in the
water. Initially, the earth's atmosphere did not

water. Initially, the earth's atmosphere did not

water. Initially, the earth's atmosphere did not
contain the oxygen necessary for life, or it

contain the oxygen necessary for life, or it

contain the oxygen necessary for life, or it
contained it in extremely small quantities. small,

contained it in extremely small quantities. small,

contained it in extremely small quantities. small,

accumulating over many years. In those

accumulating over many years. In those
times, volcanism was extremely common,

times, volcanism was extremely common,

times, volcanism was extremely common,
but the oxygen released by these processes

but the oxygen released by these processes

but the oxygen released by these processes
was very small, being eclipsed by

was very small, being eclipsed by

was very small, being eclipsed by
water vapor and carbon dioxide.

water vapor and carbon dioxide.

water vapor and carbon dioxide.
Also, in its youth, the sun was

Also, in its youth, the sun was

Also, in its youth, the sun was
much weaker than it is today. so the

much weaker than it is today. so the

much weaker than it is today. so the
earth's waters should have been

earth's waters should have been

earth's waters should have been
frozen but this

frozen but this

frozen but this
never happened because

never happened because

never happened because
greenhouse gases were able to keep

greenhouse gases were able to keep

greenhouse gases were able to keep
enough of that heat locked in it

enough of that heat locked in it

enough of that heat locked in it
is also possible that the entire

is also possible that the entire

is also possible that the entire
surface of the earth was

surface of the earth was

surface of the earth was
covered in water at this time or at least a

covered in water at this time or at least a

covered in water at this time or at least a
little bit of the vast majority of this

little bit of the vast majority of this

little bit of the vast majority of this
Obviously since the amount of

Obviously since the amount of

Obviously since the amount of
oxygen was very low the first organisms

oxygen was very low the first organisms

oxygen was very low the first organisms
were also anaerobic a

were also anaerobic a

were also anaerobic a
higher amount of oxygen being enough

higher amount of oxygen being enough

higher amount of oxygen being enough
to kill them fossil evidence of the

to kill them fossil evidence of the

to kill them fossil evidence of the
first primitive life forms

first primitive life forms

first primitive life forms
namely prokaryotes microbes and bacteria appear in

namely prokaryotes microbes and bacteria appear in

namely prokaryotes microbes and bacteria appear in
rocks approximately old 3.5 3.7

rocks approximately old 3.5 3.7

rocks approximately old 3.5 3.7
billion years ago, but the discovery of

billion years ago, but the discovery of

billion years ago, but the discovery of
ancient graphite fragments that

ancient graphite fragments that

ancient graphite fragments that
could have been produced by microbes suggests that

could have been produced by microbes suggests that

could have been produced by microbes suggests that
life could have appeared some time

life could have appeared some time

life could have appeared some time
before

before

before
3.95 billion years ago, which is also the

3.95 billion years ago, which is also the

3.95 billion years ago, which is also the
reason why oxygen became the

reason why oxygen became the

reason why oxygen became the
main element in

main element in

main element in
our atmosphere, carrying out the process of

our atmosphere, carrying out the process of

our atmosphere, carrying out the process of
photosynthesis and transforming

photosynthesis and transforming

photosynthesis and transforming
carbon dioxide into

carbon dioxide into

carbon dioxide into
oxygen. The appearance of the first

oxygen. The appearance of the first

oxygen. The appearance of the first
complex animals after the archaic was followed by

complex animals after the archaic was followed by

complex animals after the archaic was followed by
protozoa, which began 2.5

protozoa, which began 2.5

protozoa, which began 2.5
billion years ago and ended

billion years ago and ended

billion years ago and ended
541 million years ago. During this period

541 million years ago. During this period

541 million years ago. During this period
The Earth continued to become more and

The Earth continued to become more and

The Earth continued to become more and
more hospitable and oxygen became

more hospitable and oxygen became

more hospitable and oxygen became
the most common element in our atmosphere.

the most common element in our atmosphere.

the most common element in our atmosphere.

It is true that this process began

It is true that this process began
in the archaic, but oxygen levels

in the archaic, but oxygen levels

in the archaic, but oxygen levels
suddenly increased in

green protozoa, and this is also

green protozoa, and this is also
the moment when the Earth faced with

the moment when the Earth faced with

the moment when the Earth faced with
its first extinction Considering that

its first extinction Considering that

its first extinction Considering that
most organisms were anaerobic

most organisms were anaerobic

most organisms were anaerobic
and could not adapt to the

and could not adapt to the

and could not adapt to the
sudden change until eukaryotes

sudden change until eukaryotes

sudden change until eukaryotes
established themselves in the environment, oxygen increased

established themselves in the environment, oxygen increased

established themselves in the environment, oxygen increased
from a percentage of 10 to su to the levels

from a percentage of 10 to su to the levels

from a percentage of 10 to su to the levels
that are still found today in the

that are still found today in the

that are still found today in the
end unicellular organisms

end unicellular organisms

end unicellular organisms
evolved into more complex

evolved into more complex

evolved into more complex
multicellular creatures, sponges being among the

multicellular creatures, sponges being among the

multicellular creatures, sponges being among the
first such animals to appear

first such animals to appear

first such animals to appear
800 million years ago. The

800 million years ago. The

800 million years ago. The
Cambrian period, from

Cambrian period, from

Cambrian period, from
541 to

541 to

541 to
485 million years ago, was an

485 million years ago, was an

485 million years ago, was an
explosion of new life forms that

explosion of new life forms that

explosion of new life forms that
featured parts harder parts of

featured parts harder parts of

featured parts harder parts of
the body such as shells and spines also appeared at this time, the

the body such as shells and spines also appeared at this time, the

the body such as shells and spines also appeared at this time, the
first vertebrate animal appeared,

first vertebrate animal appeared,

first vertebrate animal appeared,
a small ball that in addition to a spine

a small ball that in addition to a spine

a small ball that in addition to a spine
had a well-defined tail and head although it did

had a well-defined tail and head although it did

had a well-defined tail and head although it did
not have jaws. In the Devonian, that is, from

not have jaws. In the Devonian, that is, from

not have jaws. In the Devonian, that is, from
419 to 358 million years

419 to 358 million years

419 to 358 million years
ago. Fish similar to those we

ago. Fish similar to those we

ago. Fish similar to those we
know today with jaws also appeared, as well

know today with jaws also appeared, as well

know today with jaws also appeared, as well
as the first transitions from fish to

as the first transitions from fish to

as the first transitions from fish to
amphibians. More or less halfway through the

amphibians. More or less halfway through the

amphibians. More or less halfway through the
period, the first trees also appeared, an

period, the first trees also appeared, an

period, the first trees also appeared, an
extinct species called the Liop pod.

extinct species called the Liop pod.

extinct species called the Liop pod.
Slowly, the Earth became full of life.

Slowly, the Earth became full of life.

Slowly, the Earth became full of life.
Especially because the Earth's surface

Especially because the Earth's surface

Especially because the Earth's surface
began to expand, but at

began to expand, but at

began to expand, but at
that time we could still talk about a

that time we could still talk about a

that time we could still talk about a
supercontinent that gradually began to

supercontinent that gradually began to

supercontinent that gradually began to
break apart, eventually forming a A

break apart, eventually forming a A

break apart, eventually forming a A
certain species of fish adapted to

certain species of fish adapted to

certain species of fish adapted to
terrestrial life, using

gills for lungs, giving rise to

gills for lungs, giving rise to
a new evolutionary branch. The earth

a new evolutionary branch. The earth

a new evolutionary branch. The earth
became a wet and

became a wet and

became a wet and
swampy place full of tropical forests that were

swampy place full of tropical forests that were

swampy place full of tropical forests that were
home to many incredible animals,

home to many incredible animals,

home to many incredible animals,
such as the mean neura, a type of

such as the mean neura, a type of

such as the mean neura, a type of
giant dragonfly, and the dimetrodon, an animal

giant dragonfly, and the dimetrodon, an animal

giant dragonfly, and the dimetrodon, an animal
similar to the reptiles that appeared

similar to the reptiles that appeared

similar to the reptiles that appeared
later as we can see the history of

later as we can see the history of

later as we can see the history of
the earth before the appearance of these

the earth before the appearance of these

the earth before the appearance of these
ferocious animals was totally fascinating

ferocious animals was totally fascinating

ferocious animals was totally fascinating
and full of life today our planet

and full of life today our planet

and full of life today our planet
and the organisms on its surface

and the organisms on its surface

and the organisms on its surface
are totally different from those in the

are totally different from those in the

are totally different from those in the
beginning but the way in which we

beginning but the way in which we

beginning but the way in which we
managed getting to where we are

managed getting to where we are

managed getting to where we are
today is completely

fascinating. History is full of

fascinating. History is full of
disasters that range from the

disasters that range from the

disasters that range from the
devastating to the downright bizarre.

devastating to the downright bizarre.

devastating to the downright bizarre.
Beyond the typical disasters and

Beyond the typical disasters and

Beyond the typical disasters and
man-made catastrophes, some

man-made catastrophes, some

man-made catastrophes, some
events have unfolded under

events have unfolded under

events have unfolded under
circumstances so unusual that they

circumstances so unusual that they

circumstances so unusual that they
almost defies logic without further

almost defies logic without further

almost defies logic without further
introduction So here's a look at

introduction So here's a look at

introduction So here's a look at
some of the most bizarre disasters

some of the most bizarre disasters

some of the most bizarre disasters
from around the world, each remarkable in

from around the world, each remarkable in

from around the world, each remarkable in
its own right and each leaving an indelible mark

its own right and each leaving an indelible mark

its own right and each leaving an indelible mark
on communities. which

on communities. which

on communities. which
was affected at the time by the year

was affected at the time by the year

was affected at the time by the year
without a summer in April

without a summer in April

without a summer in April
1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia

1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia

1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia
exploded in one of the most

exploded in one of the most

exploded in one of the most
powerful volcanic eruptions in

powerful volcanic eruptions in

powerful volcanic eruptions in
recorded history the explosion killed tens of thousands of

recorded history the explosion killed tens of thousands of

recorded history the explosion killed tens of thousands of
people in Southeast Asia and threw

people in Southeast Asia and threw

people in Southeast Asia and threw
a cloud of ash giant ash cloud in the stratosphere

a cloud of ash giant ash cloud in the stratosphere

a cloud of ash giant ash cloud in the stratosphere
As the cloud migrated across the globe it

As the cloud migrated across the globe it

As the cloud migrated across the globe it
blocked the sun's rays, cooling it by

blocked the sun's rays, cooling it by

blocked the sun's rays, cooling it by
3° and causing

3° and causing

3° and causing
global weather distortions the

global weather distortions the

global weather distortions the
following year in India the droughts and floods

following year in India the droughts and floods

following year in India the droughts and floods
caused by Tambora changed the

caused by Tambora changed the

caused by Tambora changed the
ecology of the Bay of Bengal and

ecology of the Bay of Bengal and

ecology of the Bay of Bengal and
contributed to the emergence of a new strains

contributed to the emergence of a new strains

contributed to the emergence of a new strains
of cholera that killed millions of people

of cholera that killed millions of people

of cholera that killed millions of people
Europe was hit by

Europe was hit by

Europe was hit by
torrential rains and persistent cold that

torrential rains and persistent cold that

torrential rains and persistent cold that
caused widespread famine and civil unrest

caused widespread famine and civil unrest

caused widespread famine and civil unrest
in the United States

in the United States

in the United States
heavy snowfalls fell in some areas in

heavy snowfalls fell in some areas in

heavy snowfalls fell in some areas in
June, destroying crops and triggering

June, destroying crops and triggering

June, destroying crops and triggering
an economic recession later

an economic recession later

an economic recession later
New Englanders nicknamed the

New Englanders nicknamed the

New Englanders nicknamed the
year

year

year
1816 18 su and ice to death but

1816 18 su and ice to death but

1816 18 su and ice to death but
it became better known as The year

it became better known as The year

it became better known as The year
without a summer weather disruptions

without a summer weather disruptions

without a summer weather disruptions
had some unusual side effects.

had some unusual side effects.

had some unusual side effects.
Some have attributed the high price of

Some have attributed the high price of

Some have attributed the high price of
horse feed in Europe to

horse feed in Europe to

horse feed in Europe to
inspiring German inventor Carl

inspiring German inventor Carl

inspiring German inventor Carl
Zeiss to invent an early version of the

Zeiss to invent an early version of the

Zeiss to invent an early version of the
bicycle. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, the

bicycle. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, the

bicycle. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, the
gloomy weather and constant rain of

gloomy weather and constant rain of

gloomy weather and constant rain of
1816 had forced writer Mary

1816 had forced writer Mary

1816 had forced writer Mary
Shelly to spend the summer indoors she

Shelly to spend the summer indoors she

Shelly to spend the summer indoors she
entertained herself writing the famous horror novel

entertained herself writing the famous horror novel

entertained herself writing the famous horror novel
Frankenstein the

Frankenstein the

Frankenstein the
Carrington event of

Carrington event of

Carrington event of
1859 solar flares occur when

1859 solar flares occur when

1859 solar flares occur when
magnetic energy built up on the surface of the

magnetic energy built up on the surface of the

magnetic energy built up on the surface of the
sun is released in bursts of

sun is released in bursts of

sun is released in bursts of
radiation and charged particles the

radiation and charged particles the

radiation and charged particles the
resulting explosions are equivalent to The

resulting explosions are equivalent to The

resulting explosions are equivalent to The
force of millions of hydrogen bombs

force of millions of hydrogen bombs

force of millions of hydrogen bombs
and the solar winds they create

and the solar winds they create

and the solar winds they create
have the capacity to wreak havoc on the

have the capacity to wreak havoc on the

have the capacity to wreak havoc on the
Earth's atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere
is exactly what happened in

is exactly what happened in

is exactly what happened in
late August and early

late August and early

late August and early
September

September

September
1859 when the planet was bombarded by

1859 when the planet was bombarded by

1859 when the planet was bombarded by
the largest solar storm on record.

the largest solar storm on record.

the largest solar storm on record.
ever so called

ever so called

ever so called
Carrington event named after

Carrington event named after

Carrington event named after
British astronomer Richard Carrington caused the

British astronomer Richard Carrington caused the

British astronomer Richard Carrington caused the
sky to shine with

sky to shine with

sky to shine with
bright multi-colored auroras until close

bright multi-colored auroras until close

bright multi-colored auroras until close
to the equator but the US state of Colorado

to the equator but the US state of Colorado

to the equator but the US state of Colorado
was so bright that one

was so bright that one

was so bright that one
witness said people could easily read

witness said people could easily read

regular print at night the

regular print at night the
light show could have been beautiful but the

light show could have been beautiful but the

light show could have been beautiful but the
geomagnetic disturbances that

geomagnetic disturbances that

geomagnetic disturbances that
accompanied it grounded

accompanied it grounded

accompanied it grounded
Telegraph systems around the world torrents of

Telegraph systems around the world torrents of

Telegraph systems around the world torrents of
sparks flew from some

sparks flew from some

sparks flew from some
Telegraph machines causing fires and

Telegraph machines causing fires and

Telegraph machines causing fires and
painful shock to their operators

painful shock to their operators

painful shock to their operators
the atmosphere was so charged with

the atmosphere was so charged with

the atmosphere was so charged with
electricity in some places that

electricity in some places that

electricity in some places that
technicians discovered they could

technicians discovered they could

technicians discovered they could
disconnect the batteries of the Telegraphs and

disconnect the batteries of the Telegraphs and

disconnect the batteries of the Telegraphs and
still transmit messages the

still transmit messages the

still transmit messages the
solar storm of

solar storm of

solar storm of
1859 passed after a few days but

1859 passed after a few days but

1859 passed after a few days but
scientists estimate that if a

scientists estimate that if a

scientists estimate that if a
similar event were to occur today it

similar event were to occur today it

similar event were to occur today it
could bring down telecoms

could bring down telecoms

could bring down telecoms
and cause trillions of

and cause trillions of

and cause trillions of
dollars in damage the year of the locusts

1874 crop-destroying locust plagues

1874 crop-destroying locust plagues
were a a common phenomenon in the

were a a common phenomenon in the

were a a common phenomenon in the
late 19th century on the

late 19th century on the

late 19th century on the
American frontier but most of it does not

American frontier but most of it does not

American frontier but most of it does not
compare to the one that hit the great

compare to the one that hit the great

compare to the one that hit the great
American plains In the summer of

American plains In the summer of

American plains In the summer of
1874, a dry, arid spring created the

1874, a dry, arid spring created the

1874, a dry, arid spring created the
perfect conditions for the

perfect conditions for the

perfect conditions for the
Rocky Mountain locusts to lay their eggs

Rocky Mountain locusts to lay their eggs

Rocky Mountain locusts to lay their eggs
in large numbers. Trillions of them

in large numbers. Trillions of them

in large numbers. Trillions of them
later hatched and besieged Nebraska,

later hatched and besieged Nebraska,

later hatched and besieged Nebraska,
Kansas, Dakota, Iowa, and several other states.

Kansas, Dakota, Iowa, and several other states.

Kansas, Dakota, Iowa, and several other states.
Witnesses reported that the locusts

Witnesses reported that the locusts

Witnesses reported that the locusts
arrived. in clouds so thick they could

arrived. in clouds so thick they could

arrived. in clouds so thick they could
block sunlight for

block sunlight for

block sunlight for
hours upon landing They devoured

hours upon landing They devoured

hours upon landing They devoured
entire fields of crops local vegetation and

entire fields of crops local vegetation and

entire fields of crops local vegetation and
even the clothes on people's backs

even the clothes on people's backs

even the clothes on people's backs
the air was literally alive with them wrote the

the air was literally alive with them wrote the

the air was literally alive with them wrote the
New York Times they crashed into houses they

New York Times they crashed into houses they

New York Times they crashed into houses they
crowded into windows cover the

crowded into windows cover the

crowded into windows cover the
passing trains working as if they were

passing trains working as if they were

passing trains working as if they were
sent to destroy, the newspaper added.

sent to destroy, the newspaper added.

sent to destroy, the newspaper added.
People tried to burn the insects with

People tried to burn the insects with

People tried to burn the insects with
fire and blow them up with

fire and blow them up with

fire and blow them up with
gunpowder, but they were powerless to fight

gunpowder, but they were powerless to fight

gunpowder, but they were powerless to fight
such a large swarm of crops

such a large swarm of crops

such a large swarm of crops
worth millions of dollars at the

worth millions of dollars at the

worth millions of dollars at the
time were eventually destroyed

time were eventually destroyed

time were eventually destroyed
in what became known as the

in what became known as the

in what became known as the
year of the locusts the US military

year of the locusts the US military

year of the locusts the US military
was called in to distribute supplies to

was called in to distribute supplies to

was called in to distribute supplies to
the victims, but many homeowners

the victims, but many homeowners

the victims, but many homeowners
conceded defeat and retreated

conceded defeat and retreated

conceded defeat and retreated
east. Similar plagues continued to

east. Similar plagues continued to

east. Similar plagues continued to
plague the settlers in the following years.

plague the settlers in the following years.

plague the settlers in the following years.
They ceased only in the early

They ceased only in the early

They ceased only in the early
20th century when environmental changes

20th century when environmental changes

20th century when environmental changes
led to the disappearance of the locusts in the

led to the disappearance of the locusts in the

led to the disappearance of the locusts in the
Mountains. rocky The Dust Veil of

Mountains. rocky The Dust Veil of

Mountains. rocky The Dust Veil of
536 AD in the middle of the

536 AD in the middle of the

536 AD in the middle of the
6th century a cloud of sand and dust

6th century a cloud of sand and dust

6th century a cloud of sand and dust
suddenly descended over a large part of the Globe

suddenly descended over a large part of the Globe

suddenly descended over a large part of the Globe
obscuring the sun and causing

obscuring the sun and causing

obscuring the sun and causing
unusually low temperatures

unusually low temperatures

unusually low temperatures
for several years the most

for several years the most

for several years the most
terrible foreshadowing of the The

terrible foreshadowing of the The

terrible foreshadowing of the The
Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the year

Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the year

Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the year
536 that the sun emitted its light

536 that the sun emitted its light

536 that the sun emitted its light
without brightness and appeared extremely

without brightness and appeared extremely

without brightness and appeared extremely
similar to the sun in eclipse because

similar to the sun in eclipse because

similar to the sun in eclipse because
the rays it emitted were not clear. He

the rays it emitted were not clear. He

the rays it emitted were not clear. He
added that the long winter that followed

added that the long winter that followed

added that the long winter that followed
brought drought, crop failures, and

brought drought, crop failures, and

brought drought, crop failures, and
famine. Around the world, some

famine. Around the world, some

famine. Around the world, some
researchers speculate that it

researchers speculate that it

researchers speculate that it
also played a role in triggering the

also played a role in triggering the

also played a role in triggering the
first known outbreak of

first known outbreak of

first known outbreak of
bubonic plague. in europe despite

bubonic plague. in europe despite

bubonic plague. in europe despite
its widespread effects scientists

its widespread effects scientists

its widespread effects scientists
are still not entirely sure what

are still not entirely sure what

are still not entirely sure what
caused the global cooling in the

caused the global cooling in the

caused the global cooling in the
530s one theory is that a

530s one theory is that a

530s one theory is that a
massive volcanic eruption threw dust into the

massive volcanic eruption threw dust into the

massive volcanic eruption threw dust into the
upper atmosphere and blocked the

upper atmosphere and blocked the

upper atmosphere and blocked the
sun's rays studies of

sun's rays studies of

sun's rays studies of
core samples Sixth-century ice cores

core samples Sixth-century ice cores

core samples Sixth-century ice cores
from Greenland and Antarctica show

from Greenland and Antarctica show

from Greenland and Antarctica show
high concentrations of sulfate ions

high concentrations of sulfate ions

high concentrations of sulfate ions
released by volcanoes, and there is evidence that

released by volcanoes, and there is evidence that

released by volcanoes, and there is evidence that
a massive eruption may have occurred in

a massive eruption may have occurred in

a massive eruption may have occurred in
El Salvador in the

El Salvador in the

El Salvador in the
530s. Other researchers believe the

530s. Other researchers believe the

530s. Other researchers believe the
most likely culprit was

most likely culprit was

most likely culprit was
the impact of or almost being hit by a

the impact of or almost being hit by a

the impact of or almost being hit by a
comet Comet Hay passed by

comet Comet Hay passed by

comet Comet Hay passed by
Earth in

Earth in

Earth in
530 and it is possible that a piece of it

530 and it is possible that a piece of it

530 and it is possible that a piece of it
got caught and created a

got caught and created a

got caught and created a
huge cloud of debris on impact the great smog

huge cloud of debris on impact the great smog

huge cloud of debris on impact the great smog
of

of

of
1952 Not all natural disasters are

1952 Not all natural disasters are

1952 Not all natural disasters are
in In December

in In December

in In December
1952, man-made air pollution in London

1952, man-made air pollution in London

1952, man-made air pollution in London
turned into a

turned into a

turned into a
mass of soot smoke that persisted

mass of soot smoke that persisted

mass of soot smoke that persisted
for four days, causing The

for four days, causing The

for four days, causing The
air quality havoc the dead miasma was the

air quality havoc the dead miasma was the

air quality havoc the dead miasma was the
result of a high-

result of a high-

result of a high-
pressure system that created

pressure system that created

pressure system that created
unnaturally stagnant conditions. Instead of

unnaturally stagnant conditions. Instead of

unnaturally stagnant conditions. Instead of
dispersing into the atmosphere as usual,

dispersing into the atmosphere as usual,

dispersing into the atmosphere as usual,
clouds of coal smoke and pollution

clouds of coal smoke and pollution

clouds of coal smoke and pollution
from factories gathered over the city

from factories gathered over the city

from factories gathered over the city
and refused to to move the smog reduced

and refused to to move the smog reduced

and refused to to move the smog reduced
visibility in some places to almost

visibility in some places to almost

visibility in some places to almost
zero, animals died as they were on

zero, animals died as they were on

zero, animals died as they were on
their pastures and dozens of Londoners fell

their pastures and dozens of Londoners fell

their pastures and dozens of Londoners fell
ill with bronchitis, pneumonia and other

ill with bronchitis, pneumonia and other

ill with bronchitis, pneumonia and other
respiratory problems, many children and the

respiratory problems, many children and the

respiratory problems, many children and the
elderly died, their lungs

elderly died, their lungs

elderly died, their lungs
ravaged by inflammation, approximately 4,000

ravaged by inflammation, approximately 4,000

ravaged by inflammation, approximately 4,000
people were killed before the winds

people were killed before the winds

people were killed before the winds
picked up and cleared

picked up and cleared

picked up and cleared
the smog, and thousands more could have perished in

the smog, and thousands more could have perished in

the smog, and thousands more could have perished in
the weeks and months that followed.

