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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:15,199 [Music] 2 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:18,240 a revolutionary and a general a great 3 00:00:15,199 --> 00:00:20,879 modernizer and a ruthless tyrant joseph 4 00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:22,799 stalin could claim to be them all 5 00:00:20,879 --> 00:00:25,118 one of the most influential figures of 6 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:27,359 the 20th century he would rise from 7 00:00:25,118 --> 00:00:29,678 humble beginnings to become the leader 8 00:00:27,359 --> 00:00:32,480 of the soviet union one of the world's 9 00:00:29,678 --> 00:00:35,359 largest superpowers been unafraid to 10 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:36,238 sacrifice anything or anyone to achieve 11 00:00:35,359 --> 00:00:38,479 power 12 00:00:36,238 --> 00:00:40,799 his political opponents would be shot 13 00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:43,199 his own citizens would be hunted down by 14 00:00:40,799 --> 00:00:45,280 the secret police and millions would be 15 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:47,120 sentenced to backbreaking work in the 16 00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:52,280 gulag labor camps 17 00:00:47,119 --> 00:00:52,280 this is the story of joseph stalin 18 00:00:59,198 --> 00:01:05,039 joseph juguschvili later to be known as 19 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:06,560 joseph stalin was born on december 6 20 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:09,280 1878 21 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:12,478 in the small georgian town of gory on 22 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:15,040 the outskirts of the russian empire his 23 00:01:12,478 --> 00:01:17,679 mother was a skilled dressmaker and his 24 00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:19,759 father was a successful cobbler with the 25 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:21,040 boy experiencing a comfortable 26 00:01:19,759 --> 00:01:23,759 upbringing 27 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:26,159 but it was not to last his father would 28 00:01:23,759 --> 00:01:28,159 turn to drink and began beating him 29 00:01:26,159 --> 00:01:30,159 eventually abandoning the family 30 00:01:28,159 --> 00:01:32,159 entirely 31 00:01:30,159 --> 00:01:34,320 wanting the best for her son 32 00:01:32,159 --> 00:01:36,479 stalin's mother would send him off to a 33 00:01:34,319 --> 00:01:38,559 theological school where she hoped he 34 00:01:36,478 --> 00:01:40,640 could climb the social hierarchy by 35 00:01:38,560 --> 00:01:43,280 becoming a priest 36 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:45,439 stalin was a model student known for his 37 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:46,399 hard work and his singing in the church 38 00:01:45,438 --> 00:01:48,959 choir 39 00:01:46,399 --> 00:01:50,640 but as he entered his late teenage years 40 00:01:48,959 --> 00:01:52,239 he would become disillusioned with 41 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:54,799 religious life 42 00:01:52,239 --> 00:01:57,438 during his third year at the seminary he 43 00:01:54,799 --> 00:01:59,840 would join an illegal book club becoming 44 00:01:57,438 --> 00:02:02,639 inspired by the stories of the fictional 45 00:01:59,840 --> 00:02:05,118 georgian hero cobra a name he would 46 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:07,359 later use as his own during his early 47 00:02:05,118 --> 00:02:09,520 years as a revolutionary 48 00:02:07,359 --> 00:02:12,318 he would also be highly influenced by 49 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:14,959 the works of karl marx and his theories 50 00:02:12,318 --> 00:02:17,759 known as marxism one of the most popular 51 00:02:14,959 --> 00:02:20,000 forms of socialism at the time 52 00:02:17,759 --> 00:02:22,399 stalin would soon develop an interest in 53 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:24,560 politics and would become involved with 54 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:27,200 a group of social democrats a 55 00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:29,759 revolutionary socialist party who aimed 56 00:02:27,199 --> 00:02:32,000 to overthrow the russian monarchy 57 00:02:29,759 --> 00:02:34,560 as stalin's involvement in revolutionary 58 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:36,560 politics continued to grow his grades 59 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:39,199 and reputation at the seminary would 60 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:40,878 begin to decline with him being expelled 61 00:02:39,199 --> 00:02:42,719 in 1899 62 00:02:40,878 --> 00:02:45,120 after failing to attend his daily 63 00:02:42,719 --> 00:02:48,759 prayers and been found in the possession 64 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:48,759 of illegal literature 65 00:02:55,120 --> 00:03:00,560 at the age of 22 following a wave of 66 00:02:58,158 --> 00:03:02,799 harsh crackdowns by the authorities 67 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:05,598 stalin would leave his old life behind 68 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:07,439 and go into hiding becoming a full-time 69 00:03:05,598 --> 00:03:09,598 revolutionary 70 00:03:07,439 --> 00:03:11,280 despite his young age he would be 71 00:03:09,598 --> 00:03:13,839 described by his colleagues as 72 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:15,759 exceptionally vicious and vindictive 73 00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:18,080 willing to apply the most extreme 74 00:03:15,759 --> 00:03:21,120 measures in his attempts to dominate the 75 00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:24,159 party with him soon rising to the top of 76 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:26,400 the local revolutionary leadership 77 00:03:24,158 --> 00:03:28,798 stalin would soon find himself drawn to 78 00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:31,039 the teachings of vladimir lenin the 79 00:03:28,799 --> 00:03:33,120 leader of a socialist faction known as 80 00:03:31,039 --> 00:03:36,000 the bolsheviks who followed a more 81 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:38,080 radical and militant course of action 82 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:40,158 stalin would quickly become a leading 83 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:42,560 bolshevik in georgia and the surrounding 84 00:03:40,158 --> 00:03:45,519 area and while living with a colleague 85 00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:48,158 he would meet his first wife ye 86 00:03:45,519 --> 00:03:49,920 sfanitza with the couple marrying in 87 00:03:48,158 --> 00:03:52,798 1906 88 00:03:49,919 --> 00:03:55,839 less than a year later stalin's first 89 00:03:52,799 --> 00:03:57,360 son yakov would be born 90 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,519 but the dangerous life of a 91 00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:00,480 revolutionary did not mix well with 92 00:03:59,519 --> 00:04:02,719 family 93 00:04:00,479 --> 00:04:05,199 after traveling to the city of baku with 94 00:04:02,719 --> 00:04:06,639 her husband the catalina would fall 95 00:04:05,199 --> 00:04:09,518 seriously ill 96 00:04:06,639 --> 00:04:11,518 dying in november 1907 97 00:04:09,519 --> 00:04:14,000 her death would have a profound effect 98 00:04:11,519 --> 00:04:15,200 on stalin and at the funeral he would 99 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:18,319 state 100 00:04:15,199 --> 00:04:21,358 this creature softened my heart of stone 101 00:04:18,319 --> 00:04:23,918 she died and with her died my last warm 102 00:04:21,358 --> 00:04:26,560 feelings for humanity 103 00:04:23,918 --> 00:04:28,719 unable to deal with his grief stalin 104 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:31,040 would abandon his eight-month-old son 105 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:33,600 yakov to be raised by his mother's 106 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:35,360 family not returning to see him for 107 00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:37,919 several years 108 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,680 as the years went on stalin would rise 109 00:04:37,918 --> 00:04:42,478 through the ranks of the bolsheviks 110 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:44,639 becoming known for his ruthless methods 111 00:04:42,478 --> 00:04:47,199 raising money through armed robberies 112 00:04:44,639 --> 00:04:50,879 protection rackets and ransoms 113 00:04:47,199 --> 00:04:53,360 in 1912 he would adopt the name stalin 114 00:04:50,879 --> 00:04:56,079 meaning man of steel 115 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:58,400 but stalin's newfound fame would also 116 00:04:56,079 --> 00:04:59,680 make him a high priority target for the 117 00:04:58,399 --> 00:05:02,719 police 118 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:05,680 in 1913 he would be caught and sentenced 119 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:08,880 to four years of exile in siberia an 120 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:11,918 inhospitable region of eastern russia it 121 00:05:08,879 --> 00:05:14,319 would be one of stalin's lowest points 122 00:05:11,918 --> 00:05:16,959 during this period he suffered with poor 123 00:05:14,319 --> 00:05:20,399 health and became increasingly depressed 124 00:05:16,959 --> 00:05:23,198 in his isolation with the 35 year old 125 00:05:20,399 --> 00:05:24,399 seeking companionship with a local 14 126 00:05:23,199 --> 00:05:26,478 year old girl 127 00:05:24,399 --> 00:05:28,000 with it being rumored the two had a 128 00:05:26,478 --> 00:05:30,000 child together 129 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:33,759 he would slowly stop producing 130 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:36,800 revolutionary works and in 1915 lenin 131 00:05:33,759 --> 00:05:39,520 would famously forget his last name 132 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:42,720 for stalin it appeared the revolutionary 133 00:05:39,519 --> 00:05:42,719 dream was over 134 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:55,439 in 1917 while still in exile stalin 135 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:58,560 would receive the news that he had been 136 00:05:55,439 --> 00:06:01,839 working towards for over 15 years 137 00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:04,959 revolution had taken place in russia 138 00:06:01,839 --> 00:06:07,599 russia's population over 100 million 139 00:06:04,959 --> 00:06:09,839 people had suffered years of oppression 140 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:11,759 discontent and poverty 141 00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:14,159 coupled with the horrendous failures of 142 00:06:11,759 --> 00:06:16,240 the first world war and the personal 143 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:19,680 failings of russia's monarch 144 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:22,639 son nicholas ii would be executed ending 145 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:24,800 300 years of his family's rule with a 146 00:06:22,639 --> 00:06:27,918 provisional government being established 147 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:30,478 to take control of the country 148 00:06:27,918 --> 00:06:32,799 stalin was soon released from his exile 149 00:06:30,478 --> 00:06:35,279 and made his way back to central russia 150 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:37,360 with a renewed sense of purpose 151 00:06:35,279 --> 00:06:39,839 but his mentor lenin was still 152 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,400 unsatisfied calling for yet another 153 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:44,560 revolution that would see a socialist 154 00:06:42,399 --> 00:06:46,879 government take power 155 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:49,680 however there was significant resistance 156 00:06:46,879 --> 00:06:53,360 within the party towards his ideas with 157 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:56,079 stalin openly expressing his opposition 158 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:58,080 to get stalin on his side lenin would 159 00:06:56,079 --> 00:07:00,639 give him a place on the bolshevik 160 00:06:58,079 --> 00:07:03,279 central committee granting him a large 161 00:07:00,639 --> 00:07:05,038 amount of influence and his first real 162 00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:07,119 taste of power 163 00:07:05,038 --> 00:07:10,000 stalin would quickly devote himself to 164 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,759 lenin's cause and that october the 165 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:14,160 bolsheviks would stage a second 166 00:07:11,759 --> 00:07:16,479 revolution removing the provisional 167 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:19,759 government from power and establishing 168 00:07:16,478 --> 00:07:22,399 themselves as leaders of the country 169 00:07:19,759 --> 00:07:24,240 as a leading bolshevik stalin was now 170 00:07:22,399 --> 00:07:25,279 one of the most powerful men in the 171 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:27,759 country 172 00:07:25,279 --> 00:07:30,318 but the struggle was not finished the 173 00:07:27,759 --> 00:07:33,598 revolution would lead to five years of 174 00:07:30,319 --> 00:07:36,160 civil war an exceptionally brutal period 175 00:07:33,598 --> 00:07:38,000 that would shape stalin into the cruel 176 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,840 and ruthless leader he would later 177 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,680 become 178 00:07:39,839 --> 00:07:44,000 during the civil war he would be 179 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:46,160 appointed to the city of saritin by 180 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:48,560 lenin to acquire grain for the 181 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:50,160 bolsheviks and to organize the local 182 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:52,478 fighting forces 183 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:54,960 but lacking any military knowledge or 184 00:07:52,478 --> 00:07:57,680 experience stalin would completely 185 00:07:54,959 --> 00:08:00,159 mishandle the situation and after just 186 00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:02,400 two months under his command the city 187 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:05,520 was on the verge of collapse with many 188 00:08:02,399 --> 00:08:08,159 soldiers having died under his command 189 00:08:05,519 --> 00:08:10,079 faced with this disaster stalin would 190 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:12,960 turn to a technique that would later 191 00:08:10,079 --> 00:08:15,758 become a staple of his political career 192 00:08:12,959 --> 00:08:17,839 he would begin the use of terror 193 00:08:15,759 --> 00:08:19,439 the disaster was soon blamed on 194 00:08:17,839 --> 00:08:22,799 counter-revolutionaries 195 00:08:19,439 --> 00:08:25,598 spies and saboteurs who were arrested 196 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:28,000 convicted on weak or fabricated evidence 197 00:08:25,598 --> 00:08:29,598 and then executed 198 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:32,479 stalin became known for being 199 00:08:29,598 --> 00:08:34,958 particularly brutal in his use of terror 200 00:08:32,479 --> 00:08:37,278 burning down entire villages and 201 00:08:34,958 --> 00:08:38,559 arresting anyone who dared to argue with 202 00:08:37,278 --> 00:08:40,879 him 203 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:43,439 he was highly suspicious of military 204 00:08:40,879 --> 00:08:46,159 personnel who he would often target in 205 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:48,880 his purges bringing him into conflict 206 00:08:46,159 --> 00:08:51,519 with the head of the army leon trotsky 207 00:08:48,879 --> 00:08:52,639 who saw stalin as a dangerous political 208 00:08:51,519 --> 00:08:54,879 rival 209 00:08:52,639 --> 00:08:55,838 trotsky would express his grievances to 210 00:08:54,879 --> 00:08:58,720 lenin 211 00:08:55,839 --> 00:09:01,360 leading to stalin's removal from zaritin 212 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:02,720 and beginning a lifelong rivalry between 213 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:05,039 the two men 214 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:08,278 a conflict from which only one of them 215 00:09:05,039 --> 00:09:08,278 would survive 216 00:09:14,639 --> 00:09:20,480 in 1922 the same year the soviet union 217 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:22,480 was formally established stalin would be 218 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:25,200 elected to the position of general 219 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:27,360 secretary a role he would use to secure 220 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:29,440 his rise to power 221 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:31,839 the position allowed him to set the 222 00:09:29,440 --> 00:09:34,080 agenda for meetings of the polit bureau 223 00:09:31,839 --> 00:09:36,560 and the soviet government as well as 224 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:38,959 placing the careers of numerous soviet 225 00:09:36,559 --> 00:09:41,199 officials in his hands giving him a 226 00:09:38,958 --> 00:09:44,479 large and loyal following 227 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:46,399 but towards the end of 1922 a power 228 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:48,959 vacuum would emerge at the highest 229 00:09:46,399 --> 00:09:51,360 levels of soviet government when lenin 230 00:09:48,958 --> 00:09:53,679 became seriously ill suffering a number 231 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:55,360 of strokes that impeded his ability to 232 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:57,838 govern the country 233 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:59,600 but to stalin's horror trotsky would 234 00:09:57,839 --> 00:10:01,920 manage to form an alliance with the 235 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:03,680 dying soviet leader giving him a 236 00:10:01,919 --> 00:10:04,799 significant advantage in the power 237 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:07,278 struggle 238 00:10:04,799 --> 00:10:09,679 stalin would respond by calling lenin's 239 00:10:07,278 --> 00:10:11,278 wife and subjecting her to a torrent of 240 