the weeks and months that followed.

the weeks and months that followed.
Spurred on by the Great Smog of

Spurred on by the Great Smog of

Spurred on by the Great Smog of
1952, the British government

1952, the British government

1952, the British government
subsequently enacted the Clean Air Act of

subsequently enacted the Clean Air Act of

subsequently enacted the Clean Air Act of
1956, which gave citizens subsidies

1956, which gave citizens subsidies

1956, which gave citizens subsidies
to switch to cleaner fuel

to switch to cleaner fuel

to switch to cleaner fuel
and a ban on

and a ban on

and a ban on
black coal smoke emissions in certain areas the

black coal smoke emissions in certain areas the

black coal smoke emissions in certain areas the

Tunguska event on June 30

Tunguska event on June 30
1908 shortly after 7:00 a.m. a

1908 shortly after 7:00 a.m. a

1908 shortly after 7:00 a.m. a
blinding light crossed the

blinding light crossed the

blinding light crossed the
Siberian sky and exploded over the

Siberian sky and exploded over the

Siberian sky and exploded over the
Tunguska area. The shock that followed had the

Tunguska area. The shock that followed had the

Tunguska area. The shock that followed had the
force of 5 to 10 megatons of TNT,

force of 5 to 10 megatons of TNT,

force of 5 to 10 megatons of TNT,
hundreds of times more powerful than the

hundreds of times more powerful than the

hundreds of times more powerful than the
atomic bomb launched earlier. late over

atomic bomb launched earlier. late over

atomic bomb launched earlier. late over
Hiroshima it destroyed nearly

Hiroshima it destroyed nearly

Hiroshima it destroyed nearly
200,000 hectares of forest and knocked down

200,000 hectares of forest and knocked down

200,000 hectares of forest and knocked down
people more than 60 km away

people more than 60 km away

people more than 60 km away
amazingly no one was killed in the

amazingly no one was killed in the

amazingly no one was killed in the
explosion but its effects were

explosion but its effects were

explosion but its effects were
felt around the world

felt around the world

felt around the world
atmospheric and seismic devices were

atmospheric and seismic devices were

atmospheric and seismic devices were
triggered as far away as England and over the

triggered as far away as England and over the

triggered as far away as England and over the
next few nights the sky was

next few nights the sky was

next few nights the sky was
so bright that people in Asia

so bright that people in Asia

so bright that people in Asia
could read newspapers outdoors at

could read newspapers outdoors at

could read newspapers outdoors at
night. Experts suspected a

night. Experts suspected a

night. Experts suspected a
meteorite strike. But when a

meteorite strike. But when a

meteorite strike. But when a
Russian expedition finally reached the

Russian expedition finally reached the

Russian expedition finally reached the
remote site, of the explosion in

remote site, of the explosion in

remote site, of the explosion in
1927 found no sign of an

1927 found no sign of an

1927 found no sign of an
impact crater despite the lack of a

impact crater despite the lack of a

impact crater despite the lack of a
gun or crater

gun or crater

gun or crater
most scientists argue

most scientists argue

most scientists argue
that the event Tunguska was the

that the event Tunguska was the

that the event Tunguska was the
result of a space rock impact.

result of a space rock impact.

result of a space rock impact.
One possibility is that

One possibility is that

One possibility is that
the event was caused by an

the event was caused by an

the event was caused by an
icy comet that evaporated at the

icy comet that evaporated at the

icy comet that evaporated at the
moment of impact, leaving

moment of impact, leaving

moment of impact, leaving
little trace of itself, and more likely

little trace of itself, and more likely

little trace of itself, and more likely
it was a meteorite with a diameter

it was a meteorite with a diameter

it was a meteorite with a diameter
between 25 and 40 m exploded in the

between 25 and 40 m exploded in the

between 25 and 40 m exploded in the
upper atmosphere and broke into

upper atmosphere and broke into

upper atmosphere and broke into
small pieces. Witnesses reported

small pieces. Witnesses reported

small pieces. Witnesses reported
hearing a noise like rocks falling

hearing a noise like rocks falling

hearing a noise like rocks falling
from the sky after the initial explosion.

from the sky after the initial explosion.

from the sky after the initial explosion.
Samples of decomposed vegetation

Samples of decomposed vegetation

Samples of decomposed vegetation
from Tunguska include large deposits of

from Tunguska include large deposits of

from Tunguska include large deposits of
nickel iron and other substances

nickel iron and other substances

nickel iron and other substances
commonly found at meteorite impact sites the

commonly found at meteorite impact sites the

latrine disaster of

latrine disaster of
Erfurt in late July

Erfurt in late July

Erfurt in late July
1184 Henry VI, King of Germany,

1184 Henry VI, King of Germany,

1184 Henry VI, King of Germany,
held a court session in the city of

held a court session in the city of

held a court session in the city of
Erfurt to help resolve

Erfurt to help resolve

Erfurt to help resolve
a long-standing dispute between

a long-standing dispute between

a long-standing dispute between
Louis II le from turing and

Louis II le from turing and

Louis II le from turing and
archbishop conrad de mais many

archbishop conrad de mais many

archbishop conrad de mais many
people came to witness the

people came to witness the

people came to witness the
mediation process including a number of nobles from

mediation process including a number of nobles from

mediation process including a number of nobles from
across the region the events barely

across the region the events barely

across the region the events barely
They had begun when the wooden floor, under

They had begun when the wooden floor, under

They had begun when the wooden floor, under
immense pressure from the

immense pressure from the

immense pressure from the
large number of people present at the trial,

large number of people present at the trial,

large number of people present at the trial,
suddenly collapsed. This was

suddenly collapsed. This was

suddenly collapsed. This was
horrific in itself, but things were

horrific in itself, but things were

horrific in itself, but things were
about to get much, much worse. Under the

about to get much, much worse. Under the

about to get much, much worse. Under the
floor was apparently a huge latrine

floor was apparently a huge latrine

floor was apparently a huge latrine
built for to serve the large order

built for to serve the large order

built for to serve the large order
of monks its size was meant to

of monks its size was meant to

of monks its size was meant to
ensure that it did not have to be

ensure that it did not have to be

ensure that it did not have to be
emptied often a benefit for the monks

emptied often a benefit for the monks

emptied often a benefit for the monks
but not for the poor people who found themselves

but not for the poor people who found themselves

but not for the poor people who found themselves
swimming in it when the floor

swimming in it when the floor

swimming in it when the floor
gave way it is believed that at least 60

gave way it is believed that at least 60

gave way it is believed that at least 60
people Some died from the fall

people Some died from the fall

people Some died from the fall
itself and others drowned in excrement.

itself and others drowned in excrement.

itself and others drowned in excrement.
King Henry and Archbishop Conrad

King Henry and Archbishop Conrad

King Henry and Archbishop Conrad
escaped with their lives. They were standing in a

escaped with their lives. They were standing in a

escaped with their lives. They were standing in a
stone niche and clung to the

stone niche and clung to the

stone niche and clung to the
window railings to

window railings to

window railings to
prevent themselves from falling. Despite the fact

prevent themselves from falling. Despite the fact

prevent themselves from falling. Despite the fact
that the fall was in depths Louis I

that the fall was in depths Louis I

that the fall was in depths Louis I
also managed to survive the rain

also managed to survive the rain

also managed to survive the rain
of golf balls in Punta Gorda on September 1,

of golf balls in Punta Gorda on September 1,

of golf balls in Punta Gorda on September 1,

1969 The residents of Punta Gorda, Florida

1969 The residents of Punta Gorda, Florida
were stunned when, according to a

were stunned when, according to a

were stunned when, according to a
newspaper report, dozens and dozens and dozens of white,

newspaper report, dozens and dozens and dozens of white,

newspaper report, dozens and dozens and dozens of white,
dimpled balls rained down on the town

dimpled balls rained down on the town

dimpled balls rained down on the town
during a normal downpour. The

during a normal downpour. The

during a normal downpour. The
golf balls clogged the gutters and

golf balls clogged the gutters and

golf balls clogged the gutters and
soiled the lawns, but otherwise they didn't seem to be a problem.

soiled the lawns, but otherwise they didn't seem to be a problem.

soiled the lawns, but otherwise they didn't seem to be a problem.
to do too much harm Although the incident

to do too much harm Although the incident

to do too much harm Although the incident
was bizarre at first glance, there was

was bizarre at first glance, there was

was bizarre at first glance, there was
probably a perfectly reasonable explanation: the

probably a perfectly reasonable explanation: the

probably a perfectly reasonable explanation: the
severe weather in Punta Gorda tends to

severe weather in Punta Gorda tends to

severe weather in Punta Gorda tends to
cause water storms. Water storms

cause water storms. Water storms

cause water storms. Water storms
are capable of absorbing

are capable of absorbing

are capable of absorbing
entire bodies of water, so the

entire bodies of water, so the

entire bodies of water, so the
golf balls probably came from a pond

golf balls probably came from a pond

golf balls probably came from a pond
on a golf course where many

on a golf course where many

on a golf course where many
unlucky players have lost a ball the storm

unlucky players have lost a ball the storm

unlucky players have lost a ball the storm
water sucked up the pond then released it

water sucked up the pond then released it

water sucked up the pond then released it
on unwary citizens

on unwary citizens

on unwary citizens
shortly afterwards the lake nios disaster

shortly afterwards the lake nios disaster

shortly afterwards the lake nios disaster
in cameroon at dawn on august 21,

in cameroon at dawn on august 21,

in cameroon at dawn on august 21,
1986 a volcanic lake in cameroon

1986 a volcanic lake in cameroon

1986 a volcanic lake in cameroon
A cloud of carbon dioxide erupted,

A cloud of carbon dioxide erupted,

A cloud of carbon dioxide erupted,
killing over 1,700 people

killing over 1,700 people

killing over 1,700 people
carbon dioxide was probably generated by

carbon dioxide was probably generated by

carbon dioxide was probably generated by
volcanic activity in other

volcanic activity in other

volcanic activity in other
volcanic lakes. The change of seasons

volcanic lakes. The change of seasons

volcanic lakes. The change of seasons
changes the density of surface water

changes the density of surface water

changes the density of surface water
so that it

so that it

so that it
periodically mixes with groundwater. In the case of

periodically mixes with groundwater. In the case of

periodically mixes with groundwater. In the case of
Lake Nios, however, mixing did not

Lake Nios, however, mixing did not

Lake Nios, however, mixing did not
occur because in the tropics temperatures

occur because in the tropics temperatures

occur because in the tropics temperatures
remain relatively warm throughout the

remain relatively warm throughout the

remain relatively warm throughout the
year because The surface waters of

year because The surface waters of

year because The surface waters of
this tropical lake have not cooled

this tropical lake have not cooled

this tropical lake have not cooled
sufficiently to lower the concentrations

sufficiently to lower the concentrations

sufficiently to lower the concentrations
of carbon dioxide gas dissolved or

of carbon dioxide gas dissolved or

of carbon dioxide gas dissolved or
accumulated in the water floating near the

accumulated in the water floating near the

accumulated in the water floating near the
bottom of the lake, apparently a

bottom of the lake, apparently a

bottom of the lake, apparently a
sudden landslide or an increase in

sudden landslide or an increase in

sudden landslide or an increase in
warming from below through

warming from below through

warming from below through
volcanic activity. forced bubbles of

volcanic activity. forced bubbles of

volcanic activity. forced bubbles of
carbon dioxide to the surface where they

carbon dioxide to the surface where they

carbon dioxide to the surface where they
combined to form a

combined to form a

combined to form a
suffocating cloud whose volume could have been

suffocating cloud whose volume could have been

suffocating cloud whose volume could have been
up to 1.2 km c the deadly cloud that

up to 1.2 km c the deadly cloud that

up to 1.2 km c the deadly cloud that
probably formed in the space of

probably formed in the space of

probably formed in the space of
just a few minutes killed people and

just a few minutes killed people and

just a few minutes killed people and
animals in the village and other animals Within a

animals in the village and other animals Within a

animals in the village and other animals Within a
radius of 24 km the deadly fog in

radius of 24 km the deadly fog in

radius of 24 km the deadly fog in
Donora in late October

Donora in late October

Donora in late October
1948 the town of Donora in Pennsylvania

1948 the town of Donora in Pennsylvania

1948 the town of Donora in Pennsylvania
was visited by a fog For

was visited by a fog For

was visited by a fog For
four days, the deadly weather conditions

four days, the deadly weather conditions

four days, the deadly weather conditions
trapped the Monongahela River Valley, where the

trapped the Monongahela River Valley, where the

trapped the Monongahela River Valley, where the
donor is located, with fluoride vapors,

donor is located, with fluoride vapors,

donor is located, with fluoride vapors,
particulates including lead and cadmium, and

particulates including lead and cadmium, and

particulates including lead and cadmium, and
other emissions such as

other emissions such as

other emissions such as
carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and

carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and

carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and
sulfur dioxide from steel smelters

sulfur dioxide from steel smelters

sulfur dioxide from steel smelters
and of zinc in the region the air did not

and of zinc in the region the air did not

and of zinc in the region the air did not
move and high concentrations of

move and high concentrations of

move and high concentrations of
airborne pollutants accumulated

airborne pollutants accumulated

airborne pollutants accumulated
near the ground almost 5000

near the ground almost 5000

near the ground almost 5000
people suffered from this

people suffered from this

people suffered from this
polar episode many of them

polar episode many of them

polar episode many of them
developing fluorine poisoning at

developing fluorine poisoning at

developing fluorine poisoning at
blood concentration levels that

blood concentration levels that

blood concentration levels that
increased 12-25 times the

increased 12-25 times the

increased 12-25 times the
normal amount 22 people

normal amount 22 people

normal amount 22 people
died and about 50 more deaths

died and about 50 more deaths

died and about 50 more deaths
attributed to the fog occurred in the following

attributed to the fog occurred in the following

attributed to the fog occurred in the following
months over the next 10 years the

months over the next 10 years the

months over the next 10 years the
death rate in the city exceeded that

death rate in the city exceeded that

death rate in the city exceeded that
of its neighbors many of the

of its neighbors many of the

of its neighbors many of the
survivors had

survivors had

survivors had
permanent respiratory damage despite

permanent respiratory damage despite

permanent respiratory damage despite
deadly fog from Donora The state of Pennsylvania

deadly fog from Donora The state of Pennsylvania

deadly fog from Donora The state of Pennsylvania
created and passed its first

created and passed its first

created and passed its first
air pollution law in

air pollution law in

air pollution law in
1959 and The story of this event

1959 and The story of this event

1959 and The story of this event
was presented as evidence in support of

was presented as evidence in support of

was presented as evidence in support of
the development and passage of the

the development and passage of the

the development and passage of the
Clean Air Act of 1970. The

Clean Air Act of 1970. The

Clean Air Act of 1970. The
Great Boston Molasses Flood

Great Boston Molasses Flood

Great Boston Molasses Flood
of

of

of
1919. At noon on January 15,

1919. At noon on January 15,

1919. At noon on January 15,
1919, a flood of sweet

1919, a flood of sweet

1919, a flood of sweet
, sticky death poured out of a

, sticky death poured out of a

, sticky death poured out of a
ruptured storage tank in Boston. the tank was

ruptured storage tank in Boston. the tank was

ruptured storage tank in Boston. the tank was
intended to contain fermented molasses

intended to contain fermented molasses

intended to contain fermented molasses
which was used in the process of

which was used in the process of

which was used in the process of
manufacturing industrial alcohol for

manufacturing industrial alcohol for

manufacturing industrial alcohol for
munitions and other weapons during the

munitions and other weapons during the

munitions and other weapons during the
First World War it is said that the

First World War it is said that the

First World War it is said that the
wave released during the great

wave released during the great

wave released during the great
molasses flood was between 5 and 12 m high

molasses flood was between 5 and 12 m high

molasses flood was between 5 and 12 m high
and approximately 50 m wide width passing through the

and approximately 50 m wide width passing through the

and approximately 50 m wide width passing through the
streets at approximately 55 km/h

streets at approximately 55 km/h

streets at approximately 55 km/h
demolished buildings and covered cars

demolished buildings and covered cars

demolished buildings and covered cars
horses and pedestrians thickened by the

horses and pedestrians thickened by the

horses and pedestrians thickened by the
low temperatures of the season mistletoe

low temperatures of the season mistletoe

low temperatures of the season mistletoe
molasses solidified quickly

from climate anomalies and

from climate anomalies and
devastating volcanic eruptions to

devastating volcanic eruptions to

devastating volcanic eruptions to
solar phenomena Extremes and accidents

solar phenomena Extremes and accidents

solar phenomena Extremes and accidents
man-made disasters highlight the

man-made disasters highlight the

man-made disasters highlight the
fragility of our balance natural

fragility of our balance natural

fragility of our balance natural
and social, every remarkable incident,

and social, every remarkable incident,

and social, every remarkable incident,
whether it is the year without a summer of

whether it is the year without a summer of

whether it is the year without a summer of
1816, the solar storm of

1816, the solar storm of

1816, the solar storm of
1859 or the latrine disaster in Erfurt,

1859 or the latrine disaster in Erfurt,

1859 or the latrine disaster in Erfurt,
reflects not only the direct consequences

reflects not only the direct consequences

reflects not only the direct consequences
of catastrophes but also the

of catastrophes but also the

of catastrophes but also the
human capacity to adapt and learn from

human capacity to adapt and learn from

human capacity to adapt and learn from
these experiences, sometimes changing

these experiences, sometimes changing

these experiences, sometimes changing
the course of history. through

the course of history. through

the course of history. through
our innovative and

legislative responses to the Great Story of the

legislative responses to the Great Story of the
Cosmos, the question of the origin of

Cosmos, the question of the origin of

Cosmos, the question of the origin of
life on Earth persists as a

life on Earth persists as a

life on Earth persists as a
captivating mystery. Some researchers and philosophers have

captivating mystery. Some researchers and philosophers have

captivating mystery. Some researchers and philosophers have
explored the possibility that the emergence of

explored the possibility that the emergence of

explored the possibility that the emergence of
life on our planet was not the

life on our planet was not the

life on our planet was not the
result of inevitable evolution but

result of inevitable evolution but

result of inevitable evolution but
rather the result of an

rather the result of an

rather the result of an
accident. cosmic this theory suggests

accident. cosmic this theory suggests

accident. cosmic this theory suggests
that life as we know it today

that life as we know it today

that life as we know it today
could be a chance consequence of

could be a chance consequence of

could be a chance consequence of
unique conditions and

unique conditions and

unique conditions and
rare events in the Universe in this

rare events in the Universe in this

rare events in the Universe in this
intriguing perspective the fundamental question

intriguing perspective the fundamental question

intriguing perspective the fundamental question
arises not only how life arose but also

arises not only how life arose but also

arises not only how life arose but also
whether our presence on earth is

whether our presence on earth is

whether our presence on earth is
just the result of a series of

just the result of a series of

just the result of a series of
cosmic coincidences or a

cosmic coincidences or a

cosmic coincidences or a
preconceived plan So here is the answer to the

preconceived plan So here is the answer to the

preconceived plan So here is the answer to the
question of whether life on earth is

question of whether life on earth is

question of whether life on earth is
just an accident and what does this

just an accident and what does this

just an accident and what does this
scenario imply the emergence of life an

scenario imply the emergence of life an

scenario imply the emergence of life an
accident evolution took over

accident evolution took over

accident evolution took over
3 billion years to produce Homo

3 billion years to produce Homo

3 billion years to produce Homo
sapiens if the climate had completely caved in

sapiens if the climate had completely caved in

sapiens if the climate had completely caved in
even once during this time

even once during this time

even once during this time
then evolution would have stopped abruptly and

then evolution would have stopped abruptly and

then evolution would have stopped abruptly and
we wouldn't be here now So

we wouldn't be here now So

we wouldn't be here now So
to understand how we came to

to understand how we came to

to understand how we came to
exist on planet Earth we will need to

exist on planet Earth we will need to

exist on planet Earth we will need to
know how has the earth managed to remain fit

know how has the earth managed to remain fit

know how has the earth managed to remain fit
for life for billions of years

for life for billions of years

for life for billions of years
this is not a trivial problem

this is not a trivial problem

this is not a trivial problem
current global warming shows us that

current global warming shows us that

current global warming shows us that
in fact the climate can change

in fact the climate can change

in fact the climate can change
considerably even within a

considerably even within a

considerably even within a
few centuries on geological time scales

few centuries on geological time scales

few centuries on geological time scales
it is even easier to change the climate

it is even easier to change the climate

it is even easier to change the climate
calculations show that there is the potential for the

calculations show that there is the potential for the

calculations show that there is the potential for the
earth's climate to deteriorate

earth's climate to deteriorate

earth's climate to deteriorate
to temperatures below 0° or above the

to temperatures below 0° or above the

to temperatures below 0° or above the
boiling point in just a few million

boiling point in just a few million

boiling point in just a few million
years we also know that the sun has

years we also know that the sun has

years we also know that the sun has
become 30% brighter since

become 30% brighter since

become 30% brighter since
life appeared Theoretically this

life appeared Theoretically this

life appeared Theoretically this
should have caused the oceans to

should have caused the oceans to

should have caused the oceans to
boil by now considering that

boil by now considering that

boil by now considering that
they were generally not frozen on the

they were generally not frozen on the

they were generally not frozen on the
early Earth this is

early Earth this is

early Earth this is
known as the

known as the

known as the
young and weak sun paradox yet somehow

young and weak sun paradox yet somehow

young and weak sun paradox yet somehow
this puzzle of habitability has been

this puzzle of habitability has been

this puzzle of habitability has been
solved scientists have came with

solved scientists have came with

solved scientists have came with
two main theories the first is that

two main theories the first is that

two main theories the first is that
Earth might possess something like

Earth might possess something like

Earth might possess something like
a thermostat a feedback mechanism or mechanisms

a thermostat a feedback mechanism or mechanisms

a thermostat a feedback mechanism or mechanisms
that prevent the climate from cooling or

that prevent the climate from cooling or

that prevent the climate from cooling or
heating to

heating to

heating to
fatal temperatures the second is that

fatal temperatures the second is that

fatal temperatures the second is that
out of a large number of planets maybe

out of a large number of planets maybe

out of a large number of planets maybe
some succeed just by luck and

some succeed just by luck and

some succeed just by luck and
Earth is one of these. This

Earth is one of these. This

Earth is one of these. This
second scenario is made more

second scenario is made more

second scenario is made more
plausible by the discoveries in recent

plausible by the discoveries in recent

plausible by the discoveries in recent
decades of numerous planets outside

decades of numerous planets outside

decades of numerous planets outside
our solar system, so-called

our solar system, so-called

our solar system, so-called
exoplanets. Astronomical observations of

exoplanets. Astronomical observations of

exoplanets. Astronomical observations of
distant stars tell us that

distant stars tell us that

distant stars tell us that
many of them have planets

many of them have planets

many of them have planets
orbiting them, and that some have a

orbiting them, and that some have a

orbiting them, and that some have a
size, density, and

size, density, and

size, density, and
orbital distance such that they are theoretically

orbital distance such that they are theoretically

orbital distance such that they are theoretically
possible temperatures suitable for

possible temperatures suitable for

possible temperatures suitable for
life. It has been estimated that there

life. It has been estimated that there

life. It has been estimated that there
are at least 2 billion

are at least 2 billion

are at least 2 billion
such candidate planets in our galaxy alone.

such candidate planets in our galaxy alone.

such candidate planets in our galaxy alone.
Scientists would love to travel to

Scientists would love to travel to

Scientists would love to travel to
these exoplanets to investigate. If

these exoplanets to investigate. If

these exoplanets to investigate. If
any of them managed to achieve the

any of them managed to achieve the

any of them managed to achieve the
1 billion year climate stability

1 billion year climate stability

1 billion year climate stability
of Earth, even the

of Earth, even the

of Earth, even the
closest exoplanets, those orbiting the

closest exoplanets, those orbiting the

closest exoplanets, those orbiting the
star Proxima Centauri, are

star Proxima Centauri, are

star Proxima Centauri, are
over four light years away

over four light years away

over four light years away
and Observational or

and Observational or

and Observational or
experimental evidence is hard to find The

experimental evidence is hard to find The

experimental evidence is hard to find The
100,000 Planets Experiment

100,000 Planets Experiment

100,000 Planets Experiment
Toby Tyrell, professor of

Toby Tyrell, professor of

Toby Tyrell, professor of
earth system science at the University

earth system science at the University

earth system science at the University
of Southampton, conducted an

of Southampton, conducted an

of Southampton, conducted an
experiment to test the theory of the

experiment to test the theory of the

experiment to test the theory of the
accidental emergence of life on earth

accidental emergence of life on earth

accidental emergence of life on earth
Using a computer program

Using a computer program

Using a computer program
designed to simulate evolution climate

designed to simulate evolution climate

designed to simulate evolution climate
on planets In general not just on earth

on planets In general not just on earth

on planets In general not just on earth
this initially generated 100 mi

this initially generated 100 mi

this initially generated 100 mi
planets each with a different set of

planets each with a different set of

planets each with a different set of
climatic feedbacks climatic feedbacks

climatic feedbacks climatic feedbacks

climatic feedbacks climatic feedbacks
are processes that can amplify or

are processes that can amplify or

are processes that can amplify or
diminish climate change Think

diminish climate change Think

diminish climate change Think
for example of the melting of Arctic sea ice

for example of the melting of Arctic sea ice

for example of the melting of Arctic sea ice
replacing the ice that

replacing the ice that

replacing the ice that
reflects sunlight with the open sea

reflects sunlight with the open sea

reflects sunlight with the open sea
absorbing sunlight which in

absorbing sunlight which in

absorbing sunlight which in
turn causes greater heating and

turn causes greater heating and

turn causes greater heating and
melting to investigate how

melting to investigate how

melting to investigate how
likely it is that each of these

likely it is that each of these

likely it is that each of these
diverse planets will remain habitable over

diverse planets will remain habitable over

diverse planets will remain habitable over
enormous geological time periods the

enormous geological time periods the

enormous geological time periods the
scientist simulated each of them

scientist simulated each of them

scientist simulated each of them
100 times each time the planet

100 times each time the planet

100 times each time the planet
started from a different initial temperature

started from a different initial temperature

started from a different initial temperature
and was exposed to a set of

and was exposed to a set of

and was exposed to a set of
different climate events in a

different climate events in a

different climate events in a
random manner these events represent

random manner these events represent

random manner these events represent
Factor of Change of climate events such as

Factor of Change of climate events such as

Factor of Change of climate events such as
supervolcano eruptions like

supervolcano eruptions like

supervolcano eruptions like
Mount Pinatubo but much larger

Mount Pinatubo but much larger

Mount Pinatubo but much larger
asteroid impacts like the one that

asteroid impacts like the one that

asteroid impacts like the one that
killed the dinosaurs. In each of the

killed the dinosaurs. In each of the

killed the dinosaurs. In each of the
100 rounds, the planet's temperature was

100 rounds, the planet's temperature was

100 rounds, the planet's temperature was
tracked until it became

tracked until it became

tracked until it became
too hot or too cold or until it

too hot or too cold or until it

too hot or too cold or until it
survived for 3 billion years at

survived for 3 billion years at

survived for 3 billion years at
which point it was considered

which point it was considered

which point it was considered
a possible crucible for

a possible crucible for

a possible crucible for
intelligent life the simulation results

intelligent life the simulation results

intelligent life the simulation results
provided him with a definitive answer to

provided him with a definitive answer to

provided him with a definitive answer to
this habitability problem at

this habitability problem at

this habitability problem at
least in terms of the importance of

least in terms of the importance of

least in terms of the importance of
feedbacks and luck was

feedbacks and luck was

feedbacks and luck was
very rare in fact only once in

very rare in fact only once in

very rare in fact only once in
100,000 that a planet has

100,000 that a planet has

100,000 that a planet has
such strong stabilizing feedbacks that it

such strong stabilizing feedbacks that it

such strong stabilizing feedbacks that it
remains habitable 100 times

remains habitable 100 times

remains habitable 100 times
regardless of random climatic events

regardless of random climatic events

regardless of random climatic events
in fact most planets

in fact most planets

in fact most planets
that have remained habitable at least once

that have remained habitable at least once

that have remained habitable at least once
have done so by less than 10

have done so by less than 10

have done so by less than 10
times out of 100 in almost all situations

times out of 100 in almost all situations

times out of 100 in almost all situations
in the simulation where a planet

in the simulation where a planet

in the simulation where a planet
remained habitable for 3 billion

remained habitable for 3 billion

remained habitable for 3 billion
years this was partly due to

years this was partly due to

years this was partly due to
luck at the same time luck

luck at the same time luck

luck at the same time luck
itself proved insufficient

itself proved insufficient

itself proved insufficient
planets that were

planets that were

planets that were
specifically designed to have no

specifically designed to have no

specifically designed to have no
feedback never remained habitable

feedback never remained habitable

feedback never remained habitable
other random planets shaken

other random planets shaken

other random planets shaken
by climatic events never held up

by climatic events never held up

by climatic events never held up
This general result

This general result

This general result
that outcomes depend partly on

that outcomes depend partly on

that outcomes depend partly on
reactions and partly The luck factor is solid,

reactions and partly The luck factor is solid,

reactions and partly The luck factor is solid,
so the researcher concluded

so the researcher concluded

so the researcher concluded
that Earth must possess some

that Earth must possess some

that Earth must possess some
climate-stabilizing reactions, but at the

climate-stabilizing reactions, but at the

climate-stabilizing reactions, but at the
same time luck must have been

same time luck must have been

same time luck must have been
involved in maintaining habitability

involved in maintaining habitability

involved in maintaining habitability
if, for example, an asteroid or

if, for example, an asteroid or

if, for example, an asteroid or
solar flare had been slightly larger

solar flare had been slightly larger

solar flare had been slightly larger
than was or if it had happened

than was or if it had happened

than was or if it had happened
at a slightly different time More critically We

at a slightly different time More critically We

at a slightly different time More critically We
probably wouldn't be on

probably wouldn't be on

probably wouldn't be on
Earth today this offers a

Earth today this offers a

Earth today this offers a
different perspective on why

different perspective on why

different perspective on why
we are able to Look back

we are able to Look back

we are able to Look back
at the remarkably enormously extensive history

at the remarkably enormously extensive history

at the remarkably enormously extensive history
of life on Earth that evolved

of life on Earth that evolved

of life on Earth that evolved
diversified and became

diversified and became

diversified and became
increasingly complex to the point where it

increasingly complex to the point where it

increasingly complex to the point where it
gave birth to us if there had been no life on earth the

gave birth to us if there had been no life on earth the

gave birth to us if there had been no life on earth the
earth would be a

earth would be a

earth would be a
very different place from our familiar home

very different place from our familiar home

very different place from our familiar home
if life had never existed

if life had never existed

if life had never existed
the composition and atmospheric chemistry would be

the composition and atmospheric chemistry would be

the composition and atmospheric chemistry would be
completely different so that

completely different so that

completely different so that
this would affect the climate and the

this would affect the climate and the

this would affect the climate and the
physical processes that form the earth if we

physical processes that form the earth if we

physical processes that form the earth if we
visited such a place we would

visited such a place we would

visited such a place we would
certainly find a completely hostile and

certainly find a completely hostile and

certainly find a completely hostile and
alien world on which we could not

alien world on which we could not

alien world on which we could not
survive even though life began

survive even though life began

survive even though life began
about 3 .5 billion years ago

about 3 .5 billion years ago

about 3 .5 billion years ago
it remained largely

it remained largely

it remained largely
unicellular and anaerobic for almost

unicellular and anaerobic for almost

unicellular and anaerobic for almost
2 billion years when

2 billion years when

2 billion years when
photosynthetic bacteria evolved.

photosynthetic bacteria evolved.

photosynthetic bacteria evolved.
This changed the

This changed the

This changed the
planet's atmosphere from one composed primarily

planet's atmosphere from one composed primarily

planet's atmosphere from one composed primarily
of carbon dioxide and nitrogen with traces of

of carbon dioxide and nitrogen with traces of

of carbon dioxide and nitrogen with traces of
oxygen. to a more oxygen-rich one this

oxygen. to a more oxygen-rich one this

oxygen. to a more oxygen-rich one this
oxygen helped the development of the

oxygen helped the development of the

oxygen helped the development of the
more complex eukaryotic cell and

more complex eukaryotic cell and

more complex eukaryotic cell and
eventually the emergence of multicellular life it

eventually the emergence of multicellular life it

eventually the emergence of multicellular life it
also precipitated iron oxides

also precipitated iron oxides

also precipitated iron oxides
forming all those red soils

forming all those red soils

forming all those red soils
around the world without this oxygen there would

around the world without this oxygen there would

around the world without this oxygen there would
be no ozone layer that would

be no ozone layer that would

be no ozone layer that would
filter out harmful UV radiation without

filter out harmful UV radiation without

filter out harmful UV radiation without
life the initial high levels of

life the initial high levels of

life the initial high levels of
carbon dioxide would have remained in

carbon dioxide would have remained in

carbon dioxide would have remained in
the atmosphere because they could not have been

the atmosphere because they could not have been

the atmosphere because they could not have been
removed as marine carbonates

removed as marine carbonates

removed as marine carbonates
practically without life the earth would be

practically without life the earth would be

practically without life the earth would be
similar to Venus there would be no

similar to Venus there would be no

similar to Venus there would be no
oxygen But there would be dioxide of carbon

oxygen But there would be dioxide of carbon

oxygen But there would be dioxide of carbon
in abundance which could create a

in abundance which could create a

in abundance which could create a
greenhouse effect evaporating the oceans there

greenhouse effect evaporating the oceans there

greenhouse effect evaporating the oceans there
would also probably be

would also probably be

would also probably be
sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere which would

sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere which would

sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere which would
lead to acid rain sulfides

lead to acid rain sulfides

lead to acid rain sulfides
and

and

and
nitrites could block the oceans

nitrites could block the oceans

nitrites could block the oceans
so there would be no chains

so there would be no chains

so there would be no chains
mountainous but only large volcanoes that would

mountainous but only large volcanoes that would

mountainous but only large volcanoes that would
pierce a global crust of granite

pierce a global crust of granite

pierce a global crust of granite
erupting rarely But catastrophically would

erupting rarely But catastrophically would

erupting rarely But catastrophically would
lack the great variety of terrestrial rocks

lack the great variety of terrestrial rocks

lack the great variety of terrestrial rocks
that we know today including

that we know today including

that we know today including
slate limestone Crete and all

slate limestone Crete and all

slate limestone Crete and all
the other sedimentary rocks thus

the other sedimentary rocks thus

the other sedimentary rocks thus
concluding the recent discoveries regarding the

concluding the recent discoveries regarding the

concluding the recent discoveries regarding the
origin of life and habitability of

origin of life and habitability of

origin of life and habitability of
earth support the idea that

earth support the idea that

earth support the idea that
our existence could be the result of a

our existence could be the result of a

our existence could be the result of a
cosmic accident a simulated experiment on

cosmic accident a simulated experiment on

cosmic accident a simulated experiment on
100 thousand planets shows that despite

100 thousand planets shows that despite

100 thousand planets shows that despite
climate feedback mechanisms

climate feedback mechanisms

climate feedback mechanisms
luck was essential in maintaining

luck was essential in maintaining

luck was essential in maintaining
habitability but in the absence of life

habitability but in the absence of life

habitability but in the absence of life
the earth would have been similar to Venus

the earth would have been similar to Venus

the earth would have been similar to Venus
with its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere

with its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere

with its carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere
and without the

and without the

and without the
complex geological features of today, so

complex geological features of today, so

complex geological features of today, so
the question of our existence

the question of our existence

the question of our existence
becomes a combination of

becomes a combination of

becomes a combination of
biological evolution and unique circumstances that

biological evolution and unique circumstances that

biological evolution and unique circumstances that
favored the emergence and maintenance of life

favored the emergence and maintenance of life

favored the emergence and maintenance of life
on

earth. Imagine a world in which the

earth. Imagine a world in which the
geography we know now is

geography we know now is

geography we know now is
completely overturned. It would be a world in which the

completely overturned. It would be a world in which the

completely overturned. It would be a world in which the
vast oceans we know

vast oceans we know

vast oceans we know
today are replaced by

today are replaced by

today are replaced by
endless continents and the current land masses

endless continents and the current land masses

endless continents and the current land masses
would be submerged under huge bodies of

would be submerged under huge bodies of

would be submerged under huge bodies of
water such a dramatic reversal of the

water such a dramatic reversal of the

water such a dramatic reversal of the
earth's geography raises

earth's geography raises

earth's geography raises
fascinating questions about its ecosystems

fascinating questions about its ecosystems

fascinating questions about its ecosystems
climate and even humanity's survival

climate and even humanity's survival

climate and even humanity's survival
and maintenance of life How would

and maintenance of life How would

and maintenance of life How would
this transformation influence climate patterns

this transformation influence climate patterns

this transformation influence climate patterns
biodiversity and human civilization

biodiversity and human civilization

biodiversity and human civilization
Here's an exploration of what

Here's an exploration of what

Here's an exploration of what
our planet might look like if

our planet might look like if

our planet might look like if
land and water and would reverse the roles

land and water and would reverse the roles

land and water and would reverse the roles
and what this scenario could mean

and what this scenario could mean

and what this scenario could mean
for us The

for us The

for us The
inverted Earth theory is an

inverted Earth theory is an

inverted Earth theory is an
imaginative but fascinating concept in which the

imaginative but fascinating concept in which the

imaginative but fascinating concept in which the
land surfaces and oceans of

land surfaces and oceans of

land surfaces and oceans of
our planet are completely reversed

our planet are completely reversed

our planet are completely reversed
in this hypothesis

in this hypothesis

in this hypothesis
land becomes water and the oceans

land becomes water and the oceans

land becomes water and the oceans
turn into vast expanses

turn into vast expanses

turn into vast expanses
This idea gained popularity a

This idea gained popularity a

This idea gained popularity a
few decades ago when an

few decades ago when an

few decades ago when an
unusual map of the Earth appeared online

unusual map of the Earth appeared online

unusual map of the Earth appeared online
depicting a completely different planet, the

depicting a completely different planet, the

depicting a completely different planet, the
continents were covered in water. and the

continents were covered in water. and the

continents were covered in water. and the
oceans were expanses of land If

oceans were expanses of land If

oceans were expanses of land If
this reversal were to become reality, the

this reversal were to become reality, the

this reversal were to become reality, the
planet would undergo major changes, being

planet would undergo major changes, being

planet would undergo major changes, being
dominated by huge bodies of water and

dominated by huge bodies of water and

dominated by huge bodies of water and
only small portions of land. Currently,

only small portions of land. Currently,

only small portions of land. Currently,
approximately

approximately

approximately
71% of the Earth's surface is water

71% of the Earth's surface is water

71% of the Earth's surface is water
and the oceans hold almost

and the oceans hold almost

and the oceans hold almost
97% of all energy resources. water on the

97% of all energy resources. water on the

97% of all energy resources. water on the
planet if this balance were

planet if this balance were

planet if this balance were
reversed the earth would be made up

reversed the earth would be made up

reversed the earth would be made up
largely of continuous land surfaces

largely of continuous land surfaces

largely of continuous land surfaces
for this hypothetical discussion we will

for this hypothetical discussion we will

for this hypothetical discussion we will
assume that even high landforms

assume that even high landforms

assume that even high landforms
would turn into deep trenches

would turn into deep trenches

would turn into deep trenches
such a change would bring countless

such a change would bring countless

such a change would bring countless
differences and landforms life would have

differences and landforms life would have

differences and landforms life would have
to adapt or even disappear what

to adapt or even disappear what

to adapt or even disappear what
would the earth look like in this

would the earth look like in this

would the earth look like in this
scenario rising temperature

scenario rising temperature

scenario rising temperature
oceans play a key role in

oceans play a key role in

oceans play a key role in
regulating the earth's temperature evaporating

regulating the earth's temperature evaporating

regulating the earth's temperature evaporating
large amounts of water and

large amounts of water and

large amounts of water and
thus preventing a sudden warming if

thus preventing a sudden warming if

thus preventing a sudden warming if
most of the surface were to be formed

most of the surface were to be formed

most of the surface were to be formed
from the earth temperatures would increase

from the earth temperatures would increase

from the earth temperatures would increase
significantly water with its

significantly water with its

significantly water with its
high capacity to store

high capacity to store

high capacity to store
heat levels helps moderate

heat levels helps moderate

heat levels helps moderate
temperatures in the absence of these vast

temperatures in the absence of these vast

temperatures in the absence of these vast
water reservoirs the earth's warming

water reservoirs the earth's warming

water reservoirs the earth's warming
would be much faster another effect would be

would be much faster another effect would be

would be much faster another effect would be
the reduction absorption of greenhouse gases

the reduction absorption of greenhouse gases

the reduction absorption of greenhouse gases
because the oceans, which are large

because the oceans, which are large

because the oceans, which are large
natural absorbers of carbon dioxide,

natural absorbers of carbon dioxide,

natural absorbers of carbon dioxide,
would no longer be able to absorb these emissions,

would no longer be able to absorb these emissions,

would no longer be able to absorb these emissions,
as a result the atmosphere would become

as a result the atmosphere would become

as a result the atmosphere would become
saturated with greenhouse gases,

saturated with greenhouse gases,

saturated with greenhouse gases,
accelerating climate change and

accelerating climate change and

accelerating climate change and
causing an increase in

causing an increase in

causing an increase in
global temperatures similar to those on

global temperatures similar to those on

global temperatures similar to those on
Venus

Venus

Venus
irregular climate inverted earth would have a

irregular climate inverted earth would have a

irregular climate inverted earth would have a
very different climate than the current

very different climate than the current

very different climate than the current
ocean they contribute to the

ocean they contribute to the

ocean they contribute to the
uniform distribution of heat around the globe

uniform distribution of heat around the globe

uniform distribution of heat around the globe
through the continuous processes of evaporation and

through the continuous processes of evaporation and

through the continuous processes of evaporation and
condensation without oceans this

condensation without oceans this

condensation without oceans this
water cycle would be seriously disrupted

water cycle would be seriously disrupted

water cycle would be seriously disrupted
significantly reducing precipitation in the regions

significantly reducing precipitation in the regions

significantly reducing precipitation in the regions
On land this would cause

On land this would cause

On land this would cause
severe droughts and major climate change.

severe droughts and major climate change.

severe droughts and major climate change.
Coastal areas would remain habitable but the

Coastal areas would remain habitable but the

Coastal areas would remain habitable but the
interior of the continents far from

interior of the continents far from

interior of the continents far from
water sources would turn into

water sources would turn into

water sources would turn into
deserts. Hot high

deserts. Hot high

deserts. Hot high
altitude regions would gradually turn into

altitude regions would gradually turn into

altitude regions would gradually turn into
tropical forests while the

tropical forests while the

tropical forests while the
great distance from the oceans would lead to

great distance from the oceans would lead to

great distance from the oceans would lead to
daily climate fluctuations in

daily climate fluctuations in

daily climate fluctuations in
continental areas precipitation patterns would

continental areas precipitation patterns would

continental areas precipitation patterns would
change dramatically some places would

change dramatically some places would

change dramatically some places would
become extremely humid while others

become extremely humid while others

become extremely humid while others
would be affected by severe droughts

would be affected by severe droughts

would be affected by severe droughts
most current ecosystems would would be

most current ecosystems would would be

most current ecosystems would would be
seriously affected and species that depend

seriously affected and species that depend

seriously affected and species that depend
on current conditions would have great

on current conditions would have great

on current conditions would have great
difficulty

difficulty

difficulty
adapting. The atmosphere and

adapting. The atmosphere and

adapting. The atmosphere and
ocean currents approximately 50-70% of

ocean currents approximately 50-70% of

ocean currents approximately 50-70% of
atmospheric oxygen is produced by

atmospheric oxygen is produced by

atmospheric oxygen is produced by
marine plants. On a land with less water,

marine plants. On a land with less water,

marine plants. On a land with less water,
oxygen production would decrease while

oxygen production would decrease while

oxygen production would decrease while
carbon dioxide would accumulate

carbon dioxide would accumulate

carbon dioxide would accumulate
causing a significant increase in

causing a significant increase in

causing a significant increase in
air and soil pollution. Also,

air and soil pollution. Also,

air and soil pollution. Also,
industries that depend on the oceans for

industries that depend on the oceans for

industries that depend on the oceans for
waste management would encounter great

waste management would encounter great

waste management would encounter great
difficulties with the drastically

difficulties with the drastically

difficulties with the drastically
changed composition of the air. It is certain

changed composition of the air. It is certain

changed composition of the air. It is certain
that the type of organisms that

that the type of organisms that

that the type of organisms that
evolve under these conditions would have

evolve under these conditions would have

evolve under these conditions would have
adapted in very different modes of

adapted in very different modes of

adapted in very different modes of
high temperature and toxic air

high temperature and toxic air

high temperature and toxic air
also major ocean currents that

also major ocean currents that

also major ocean currents that
drive global weather patterns would

drive global weather patterns would

drive global weather patterns would
be severely affected leading to

be severely affected leading to

be severely affected leading to
chaotic weather phenomena and

chaotic weather phenomena and

chaotic weather phenomena and
unpredictable weather worldwide coasts

unpredictable weather worldwide coasts

unpredictable weather worldwide coasts
and continental shelves would be

and continental shelves would be

and continental shelves would be
submerged causing massive

submerged causing massive

submerged causing massive
population displacement and destroying

population displacement and destroying

population displacement and destroying
infrastructure coast new oceans and

infrastructure coast new oceans and

infrastructure coast new oceans and
continents in the earth reversal scenario

continents in the earth reversal scenario

continents in the earth reversal scenario
Lakes would turn into

Lakes would turn into

Lakes would turn into
islands and rivers into narrow strips of

islands and rivers into narrow strips of

islands and rivers into narrow strips of
land The current mountains would become

land The current mountains would become

land The current mountains would become
deep trenches on the inverted Earth.

deep trenches on the inverted Earth.

deep trenches on the inverted Earth.
Depressions like the Mariana Trench would

Depressions like the Mariana Trench would

Depressions like the Mariana Trench would
form prominent mountain ranges.

form prominent mountain ranges.