00:10:09,679 --> 00:10:13,599 abusive language 241 00:10:11,278 --> 00:10:15,919 an event that would be so upsetting to 242 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:18,159 lenin that he would call for stalin's 243 00:10:15,919 --> 00:10:20,078 removal from government 244 00:10:18,159 --> 00:10:22,799 while stalin managed to keep his 245 00:10:20,078 --> 00:10:25,120 position a rift had opened between him 246 00:10:22,799 --> 00:10:27,679 and lenin the most influential and 247 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:29,759 respected man in the country putting his 248 00:10:27,679 --> 00:10:30,879 political career in a very dangerous 249 00:10:29,759 --> 00:10:34,159 position 250 00:10:30,879 --> 00:10:36,639 but in 1924 lenin would die 251 00:10:34,159 --> 00:10:38,480 giving stalin the opportunity to reshape 252 00:10:36,639 --> 00:10:39,759 their relationship in the eyes of the 253 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,680 public 254 00:10:39,759 --> 00:10:44,159 and so he would take control of the 255 00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:46,559 funeral giving himself the politically 256 00:10:44,159 --> 00:10:47,759 significant role as one of lenin's poll 257 00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:50,159 bearers 258 00:10:47,759 --> 00:10:52,639 lenin would be enshrined in moscow's red 259 00:10:50,159 --> 00:10:54,879 square with stalin portrayed as the 260 00:10:52,639 --> 00:10:56,319 protector of his legacy in soviet 261 00:10:54,879 --> 00:10:59,278 propaganda 262 00:10:56,320 --> 00:11:01,760 trotsky his hated rival was given the 263 00:10:59,278 --> 00:11:04,720 wrong date for the funeral causing him 264 00:11:01,759 --> 00:11:07,120 to miss the event entirely 265 00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:10,000 over the next few years stalin would 266 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:11,440 expertly manipulate events to secure his 267 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,839 rise to power 268 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:16,160 pitting his rivals against each other 269 00:11:13,839 --> 00:11:18,399 and eventually amassing enough support 270 00:11:16,159 --> 00:11:19,600 to strip trotsky of his position in 271 00:11:18,399 --> 00:11:22,078 government 272 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:24,800 with his main political opponent gone 273 00:11:22,078 --> 00:11:27,359 there were few left to oppose darling he 274 00:11:24,799 --> 00:11:30,159 would systematically demote a rest and 275 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:33,600 exile his political opponents and by 276 00:11:30,159 --> 00:11:37,000 1928 he would emerge as the sole leader 277 00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:37,000 of the country 278 00:11:38,029 --> 00:11:46,720 [Music] 279 00:11:44,159 --> 00:11:48,958 having secured absolute power 280 00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:51,680 stalin began transforming the soviet 281 00:11:48,958 --> 00:11:54,479 union into a modern superpower 282 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:57,278 in 1931 he would state 283 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:59,920 we are 50 or 100 years behind the 284 00:11:57,278 --> 00:12:02,559 advanced countries we must make goods 285 00:11:59,919 --> 00:12:05,278 this distance in 10 years either we do 286 00:12:02,559 --> 00:12:07,599 it or we shall be crushed 287 00:12:05,278 --> 00:12:09,278 he would begin a policy of rapid 288 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:12,079 industrialization 289 00:12:09,278 --> 00:12:14,320 launching a series of five-year plans to 290 00:12:12,078 --> 00:12:16,399 grow soviet industry 291 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,000 but the implementation of these plans 292 00:12:16,399 --> 00:12:20,958 would be chaos 293 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:22,958 ignoring the advice of economic experts 294 00:12:20,958 --> 00:12:25,439 stalin would double and then triple 295 00:12:22,958 --> 00:12:27,359 production targets nearly none of which 296 00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:29,920 would actually be met 297 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:32,560 inflation was rampant money was spent 298 00:12:29,919 --> 00:12:34,799 with no budget and entire factories were 299 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:36,319 constructed with only half finished 300 00:12:34,799 --> 00:12:39,120 blueprint 301 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:41,760 but despite this production did see a 302 00:12:39,120 --> 00:12:44,159 notable increase securing the soviet 303 00:12:41,759 --> 00:12:45,759 union's place as a modern industrial 304 00:12:44,159 --> 00:12:48,919 nation 305 00:12:45,759 --> 00:12:51,519 to support industry a policy of forced 306 00:12:48,919 --> 00:12:53,919 collectivization was implemented where 307 00:12:51,519 --> 00:12:56,159 peasants the country's largest group of 308 00:12:53,919 --> 00:12:58,078 people were stripped of their private 309 00:12:56,159 --> 00:13:00,639 property and forced to work for the 310 00:12:58,078 --> 00:13:03,439 state on collective farms 311 00:13:00,639 --> 00:13:06,000 anyone who refused was beaten shot or 312 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:08,959 sent to labor camps known as gulags 313 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:11,278 where they would be used for slave labor 314 00:13:08,958 --> 00:13:13,919 but the policy would be met with extreme 315 00:13:11,278 --> 00:13:16,078 resistance with many peasants preferring 316 00:13:13,919 --> 00:13:18,719 to burn their crops and slaughter their 317 00:13:16,078 --> 00:13:22,239 animals rather than let them be taken by 318 00:13:18,720 --> 00:13:24,079 the state in some instances stalin's 319 00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:26,480 response was extreme 320 00:13:24,078 --> 00:13:28,799 with villages that refused to comply 321 00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:30,480 been bombed out of existence by the air 322 00:13:28,799 --> 00:13:32,719 force 323 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:34,959 with the peasants lacking any economic 324 