form prominent mountain ranges.
Such a mountain range would include Mount

Such a mountain range would include Mount

Such a mountain range would include Mount
Challenger in the Mariana Trench, which would

Challenger in the Mariana Trench, which would

Challenger in the Mariana Trench, which would
become the highest peak on the planet,

become the highest peak on the planet,

become the highest peak on the planet,
surpassing Mount Everest. In contrast, the

surpassing Mount Everest. In contrast, the

surpassing Mount Everest. In contrast, the
highest Deepest point would be Everest Deep in the

highest Deepest point would be Everest Deep in the

highest Deepest point would be Everest Deep in the
Himalayan water hole On the new earth only

Himalayan water hole On the new earth only

Himalayan water hole On the new earth only
29% of the surface would be covered by water

29% of the surface would be covered by water

29% of the surface would be covered by water
distributed in four shallow oceans

distributed in four shallow oceans

distributed in four shallow oceans
and the deepest place would be in the

and the deepest place would be in the

and the deepest place would be in the
Himalayan trench north of the Gulf of India The

Himalayan trench north of the Gulf of India The

Himalayan trench north of the Gulf of India The
Antarctic Ocean would be frozen

Antarctic Ocean would be frozen

Antarctic Ocean would be frozen
permanently alongside large portions of the

permanently alongside large portions of the

permanently alongside large portions of the
oceans of America and Australia the only

oceans of America and Australia the only

oceans of America and Australia the only
continent Pangea 2.0 would have been dominated by

continent Pangea 2.0 would have been dominated by

continent Pangea 2.0 would have been dominated by
high plateaus in the Atlantic

high plateaus in the Atlantic

high plateaus in the Atlantic
and Pacific regions the average altitude would have been

and Pacific regions the average altitude would have been

and Pacific regions the average altitude would have been
3700 m with the highest point Mount

3700 m with the highest point Mount

3700 m with the highest point Mount
Challenger at

Challenger at

Challenger at
1099 4 m where the lack of oxygen and

1099 4 m where the lack of oxygen and

1099 4 m where the lack of oxygen and
extreme temperatures of 60° would make

extreme temperatures of 60° would make

extreme temperatures of 60° would make
the peaks inaccessible to the east; many

the peaks inaccessible to the east; many

the peaks inaccessible to the east; many
parts of the great Pacific desert would

parts of the great Pacific desert would

parts of the great Pacific desert would
never record a

never record a

never record a
raindrop impact on life in this

raindrop impact on life in this

raindrop impact on life in this
scenario life would have evolved on land

scenario life would have evolved on land

scenario life would have evolved on land
much earlier because the oceans would have

much earlier because the oceans would have

much earlier because the oceans would have
been fewer and smaller limiting

been fewer and smaller limiting

been fewer and smaller limiting
aquatic habitat more organisms would have

aquatic habitat more organisms would have

aquatic habitat more organisms would have
moved to land because the

moved to land because the

moved to land because the
oceans could not meet their

oceans could not meet their

oceans could not meet their
energy needs the size of

energy needs the size of

energy needs the size of
animals would also have been

animals would also have been

animals would also have been
relatively smaller to cope with the

relatively smaller to cope with the

relatively smaller to cope with the
water shortage; carnivores would have

water shortage; carnivores would have

water shortage; carnivores would have
dominated as the number of plants and

dominated as the number of plants and

dominated as the number of plants and
trees would have decreased drastically; the anatomy of

trees would have decreased drastically; the anatomy of

trees would have decreased drastically; the anatomy of
humans would have been very different

humans would have been very different

humans would have been very different
if they had been able to

if they had been able to

if they had been able to
survive the high temperatures;

survive the high temperatures;

survive the high temperatures;
humans probably would not have been as dependent on

humans probably would not have been as dependent on

humans probably would not have been as dependent on
water as we are now and would have

water as we are now and would have

water as we are now and would have
developed better means of locomotion

developed better means of locomotion

developed better means of locomotion
on land such as more agile limbs

on land such as more agile limbs

on land such as more agile limbs
due to the extreme

due to the extreme

due to the extreme
temperature differences between day and night

temperature differences between day and night

temperature differences between day and night
complex species such as birds and mammals

complex species such as birds and mammals

complex species such as birds and mammals
would have been rare or would have disappeared

would have been rare or would have disappeared

would have been rare or would have disappeared
the ability to grow food and

the ability to grow food and

the ability to grow food and
access fresh water resources would have been

access fresh water resources would have been

access fresh water resources would have been
reduced leading to widespread famine

reduced leading to widespread famine

reduced leading to widespread famine
and social instability the

and social instability the

and social instability the
available land would have been overstretched

available land would have been overstretched

available land would have been overstretched
to support human and animal life

to support human and animal life

to support human and animal life
resulting in an extremely challenging environment

resulting in an extremely challenging environment

resulting in an extremely challenging environment
for long-term survival the

for long-term survival the

for long-term survival the
earth doesn't stay like this in the

earth doesn't stay like this in the

earth doesn't stay like this in the
end although the map depicting an

end although the map depicting an

end although the map depicting an
inverted earth is fascinating

inverted earth is fascinating

inverted earth is fascinating
the reality would be much different and

the reality would be much different and

the reality would be much different and
things wouldn't stay stable for

things wouldn't stay stable for

things wouldn't stay stable for
long first of all the length of a

long first of all the length of a

long first of all the length of a
day would vary slightly due to the change in the

day would vary slightly due to the change in the

day would vary slightly due to the change in the
mass of the earth first of all the length of

mass of the earth first of all the length of

mass of the earth first of all the length of
a day would varies slightly due to

a day would varies slightly due to

a day would varies slightly due to
changes in the mass of the earth because

changes in the mass of the earth because

changes in the mass of the earth because
soil is denser and heavier than

soil is denser and heavier than

soil is denser and heavier than
water this small change could have

water this small change could have

water this small change could have
knock-on effects on ecosystems and

knock-on effects on ecosystems and

knock-on effects on ecosystems and
species in addition the oceans are an

species in addition the oceans are an

species in addition the oceans are an
important source of thermal and

important source of thermal and

important source of thermal and
electrical energy and their drastic reduction would

electrical energy and their drastic reduction would

electrical energy and their drastic reduction would
mean that global energy demand

mean that global energy demand

mean that global energy demand
could no longer be met rivers would

could no longer be met rivers would

could no longer be met rivers would
have difficulty discharging water into the

have difficulty discharging water into the

have difficulty discharging water into the
oceans which would make fresh water

oceans which would make fresh water

oceans which would make fresh water
extremely scarce oceans

extremely scarce oceans

extremely scarce oceans
also act as

also act as

also act as
stabilizing entities that control the movement of

stabilizing entities that control the movement of

stabilizing entities that control the movement of
land masses with their absence

land masses with their absence

land masses with their absence
land masses would become unstable,

land masses would become unstable,

land masses would become unstable,
suffering from frequent

suffering from frequent

suffering from frequent
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tectonic movements.

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tectonic movements.

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tectonic movements.
Another major problem is that any

Another major problem is that any

Another major problem is that any
landmass that exceeds the

landmass that exceeds the

landmass that exceeds the
current altitude of Mount Everest,

current altitude of Mount Everest,

current altitude of Mount Everest,
such as in the case of The Mariana Trench

such as in the case of The Mariana Trench

such as in the case of The Mariana Trench
would begin to collapse under the effect of

would begin to collapse under the effect of

would begin to collapse under the effect of
gravity, with so much water

gravity, with so much water

gravity, with so much water
concentrated in shallow seas and

concentrated in shallow seas and

concentrated in shallow seas and
more land exposed around the

more land exposed around the

more land exposed around the
poles, it would be very likely that a new

poles, it would be very likely that a new

poles, it would be very likely that a new
ice age would set in within

ice age would set in within

ice age would set in within
a decade, much more severe. than

a decade, much more severe. than

a decade, much more severe. than
any previous glaciation in the absence of the

any previous glaciation in the absence of the

any previous glaciation in the absence of the
necessary amount of water to

necessary amount of water to

necessary amount of water to
produce ozone and maintain

produce ozone and maintain

produce ozone and maintain
atmospheric heat the earth would begin to

atmospheric heat the earth would begin to

atmospheric heat the earth would begin to
constantly lose essential gases which would lead

constantly lose essential gases which would lead

constantly lose essential gases which would lead
to the disappearance of most

to the disappearance of most

to the disappearance of most
life forms in the end our planet would become

life forms in the end our planet would become

life forms in the end our planet would become
a sterile landscape like the other

a sterile landscape like the other

a sterile landscape like the other
rocky planets from the Solar System

rocky planets from the Solar System

rocky planets from the Solar System
ultimately becoming a true geological nightmare

ultimately becoming a true geological nightmare

ultimately becoming a true geological nightmare

if the Earth had rings it would certainly be

if the Earth had rings it would certainly be
a wonderful sight to

a wonderful sight to

a wonderful sight to
observe for example Saturn's rings

observe for example Saturn's rings

observe for example Saturn's rings
are one of the most iconic

are one of the most iconic

are one of the most iconic
features of our

features of our

features of our
solar system and it is natural to wonder what

solar system and it is natural to wonder what

solar system and it is natural to wonder what
the planet would look like Our planet would have

the planet would look like Our planet would have

the planet would look like Our planet would have
rings, but we must

rings, but we must

rings, but we must
also know that Earth's hypothetical rings

also know that Earth's hypothetical rings

also know that Earth's hypothetical rings
would be different from

would be different from

would be different from
Saturn's in one essential respect: Earth would have no

Saturn's in one essential respect: Earth would have no

Saturn's in one essential respect: Earth would have no

ice. is much closer

ice. is much closer
to the Sun than Saturn, so

to the Sun than Saturn, so

to the Sun than Saturn, so
the radiation from

the radiation from

the radiation from
our star would make it difficult for

our star would make it difficult for

our star would make it difficult for
ice to exist in Earth's ring system,

ice to exist in Earth's ring system,

ice to exist in Earth's ring system,
instead Earth's rings

instead Earth's rings

instead Earth's rings
would be composed mainly of rock.

would be composed mainly of rock.

would be composed mainly of rock.
So before exploring

So before exploring

So before exploring
this hypothetical scenario further, we must let's

this hypothetical scenario further, we must let's

this hypothetical scenario further, we must let's
first understand how

first understand how

first understand how
these rings are typically formed, namely

these rings are typically formed, namely

these rings are typically formed, namely
planetary rings are made up of

planetary rings are made up of

planetary rings are made up of
countless particles that

countless particles that

countless particles that
orbit the planet these particles can

orbit the planet these particles can

orbit the planet these particles can
range in size from small grains of

range in size from small grains of

range in size from small grains of
dust to large rocks the particles are

dust to large rocks the particles are

dust to large rocks the particles are
held in orbit around the planet by

held in orbit around the planet by

held in orbit around the planet by
its gravity and are

its gravity and are

its gravity and are
constantly colliding with each other creating an

constantly colliding with each other creating an

constantly colliding with each other creating an
amazing spectacle of debris four

amazing spectacle of debris four

amazing spectacle of debris four
planets in our solar system have

planets in our solar system have

planets in our solar system have
rings and these four planets are

rings and these four planets are

rings and these four planets are
all the so-called gas planets

all the so-called gas planets

all the so-called gas planets
Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune On the

Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune On the

Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune On the
other hand we have four so-called

other hand we have four so-called

other hand we have four so-called
terrestrial planets or rocky Mercury Venus

terrestrial planets or rocky Mercury Venus

terrestrial planets or rocky Mercury Venus
Earth and Mars and as I mentioned they

Earth and Mars and as I mentioned they

Earth and Mars and as I mentioned they
don't have rings however we have to

don't have rings however we have to

don't have rings however we have to
wonder if Earth had rings

wonder if Earth had rings

wonder if Earth had rings
in the past are you passionate about all things

in the past are you passionate about all things

in the past are you passionate about all things
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more fascinating content appears did

more fascinating content appears did

more fascinating content appears did
the earth have rings scientists believe

the earth have rings scientists believe

the earth have rings scientists believe
it is possible that the earth had

it is possible that the earth had

it is possible that the earth had
rings similar to those of Saturn in the past

rings similar to those of Saturn in the past

rings similar to those of Saturn in the past
the idea that Earth may have had

the idea that Earth may have had

the idea that Earth may have had
rings in the past is not new and has been

rings in the past is not new and has been

rings in the past is not new and has been
proposed by various scientists

proposed by various scientists

proposed by various scientists
over the years some evidence of the

over the years some evidence of the

over the years some evidence of the
existence of ancient

existence of ancient

existence of ancient
Earth rings has been found in the form of

Earth rings has been found in the form of

Earth rings has been found in the form of
rocks lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo missions.

rocks lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo missions.

rocks lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo missions.
These rocks contain small

These rocks contain small

These rocks contain small
glass droplets that have a similar composition to the

glass droplets that have a similar composition to the

glass droplets that have a similar composition to the
glassy particles found in

glassy particles found in

glassy particles found in
Saturn's rings. It is believed that the

Saturn's rings. It is believed that the

Saturn's rings. It is believed that the
glass droplets formed when a

glass droplets formed when a

glass droplets formed when a
large object such as a comet, asteroid, or

large object such as a comet, asteroid, or

large object such as a comet, asteroid, or
planet could It collided with the

planet could It collided with the

planet could It collided with the
Earth and created a debris field

Earth and created a debris field

Earth and created a debris field
that eventually coalesced into

that eventually coalesced into

that eventually coalesced into
a ring. Some scientists believe that the

a ring. Some scientists believe that the

a ring. Some scientists believe that the
Earth's rings were

Earth's rings were

Earth's rings were
short-lived and quickly disappeared

short-lived and quickly disappeared

short-lived and quickly disappeared
after formed while others

after formed while others

after formed while others
believe they took millions of years. Okay,

believe they took millions of years. Okay,

believe they took millions of years. Okay,
so whether the theory about

so whether the theory about

so whether the theory about
Earth's rings in the past is true or

Earth's rings in the past is true or

Earth's rings in the past is true or
not, the question for this episode is, what

not, the question for this episode is, what

not, the question for this episode is, what
would happen if Earth had

would happen if Earth had

would happen if Earth had
rings today? Let's explore this

rings today? Let's explore this

rings today? Let's explore this
in more detail. many details earth with

in more detail. many details earth with

in more detail. many details earth with
rings the most obvious change would be

rings the most obvious change would be

rings the most obvious change would be
the appearance of the earth the rings would look like

the appearance of the earth the rings would look like

the appearance of the earth the rings would look like
a shiny band of rocks that would

a shiny band of rocks that would

a shiny band of rocks that would
surround the planet however

surround the planet however

surround the planet however
as I mentioned the earth's rings

as I mentioned the earth's rings

as I mentioned the earth's rings
would not be made of ice unlike

would not be made of ice unlike

would not be made of ice unlike
the rings of Saturn instead these

the rings of Saturn instead these

the rings of Saturn instead these
would be made of rocks and

would be made of rocks and

would be made of rocks and
dust particles the rings would be visible from Earth

dust particles the rings would be visible from Earth

dust particles the rings would be visible from Earth
but would not be as prominent as

but would not be as prominent as

but would not be as prominent as
Saturn's rings in addition the

Saturn's rings in addition the

Saturn's rings in addition the
visual display of the hypothetical rings would vary

visual display of the hypothetical rings would vary

visual display of the hypothetical rings would vary
greatly depending on the location of

greatly depending on the location of

greatly depending on the location of
the Observatory the rings around a

the Observatory the rings around a

the Observatory the rings around a
planet they would be more stable when

planet they would be more stable when

planet they would be more stable when
located along its equator

located along its equator

located along its equator
which would lead to different appearances

which would lead to different appearances

which would lead to different appearances
depending on latitude for example in

depending on latitude for example in

depending on latitude for example in
Colombia or Equator near the

Colombia or Equator near the

Colombia or Equator near the
equator the rings would be visible from the

equator the rings would be visible from the

equator the rings would be visible from the
inner edge creating the impression of a

inner edge creating the impression of a

inner edge creating the impression of a
thin line rising directly from the

thin line rising directly from the

thin line rising directly from the
Horizon. As you move away from the

Horizon. As you move away from the

Horizon. As you move away from the
Equator, the appearance of the rings would undergo

Equator, the appearance of the rings would undergo

Equator, the appearance of the rings would undergo
notable changes. They would widen

notable changes. They would widen

notable changes. They would widen
significantly, becoming more prominent,

significantly, becoming more prominent,

significantly, becoming more prominent,
and at certain points of observation they would

and at certain points of observation they would

and at certain points of observation they would
appear so close to the Horizon that it would be as

appear so close to the Horizon that it would be as

appear so close to the Horizon that it would be as
if you were to reach out your hand. you could touch it

if you were to reach out your hand. you could touch it

if you were to reach out your hand. you could touch it
interesting no not that now it's

interesting no not that now it's

interesting no not that now it's
just a visual aspect but what other

just a visual aspect but what other

just a visual aspect but what other
potential consequences would an earth

potential consequences would an earth

potential consequences would an earth
with rings bring climate effects and the rings the

with rings bring climate effects and the rings the

with rings bring climate effects and the rings the
presence of the rings would have a

presence of the rings would have a

presence of the rings would have a
significant impact on the earth's climate

significant impact on the earth's climate

significant impact on the earth's climate
the rings would block some of the

the rings would block some of the

the rings would block some of the
sunlight which reaches the surface of the planet

sunlight which reaches the surface of the planet

sunlight which reaches the surface of the planet
causing a drop in temperature

causing a drop in temperature

causing a drop in temperature
this would lead to a cooler climate

this would lead to a cooler climate

this would lead to a cooler climate
which could have both positive

which could have both positive

which could have both positive
and negative effects on the

and negative effects on the

and negative effects on the
planet's ecosystem the rings would also have an

planet's ecosystem the rings would also have an

planet's ecosystem the rings would also have an
effect on the tides on earth the

effect on the tides on earth the

effect on the tides on earth the
gravitational pull of the rings would

gravitational pull of the rings would

gravitational pull of the rings would
create additional tidal forces that

create additional tidal forces that

create additional tidal forces that
could cause sea level fluctuations;

could cause sea level fluctuations;

could cause sea level fluctuations;
tides would be higher in areas

tides would be higher in areas

tides would be higher in areas
where the rings are closest

where the rings are closest

where the rings are closest
to the planet and lower in areas where

to the planet and lower in areas where

to the planet and lower in areas where
they are further away distant there is a

they are further away distant there is a

they are further away distant there is a
huge probability that if the earth

huge probability that if the earth

huge probability that if the earth
had rings it would not have the Moon as

had rings it would not have the Moon as

had rings it would not have the Moon as
we know it So this would

we know it So this would

we know it So this would
cause even more pronounced changes in terms of

cause even more pronounced changes in terms of

cause even more pronounced changes in terms of
sea levels and

sea levels and

sea levels and
tidal forces But what about the

tidal forces But what about the

tidal forces But what about the
General impact for us humans the

General impact for us humans the

General impact for us humans the
impact on life human if the

impact on life human if the

impact on life human if the
earth had rings this would

earth had rings this would

earth had rings this would
have a significant impact on

have a significant impact on

have a significant impact on
human life For example if the earth

human life For example if the earth

human life For example if the earth
had rings it would change the amount and

had rings it would change the amount and

had rings it would change the amount and
quality of daylight on earth

quality of daylight on earth

quality of daylight on earth
the rings would cast shadows on different

the rings would cast shadows on different

the rings would cast shadows on different
parts of the planet affecting the amount

parts of the planet affecting the amount

parts of the planet affecting the amount
of sunlight reaching the

of sunlight reaching the

of sunlight reaching the
surface This could have an

surface This could have an

surface This could have an
impact on plant growth and the

impact on plant growth and the

impact on plant growth and the
behavior of animals that

behavior of animals that

behavior of animals that
rely on daylight to

rely on daylight to

rely on daylight to
regulate their activities. The presence of rings

regulate their activities. The presence of rings

regulate their activities. The presence of rings
around the earth could also affect

around the earth could also affect

around the earth could also affect
navigation and

navigation and

navigation and
communication systems, which satellites and other

communication systems, which satellites and other

communication systems, which satellites and other
space technology should be

space technology should be

space technology should be
repositioned or redesigned to

repositioned or redesigned to

repositioned or redesigned to
avoid a collision with the rings, this

avoid a collision with the rings, this

avoid a collision with the rings, this
could pose a

could pose a

could pose a
significant challenge for space agencies

significant challenge for space agencies

significant challenge for space agencies
and private companies that rely on

and private companies that rely on

and private companies that rely on
these systems for communication and

these systems for communication and

these systems for communication and
navigation. The presence of rings around the

navigation. The presence of rings around the

navigation. The presence of rings around the
earth would have At the same time, a

earth would have At the same time, a

earth would have At the same time, a
significant impact on the economy and

significant impact on the economy and

significant impact on the economy and
space exploration. The rings would make it more difficult

space exploration. The rings would make it more difficult

space exploration. The rings would make it more difficult
to observe objects in space

to observe objects in space

to observe objects in space
because they would create additional light polarization

because they would create additional light polarization

because they would create additional light polarization
and interfere with

and interfere with

and interfere with
telescopes and other instruments.

telescopes and other instruments.

telescopes and other instruments.
However, the rings could also offer

However, the rings could also offer

However, the rings could also offer
new opportunities for exploration

new opportunities for exploration

new opportunities for exploration
and research because they would be a

and research because they would be a

and research because they would be a
unique feature of our planet

unique feature of our planet

unique feature of our planet
that could be studied in detail

that could be studied in detail

that could be studied in detail
ecological consequences if the earth had

ecological consequences if the earth had

ecological consequences if the earth had
rings would have a significant impact

rings would have a significant impact

rings would have a significant impact
on the planet's plant life the

on the planet's plant life the

on the planet's plant life the
rings would cast a shadow on the

rings would cast a shadow on the

rings would cast a shadow on the
planet's surface reducing the amount of

planet's surface reducing the amount of

planet's surface reducing the amount of
sunlight reaching the planets as

sunlight reaching the planets as

sunlight reaching the planets as
mentioned This could lead

mentioned This could lead

mentioned This could lead
to a decrease in photosynthesis, which is

to a decrease in photosynthesis, which is

to a decrease in photosynthesis, which is
essential for plant growth, as a

essential for plant growth, as a

essential for plant growth, as a
result of which plant growth could be

result of which plant growth could be

result of which plant growth could be
slowed down and the number of plants on

slowed down and the number of plants on

slowed down and the number of plants on
earth could decrease. On the other hand,

earth could decrease. On the other hand,

earth could decrease. On the other hand,
the rings could represent a source of

the rings could represent a source of

the rings could represent a source of
nutrients for plants. would

nutrients for plants. would

nutrients for plants. would
contain dust and other particles that

contain dust and other particles that

contain dust and other particles that
could fall to the planet's surface and

could fall to the planet's surface and

could fall to the planet's surface and
provide nutrients for plants

provide nutrients for plants

provide nutrients for plants
this could lead to a

this could lead to a

this could lead to a
development of plant growth in the

development of plant growth in the

development of plant growth in the
areas where the particles fall the presence of

areas where the particles fall the presence of

areas where the particles fall the presence of
rings could also have an

rings could also have an

rings could also have an
impact on the behavior of

impact on the behavior of

impact on the behavior of
animals on Earth, for example,

animals on Earth, for example,

animals on Earth, for example,
changing the amount of sunlight

changing the amount of sunlight

changing the amount of sunlight
reaching the planet's surface

reaching the planet's surface

reaching the planet's surface
could affect the behavior of

could affect the behavior of

could affect the behavior of
diurnal animals; these animals are active

diurnal animals; these animals are active

diurnal animals; these animals are active
during the day and rely on

during the day and rely on

during the day and rely on
sunlight to regulate their

sunlight to regulate their

sunlight to regulate their
activity levels with less light As the solar radiation

activity levels with less light As the solar radiation

activity levels with less light As the solar radiation
reaching the surface decreases, these animals

reaching the surface decreases, these animals

reaching the surface decreases, these animals
may become less active or

may become less active or

may become less active or
change their behavior. On the other hand,

change their behavior. On the other hand,

change their behavior. On the other hand,
nocturnal animals may be less

nocturnal animals may be less

nocturnal animals may be less
affected by the presence of the Rings.