00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:37,519 incentive to work agricultural 325 00:13:34,958 --> 00:13:40,559 production saw a massive decline 326 00:13:37,519 --> 00:13:43,600 soon leading to a devastating famine 327 00:13:40,559 --> 00:13:45,359 reaching its peak in the winter of 1932 328 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,600 and 1933 329 00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:50,959 the famine is estimated to have caused 330 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:53,120 the death of up to 7 million people with 331 00:13:50,958 --> 00:13:54,638 millions more being left permanently 332 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:56,480 disabled 333 00:13:54,639 --> 00:13:58,480 parents would sell their children for 334 00:13:56,480 --> 00:14:01,120 food with the countryside seen 335 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:02,639 widespread cases of disease mandatory 336 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,879 and cannibalism 337 00:14:02,639 --> 00:14:07,360 anyone who kept stores of grain was 338 00:14:04,879 --> 00:14:09,120 accused of hoarding and were beaten and 339 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:10,879 tortured until they gave up their 340 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:13,519 supplies 341 00:14:10,879 --> 00:14:15,838 the famine would hit ukraine the hardest 342 00:14:13,519 --> 00:14:17,679 with three and a half million people 343 00:14:15,839 --> 00:14:19,839 dying there alone 344 00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:22,638 the ukrainians would call the famine the 345 00:14:19,839 --> 00:14:24,639 holodomor a name that means murder 346 00:14:22,639 --> 00:14:27,198 through starvation 347 00:14:24,639 --> 00:14:29,759 stalin would only make things worse 348 00:14:27,198 --> 00:14:32,240 exporting two million tons of food out 349 00:14:29,759 --> 00:14:34,319 of the ukraine and forbidding those that 350 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:37,120 lived there to move away 351 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:39,199 their only option was to wait and die 352 00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:42,399 with thousands of starving people 353 00:14:39,198 --> 00:14:44,879 turning to cannibalism to survive 354 00:14:42,399 --> 00:14:46,799 but for stalin the countryside had been 355 00:14:44,879 --> 00:14:48,480 brought under control 356 00:14:46,799 --> 00:14:50,719 although it had cost the lives of 357 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:53,199 millions and had reduced the peasants to 358 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:55,278 slaves of the state it was a price he 359 00:14:53,198 --> 00:14:58,919 was willing to pay to feed the 360 00:14:55,278 --> 00:14:58,919 industrial workers 361 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:05,389 [Music] 362 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:12,079 but as the 1930s went on stalin would 363 00:15:09,839 --> 00:15:14,320 become increasingly paranoid of those 364 00:15:12,078 --> 00:15:16,719 around him constantly searching for 365 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:19,360 traitors and conspiracies and looking 366 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:21,519 for ways to secure his power 367 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,919 he would first target his political 368 00:15:21,519 --> 00:15:27,039 opposition with the assassination of 369 00:15:23,919 --> 00:15:29,120 soviet politician sergey kirov providing 370 00:15:27,039 --> 00:15:31,919 a pretext for convicting his most 371 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:36,240 influential opponents of conspiracy 372 00:15:31,919 --> 00:15:38,399 between 1936 and 1938 a series of show 373 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:40,320 trials would be held whether accused 374 00:15:38,399 --> 00:15:41,360 would be convicted on fabricated 375 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,600 evidence 376 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:45,039 tortured into giving a confession and 377 00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:47,519 then shot 378 00:15:45,039 --> 00:15:49,278 the old bolsheviks were targeted 379 00:15:47,519 --> 00:15:51,519 those who had been around since before 380 00:15:49,278 --> 00:15:54,399 the revolution and retained strong 381 00:15:51,519 --> 00:15:56,000 political opinions and influence 382 00:15:54,399 --> 00:15:57,919 they would be replaced by young 383 00:15:56,000 --> 00:16:00,320 politicians who could be easily 384 00:15:57,919 --> 00:16:02,639 manipulated and were completely loyal to 385 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:04,160 stalin knowing never to question his 386 00:16:02,639 --> 00:16:06,560 judgment 387 00:16:04,159 --> 00:16:09,120 army officers soon came into the fiery 388 00:16:06,559 --> 00:16:11,518 line as stalin believed their power and 389 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,839 influence had grown too strong 390 00:16:11,519 --> 00:16:17,440 many were convicted of working as agents 391 00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:20,000 for trotsky with over 35 000 officers 392 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:23,440 being shot or imprisoned and the navy 393 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:25,839 losing every single one of its admirals 394 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:28,480 but soon the purges would extend to 395 00:16:25,839 --> 00:16:30,480 every corner of soviet society 396 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:32,720 ordinary citizens were encouraged to 397 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:35,519 report suspicious friends and family to 398 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:38,480 the authorities many of whom would do so 399 00:16:35,519 --> 00:16:40,879 out of fear of being targeted themselves 400 00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:43,920 the secret police were also appointed a 401 00:16:40,879 --> 00:16:47,120 new leader nikolai yazov who would set 402 00:16:43,919 --> 00:16:49,599 his officers arrest and execution quotas 403 00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:50,720 