affected by the presence of the Rings.

affected by the presence of the Rings.
These animals are active at

These animals are active at

These animals are active at
night and depend less on

night and depend less on

night and depend less on
sunlight to survive. regulate

sunlight to survive. regulate

sunlight to survive. regulate
behavior however the presence of

behavior however the presence of

behavior however the presence of
the rings could still have an impact

the rings could still have an impact

the rings could still have an impact
on their behavior the rings

on their behavior the rings

on their behavior the rings
could provide a new source of light at

could provide a new source of light at

could provide a new source of light at
night which could attract

night which could attract

night which could attract
or repel certain animals

or repel certain animals

or repel certain animals
geological implications not least the presence of

geological implications not least the presence of

geological implications not least the presence of
rings around the earth would could

rings around the earth would could

rings around the earth would could
lead to significant changes in

lead to significant changes in

lead to significant changes in
tectonic activity the

tectonic activity the

tectonic activity the
gravitational pull of the rings could

gravitational pull of the rings could

gravitational pull of the rings could
cause stresses on the

cause stresses on the

cause stresses on the
Earth's crust which could lead to

Earth's crust which could lead to

Earth's crust which could lead to
increased volcanic activity and

increased volcanic activity and

increased volcanic activity and
earthquakes the rings could also

earthquakes the rings could also

earthquakes the rings could also
cause changes in the Earth's rotation and

cause changes in the Earth's rotation and

cause changes in the Earth's rotation and
orbit which could

orbit which could

orbit which could
further affect tectonic activity the

further affect tectonic activity the

further affect tectonic activity the
rings could also have a

rings could also have a

rings could also have a
significant impact on

significant impact on

significant impact on
erosion patterns on Earth particles from the

erosion patterns on Earth particles from the

erosion patterns on Earth particles from the
rings could collide with the

rings could collide with the

rings could collide with the
atmosphere causing increased erosion of the

atmosphere causing increased erosion of the

atmosphere causing increased erosion of the
upper atmosphere this

upper atmosphere this

upper atmosphere this
could lead to changes in

could lead to changes in

could lead to changes in
weather and climate patterns as well as

weather and climate patterns as well as

weather and climate patterns as well as
changes in the chemical composition of the

changes in the chemical composition of the

changes in the chemical composition of the
planet. Thus, the hypothesis

planet. Thus, the hypothesis

planet. Thus, the hypothesis
regarding the presence of rings around the

regarding the presence of rings around the

regarding the presence of rings around the
Earth opens

Earth opens

Earth opens
fascinating perspectives on the transformations

fascinating perspectives on the transformations

fascinating perspectives on the transformations
that our planet would undergo. The

current state of hypothetical rings

current state of hypothetical rings
underlines the complexity of the changes

underlines the complexity of the changes

underlines the complexity of the changes
that would occur in the way of

that would occur in the way of

that would occur in the way of
human life in the ecology of the planet and in

human life in the ecology of the planet and in

human life in the ecology of the planet and in
geological activity offering a

geological activity offering a

geological activity offering a
captivating perspective on the

captivating perspective on the

captivating perspective on the
potential interactions between the earth

potential interactions between the earth

potential interactions between the earth
and its

cosmic environment. People have always been

cosmic environment. People have always been
curious not only about the future of

curious not only about the future of

curious not only about the future of
humanity but also about the fate of planet earth

humanity but also about the fate of planet earth

humanity but also about the fate of planet earth
and the universe itself, all of this

and the universe itself, all of this

and the universe itself, all of this
in Nowadays, the threat

in Nowadays, the threat

in Nowadays, the threat
posed by climate change makes us

posed by climate change makes us

posed by climate change makes us
think even more often about the future of

think even more often about the future of

think even more often about the future of
our planet, although scientists

our planet, although scientists

our planet, although scientists
cannot answer with certainty

cannot answer with certainty

cannot answer with certainty
what It will happen thousands or millions

what It will happen thousands or millions

what It will happen thousands or millions
of years in the future. They are trying to

of years in the future. They are trying to

of years in the future. They are trying to
map the future with the knowledge

map the future with the knowledge

map the future with the knowledge
and technology available today.

and technology available today.

and technology available today.
So here is a brief prediction of what

So here is a brief prediction of what

So here is a brief prediction of what
the Earth will look like in the next

the Earth will look like in the next

the Earth will look like in the next
100 million years and the changes

100 million years and the changes

100 million years and the changes
that will occur. In this time period

that will occur. In this time period

that will occur. In this time period
10,000 years into the

10,000 years into the

10,000 years into the
future if a failure of the ice plug

future if a failure of the ice plug

future if a failure of the ice plug
in the Wilks Glacier basin in the

in the Wilks Glacier basin in the

in the Wilks Glacier basin in the
coming centuries were to endanger the

coming centuries were to endanger the

coming centuries were to endanger the
East Antarctic Ice Sheet it would

East Antarctic Ice Sheet it would

East Antarctic Ice Sheet it would
take this long for

take this long for

take this long for
sea level to completely melt would rise

sea level to completely melt would rise

sea level to completely melt would rise
by 3 to 4 m one of the

by 3 to 4 m one of the

by 3 to 4 m one of the
potential long-term effects of

potential long-term effects of

potential long-term effects of
global warming this is separate

global warming this is separate

global warming this is separate
from the shorter-term threat to the

from the shorter-term threat to the

West Antarctic ice sheet according to an estimate called the

West Antarctic ice sheet according to an estimate called the
Doomsday argument proposed by

Doomsday argument proposed by

Doomsday argument proposed by
Australian theoretical physicist

Australian theoretical physicist

Australian theoretical physicist
Brandon Carter there is a

Brandon Carter there is a

Brandon Carter there is a
95% chance that humans will be extinct in 10,000

95% chance that humans will be extinct in 10,000

95% chance that humans will be extinct in 10,000
years this argument has been heavily

years this argument has been heavily

years this argument has been heavily
debated so we are not entirely

debated so we are not entirely

debated so we are not entirely
sure whether humans will still exist or

sure whether humans will still exist or

sure whether humans will still exist or
not but if they are in 10,000 years there will

not but if they are in 10,000 years there will

not but if they are in 10,000 years there will
be no more regional genetic variation

be no more regional genetic variation

be no more regional genetic variation
between people this does not mean

between people this does not mean

between people this does not mean
that people will all look the same but

that people will all look the same but

that people will all look the same but
any genetic differences that exist

any genetic differences that exist

any genetic differences that exist
such as blue eyes versus

such as blue eyes versus

such as blue eyes versus
brown eyes will be distributed evenly across the

brown eyes will be distributed evenly across the

brown eyes will be distributed evenly across the
entire

entire

entire
Planet 13,000 years in the

Planet 13,000 years in the

Planet 13,000 years in the
future by this time the

future by this time the

future by this time the
earth's axial tilt will have reversed which

earth's axial tilt will have reversed which

earth's axial tilt will have reversed which
will cause summer and winter to occur

will cause summer and winter to occur

will cause summer and winter to occur
on opposite sides of the earth's orbit

on opposite sides of the earth's orbit

on opposite sides of the earth's orbit
this means that the seasons in the

this means that the seasons in the

this means that the seasons in the
northern hemisphere which experience

northern hemisphere which experience

northern hemisphere which experience
more pronounced seasonal variations

more pronounced seasonal variations

more pronounced seasonal variations
because of a larger percentage of land

because of a larger percentage of land

because of a larger percentage of land
they will be even more extreme because the earth will be

they will be even more extreme because the earth will be

they will be even more extreme because the earth will be
oriented towards the sun at perihelion

oriented towards the sun at perihelion

oriented towards the sun at perihelion
and away from the sun at aphelion

and away from the sun at aphelion

and away from the sun at aphelion
15000 years in the

15000 years in the

15000 years in the
future according to the Pompeii Sahara theory

future according to the Pompeii Sahara theory

future according to the Pompeii Sahara theory
the precession of the earth's poles will move the

the precession of the earth's poles will move the

the precession of the earth's poles will move the
North African monsoon far enough

North African monsoon far enough

North African monsoon far enough
towards north to transform the

towards north to transform the

towards north to transform the
Sahara back into a Tropical climate

Sahara back into a Tropical climate

Sahara back into a Tropical climate
as it was 5 10000

as it was 5 10000

as it was 5 10000
years ago 20000 years in the

years ago 20000 years in the

years ago 20000 years in the
future exclusion zone from Chernobyl, the

future exclusion zone from Chernobyl, the

future exclusion zone from Chernobyl, the
2,600 sq km area of Ukraine and

2,600 sq km area of Ukraine and

2,600 sq km area of Ukraine and
Belarus left deserted by the

Belarus left deserted by the

1986 Chernobyl disaster, becomes safe for human life

1986 Chernobyl disaster, becomes safe for human life
36,000 years in the future. The tiny

36,000 years in the future. The tiny

36,000 years in the future. The tiny
red dwarf star Ros 200 48 will pass

red dwarf star Ros 200 48 will pass

red dwarf star Ros 200 48 will pass
within about three light years

within about three light years

within about three light years
of Earth. becoming the closest

of Earth. becoming the closest

of Earth. becoming the closest
star to the sun it will move away after

star to the sun it will move away after

star to the sun it will move away after
about 8000 years with

about 8000 years with

about 8000 years with
first Alpha Centauri again and then

first Alpha Centauri again and then

first Alpha Centauri again and then
Gissi 445 being the closest

Gissi 445 being the closest

Gissi 445 being the closest
stars 500 years in the

stars 500 years in the

stars 500 years in the
future Niagara Falls will have eroded the

future Niagara Falls will have eroded the

future Niagara Falls will have eroded the
remaining 32 km to at Lake Irii and will

remaining 32 km to at Lake Irii and will

remaining 32 km to at Lake Irii and will
cease to exist according to Berger

cease to exist according to Berger

cease to exist according to Berger
and Lutru the current astronomical intergalactic period

reaches approximately

reaches approximately
8640 seconds due to the lunar tides

8640 seconds due to the lunar tides

8640 seconds due to the lunar tides
that slow down the rotation of the Earth according to the

that slow down the rotation of the Earth according to the

that slow down the rotation of the Earth according to the
Current system of measuring time

Current system of measuring time

Current system of measuring time
either a leap second should be added

either a leap second should be added

either a leap second should be added
to clock every day either to

to clock every day either to

to clock every day either to
compensate should have been that by then

compensate should have been that by then

compensate should have been that by then
the length of the day will be officially extended

the length of the day will be officially extended

the length of the day will be officially extended
by one second 100 years in the

by one second 100 years in the

by one second 100 years in the
future The giant star Vic canis majoris

future The giant star Vic canis majoris

future The giant star Vic canis majoris
will probably have exploded in a

[Music]

[Music]
proper motion or the

proper motion or the

proper motion or the
long-term motion of celestial bodies through

long-term motion of celestial bodies through

long-term motion of celestial bodies through
space the star constellations familiar stars

space the star constellations familiar stars

space the star constellations familiar stars
like Ursa Major Orion and Perseus no longer

like Ursa Major Orion and Perseus no longer

like Ursa Major Orion and Perseus no longer
exist either; a young

exist either; a young

exist either; a young
submarine volcano in the Hawaiian Chain rises

submarine volcano in the Hawaiian Chain rises

submarine volcano in the Hawaiian Chain rises
above the surface of the Pacific Ocean and

above the surface of the Pacific Ocean and

above the surface of the Pacific Ocean and
becomes a new island; and the Voyager 2 probe

becomes a new island; and the Voyager 2 probe

becomes a new island; and the Voyager 2 probe
passes within 4.7 light years of

passes within 4.7 light years of

passes within 4.7 light years of
the brightest star from the

the brightest star from the

the brightest star from the
night sky Sirius

night sky Sirius

night sky Sirius
2 300,000 years in the

2 300,000 years in the

2 300,000 years in the
future at some point in the next

future at some point in the next

future at some point in the next
few hundred thousand years the

few hundred thousand years the

few hundred thousand years the
Wolf Royat Star

Wolf Royat Star

Wolf Royat Star
WR14 is expected to explode in a supernova it has been

WR14 is expected to explode in a supernova it has been

WR14 is expected to explode in a supernova it has been
suggested that this could produce a

suggested that this could produce a

suggested that this could produce a
gamma ray burst that could would

gamma ray burst that could would

gamma ray burst that could would
pose a threat to life on

pose a threat to life on

pose a threat to life on
Earth if its poles

Earth if its poles

Earth if its poles
were aligned at 12° or less from

were aligned at 12° or less from

were aligned at 12° or less from
Earth's axis of rotation of the Star has not

Earth's axis of rotation of the Star has not

Earth's axis of rotation of the Star has not
yet been determined with

yet been determined with

yet been determined with
certainty 500,000 years in the

certainty 500,000 years in the

certainty 500,000 years in the
future Earth will probably be hit by

future Earth will probably be hit by

future Earth will probably be hit by
an asteroid with a diameter of about

an asteroid with a diameter of about

an asteroid with a diameter of about
1 km assuming that it cannot be

1 km assuming that it cannot be

1 km assuming that it cannot be
avoided the spent nuclear fuel from

avoided the spent nuclear fuel from

avoided the spent nuclear fuel from
current reactors will be Finally

current reactors will be Finally

current reactors will be Finally
safe this is of also the

safe this is of also the

safe this is of also the
final date by which we can hold

final date by which we can hold

final date by which we can hold
off a new Global Freeze If we burn

off a new Global Freeze If we burn

off a new Global Freeze If we burn
all remaining fossil fuels

all remaining fossil fuels

all remaining fossil fuels
1 million years in the

1 million years in the

1 million years in the
future Earth will have probably suffered a

future Earth will have probably suffered a

future Earth will have probably suffered a
super volcanic eruption

super volcanic eruption

super volcanic eruption
large enough to spew 3200 km C of

large enough to spew 3200 km C of

large enough to spew 3200 km C of
magma a event comparable to the supernova

magma a event comparable to the supernova

magma a event comparable to the supernova
explosion of 75,000 years ago

explosion of 75,000 years ago

explosion of 75,000 years ago
this is also the longest

this is also the longest

this is also the longest
estimated time until the red supergiant star

estimated time until the red supergiant star

estimated time until the red supergiant star
beetlejuice will explode

beetlejuice will explode

beetlejuice will explode
in a supernova the explosion is expected

in a supernova the explosion is expected

in a supernova the explosion is expected
to be easily visible in daylight it

to be easily visible in daylight it

to be easily visible in daylight it
could explode in just 100 thousands of years

could explode in just 100 thousands of years

could explode in just 100 thousands of years
depending on the evolutionary model plus

depending on the evolutionary model plus

depending on the evolutionary model plus
all the glass created to date

all the glass created to date

all the glass created to date
will have eventually degraded

will have eventually degraded

will have eventually degraded
massive stone structures like cast iron

massive stone structures like cast iron

massive stone structures like cast iron
or sculptures Mount Rushmore

or sculptures Mount Rushmore

or sculptures Mount Rushmore
might still exist the rest will

might still exist the rest will

might still exist the rest will
disappear desdemona and cresida the moons of

disappear desdemona and cresida the moons of

disappear desdemona and cresida the moons of
uranus will probably have collided 2

uranus will probably have collided 2

uranus will probably have collided 2
million years in the

million years in the

million years in the
future this is the estimated time for

future this is the estimated time for

coral reef ecosystems to recover from

coral reef ecosystems to recover from
human-caused ocean acidification a similar time was

human-caused ocean acidification a similar time was

human-caused ocean acidification a similar time was
needed to restore

needed to restore

needed to restore
marine ecosystems after the acidification event

marine ecosystems after the acidification event

marine ecosystems after the acidification event
that occurred approximately

that occurred approximately

that occurred approximately
65 million years ago The Grand Canyon

65 million years ago The Grand Canyon

65 million years ago The Grand Canyon
will continue to erode

a new ocean basin deepens to

a new ocean basin deepens to
divide the African continent and the

divide the African continent and the

divide the African continent and the
African plate into the Nubian plate and the

African plate into the Nubian plate and the

African plate into the Nubian plate and the
newly formed somali plate this is

newly formed somali plate this is

newly formed somali plate this is
also the estimated time for

also the estimated time for

also the estimated time for
full recovery of biodiversity after a

full recovery of biodiversity after a

full recovery of biodiversity after a
possible holocene extinction if

possible holocene extinction if

possible holocene extinction if
it were on the scale of the five

it were on the scale of the five

it were on the scale of the five
previous major extinctions. Even in the

previous major extinctions. Even in the

previous major extinctions. Even in the
absence of a mass extinction by

absence of a mass extinction by

absence of a mass extinction by
this date most of the current species

this date most of the current species

this date most of the current species
will be extinct due to the

will be extinct due to the

will be extinct due to the
background extinction rate and many species will

background extinction rate and many species will

background extinction rate and many species will
gradually evolve into new forms 50

gradually evolve into new forms 50

gradually evolve into new forms 50
million years in the

million years in the

million years in the
future this is the maximum estimated time

future this is the maximum estimated time

future this is the maximum estimated time
until the moon Phobo will collide with

until the moon Phobo will collide with

until the moon Phobo will collide with
Mars also according to

Mars also according to

Mars also according to
Christopher Scot

merge the Californian coast will begin

merge the Californian coast will begin
to be

subducted in addition The collision of Africa with

subducted in addition The collision of Africa with
Eurasia closes the Mediterranean basin and

Eurasia closes the Mediterranean basin and

Eurasia closes the Mediterranean basin and
creates a mountain range similar to the

creates a mountain range similar to the

creates a mountain range similar to the
Himalayas also the peaks of the

Himalayas also the peaks of the

Himalayas also the peaks of the
Appalachian Mountains will largely erode at a

Appalachian Mountains will largely erode at a

Appalachian Mountains will largely erode at a
rate of 5.7 Babov units although the

rate of 5.7 Babov units although the

rate of 5.7 Babov units although the
topography will actually rise as

topography will actually rise as

topography will actually rise as
regional valleys deepen

regional valleys deepen

regional valleys deepen
at twice this rate

at twice this rate

at twice this rate
100 million years into the

100 million years into the

100 million years into the
future this is the upper estimate

future this is the upper estimate

future this is the upper estimate
of the lifespan of Saturn's rings

of the lifespan of Saturn's rings

of the lifespan of Saturn's rings
in their current state also By

in their current state also By

in their current state also By
now, Earth will likely have been hit

now, Earth will likely have been hit

now, Earth will likely have been hit
by an asteroid of comparable size

by an asteroid of comparable size

by an asteroid of comparable size
to the one that triggered the KPG extinction

to the one that triggered the KPG extinction

to the one that triggered the KPG extinction
66 million years ago, assuming

66 million years ago, assuming

66 million years ago, assuming
it can't be avoided in

it can't be avoided in

it can't be avoided in
100 million years. It's

100 million years. It's

100 million years. It's
possible that all the continents on Earth will be hit by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago.

possible that all the continents on Earth will be hit by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago.

possible that all the continents on Earth will be hit by an asteroid of comparable size to the one that triggered the KPG extinction 66 million years ago.
Earth to merge again into a

Earth to merge again into a

Earth to merge again into a
supercontinent three

supercontinent three

supercontinent three
potential arrangements of this configuration

potential arrangements of this configuration

potential arrangements of this configuration
have been named Amasia Novo Pangea and

have been named Amasia Novo Pangea and

have been named Amasia Novo Pangea and
Pangea Ultima thus in the Light of

Pangea Ultima thus in the Light of

Pangea Ultima thus in the Light of
Predictions about the evolution of

Predictions about the evolution of

Predictions about the evolution of
our planet over the next millions of years it

our planet over the next millions of years it

our planet over the next millions of years it
becomes clear that climate change and the

becomes clear that climate change and the

becomes clear that climate change and the
forces of nature will fundamentally shape

forces of nature will fundamentally shape

forces of nature will fundamentally shape
the appearance and characteristics of the

the appearance and characteristics of the

the appearance and characteristics of the
earth although some scenarios

earth although some scenarios

earth although some scenarios
are speculative they underline

are speculative they underline

are speculative they underline
the importance of understanding and

the importance of understanding and

the importance of understanding and
adequately managing our impact on the

adequately managing our impact on the

adequately managing our impact on the
environment and preparing for the

environment and preparing for the

environment and preparing for the
challenges future giving us a

challenges future giving us a

challenges future giving us a
mirror on how

mirror on how

mirror on how
our actions today can affect future generations

our actions today can affect future generations

our actions today can affect future generations

throughout history humanity and has made the

throughout history humanity and has made the
ever-growing collection of huge weapons in

ever-growing collection of huge weapons in

ever-growing collection of huge weapons in
various environments on land in the oceans and

various environments on land in the oceans and

various environments on land in the oceans and
even in space the detonation of

even in space the detonation of

even in space the detonation of
nuclear bombs often under the guise of

nuclear bombs often under the guise of

nuclear bombs often under the guise of
Research It has taken place in multiple environments

Research It has taken place in multiple environments

Research It has taken place in multiple environments
including underground tests conducted

including underground tests conducted

including underground tests conducted
to explore their effects,

to explore their effects,

to explore their effects,
however, a thought-provoking question arises:

however, a thought-provoking question arises:

What would happen if we ventured

What would happen if we ventured
further into testing these bombs? What

further into testing these bombs? What

further into testing these bombs? What
would happen if we reached the highest levels?

would happen if we reached the highest levels?

would happen if we reached the highest levels?
great depths on our planet

great depths on our planet

great depths on our planet
Well we will find out these answers in

Well we will find out these answers in

Well we will find out these answers in
today's episode in which we will see

today's episode in which we will see

today's episode in which we will see
practically What would happen if we detonated

practically What would happen if we detonated

practically What would happen if we detonated
nuclear bombs in the core of

nuclear bombs in the core of

nuclear bombs in the core of
our earth What is the core of the earth The

our earth What is the core of the earth The

our earth What is the core of the earth The
earth is made up of three

earth is made up of three

earth is made up of three
main layers we human beings live on the

main layers we human beings live on the

main layers we human beings live on the
solid outer layer called the crust or

solid outer layer called the crust or

solid outer layer called the crust or
crust beneath the crust is the mantle which

crust beneath the crust is the mantle which

crust beneath the crust is the mantle which
is made up of hot magma and other semi-solid

is made up of hot magma and other semi-solid

is made up of hot magma and other semi-solid
rocks and minerals

rocks and minerals

rocks and minerals
tectonic activity in the

tectonic activity in the

tectonic activity in the
mantle often results in

mantle often results in

mantle often results in
visible changes in the crust we live on

visible changes in the crust we live on

visible changes in the crust we live on
including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
under the mantle lies the core the

under the mantle lies the core the

under the mantle lies the core the
Earth's core is the deepest and

Earth's core is the deepest and

Earth's core is the deepest and
hottest layer and is made up of

hottest layer and is made up of

hottest layer and is made up of
two layers proper the

two layers proper the

two layers proper the
outer core which borders the mantle and the

outer core which borders the mantle and the

outer core which borders the mantle and the
inner core which is a

inner core which is a

inner core which is a
ball-shaped layer made up almost

ball-shaped layer made up almost

ball-shaped layer made up almost
entirely of metal the outer core has It is

entirely of metal the outer core has It is

entirely of metal the outer core has It is
about 2000 km thick and is

about 2000 km thick and is

about 2000 km thick and is
made up mostly of a

made up mostly of a

made up mostly of a
combination of iron and nickel along with

combination of iron and nickel along with

combination of iron and nickel along with
small amounts of other dense elements

small amounts of other dense elements

small amounts of other dense elements
such as gold, platinum and uranium.