often purging his own staff to impress 404 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:53,199 stalin 405 00:16:50,720 --> 00:16:55,680 at only five feet tall he was soon 406 00:16:53,198 --> 00:16:58,799 nicknamed the bloody dwarf due to his 407 00:16:55,679 --> 00:17:03,838 enthusiasm for torturing his victims 408 00:16:58,799 --> 00:17:06,720 between 1937 and 1938 an average of 1 409 00:17:03,839 --> 00:17:09,759 500 people were killed every day a 410 00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:13,199 period known as the great terror 411 00:17:09,759 --> 00:17:16,400 around 1.6 million people were arrested 412 00:17:13,199 --> 00:17:19,038 700 000 of which were executed with an 413 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:21,280 unknown number dying in labor camps and 414 00:17:19,038 --> 00:17:24,078 torture chambers 415 00:17:21,279 --> 00:17:25,918 stalin's paranoia had become extreme 416 00:17:24,078 --> 00:17:28,639 with a colleague describing him as 417 00:17:25,919 --> 00:17:31,038 suspicious to the point of insanity 418 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:34,000 his purges would also have a devastating 419 00:17:31,038 --> 00:17:36,640 effect on soviet society with a culture 420 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:39,119 of fear and distrust emerging 421 00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:41,520 those working in industry were afraid to 422 00:17:39,119 --> 00:17:43,759 suggest any changes or innovations that 423 00:17:41,519 --> 00:17:46,960 could get them accused of sabotage 424 00:17:43,759 --> 00:17:49,599 leading to a slowdown in economic growth 425 00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:51,360 the military were particularly affected 426 00:17:49,599 --> 00:17:54,079 and would suffer from an extreme 427 00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:56,399 shortage of experienced commanders with 428 00:17:54,079 --> 00:17:59,759 discipline and quality suffering as a 429 00:17:56,400 --> 00:18:02,080 result and with war on the horizon the 430 00:17:59,759 --> 00:18:04,480 purges could not have come at a worse 431 00:18:02,079 --> 00:18:04,480 time 432 00:18:04,779 --> 00:18:13,839 [Music] 433 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:15,678 as the great terror began to wind down 434 00:18:13,839 --> 00:18:18,319 international relations were reaching a 435 00:18:15,679 --> 00:18:20,320 boiling point with europe soon erupting 436 00:18:18,319 --> 00:18:22,079 into world war ii 437 00:18:20,319 --> 00:18:24,159 stalin would initially sign a 438 00:18:22,079 --> 00:18:26,639 non-aggression pact with hitler the 439 00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:29,038 molotov ribbentrop pact which allowed 440 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:31,038 him to invade and take over large parts 441 00:18:29,038 --> 00:18:32,160 of eastern europe once the conflict 442 00:18:31,038 --> 00:18:34,000 began 443 00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:36,000 these territories would quickly find 444 00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:38,160 themselves subject to the same 445 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,839 oppression experienced in the soviet 446 00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:42,240 union for decades 447 00:18:39,839 --> 00:18:45,839 the most notorious example of this was 448 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:49,200 the catin massacre of 1940 where almost 449 00:18:45,839 --> 00:18:51,678 22 000 polish prisoners were killed to 450 00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,880 prevent any ideological opposition from 451 00:18:51,679 --> 00:18:56,080 emerging 452 00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:58,559 that same year a soviet agent would also 453 00:18:56,079 --> 00:19:01,759 manage to hunt down stalin's longtime 454 00:18:58,558 --> 00:19:04,960 rival leon trotsky assassinating him 455 00:19:01,759 --> 00:19:07,279 with an ice pick in mexico city 456 00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:09,360 but soon things would turn against 457 00:19:07,279 --> 00:19:11,440 stalin with hitler breaking their 458 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:14,159 non-aggression pact and launching a 459 00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:17,360 surprise invasion of the soviet union on 460 00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:20,240 june 22 1941 461 00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:22,639 the soviet army completely unprepared 462 00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:25,359 and weakened by stalin's purges would 463 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:28,160 suffer devastating losses with stalin 464 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:30,879 himself entering a state of shock 465 00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:32,400 just a week after the invasion began 466 00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:35,039 stalin would disappear from the 467 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:37,440 government and began hiding away in his 468 00:19:35,038 --> 00:19:39,759 moscow home with a terrified group of 469 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:42,880 officials being forced to approach him 470 00:19:39,759 --> 00:19:45,359 to convince him to lead the war effort 471 00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:47,679 but stalin's military leadership would 472 00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:50,240 be filled with the same brutal tactics 473 00:19:47,679 --> 00:19:52,400 he'd employed throughout his career he 474 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:54,798 would insist that every inch of ground 475 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:56,798 be held giving the death sentence to 476 00:19:54,798 --> 00:19:59,679 those who surrendered leading to the 477 00:19:56,798 --> 00:20:01,759 pointless loss of thousands of men 478 00:19:59,679 --> 00:20:04,159 those deemed to be fearmongerers or 479 00:20:01,759 --> 00:20:06,400 cowards were placed in special penalty 480 00:20:04,159 --> 00:20:08,799 battalions who would be sent to their 481 