such as gold, platinum and uranium.

such as gold, platinum and uranium.
These metals can of course also be found

These metals can of course also be found

These metals can of course also be found
on the surface of the earth in solid form

on the surface of the earth in solid form

on the surface of the earth in solid form
in the outer core they are in a

in the outer core they are in a

in the outer core they are in a
very hot liquid form how

very hot liquid form how

very hot liquid form how
hot well between 3800 and

hot well between 3800 and

hot well between 3800 and
4900

4900

4900
grc the inner core is about a thickness

grc the inner core is about a thickness

grc the inner core is about a thickness
1200 m and is made up

1200 m and is made up

1200 m and is made up
mainly of iron unlike the

mainly of iron unlike the

mainly of iron unlike the
outer core the inner core is

outer core the inner core is

outer core the inner core is
mostly solid although the iron

mostly solid although the iron

mostly solid although the iron
in the inner core is even

in the inner core is even

in the inner core is even
hotter than the outer at around

hotter than the outer at around

hotter than the outer at around
5500 grc or more as

5500 grc or more as

5500 grc or more as
hot as the surface of the sun the

hot as the surface of the sun the

hot as the surface of the sun the
intense pressure in the rest of the planet

intense pressure in the rest of the planet

intense pressure in the rest of the planet
is so great that iron

is so great that iron

is so great that iron
cannot melt billions of years ago

cannot melt billions of years ago

cannot melt billions of years ago
when the Earth formed all the

when the Earth formed all the

when the Earth formed all the
heavier substances

heavier substances

heavier substances
sank towards the middle of the developing planet the

sank towards the middle of the developing planet the

sank towards the middle of the developing planet the
lighter and

lighter and

lighter and
less dense substances remained more close to the

less dense substances remained more close to the

less dense substances remained more close to the
crust that's why the inner core is

crust that's why the inner core is

crust that's why the inner core is
made of some of the heaviest

made of some of the heaviest

made of some of the heaviest
materials on earth with a

materials on earth with a

materials on earth with a
giant ball of solid metal as its core the whole

giant ball of solid metal as its core the whole

giant ball of solid metal as its core the whole
earth is magnetic

earth is magnetic

earth is magnetic
scientists believe that the earth's strong magnetic field

scientists believe that the earth's strong magnetic field

scientists believe that the earth's strong magnetic field
is controlled by the

is controlled by the

is controlled by the
liquid outer core the field The Earth's magnetic field

liquid outer core the field The Earth's magnetic field

liquid outer core the field The Earth's magnetic field
protects us from all sorts of

protects us from all sorts of

protects us from all sorts of
charged particles floating around in the

charged particles floating around in the

charged particles floating around in the
Solar System, including many of the

Solar System, including many of the

Solar System, including many of the
sun's harmful rays. Although it might

sun's harmful rays. Although it might

sun's harmful rays. Although it might
be hard to imagine, scientists

be hard to imagine, scientists

be hard to imagine, scientists
believe that the metals in the Earth's core

believe that the metals in the Earth's core

believe that the metals in the Earth's core
are constantly moving some

are constantly moving some

are constantly moving some
researchers even believe that the

researchers even believe that the

researchers even believe that the
Earth's inner core rotates

Earth's inner core rotates

Earth's inner core rotates
faster than the rest of the planet movement

faster than the rest of the planet movement

faster than the rest of the planet movement
within the Earth's liquid outer core

within the Earth's liquid outer core

within the Earth's liquid outer core
occasionally changes the location of the

occasionally changes the location of the

Earth's North and South magnetic poles an atomic bomb

Earth's North and South magnetic poles an atomic bomb
once shook the Earth's core in

once shook the Earth's core in

once shook the Earth's core in
1971 the US military dug a hole 1.6 km into the

1971 the US military dug a hole 1.6 km into the

1971 the US military dug a hole 1.6 km into the
earth's crust placed a

earth's crust placed a

earth's crust placed a
5-megaton atomic bomb at the bottom of the

5-megaton atomic bomb at the bottom of the

5-megaton atomic bomb at the bottom of the
resulting hole and lit the fuse all of

resulting hole and lit the fuse all of

resulting hole and lit the fuse all of
this was highly controversial

this was highly controversial

this was highly controversial
the site located in the remote

the site located in the remote

the site located in the remote
Aule Ine Islands of Alaska was prone to

Aule Ine Islands of Alaska was prone to

Aule Ine Islands of Alaska was prone to
earthquakes and volcanoes critics feared

earthquakes and volcanoes critics feared

earthquakes and volcanoes critics feared
that The bomb could trigger a disaster

that The bomb could trigger a disaster

that The bomb could trigger a disaster
when the bomb exploded a

when the bomb exploded a

when the bomb exploded a
powerful earthquake shook the test site the

powerful earthquake shook the test site the

powerful earthquake shook the test site the
pit itself collapsed the force of

pit itself collapsed the force of

pit itself collapsed the force of
the explosion leaving a radioactive crater on the surface the

the explosion leaving a radioactive crater on the surface the

the explosion leaving a radioactive crater on the surface the
shock waves traveled through the

shock waves traveled through the

shock waves traveled through the
planet penetrating deep enough

planet penetrating deep enough

planet penetrating deep enough
to ricochet off the planet's solid iron

to ricochet off the planet's solid iron

to ricochet off the planet's solid iron
in fact the test was

in fact the test was

in fact the test was
strong enough to allow

strong enough to allow

strong enough to allow
geologists to study the interior of the

geologists to study the interior of the

geologists to study the interior of the
planet to shed light into the

planet to shed light into the

planet to shed light into the
deepest depths of the Earth

deepest depths of the Earth

deepest depths of the Earth
including the core this test

including the core this test

including the core this test
thus allowed us to know many of the aspects we

thus allowed us to know many of the aspects we

thus allowed us to know many of the aspects we
know today about the

know today about the

know today about the
inner core of our planet all

inner core of our planet all

inner core of our planet all
nuclear bombs detonated in the core

nuclear bombs detonated in the core

nuclear bombs detonated in the core
as we saw a bomb not was enough

as we saw a bomb not was enough

as we saw a bomb not was enough
to create catastrophic consequences for

to create catastrophic consequences for

to create catastrophic consequences for
the planet But what would happen if all

the planet But what would happen if all

the planet But what would happen if all
the citizens of the earth were to unite

the citizens of the earth were to unite

the citizens of the earth were to unite
one day and decide to detonate

one day and decide to detonate

one day and decide to detonate
our entire nuclear arsenal in the

our entire nuclear arsenal in the

our entire nuclear arsenal in the
Earth's core At this moment there

Earth's core At this moment there

Earth's core At this moment there
are over 12,000 nuclear bombs on earth

are over 12,000 nuclear bombs on earth

are over 12,000 nuclear bombs on earth
what It certainly represents

what It certainly represents

what It certainly represents
a great destructive power, but the

a great destructive power, but the

a great destructive power, but the
good news is that it is probably not enough

good news is that it is probably not enough

good news is that it is probably not enough
to destroy the world. The

to destroy the world. The

to destroy the world. The
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that triggered

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that triggered

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that triggered
a massive tsunami and one of the most

a massive tsunami and one of the most

a massive tsunami and one of the most
catastrophic natural disasters in

catastrophic natural disasters in

catastrophic natural disasters in
recent times is estimated to have generated between 23,000

recent times is estimated to have generated between 23,000

recent times is estimated to have generated between 23,000
and 400 Hiroshima nuclear bombs

and 400 Hiroshima nuclear bombs

and 400 Hiroshima nuclear bombs
worth of energy about double or

worth of energy about double or

worth of energy about double or
more of the total number of

more of the total number of

more of the total number of
nuclear bombs we currently have the

nuclear bombs we currently have the

nuclear bombs we currently have the

asteroid that killed the dinosaurs

asteroid that killed the dinosaurs
carried an energy of about 10

carried an energy of about 10

carried an energy of about 10
billion times greater than that of the

billion times greater than that of the

billion times greater than that of the
Hiroshima bomb. Obviously,

Hiroshima bomb. Obviously,

Hiroshima bomb. Obviously,
circumstances are essential to

circumstances are essential to

circumstances are essential to
how any

how any

how any
event of such magnitude unfolds, but

event of such magnitude unfolds, but

event of such magnitude unfolds, but
none of these

none of these

none of these
massive events have managed to enormously alter the

massive events have managed to enormously alter the

massive events have managed to enormously alter the
earth itself. Our planet has been

earth itself. Our planet has been

earth itself. Our planet has been
able to absorbs the energy created and

able to absorbs the energy created and

able to absorbs the energy created and
released and continues to

released and continues to

released and continues to
revolve around the sun without

revolve around the sun without

revolve around the sun without
change would be exactly the same as

change would be exactly the same as

change would be exactly the same as
detonating many nuclear bombs in the core the

detonating many nuclear bombs in the core the

detonating many nuclear bombs in the core the
energy is released into the air in

energy is released into the air in

energy is released into the air in
the atmosphere through the ground which is why

the atmosphere through the ground which is why

the atmosphere through the ground which is why
we can all see the devastation

we can all see the devastation

we can all see the devastation
caused in a natural way Similarly, when

caused in a natural way Similarly, when

caused in a natural way Similarly, when
nuclear bombs are detonated on the ground,

nuclear bombs are detonated on the ground,

nuclear bombs are detonated on the ground,
their incredible power spreads

their incredible power spreads

their incredible power spreads
and propagates, but in the inner core,

and propagates, but in the inner core,

and propagates, but in the inner core,
things are obviously different.

things are obviously different.

things are obviously different.
None or few of these

None or few of these

None or few of these
effects would be repeated

effects would be repeated

effects would be repeated
even with over 12,000 nuclear warheads. The

even with over 12,000 nuclear warheads. The

even with over 12,000 nuclear warheads. The
iron ball and nickel which is the

iron ball and nickel which is the

iron ball and nickel which is the
inner core would most likely absorb the

inner core would most likely absorb the

inner core would most likely absorb the
energy the pressure there is too

energy the pressure there is too

energy the pressure there is too
great for even our most powerful

great for even our most powerful

great for even our most powerful
weapons and a disaster would

weapons and a disaster would

weapons and a disaster would
probably not occur even

probably not occur even

probably not occur even
for modern nuclear weapons whose

for modern nuclear weapons whose

for modern nuclear weapons whose
energy potential has increased

energy potential has increased

energy potential has increased
since 1945 the pressure is too high

since 1945 the pressure is too high

since 1945 the pressure is too high
though If all the nuclear bombs were

though If all the nuclear bombs were

though If all the nuclear bombs were
detonated down there at the same time

detonated down there at the same time

detonated down there at the same time
then we would be more likely to feel

then we would be more likely to feel

then we would be more likely to feel
at least earthquakes on the surface after all

at least earthquakes on the surface after all

at least earthquakes on the surface after all
any energy that wasn't

any energy that wasn't

any energy that wasn't
absorbed on its way up should

absorbed on its way up should

absorbed on its way up should
to go somewhere but the damage caused

to go somewhere but the damage caused

to go somewhere but the damage caused
would most likely be

would most likely be

would most likely be
negligible the middle of the

negligible the middle of the

negligible the middle of the
inner core is about 6000

inner core is about 6000

inner core is about 6000
km below the surface we are on so

km below the surface we are on so

km below the surface we are on so
again even the most massive

again even the most massive

again even the most massive
explosion would have serious difficulty

explosion would have serious difficulty

explosion would have serious difficulty
penetrating to the surface of the planet

penetrating to the surface of the planet

penetrating to the surface of the planet
the core is so strong that it would

the core is so strong that it would

the core is so strong that it would
withstand such shocks it may not

withstand such shocks it may not

withstand such shocks it may not
seem like it but the surface of the earth its crust

seem like it but the surface of the earth its crust

seem like it but the surface of the earth its crust
is fragile by comparison and could

is fragile by comparison and could

is fragile by comparison and could
break into pieces the inner core is not

break into pieces the inner core is not

break into pieces the inner core is not
that way That being said it is probably

that way That being said it is probably

that way That being said it is probably
better that this is just a

better that this is just a

better that this is just a
scenario hypothetically all the science and

scenario hypothetically all the science and

scenario hypothetically all the science and
logic says that a core detonation

logic says that a core detonation

logic says that a core detonation
shouldn't create that many

shouldn't create that many

shouldn't create that many
problems but maybe it still wouldn't be

problems but maybe it still wouldn't be

problems but maybe it still wouldn't be
wise to try that in the first place

wise to try that in the first place

wise to try that in the first place
Even if the journey to the core were

Even if the journey to the core were

Even if the journey to the core were
possible which is not then would be

possible which is not then would be

possible which is not then would be
fraught with incredible dangers yet

fraught with incredible dangers yet

fraught with incredible dangers yet
this scenario serves to highlight

this scenario serves to highlight

this scenario serves to highlight
the weight and extraordinary power

the weight and extraordinary power

the weight and extraordinary power
that the earth holds within itself an

that the earth holds within itself an

that the earth holds within itself an
incredibly impenetrable almost

incredibly impenetrable almost

incredibly impenetrable almost
indestructible realm that will continue to

indestructible realm that will continue to

indestructible realm that will continue to
spin No matter what happens

spin No matter what happens

spin No matter what happens
so that a Conclusion Despite the

so that a Conclusion Despite the

so that a Conclusion Despite the
crazy idea of detonating Earth's nuclear arsenal

crazy idea of detonating Earth's nuclear arsenal

crazy idea of detonating Earth's nuclear arsenal
in its inner core, the

in its inner core, the

in its inner core, the
results would probably not

results would probably not

results would probably not
really affect the planet, although

really affect the planet, although

really affect the planet, although
devastating natural events such as the

devastating natural events such as the

devastating natural events such as the
2004 earthquake or the asteroid impact that

2004 earthquake or the asteroid impact that

2004 earthquake or the asteroid impact that
killed the dinosaurs have released

killed the dinosaurs have released

killed the dinosaurs have released
considerable energy beyond the Earth's ability to

considerable energy beyond the Earth's ability to

considerable energy beyond the Earth's ability to
absorb and store it. manage such forces

absorb and store it. manage such forces

absorb and store it. manage such forces
is

remarkable an asteroid is preparing to

remarkable an asteroid is preparing to
hit the Earth is a

hit the Earth is a

hit the Earth is a
common scenario in Hollywood but also at NASA an

common scenario in Hollywood but also at NASA an

common scenario in Hollywood but also at NASA an
asteroid the size of a truck will

asteroid the size of a truck will

asteroid the size of a truck will
pass extraordinarily close to the Earth

pass extraordinarily close to the Earth

pass extraordinarily close to the Earth
we have been tracking a new asteroid called 2023 dw

we have been tracking a new asteroid called 2023 dw

we have been tracking a new asteroid called 2023 dw
which has a small chance of to hit Earth

which has a small chance of to hit Earth

which has a small chance of to hit Earth
in

in

in
2046 NASA announced in March

2046 NASA announced in March

2046 NASA announced in March
2023 there is a one in 560 chance of

2023 there is a one in 560 chance of

2023 there is a one in 560 chance of
impact NASA further stated, or in

impact NASA further stated, or in

impact NASA further stated, or in
other words, more positively, there is a

other words, more positively, there is a

other words, more positively, there is a
99.8% chance that 2023 ww will

99.8% chance that 2023 ww will

99.8% chance that 2023 ww will
safely pass by our planet and

safely pass by our planet and

safely pass by our planet and
leave us alone. But if that

leave us alone. But if that

0.2% possibility were to become a reality, what would

0.2% possibility were to become a reality, what would
happen in this case We could stop the

happen in this case We could stop the

happen in this case We could stop the
asteroid Let's find out what

asteroid Let's find out what

asteroid Let's find out what
asteroid

asteroid

asteroid
2023

2023

2023
ww is asteroid 2023 ww was

ww is asteroid 2023 ww was

ww is asteroid 2023 ww was
first observed on February 26,

first observed on February 26,

first observed on February 26,
2023 scientists believe it has a

2023 scientists believe it has a

2023 scientists believe it has a
diameter of about 50 m and

diameter of about 50 m and

diameter of about 50 m and
is currently 22 million km

is currently 22 million km

is currently 22 million km
from Earth as a reference The Moon orbits the

from Earth as a reference The Moon orbits the

from Earth as a reference The Moon orbits the
Earth on average at a distance

Earth on average at a distance

Earth on average at a distance
of approximately

of approximately

of approximately
380,000 km This is a huge distance

380,000 km This is a huge distance

380,000 km This is a huge distance
So the asteroid 2023 dw is at a

So the asteroid 2023 dw is at a

So the asteroid 2023 dw is at a
great distance from Earth according to data

great distance from Earth according to data

great distance from Earth according to data
provided by NASA's

provided by NASA's

provided by NASA's
Near-Earth Object Study Center

Near-Earth Object Study Center

Near-Earth Object Study Center
asteroid

asteroid

asteroid
2023 dw takes

2023 dw takes

2023 dw takes
271 days to orbit the

271 days to orbit the

271 days to orbit the
sun, but no orbit is a

sun, but no orbit is a

sun, but no orbit is a
perfect circle, and in the case of this

perfect circle, and in the case of this

perfect circle, and in the case of this
asteroid, the eccentricity its the

asteroid, the eccentricity its the

asteroid, the eccentricity its the
amount by which it deviates from a

amount by which it deviates from a

amount by which it deviates from a
circular orbit means that

circular orbit means that

circular orbit means that
scientists believe it could pass relatively

scientists believe it could pass relatively

scientists believe it could pass relatively
close to earth

close to earth

close to earth
on valentine's day on february 14,

on valentine's day on february 14,

on valentine's day on february 14,
2026 how romantic is this

2026 how romantic is this

2026 how romantic is this
according to current calculations the

according to current calculations the

according to current calculations the
closest distance it could have o from

closest distance it could have o from

closest distance it could have o from
Earth is approximately 2.7 million

Earth is approximately 2.7 million

Earth is approximately 2.7 million

km How is the potential

km How is the potential
danger of asteroids classified

danger of asteroids classified

danger of asteroids classified
Over 1 million asteroids have been discovered

Over 1 million asteroids have been discovered

Over 1 million asteroids have been discovered
but it is not worth worrying about

but it is not worth worrying about

but it is not worth worrying about
each of them Scientists

each of them Scientists

each of them Scientists
pay special attention to the so-called

pay special attention to the so-called

pay special attention to the so-called
potentially dangerous asteroids hazardous To

potentially dangerous asteroids hazardous To

potentially dangerous asteroids hazardous To
be classified as potentially

be classified as potentially

be classified as potentially
hazardous an asteroid must

hazardous an asteroid must

hazardous an asteroid must
meet two main criteria:

meet two main criteria:

meet two main criteria:
firstly, it must have a

firstly, it must have a

firstly, it must have a
minimum orbital intersection distance

minimum orbital intersection distance

minimum orbital intersection distance
with Earth of

with Earth of

with Earth of
0.05 astronomical units or less; an

0.05 astronomical units or less; an

0.05 astronomical units or less; an
asteroid with such an orbit can

asteroid with such an orbit can

asteroid with such an orbit can
dangerously close to our planet

dangerously close to our planet

dangerously close to our planet
secondly it must have an

secondly it must have an

secondly it must have an
absolute magnitude of

absolute magnitude of

absolute magnitude of
22.0 or less the

22.0 or less the

22.0 or less the
smallest asteroids in this category are estimated to

smallest asteroids in this category are estimated to

smallest asteroids in this category are estimated to
have a size ranging from between 100 and

have a size ranging from between 100 and

have a size ranging from between 100 and
240 m being sufficient to

240 m being sufficient to

240 m being sufficient to
cause significant local damage in the

cause significant local damage in the

cause significant local damage in the
event of an impact the hazard potential of

event of an impact the hazard potential of

event of an impact the hazard potential of
an asteroid is measured using

an asteroid is measured using

an asteroid is measured using
two scales The Turin Impact Hazard Scale

two scales The Turin Impact Hazard Scale

two scales The Turin Impact Hazard Scale
and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale The

and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale The

and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale The
Turin Scale is

Turin Scale is

Turin Scale is
used to communicate to the

used to communicate to the

used to communicate to the
general public the potential risk of a future

general public the potential risk of a future

general public the potential risk of a future
asteroid impact on this

asteroid impact on this

asteroid impact on this
simple scale an object is assigned a

simple scale an object is assigned a

simple scale an object is assigned a
value from 0 to 10 based on

value from 0 to 10 based on

value from 0 to 10 based on
the probability of collision and the

the probability of collision and the

the probability of collision and the
kinetic energy of the possible collision the

kinetic energy of the possible collision the

kinetic energy of the possible collision the
Palermo scale is a similar scale but

Palermo scale is a similar scale but

Palermo scale is a similar scale but
more complex Which is mainly used

more complex Which is mainly used

more complex Which is mainly used
by professional astronomers The

by professional astronomers The

by professional astronomers The
orbits of celestial bodies change

orbits of celestial bodies change

orbits of celestial bodies change
under the influence of the sun's gravity of

under the influence of the sun's gravity of

under the influence of the sun's gravity of
planets and other asteroids

planets and other asteroids

planets and other asteroids
Therefore, as soon as an asteroid is

Therefore, as soon as an asteroid is

Therefore, as soon as an asteroid is
labeled as potentially dangerous,

labeled as potentially dangerous,

labeled as potentially dangerous,
scientists track it and

scientists track it and

scientists track it and
perform high-precision calculations if

perform high-precision calculations if

perform high-precision calculations if
an asteroid is observed for 10 years

an asteroid is observed for 10 years

an asteroid is observed for 10 years
its orbit can be calculated 200

its orbit can be calculated 200

its orbit can be calculated 200
years in advance scientists need

years in advance scientists need

years in advance scientists need
time to tell the orbit of an

time to tell the orbit of an

time to tell the orbit of an
asteroid NASA's Eyes on Asteroids website

asteroid NASA's Eyes on Asteroids website

asteroid NASA's Eyes on Asteroids website
features 3D visualizations

features 3D visualizations

features 3D visualizations
real-time and information about every

real-time and information about every

real-time and information about every
asteroid and comet Known classified

asteroid and comet Known classified

asteroid and comet Known classified
as a near-earth object any

as a near-earth object any

as a near-earth object any
small object in the

small object in the

small object in the
Solar System that can come relatively close

Solar System that can come relatively close

Solar System that can come relatively close
to the earth is called a near-

to the earth is called a near-

to the earth is called a near-
earth object or Neo for short in case

earth object or Neo for short in case

earth object or Neo for short in case
a Neo has a width greater than 140

a Neo has a width greater than 140

a Neo has a width greater than 140
meters and its orbit intersects that

meters and its orbit intersects that

meters and its orbit intersects that
of the earth it is called a

of the earth it is called a

of the earth it is called a
potentially hazardous object or

potentially hazardous object or

potentially hazardous object or
ph when

ph when

ph when
new asteroids like 2023 dw are detected nasa says it

new asteroids like 2023 dw are detected nasa says it

new asteroids like 2023 dw are detected nasa says it
needs quite a while to

needs quite a while to

needs quite a while to
gather enough data to reduce

gather enough data to reduce

gather enough data to reduce
uncertainties and

uncertainties and

uncertainties and
adequately predict their orbits years into the future.

adequately predict their orbits years into the future.