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:11,200 death at the start of battles to help 482 00:20:08,798 --> 00:20:13,359 reduce enemy ammunition 483 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:15,840 taking this further he would make it 484 00:20:13,359 --> 00:20:18,240 illegal to be taken prisoner with the 485 00:20:15,839 --> 00:20:19,678 families of prisoners and deserters 486 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:21,599 being stripped of their government 487 00:20:19,679 --> 00:20:24,240 pensions and arrested 488 00:20:21,599 --> 00:20:26,558 tehran was also used to maintain army 489 00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:28,240 discipline and just four months after 490 00:20:26,558 --> 00:20:31,119 the outbreak of war 491 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:34,000 over 10 000 members of the army had been 492 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:36,319 shot by their superiors often directly 493 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:38,720 in front of their comrades 494 00:20:36,319 --> 00:20:41,359 but despite this brutality the tide 495 00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:44,400 would soon turn with a combination of 496 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:46,558 soviet heroism russian heavy industry 497 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:50,960 and western assistance pushing the 498 00:20:46,558 --> 00:20:53,279 germans back by 1944 nazi germany were 499 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:55,200 in full retreat with the soviets 500 00:20:53,279 --> 00:20:57,599 claiming a large portion of eastern 501 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,640 europe and eventually capturing berlin 502 00:20:57,599 --> 00:21:01,599 itself 503 00:20:58,640 --> 00:21:04,640 but it had come at the cost of 25 504 00:21:01,599 --> 00:21:08,719 million lives the highest death toll for 505 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:11,360 any country in the second world war 506 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:13,839 victory in the war would greatly benefit 507 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:16,959 stalin's dictatorship with soviet 508 00:21:13,839 --> 00:21:20,158 propaganda portraying him as a hero 509 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:23,120 at home his rule was unquestioned and he 510 00:21:20,159 --> 00:21:25,120 now owned a vast empire that spanned 511 00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:27,599 over two continents 512 00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:29,839 from his humble beginnings in georgia he 513 00:21:27,599 --> 00:21:32,558 had risen to be the leader of the second 514 00:21:29,839 --> 00:21:35,038 most powerful country on earth surpassed 515 00:21:32,558 --> 00:21:37,200 only by the united states 516 00:21:35,038 --> 00:21:39,519 with his new territory spanning from the 517 00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:41,840 baltic to the adriatic sea 518 00:21:39,519 --> 00:21:44,480 stalin would assert his influence over 519 00:21:41,839 --> 00:21:46,558 eastern europe with churchill stating 520 00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:48,240 that an iron curtain had descended 521 00:21:46,558 --> 00:21:50,558 across the continent 522 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:52,720 the cold war had begun 523 00:21:50,558 --> 00:21:55,599 a conflict that would come to dominate 524 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:57,600 the rest of the 20th century with stalin 525 00:21:55,599 --> 00:22:00,000 battling the west for control and 526 00:21:57,599 --> 00:22:03,359 ideological influence in europe for the 527 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:03,359 last years of his life 528 00:22:06,450 --> 00:22:12,880 [Music] 529 00:22:10,079 --> 00:22:15,119 although he had achieved absolute power 530 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:16,320 stalin would struggle with his personal 531 00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:19,279 image 532 00:22:16,319 --> 00:22:22,079 he was a man of small stature measuring 533 00:22:19,279 --> 00:22:24,558 at only five feet four inches tall he 534 00:22:22,079 --> 00:22:27,359 would often wear shoes with thick soles 535 00:22:24,558 --> 00:22:29,918 to make himself appear taller 536 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:31,759 his face was also heavily marked from 537 00:22:29,919 --> 00:22:34,720 the scars he had obtained after 538 00:22:31,759 --> 00:22:37,200 contracting smallpox in his youth 539 00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:39,919 he would take every measure to hide them 540 00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:42,080 employing makeup artists and airbrushing 541 00:22:39,919 --> 00:22:43,200 photographs to make his face appear 542 00:22:42,079 --> 00:22:45,839 smoother 543 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:48,000 those that met him were often shocked by 544 00:22:45,839 --> 00:22:48,879 the small and disfigured man they would 545 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,200 see 546 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:54,640 far different from the heroic figure 547 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:57,679 portrayed in soviet propaganda 548 00:22:54,640 --> 00:23:00,480 but in his final years stalin had become 549 00:22:57,679 --> 00:23:02,000 paranoid and lonely having no one around 550 00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:04,319 him he could trust 551 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,960 he had arrested and killed a number of 552 00:23:04,319 --> 00:23:09,599 his own family during the great terror 553 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:11,679 and his first son yakov had been 554 00:23:09,599 --> 00:23:13,678 captured and killed during the second 555 00:23:11,679 --> 00:23:16,559 world war 556 00:23:13,679 --> 00:23:20,159 stalin had also married a second wife 557 00:23:16,558 --> 00:23:22,000 nadezhda alleluia in 1919 558 00:23:20,159 --> 00:23:24,559 although he would be consistently 559 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:26,880 unfaithful with nadezhda committing 560 00:23:24,558 --> 