adequately predict their orbits years into the future.
This is because the

This is because the

This is because the
longer one observes, the

longer one observes, the

longer one observes, the
better one can analyze how an

better one can analyze how an

better one can analyze how an
asteroid moves around the sun,

asteroid moves around the sun,

asteroid moves around the sun,
and the more accurate one can predict its orbits. better can it be predicted

and the more accurate one can predict its orbits. better can it be predicted

and the more accurate one can predict its orbits. better can it be predicted
When it is likely to intersect with

When it is likely to intersect with

When it is likely to intersect with
Earth Why is asteroid

Earth Why is asteroid

Earth Why is asteroid
2023

2023

2023
ww dw called in its name it is part of a

ww dw called in its name it is part of a

ww dw called in its name it is part of a
standard naming convention for

standard naming convention for

standard naming convention for
the discovery of such

the discovery of such

the discovery of such
celestial objects the first number refers to the year

celestial objects the first number refers to the year

celestial objects the first number refers to the year
in which a is discovered object in

in which a is discovered object in

in which a is discovered object in
this case is about the year

this case is about the year

this case is about the year
2023 and the letters refer to the month and the

2023 and the letters refer to the month and the

2023 and the letters refer to the month and the
order in which the object is

order in which the object is

order in which the object is
discovered each month being divided

discovered each month being divided

discovered each month being divided
into two halves so from January 1

into two halves so from January 1

into two halves so from January 1
to January 15 for example is the letter A

to January 15 for example is the letter A

to January 15 for example is the letter A
from January 16 to January 31 is

from January 16 to January 31 is

from January 16 to January 31 is
the letter B so the first object that

the letter B so the first object that

the letter B so the first object that
was discovered in the first half of

was discovered in the first half of

was discovered in the first half of
January 2023 it was called 2023 Aa

January 2023 it was called 2023 Aa

January 2023 it was called 2023 Aa
and the second 2023 AB and so on

and the second 2023 AB and so on

and the second 2023 AB and so on
until we reach

until we reach

until we reach
2023 dw which was discovered in the second

2023 dw which was discovered in the second

2023 dw which was discovered in the second
half of February and was the

half of February and was the

half of February and was the
23rd object

23rd object

23rd object
discovered technology NASA's Dart on

discovered technology NASA's Dart on

discovered technology NASA's Dart on
September 26, 2022 NASA managed to

September 26, 2022 NASA managed to

September 26, 2022 NASA managed to
successfully crash a space shuttle

successfully crash a space shuttle

successfully crash a space shuttle
Into an asteroid in the first

Into an asteroid in the first

Into an asteroid in the first
such attempt to change the trajectory of

such attempt to change the trajectory of

such attempt to change the trajectory of
a celestial object the mission called Darth

a celestial object the mission called Darth

a celestial object the mission called Darth
Double asteroid redirection test hit

Double asteroid redirection test hit

Double asteroid redirection test hit
dim morphos an asteroid that orbits

dim morphos an asteroid that orbits

dim morphos an asteroid that orbits
in around a larger asteroid called

in around a larger asteroid called

in around a larger asteroid called
Didim neither of the two asteroids

Didim neither of the two asteroids

Didim neither of the two asteroids
pose a threat to Earth

pose a threat to Earth

pose a threat to Earth
but were good for the test Dim Morphos

but were good for the test Dim Morphos

but were good for the test Dim Morphos
has a diameter of approximately 160 m,

has a diameter of approximately 160 m,

has a diameter of approximately 160 m,
three times larger than

three times larger than

three times larger than
asteroid

asteroid

asteroid
2023 dw Dart was a

2023 dw Dart was a

2023 dw Dart was a
proof-of-concept mission for the US

proof-of-concept mission for the US

proof-of-concept mission for the US
National Preparedness Strategy and

National Preparedness Strategy and

National Preparedness Strategy and
Action Plan on

Action Plan on

Action Plan on
Near-Earth Objects aimed at

Near-Earth Objects aimed at

Near-Earth Objects aimed at
preparing for the defense of Earth in

preparing for the defense of Earth in

preparing for the defense of Earth in
the event of an potential impact with an

the event of an potential impact with an

the event of an potential impact with an
unguided object in March 2023 NASA

unguided object in March 2023 NASA

unguided object in March 2023 NASA
published the latest results of the

published the latest results of the

published the latest results of the
Dart mission in a set of four

Dart mission in a set of four

Dart mission in a set of four
papers they concluded that

papers they concluded that

papers they concluded that
Dart's asteroid deflection technology

Dart's asteroid deflection technology

Dart's asteroid deflection technology
also known as a

also known as a

also known as a
kinetic impactor altered the orbit of the

kinetic impactor altered the orbit of the

kinetic impactor altered the orbit of the
model for calculating dimorphism

model for calculating dimorphism

model for calculating dimorphism
any threats posed by

any threats posed by

any threats posed by
asteroids Discovered in the future but NASA

asteroids Discovered in the future but NASA

asteroids Discovered in the future but NASA
says it needs

says it needs

says it needs
sufficient warning time of at least a few years

sufficient warning time of at least a few years

sufficient warning time of at least a few years
but preferably decades that

but preferably decades that

but preferably decades that
could mean we might have a chance

could mean we might have a chance

could mean we might have a chance
to deflect however small the threat of

to deflect however small the threat of

to deflect however small the threat of
asteroid 2023 dw given that

asteroid 2023 dw given that

asteroid 2023 dw given that
we have 23 years what

we have 23 years what

we have 23 years what
happens if asteroid 2023 ww hits

happens if asteroid 2023 ww hits

happens if asteroid 2023 ww hits
earth the fact that 2023 ww has a

earth the fact that 2023 ww has a

earth the fact that 2023 ww has a
Torino score of 1 meaning that the asteroid is

Torino score of 1 meaning that the asteroid is

Torino score of 1 meaning that the asteroid is
a routine discovery that does not present

a routine discovery that does not present

a routine discovery that does not present
an unusual level of danger even

an unusual level of danger even

an unusual level of danger even
if it hits the earth it will not cause a

if it hits the earth it will not cause a

if it hits the earth it will not cause a
global catastrophe fortunately in the case of

global catastrophe fortunately in the case of

global catastrophe fortunately in the case of
asteroid 2023 ww the scale of the

asteroid 2023 ww the scale of the

asteroid 2023 ww the scale of the
destruction could be similar to the

destruction could be similar to the

destruction could be similar to the
explosion of a atomic bombs will

explosion of a atomic bombs will

explosion of a atomic bombs will
asteroid 2023 ww hit earth in

asteroid 2023 ww hit earth in

asteroid 2023 ww hit earth in
2046 Despite being at the

2046 Despite being at the

2046 Despite being at the
top of the risk list it is extremely

top of the risk list it is extremely

top of the risk list it is extremely
unlikely that 2023 ww will hit

unlikely that 2023 ww will hit

unlikely that 2023 ww will hit
earth according to NASA the estimated odds of

earth according to NASA the estimated odds of

earth according to NASA the estimated odds of
impact is 1 in

impact is 1 in

impact is 1 in
560 as we mentioned initially and

560 as we mentioned initially and

560 as we mentioned initially and
The number is constantly changing as

The number is constantly changing as

The number is constantly changing as
researchers obtain more data, and in

researchers obtain more data, and in

researchers obtain more data, and in
an optimistic scenario, in a few months, the

an optimistic scenario, in a few months, the

likelihood of a collision could finally be eliminated or confirmed. How many other

likelihood of a collision could finally be eliminated or confirmed. How many other
potentially dangerous asteroids

potentially dangerous asteroids

potentially dangerous asteroids
are there besides 2023 ww? By

are there besides 2023 ww? By

are there besides 2023 ww? By
February

February

February
2023, astronomers had detected

2023, astronomers had detected

2023, astronomers had detected
2,330. potentially hazardous asteroids,

2,330. potentially hazardous asteroids,

2,330. potentially hazardous asteroids,
151 of which have a diameter greater

151 of which have a diameter greater

151 of which have a diameter greater
than 1 km The largest

than 1 km The largest

than 1 km The largest
known potentially hazardous asteroid is

known potentially hazardous asteroid is

known potentially hazardous asteroid is
1999 jm 8 and is estimated to have a

1999 jm 8 and is estimated to have a

1999 jm 8 and is estimated to have a
diameter of approximately 7 km. We would like to

diameter of approximately 7 km. We would like to

diameter of approximately 7 km. We would like to
emphasize that this data does not

emphasize that this data does not

emphasize that this data does not
mean that all of these asteroids will

mean that all of these asteroids will

mean that all of these asteroids will
eventually hit Earth,

eventually hit Earth,

eventually hit Earth,
but only that they have the potential. to do

but only that they have the potential. to do

but only that they have the potential. to do
this None of these

this None of these

this None of these
pose a sufficient risk of impact in the

pose a sufficient risk of impact in the

pose a sufficient risk of impact in the
next 100 years fortunately

next 100 years fortunately

next 100 years fortunately
asteroids like 2023 dw pose

asteroids like 2023 dw pose

asteroids like 2023 dw pose
real threats to earth that

real threats to earth that

real threats to earth that
NASA is constantly considering

NASA is constantly considering

NASA is constantly considering
fortunately but 2023 ww has a very

fortunately but 2023 ww has a very

fortunately but 2023 ww has a very
small chance of hit our planet in

small chance of hit our planet in

small chance of hit our planet in
2046 and it is also a

2046 and it is also a

2046 and it is also a
small asteroid that would not create extremely

small asteroid that would not create extremely

small asteroid that would not create extremely
large damage even if it did

hit while Earth is currently

hit while Earth is currently
our only known home and

our only known home and

our only known home and
offers us the perfect conditions for life

offers us the perfect conditions for life

offers us the perfect conditions for life
there are other planets in our galaxy

there are other planets in our galaxy

there are other planets in our galaxy
that could have similar or

that could have similar or

that could have similar or
even superior conditions to support life.

even superior conditions to support life.

even superior conditions to support life.
In this episode, we'll take a closer look

In this episode, we'll take a closer look

In this episode, we'll take a closer look
at some of these planets

at some of these planets

at some of these planets
and explore what makes them unique and

and explore what makes them unique and

and explore what makes them unique and
potentially more suitable for life.

potentially more suitable for life.

potentially more suitable for life.
So buckle up. and get ready

So buckle up. and get ready

So buckle up. and get ready
to discover some interesting

to discover some interesting

to discover some interesting
and unexpected planets discovered by NASA that

and unexpected planets discovered by NASA that

and unexpected planets discovered by NASA that
could change the way we think

could change the way we think

could change the way we think
about our place in the

about our place in the

about our place in the
universe Kepler

universe Kepler

universe Kepler
438b an alien world orbiting

438b an alien world orbiting

438b an alien world orbiting
a distant star in the

a distant star in the

a distant star in the
constellation Libra could be the most

constellation Libra could be the most

constellation Libra could be the most
similar planet with Earth

similar planet with Earth

similar planet with Earth
ever discovered outside the

ever discovered outside the

ever discovered outside the
solar system planet called Kepler

solar system planet called Kepler

solar system planet called Kepler
438b It is slightly larger than Earth

438b It is slightly larger than Earth

438b It is slightly larger than Earth
and orbits an orange dwarf star

and orbits an orange dwarf star

and orbits an orange dwarf star
that bathes it with 40%

that bathes it with 40%

that bathes it with 40%
more light than our planet receives

more light than our planet receives

more light than our planet receives
from the sun

from the sun

from the sun
Kepler

Kepler

Kepler
438b's small size is a make it likely to be a

438b's small size is a make it likely to be a

438b's small size is a make it likely to be a
rocky world while its proximity

rocky world while its proximity

rocky world while its proximity
to the star places it in the habitable zone

to the star places it in the habitable zone

to the star places it in the habitable zone
where the temperature is right for

where the temperature is right for

where the temperature is right for
liquid water to flow a

liquid water to flow a

liquid water to flow a
rocky surface and flowing water are two

rocky surface and flowing water are two

rocky surface and flowing water are two
of the most important factors

of the most important factors

of the most important factors
scientists look for

scientists look for

scientists look for
when Assessing the chances of a planet

when Assessing the chances of a planet

when Assessing the chances of a planet
being hospitable to life Kepler

being hospitable to life Kepler

being hospitable to life Kepler
438b which is 470

438b which is 470

438b which is 470
light years away It completes an orbit

light years away It completes an orbit

light years away It completes an orbit
around its star every 35

around its star every 35

around its star every 35
days, making a year on the planet

days, making a year on the planet

days, making a year on the planet
10 times faster than on

10 times faster than on

10 times faster than on
Earth. Small planets are more likely

Earth. Small planets are more likely

Earth. Small planets are more likely
to be rocky than giant ones, and

to be rocky than giant ones, and

to be rocky than giant ones, and
at a size of just 12% larger

at a size of just 12% larger

at a size of just 12% larger
than our planet, the chances of Kepler

than our planet, the chances of Kepler

than our planet, the chances of Kepler
438b being rocky are over 70%,

438b being rocky are over 70%,

438b being rocky are over 70%,
researchers said. However, Kepler

researchers said. However, Kepler

researchers said. However, Kepler
438b has some problems. A

438b has some problems. A

438b has some problems. A
major challenge is its distance from Earth,

major challenge is its distance from Earth,

major challenge is its distance from Earth,
which makes it difficult to study and

which makes it difficult to study and

which makes it difficult to study and
understand its conditions and

understand its conditions and

understand its conditions and
potential for life. The planet

potential for life. The planet

potential for life. The planet
also receives more

also receives more

also receives more
starlight than Earth, which could

starlight than Earth, which could

starlight than Earth, which could
lead to stronger solar winds and

lead to stronger solar winds and

lead to stronger solar winds and
flares that could strip away the

flares that could strip away the

flares that could strip away the
planet's atmosphere and

planet's atmosphere and

planet's atmosphere and
eventually damage its surface. The

eventually damage its surface. The

eventually damage its surface. The
exact composition and conditions of the

exact composition and conditions of the

exact composition and conditions of the
planet Kepler 403 8b are not known. are still poorly

planet Kepler 403 8b are not known. are still poorly

planet Kepler 403 8b are not known. are still poorly
known so

known so

known so
further research is needed to

further research is needed to

further research is needed to
fully assess its habitability potential

fully assess its habitability potential

fully assess its habitability potential
Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri
b This is a planet located in the

b This is a planet located in the

b This is a planet located in the
habitable zone of the closest star to

habitable zone of the closest star to

habitable zone of the closest star to
our solar system Proxima Centauri

our solar system Proxima Centauri

our solar system Proxima Centauri
is located at a distance of approximately 4.2

is located at a distance of approximately 4.2

is located at a distance of approximately 4.2
light years from Earth, being the

light years from Earth, being the

light years from Earth, being the
closest potentially habitable planet

closest potentially habitable planet

closest potentially habitable planet
discovered to date Proxima

discovered to date Proxima

discovered to date Proxima
Centauri b is a rocky planet of

Centauri b is a rocky planet of

Centauri b is a rocky planet of
similar size to those of

similar size to those of

similar size to those of
Earth and orbits

Earth and orbits

Earth and orbits
its star in just

its star in just

its star in just
11.2 days Proxima Centauri could be

11.2 days Proxima Centauri could be

11.2 days Proxima Centauri could be
a better candidate to support

a better candidate to support

a better candidate to support
life than Earth because it is

life than Earth because it is

life than Earth because it is
located in its star's habitable zone

located in its star's habitable zone

located in its star's habitable zone
where temperatures may be suitable

where temperatures may be suitable

where temperatures may be suitable
for liquid water to exist on the

for liquid water to exist on the

for liquid water to exist on the
surface In addition, Proxima Centauri is

surface In addition, Proxima Centauri is

surface In addition, Proxima Centauri is
a red dwarf star, which means it

a red dwarf star, which means it

a red dwarf star, which means it
is much cooler and less

is much cooler and less

is much cooler and less
bright than our sun.

bright than our sun.

bright than our sun.
This could be an advantage because it

This could be an advantage because it

This could be an advantage because it
could allow the planet to maintain a

could allow the planet to maintain a

stable atmosphere and surface temperature despite the fact that that it is

stable atmosphere and surface temperature despite the fact that that it is
much closer to its star than the

much closer to its star than the

much closer to its star than the
earth is to the sun the planet's proximity to

earth is to the sun the planet's proximity to

earth is to the sun the planet's proximity to
earth also makes it an

earth also makes it an

earth also makes it an
attractive target for future

attractive target for future

attractive target for future
interstellar exploration and potential colonization

interstellar exploration and potential colonization

interstellar exploration and potential colonization
however despite its

however despite its

however despite its
potential advantages Proxima Centauri b

potential advantages Proxima Centauri b

potential advantages Proxima Centauri b
faces some challenges and

faces some challenges and

faces some challenges and
disadvantages, for example the

disadvantages, for example the

disadvantages, for example the
planet's proximity to its star means

planet's proximity to its star means

planet's proximity to its star means
it could be tidally locked with one

it could be tidally locked with one

it could be tidally locked with one
side permanently facing the star

side permanently facing the star

side permanently facing the star
while the other side is in

while the other side is in

while the other side is in
perpetual darkness. This could

perpetual darkness. This could

perpetual darkness. This could
create extreme differences in temperature

create extreme differences in temperature

create extreme differences in temperature
between the two sides making

between the two sides making

between the two sides making
survival difficult in addition Proxima Senta

survival difficult in addition Proxima Senta

survival difficult in addition Proxima Senta
is a very active star that can

is a very active star that can

is a very active star that can
produce intense flares and radiation that

produce intense flares and radiation that

produce intense flares and radiation that
could be harmful to any

could be harmful to any

could be harmful to any
potential life form on the planet

potential life form on the planet

potential life form on the planet
these factors highlight the need for

these factors highlight the need for

these factors highlight the need for
further research and exploration

further research and exploration

further research and exploration
to understand fully

to understand fully

to understand fully
habitable Proxima Centauri b

habitable Proxima Centauri b

habitable Proxima Centauri b
planets hosted by the star Trappist

planets hosted by the star Trappist

planets hosted by the star Trappist
1 located 39 light years from Earth

1 located 39 light years from Earth

1 located 39 light years from Earth
Trappist 1 is a relatively cool dwarf star

Trappist 1 is a relatively cool dwarf star

Trappist 1 is a relatively cool dwarf star
with a mass of about 9% that of the

with a mass of about 9% that of the

with a mass of about 9% that of the
Sun and a radius of about 12%

Sun and a radius of about 12%

Sun and a radius of about 12%
of it This

of it This

of it This
ultra-cool star is believed to host at least seven

ultra-cool star is believed to host at least seven

ultra-cool star is believed to host at least seven
rocky planets the size of Earth

rocky planets the size of Earth

rocky planets the size of Earth
or smaller. Using

or smaller. Using

or smaller. Using
terrestrial climate and photochemical models, researchers at the

terrestrial climate and photochemical models, researchers at the

terrestrial climate and photochemical models, researchers at the
University of Washington simulated

University of Washington simulated

University of Washington simulated
environmental conditions. For each planet

environmental conditions. For each planet

environmental conditions. For each planet
in the Trappist 1 system, the models show that

in the Trappist 1 system, the models show that

in the Trappist 1 system, the models show that
all seven exoplanets

all seven exoplanets

all seven exoplanets
likely evolved like Venus, meaning that

likely evolved like Venus, meaning that

likely evolved like Venus, meaning that
any water or oceans would have evaporated

any water or oceans would have evaporated

any water or oceans would have evaporated
early in the system's formation. According to

early in the system's formation. According to

early in the system's formation. According to
these models, the seven

these models, the seven

these models, the seven
Trappist 1 planets would have dense,

Trappist 1 planets would have dense,

Trappist 1 planets would have dense,
uninhabitable atmospheres. However, one of the

uninhabitable atmospheres. However, one of the

uninhabitable atmospheres. However, one of the
worlds, called Trappist 1e, could host

worlds, called Trappist 1e, could host

worlds, called Trappist 1e, could host
liquid water on its surface and

liquid water on its surface and

liquid water on its surface and
therefore could host

therefore could host

therefore could host
Earth-like life. Trappist

Earth-like life. Trappist

Earth-like life. Trappist
1s is in the habitable zone of

1s is in the habitable zone of

1s is in the habitable zone of
its star, although we don't know the

its star, although we don't know the

its star, although we don't know the
full conditions on it yet. And That

full conditions on it yet. And That

full conditions on it yet. And That
could prove to be a problem. This planet

could prove to be a problem. This planet

could prove to be a problem. This planet
could also have a

could also have a

could also have a
large amount of oxygen, the researchers said.

large amount of oxygen, the researchers said.

large amount of oxygen, the researchers said.
As water evaporates from the

As water evaporates from the

As water evaporates from the
planet's surface and is hit by

planet's surface and is hit by

planet's surface and is hit by
ultraviolet emissions from a star, the

ultraviolet emissions from a star, the

ultraviolet emissions from a star, the
hydrogen and oxygen molecules break

hydrogen and oxygen molecules break

hydrogen and oxygen molecules break
apart. The hydrogen can It would be

apart. The hydrogen can It would be

apart. The hydrogen can It would be
light enough to escape the atmosphere despite the

light enough to escape the atmosphere despite the

light enough to escape the atmosphere despite the
planet's gravity, but the oxygen would

planet's gravity, but the oxygen would

planet's gravity, but the oxygen would
remain trapped. It could

remain trapped. It could

remain trapped. It could
have a thick oxygen atmosphere

have a thick oxygen atmosphere

have a thick oxygen atmosphere
formed by processes that are very

formed by processes that are very

formed by processes that are very
different from anything observed

different from anything observed

different from anything observed

so far. gissi

so far. gissi
667

667

667
CC This is an exoplanet located in the

CC This is an exoplanet located in the

CC This is an exoplanet located in the
habitable zone of the star system gissi

habitable zone of the star system gissi

habitable zone of the star system gissi
667 c which is approximately 22

667 c which is approximately 22

667 c which is approximately 22
light years from Earth it was discovered

light years from Earth it was discovered

light years from Earth it was discovered
in 2011 and has a mass approximately 4.5

in 2011 and has a mass approximately 4.5

in 2011 and has a mass approximately 4.5
times that of Earth which

times that of Earth which

times that of Earth which
What makes it a super earth? It

What makes it a super earth? It

What makes it a super earth? It
orbits its star in

orbits its star in

orbits its star in
28.1 Earth days and has a radius

28.1 Earth days and has a radius

28.1 Earth days and has a radius
about 1.5 times that of

about 1.5 times that of

about 1.5 times that of
Earth. Gissi

Earth. Gissi

Earth. Gissi
667 cc is a variant to support

667 cc is a variant to support

667 cc is a variant to support
life because it is located in the

life because it is located in the

life because it is located in the
habitable zone of its star. where temperate

habitable zone of its star. where temperate

habitable zone of its star. where temperate
conditions may be suitable for

conditions may be suitable for

conditions may be suitable for
liquid water to exist on its surface. In

liquid water to exist on its surface. In

liquid water to exist on its surface. In
addition, it is thought to have a stable climate,

addition, it is thought to have a stable climate,

addition, it is thought to have a stable climate,
which could be due to its

which could be due to its

which could be due to its
relatively circular orbit and the presence of a

relatively circular orbit and the presence of a

relatively circular orbit and the presence of a
thick atmosphere. The planet's mass and radius

thick atmosphere. The planet's mass and radius

thick atmosphere. The planet's mass and radius
suggest that it could have a

suggest that it could have a

suggest that it could have a
rocky composition and possibly even an

rocky composition and possibly even an

rocky composition and possibly even an
atmospheric composition similar to that of

atmospheric composition similar to that of

atmospheric composition similar to that of
Earth but gissi

Earth but gissi

Earth but gissi
667 CC faces some challenges

667 CC faces some challenges

667 CC faces some challenges
and disadvantages one major challenge is the

and disadvantages one major challenge is the

and disadvantages one major challenge is the
fact that it orbits a

fact that it orbits a

fact that it orbits a
triple star system means that it

triple star system means that it

triple star system means that it
could suffer extreme

could suffer extreme

could suffer extreme
temperature variations depending on its position in

temperature variations depending on its position in

temperature variations depending on its position in
relation to the three stars, plus its

relation to the three stars, plus its

relation to the three stars, plus its
distance from Earth

distance from Earth

distance from Earth
makes it difficult to study and understand the

makes it difficult to study and understand the

makes it difficult to study and understand the
planet's atmosphere and In addition to other conditions

planet's atmosphere and In addition to other conditions

planet's atmosphere and In addition to other conditions
that would be necessary to support

that would be necessary to support

that would be necessary to support
life, there are also unknowns

life, there are also unknowns

life, there are also unknowns
regarding the conditions on the

regarding the conditions on the

regarding the conditions on the
planet's surface and

planet's surface and

planet's surface and
potential radiation exposure that would be

potential radiation exposure that would be

potential radiation exposure that would be
important for

important for

important for
long-term survival on the planet. The future of the search for

long-term survival on the planet. The future of the search for

long-term survival on the planet. The future of the search for
an Earth-like planet

an Earth-like planet

an Earth-like planet
to predict more well habit

to predict more well habit

to predict more well habit
ability of planets similar to

ability of planets similar to

ability of planets similar to
Earth exoplanet researchers

Earth exoplanet researchers

Earth exoplanet researchers
need to understand the atmospheres

need to understand the atmospheres

need to understand the atmospheres
around them for that

around them for that

around them for that
very powerful instruments are needed and

very powerful instruments are needed and

very powerful instruments are needed and
fortunately these will be available

fortunately these will be available

fortunately these will be available
soon in 10 years we will have

soon in 10 years we will have

soon in 10 years we will have
ridiculously good telescopes said a researcher

ridiculously good telescopes said a researcher

ridiculously good telescopes said a researcher
space telescope Roman al NASA is

space telescope Roman al NASA is

space telescope Roman al NASA is
set to launch sometime in the mid-

set to launch sometime in the mid-

set to launch sometime in the mid-
2020s, and

2020s, and

2020s, and
it will embark on a

it will embark on a

it will embark on a
five-year journey to identify 2,500

five-year journey to identify 2,500

five-year journey to identify 2,500
new exoplanets. The telescope has already been launched.

new exoplanets. The telescope has already been launched.

new exoplanets. The telescope has already been launched.
space James Web Which is

space James Web Which is

space James Web Which is
one of the most powerful

one of the most powerful

one of the most powerful
exoplanet hunters of all time a

exoplanet hunters of all time a

exoplanet hunters of all time a
very significant and explicit part

very significant and explicit part

very significant and explicit part
of its mission is studying

of its mission is studying

of its mission is studying
the atmospheres around

the atmospheres around

the atmospheres around
Earth-like worlds in addition it will search for

Earth-like worlds in addition it will search for

Earth-like worlds in addition it will search for
Bios gas signatures associated with

Bios gas signatures associated with

Bios gas signatures associated with
past or present life Is there something profound

past or present life Is there something profound

past or present life Is there something profound
in to search for something in

in to search for something in

in to search for something in
common with our own on distant worlds requires a

common with our own on distant worlds requires a

common with our own on distant worlds requires a
lot of precise circumstances

lot of precise circumstances

lot of precise circumstances
for a planet like ours to exist

for a planet like ours to exist

for a planet like ours to exist
the idea that this precision could be

the idea that this precision could be

the idea that this precision could be
repeated does not diminish how special

repeated does not diminish how special

repeated does not diminish how special
Earth is but rather amplifies the possibility that

Earth is but rather amplifies the possibility that

Earth is but rather amplifies the possibility that
life could develop

Elsewhere Perhaps we often cast our

Elsewhere Perhaps we often cast our
eyes towards space, thinking about the

eyes towards space, thinking about the

eyes towards space, thinking about the
possibility of

possibility of

possibility of
extraterrestrial life and what

extraterrestrial life and what

extraterrestrial life and what
those strange and wonderful worlds might look like.

those strange and wonderful worlds might look like.

those strange and wonderful worlds might look like.
Even so, we must not ignore our

Even so, we must not ignore our

Even so, we must not ignore our
own earth, which may be the home of some

own earth, which may be the home of some

own earth, which may be the home of some
truly natural wonders. incredible

truly natural wonders. incredible

truly natural wonders. incredible
space exploration It will probably

space exploration It will probably

space exploration It will probably
represent the future for the human species one

represent the future for the human species one

represent the future for the human species one
day, but for now Let's

day, but for now Let's

day, but for now Let's
look at 12 wonders that can

look at 12 wonders that can

look at 12 wonders that can
only be found on Earth 1 Aurora Borealis

only be found on Earth 1 Aurora Borealis

only be found on Earth 1 Aurora Borealis
Auroras are completely natural phenomena

Auroras are completely natural phenomena

Auroras are completely natural phenomena
that consist of spectacular displays

that consist of spectacular displays

that consist of spectacular displays
found near the earth's magnetic poles

found near the earth's magnetic poles

found near the earth's magnetic poles
the lights appear in many colors

the lights appear in many colors

the lights appear in many colors
green and pink being the most common

green and pink being the most common

green and pink being the most common
although shades of red

although shades of red

although shades of red
yellow blue and purple have been reported they appear in

yellow blue and purple have been reported they appear in

yellow blue and purple have been reported they appear in
many forms from spots or

many forms from spots or

many forms from spots or
scattered clouds of light to pillars arcs

scattered clouds of light to pillars arcs

scattered clouds of light to pillars arcs
or rays which illuminate the sky with an

or rays which illuminate the sky with an

or rays which illuminate the sky with an
eerie glow, their intensity

eerie glow, their intensity

eerie glow, their intensity
increases as we head

increases as we head

increases as we head
north, but they appear relatively randomly so

north, but they appear relatively randomly so

north, but they appear relatively randomly so
they are difficult to predict, especially during

they are difficult to predict, especially during

they are difficult to predict, especially during
a short trip. Even so,

a short trip. Even so,

a short trip. Even so,
researchers have found that their

researchers have found that their

researchers have found that their
activity rate is cyclical with some

activity rate is cyclical with some

activity rate is cyclical with some
peaks. every few years As for

peaks. every few years As for

peaks. every few years As for
their cause, the northern lights are actually the

their cause, the northern lights are actually the

their cause, the northern lights are actually the
result of collisions between

result of collisions between

result of collisions between
gaseous particles in the

gaseous particles in the

gaseous particles in the
earth's atmosphere with charged particles

earth's atmosphere with charged particles

earth's atmosphere with charged particles
released from the sun's atmosphere. The

released from the sun's atmosphere. The

released from the sun's atmosphere. The
color variations are due to

color variations are due to

color variations are due to
the type of gas particles that

the type of gas particles that

the type of gas particles that
collide. The most common auroral color is

collide. The most common auroral color is

collide. The most common auroral color is
a pale yellowish green. It is produced by

a pale yellowish green. It is produced by

a pale yellowish green. It is produced by
oxygen molecules located

oxygen molecules located

oxygen molecules located
approximately 90 km above the Earth.

approximately 90 km above the Earth.

approximately 90 km above the Earth.
Rarely, red auroras are produced by

Rarely, red auroras are produced by

Rarely, red auroras are produced by
high-altitude oxygen at heights of

high-altitude oxygen at heights of

high-altitude oxygen at heights of
up to 320 km and nitrogen produces

up to 320 km and nitrogen produces

up to 320 km and nitrogen produces
blue or red-violet Aurora two

blue or red-violet Aurora two

blue or red-violet Aurora two
socotra around the world we can find many

socotra around the world we can find many

socotra around the world we can find many
unusual destinations but one of the

unusual destinations but one of the

unusual destinations but one of the
strangest is certainly

strangest is certainly

strangest is certainly
the island of socotra the islands in the archipelago

the island of socotra the islands in the archipelago

the island of socotra the islands in the archipelago
are so secluded from the rest of the world

are so secluded from the rest of the world

are so secluded from the rest of the world
that a third of the plants there do not

that a third of the plants there do not

Plants like the stic trees are

Plants like the stic trees are
certainly interesting, but without a doubt the

certainly interesting, but without a doubt the

certainly interesting, but without a doubt the
island's main attraction are the

island's main attraction are the

island's main attraction are the
dragon's blood trees. This type of

dragon's blood trees. This type of

dragon's blood trees. This type of
tree has a long commercial history

tree has a long commercial history

tree has a long commercial history
that dates back to

that dates back to

that dates back to
ancient Rome and is named after Sevas Sa.

ancient Rome and is named after Sevas Sa.

ancient Rome and is named after Sevas Sa.
red as blood fortunately today

red as blood fortunately today

red as blood fortunately today
the island is protected from

the island is protected from

the island is protected from
human exploitation as well as an almost alien tourist location

human exploitation as well as an almost alien tourist location

human exploitation as well as an almost alien tourist location
however the future of

however the future of

however the future of
the species is uncertain few populations

the species is uncertain few populations

the species is uncertain few populations
regenerate naturally and in some

regenerate naturally and in some

regenerate naturally and in some
areas young trees no longer have the

areas young trees no longer have the

areas young trees no longer have the
characteristic umbrella shape the biggest

characteristic umbrella shape the biggest

characteristic umbrella shape the biggest
problem is climate change

problem is climate change

problem is climate change
so without human intervention this

so without human intervention this

so without human intervention this
species could disappear almost completely

species could disappear almost completely

species could disappear almost completely
in the next three years

in the next three years

in the next three years
tianzi mountain another fantastic location

tianzi mountain another fantastic location

tianzi mountain another fantastic location
tianzi mountain is undoubtedly unique in the

tianzi mountain is undoubtedly unique in the

tianzi mountain is undoubtedly unique in the
known world and as the monarch of the Peak Forest the

known world and as the monarch of the Peak Forest the

known world and as the monarch of the Peak Forest the
main attraction are the peaks that

main attraction are the peaks that

main attraction are the peaks that
rise from the ground like

rise from the ground like

rise from the ground like
pillars the location is so popular

pillars the location is so popular

pillars the location is so popular
that it inspired one of the

that it inspired one of the

that it inspired one of the
greatest sci-fi films avatar by James Cameron at

greatest sci-fi films avatar by James Cameron at

greatest sci-fi films avatar by James Cameron at
a height of over 623 m tourists

a height of over 623 m tourists

a height of over 623 m tourists
can admire the entire area uling yuan

can admire the entire area uling yuan

can admire the entire area uling yuan
the pillars were formed 400

the pillars were formed 400

the pillars were formed 400
million years ago as a result of

million years ago as a result of

million years ago as a result of
irregular uplifts in the Earth's crust

irregular uplifts in the Earth's crust

irregular uplifts in the Earth's crust

4ru Victoria Falls

4ru Victoria Falls
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
Victoria Falls is located in Africa

Victoria Falls is located in Africa

Victoria Falls is located in Africa
along the border between Zambia and

along the border between Zambia and

along the border between Zambia and
Zimbabwe it was described by the Kolo tribe

Zimbabwe it was described by the Kolo tribe

Zimbabwe it was described by the Kolo tribe
who lived in the area in the 1800s as Mosa

who lived in the area in the 1800s as Mosa

who lived in the area in the 1800s as Mosa
tuna or in translation the smoke that thunders

tuna or in translation the smoke that thunders

tuna or in translation the smoke that thunders
Modern is known as

Modern is known as

Modern is known as
Victoria Falls and is the largest curtain of

Victoria Falls and is the largest curtain of

Victoria Falls and is the largest curtain of
water in the world the columns can be seen

water in the world the columns can be seen

water in the world the columns can be seen
from miles away and in the

from miles away and in the

from miles away and in the
rainy season 500 million m cu

rainy season 500 million m cu

rainy season 500 million m cu
of water was crashing over the edge

of water was crashing over the edge

of water was crashing over the edge
every minute it can best be

every minute it can best be

every minute it can best be
seen from Zimbabwe but visiting

seen from Zimbabwe but visiting

seen from Zimbabwe but visiting
from Zambia offers a closer experience

from Zambia offers a closer experience

from Zambia offers a closer experience
helicopter tours are

helicopter tours are

helicopter tours are
also available a completely unique alternative

also available a completely unique alternative

also available a completely unique alternative
to admire this

to admire this

to admire this
incredible landscape 5 Mount

incredible landscape 5 Mount

incredible landscape 5 Mount
Everest Mount Everest is the

Everest Mount Everest is the

Everest Mount Everest is the
highest mountain range on Earth and

highest mountain range on Earth and

highest mountain range on Earth and
its peak reaches an altitude of

its peak reaches an altitude of

its peak reaches an altitude of
88499 meters. Theoretically speaking, Mount

88499 meters. Theoretically speaking, Mount

88499 meters. Theoretically speaking, Mount
Everest is only the highest mountain

Everest is only the highest mountain

Everest is only the highest mountain
above sea level, being surpassed

above sea level, being surpassed

above sea level, being surpassed
by Mount maun chea which although has a

by Mount maun chea which although has a

by Mount maun chea which although has a
height of

height of

height of
4207 m over half of it is in the

4207 m over half of it is in the

4207 m over half of it is in the
Pacific Ocean regardless of these

Pacific Ocean regardless of these

Pacific Ocean regardless of these
details Mount Everest is truly

details Mount Everest is truly

details Mount Everest is truly
imposing But also one of the most

imposing But also one of the most

imposing But also one of the most
dangerous locations in the world Although it is a

dangerous locations in the world Although it is a

dangerous locations in the world Although it is a
popular area for climbers only the

popular area for climbers only the

popular area for climbers only the
most skilled can i climb it yes the lack of

most skilled can i climb it yes the lack of

most skilled can i climb it yes the lack of
oxygen and cold being the biggest

oxygen and cold being the biggest

oxygen and cold being the biggest
obstacles 6th great barrier reef

obstacles 6th great barrier reef

obstacles 6th great barrier reef
as the largest

as the largest

as the largest
coral reef in the world the great barrier reef

coral reef in the world the great barrier reef

coral reef in the world the great barrier reef
in australia includes over 900

in australia includes over 900

in australia includes over 900
islands approximately 3000

islands approximately 3000

islands approximately 3000
separate reefs as well as a diverse ecosystem

separate reefs as well as a diverse ecosystem

separate reefs as well as a diverse ecosystem
Due to its natural beauty, the Great

Due to its natural beauty, the Great

Due to its natural beauty, the Great
Barrier Reef has become one of the

Barrier Reef has become one of the

Barrier Reef has become one of the
most popular tourist destinations

most popular tourist destinations

most popular tourist destinations
in the world, offering various activities but

in the world, offering various activities but

in the world, offering various activities but
especially a unique view throughout the

especially a unique view throughout the

especially a unique view throughout the
world. world 7 waitomo glow worm

world. world 7 waitomo glow worm

world. world 7 waitomo glow worm
caves so far we have talked about

caves so far we have talked about

caves so far we have talked about
attractions that can be observed

attractions that can be observed

attractions that can be observed
outdoors but the caves of the earth can

outdoors but the caves of the earth can

outdoors but the caves of the earth can
also be impressive mainly

also be impressive mainly

also be impressive mainly
when we think of caves we

when we think of caves we

when we think of caves we
think of claustrophobic and dark locations

think of claustrophobic and dark locations

think of claustrophobic and dark locations
but waitomo glow worm caves could not

but waitomo glow worm caves could not

but waitomo glow worm caves could not
be more different instead of being dark the

be more different instead of being dark the

be more different instead of being dark the
fish are lit up by a

fish are lit up by a

fish are lit up by a
rare species of insect found only in New

rare species of insect found only in New

rare species of insect found only in New
Zealand which provides an

Zealand which provides an

Zealand which provides an

incredible light show op

incredible light show op
rihat structure rihat structure also known as the

rihat structure rihat structure also known as the

rihat structure rihat structure also known as the
blue eye of the Sahara

blue eye of the Sahara

blue eye of the Sahara
is a geological formation in the

is a geological formation in the

is a geological formation in the
Sahara Desert which resembles an enormous target

Sahara Desert which resembles an enormous target

Sahara Desert which resembles an enormous target
the formation spans a

the formation spans a

the formation spans a
40 km desert region in the nation of

40 km desert region in the nation of

40 km desert region in the nation of
Mauritania and is one of the

Mauritania and is one of the

Mauritania and is one of the
natural structures that can be

natural structures that can be

natural structures that can be
observed even from space the structure

observed even from space the structure

observed even from space the structure
is certainly unique but how it

is certainly unique but how it

is certainly unique but how it
came into being is still unknown

came into being is still unknown

came into being is still unknown
although the main theory attributes it to

although the main theory attributes it to

although the main theory attributes it to
an

an

an
asteroid impact the Grand

asteroid impact the Grand

asteroid impact the Grand
Canyon is probably the most imposing

Canyon is probably the most imposing

Canyon is probably the most imposing
location on earth the massive and

location on earth the massive and

location on earth the massive and
colorful landscape of the Grand Canyon offers

colorful landscape of the Grand Canyon offers

colorful landscape of the Grand Canyon offers
views breathtaking that cannot be

views breathtaking that cannot be

views breathtaking that cannot be
found anywhere else in the world the

found anywhere else in the world the

found anywhere else in the world the
entire location is

entire location is

entire location is
446 km long and 29

446 km long and 29

446 km long and 29
km wide and the depths can reach

km wide and the depths can reach

km wide and the depths can reach
up to

up to

up to
1857 m The Grand Canyon is located

1857 m The Grand Canyon is located

1857 m The Grand Canyon is located
in Arizona near Las Vegas and is

in Arizona near Las Vegas and is

in Arizona near Las Vegas and is
the result of 6 millions of years of

the result of 6 millions of years of

the result of 6 millions of years of
erosion caused by the

erosion caused by the

erosion caused by the
Colorado River 10

Colorado River 10

Colorado River 10
Marble Cathedral Marble Cathedral is located on the

Marble Cathedral Marble Cathedral is located on the

Marble Cathedral Marble Cathedral is located on the
shores of Lake General Carrera in Patagonia,

shores of Lake General Carrera in Patagonia,

shores of Lake General Carrera in Patagonia,
Chile This Natural Wonder

Chile This Natural Wonder

Chile This Natural Wonder
earned the title due to the shape of

earned the title due to the shape of

earned the title due to the shape of
the caves whose ceiling resembles

the caves whose ceiling resembles

the caves whose ceiling resembles
that of a church The structure is

that of a church The structure is

that of a church The structure is
accessible only by boat And several

accessible only by boat And several

accessible only by boat And several
of the caverns are underwater so they

of the caverns are underwater so they

of the caverns are underwater so they
cannot be visited directly even so The

cannot be visited directly even so The

cannot be visited directly even so The
bright blue lake is often

bright blue lake is often

bright blue lake is often
clear enough that the structures

clear enough that the structures

clear enough that the structures
hidden by the water can be admired The region

hidden by the water can be admired The region

hidden by the water can be admired The region
was covered by glaciers until

was covered by glaciers until

was covered by glaciers until
about 10,000 years ago but The stone

about 10,000 years ago but The stone

about 10,000 years ago but The stone
found in taverns was created

found in taverns was created

found in taverns was created
about 300 million years

about 300 million years

about 300 million years
ago when sedimentary limestone

ago when sedimentary limestone

ago when sedimentary limestone
reacted with intense heat to The

reacted with intense heat to The

reacted with intense heat to The
marble chapel itself was

marble chapel itself was

marble chapel itself was
sculpted by the water of the Lake

sculpted by the water of the Lake

sculpted by the water of the Lake
reacting with the rock over thousands of years

reacting with the rock over thousands of years

reacting with the rock over thousands of years
to create intricate beautiful structures and caverns

to create intricate beautiful structures and caverns

to create intricate beautiful structures and caverns
that continue to be

that continue to be

that continue to be
shaped to this day. The

shaped to this day. The

shaped to this day. The
marble cathedral may not be as well

marble cathedral may not be as well

marble cathedral may not be as well
known as other natural wonders but

known as other natural wonders but

known as other natural wonders but
it is certainly

it is certainly

it is certainly
amazing 11 paricutin

amazing 11 paricutin

amazing 11 paricutin
although today it is one of the most

although today it is one of the most

although today it is one of the most
wonderful locations

wonderful locations

wonderful locations
the earth has to offer paricutin has had a

the earth has to offer paricutin has had a

the earth has to offer paricutin has had a
violent past one of the youngest

violent past one of the youngest

violent past one of the youngest
volcano in the world buried two

volcano in the world buried two

volcano in the world buried two
local villages in ash when it

local villages in ash when it

local villages in ash when it
first erupted given in

first erupted given in

first erupted given in
1943 in the same year it rose to a

1943 in the same year it rose to a

1943 in the same year it rose to a
height of

height of

height of
449 m from the ground and reached its peak at

449 m from the ground and reached its peak at

449 m from the ground and reached its peak at
2280 m in

2280 m in

2280 m in
1952 when it stopped erupting

1952 when it stopped erupting

1952 when it stopped erupting
the volcano has been called one of the

the volcano has been called one of the

the volcano has been called one of the
wonders of the natural world especially

wonders of the natural world especially

wonders of the natural world especially
due to the fact that not only we witnessed

due to the fact that not only we witnessed

due to the fact that not only we witnessed
his birth but also

his birth but also

his birth but also
his death 12 the port of Rio de Janeiro Rio de

his death 12 the port of Rio de Janeiro Rio de

his death 12 the port of Rio de Janeiro Rio de
Janeiro is one of the most

Janeiro is one of the most

Janeiro is one of the most
impressive cities built by

impressive cities built by

impressive cities built by
humanity First of all we can see

humanity First of all we can see

humanity First of all we can see
the giant statue of Christ

the giant statue of Christ

the giant statue of Christ
the Redeemer looking over the entire city

the Redeemer looking over the entire city

the Redeemer looking over the entire city
but besides the man-made constructions

but besides the man-made constructions

but besides the man-made constructions
Rio is also home to a natural wonder

Rio is also home to a natural wonder

Rio is also home to a natural wonder
the port of Rio de Janeiro also known as

the port of Rio de Janeiro also known as

the port of Rio de Janeiro also known as
Guanabara Bay the port has been

Guanabara Bay the port has been

Guanabara Bay the port has been
classified as one of the seven

classified as one of the seven

classified as one of the seven
natural wonders of the world along with

natural wonders of the world along with

natural wonders of the world along with
Mount The Himalayas The Grand Canyon The Great

Mount The Himalayas The Grand Canyon The Great

Mount The Himalayas The Grand Canyon The Great
Barrier Reef Victoria Falls

Barrier Reef Victoria Falls

Barrier Reef Victoria Falls
The Northern Lights and the Paricutin Volcano

The Northern Lights and the Paricutin Volcano

The Northern Lights and the Paricutin Volcano
The bay is surrounded by mountains and

The bay is surrounded by mountains and

The bay is surrounded by mountains and
granite peaks including

granite peaks including

granite peaks including
Sugarloaf Mountain Corcovado Peak and the

Sugarloaf Mountain Corcovado Peak and the

Sugarloaf Mountain Corcovado Peak and the
Tih Cua Hills Based on

Tih Cua Hills Based on

Tih Cua Hills Based on
water volume, Rio's port is the largest in the

water volume, Rio's port is the largest in the

water volume, Rio's port is the largest in the
world hosting over 130

world hosting over 130

world hosting over 130
islands as well as some of the most

islands as well as some of the most

islands as well as some of the most
famous beaches in the world so it

famous beaches in the world so it

famous beaches in the world so it
's not hard for us to understand why it

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