00:23:29,678 suicide in 1932 561 00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:32,880 after the couple had a public argument 562 00:23:29,679 --> 00:23:35,519 their children svetlana and vasily would 563 00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:37,520 both experience difficulties as children 564 00:23:35,519 --> 00:23:40,400 of a dictator 565 00:23:37,519 --> 00:23:43,119 vasily was an arrogant and irresponsible 566 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:45,278 young man becoming accustomed to being 567 00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:48,558 treated like royalty 568 00:23:45,278 --> 00:23:51,599 during the war he would become a 24 year 569 00:23:48,558 --> 00:23:53,519 old general but acted with a total lack 570 00:23:51,599 --> 00:23:54,959 of responsibility 571 00:23:53,519 --> 00:23:57,759 he would go fishing with his 572 00:23:54,960 --> 00:24:00,000 subordinates using explosives to stun 573 00:23:57,759 --> 00:24:01,038 the fish leading to the death of an 574 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,759 officer 575 00:24:01,038 --> 00:24:06,000 he would also struggle with alcoholism 576 00:24:03,759 --> 00:24:08,879 and had contracted a number of chronic 577 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:11,278 diseases by his 30th birthday 578 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:13,919 after his father's death he would be 579 00:24:11,278 --> 00:24:17,679 imprisoned after a drunken outburst 580 00:24:13,919 --> 00:24:19,919 dying in exile at the age of 40. 581 00:24:17,679 --> 00:24:22,080 while svetlana received more love and 582 00:24:19,919 --> 00:24:23,919 attention she would often come into 583 00:24:22,079 --> 00:24:26,879 conflict with her father over her 584 00:24:23,919 --> 00:24:29,278 relationships with stalin once arresting 585 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:31,520 a boyfriend he disapproved of 586 00:24:29,278 --> 00:24:33,679 their once warm relationship would grow 587 00:24:31,519 --> 00:24:35,839 distant as the years went on with 588 00:24:33,679 --> 00:24:39,919 svetlana choosing to defect to the 589 00:24:35,839 --> 00:24:42,158 united states after her father's death 590 00:24:39,919 --> 00:24:44,880 stalin's health would begin to seriously 591 00:24:42,159 --> 00:24:48,159 decline in his final years due to years 592 00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:50,799 of smoking drinking and overwork 593 00:24:48,159 --> 00:24:54,559 he would suffer a debilitating stroke on 594 00:24:50,798 --> 00:24:57,519 march 1 1953 in his moscow home 595 00:24:54,558 --> 00:24:59,759 his guards terrified of upsetting him 596 00:24:57,519 --> 00:25:02,319 would refuse to enter his room without 597 00:24:59,759 --> 00:25:04,798 permission with it taking hours before 598 00:25:02,319 --> 00:25:07,599 they found the courage to enter finding 599 00:25:04,798 --> 00:25:10,158 him lying immobilized on the floor 600 00:25:07,599 --> 00:25:12,399 his top associates were quickly summoned 601 00:25:10,159 --> 00:25:15,278 but even they were too afraid to take 602 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:17,600 any real action stalin had recently 603 00:25:15,278 --> 00:25:19,599 become convinced that his own doctors 604 00:25:17,599 --> 00:25:21,918 were trying to kill him and it would 605 00:25:19,599 --> 00:25:23,839 take many hours before anyone was 606 00:25:21,919 --> 00:25:27,120 confident enough to call a medical 607 00:25:23,839 --> 00:25:29,038 professional but by then it was too late 608 00:25:27,119 --> 00:25:31,278 with it being determined that the 609 00:25:29,038 --> 00:25:34,158 dictator had suffered a cerebral 610 00:25:31,278 --> 00:25:35,759 hemorrhage with him dying on march 5th 611 00:25:34,159 --> 00:25:38,480 1953 612 00:25:35,759 --> 00:25:42,919 after several days of paralysis having 613 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,919 lived to the age of 74. 614 00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:50,079 joseph stalin will go down as one of 615 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:52,240 history's most notorious leaders 616 00:25:50,079 --> 00:25:54,879 he can be credited with transforming the 617 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:56,720 soviet union into a modern superpower 618 00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:58,240 and for leading the country through the 619 00:25:56,720 --> 00:26:01,200 second world war 620 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:04,480 but it came at an immense cost 621 00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:07,840 between 1930 and 1952 622 00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:10,480 over 26 million people had been shot 623 00:26:07,839 --> 00:26:14,240 imprisoned or subjected to internal 624 00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:15,360 exile an average of over 1 million per 625 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:17,679 year 626 00:26:15,359 --> 00:26:20,639 tens of millions more would be arrested 627 00:26:17,679 --> 00:26:23,360 without charge evicted from their homes 628 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:26,480 or forced to work on dangerous projects 629 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:29,119 with it being estimated that at least 60 630 00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:31,839 million people had been subjected to 631 00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:32,798 some form of repression during stalin's 632 00:26:31,839 --> 00:26:35,678 rule 633 00:26:32,798 --> 00:26:38,319 but despite this many soviet citizens 634 00:26:35,679 --> 00:26:40,559 would remain devoted to their leader the 635 00:26:38,319 --> 00:26:43,918 state produced an endless stream of 636 00:26:40,558 --> 00:26:45,599 propaganda portraying stalin as a hero 637 00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:48,400 and a father figure 638 00:26:45,599 --> 00:26:50,639 paintings songs and statues were all 639 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:52,960 commissioned by the dictator with 640 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,080 several towns and cities being named 641 00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:56,319 after him 642 00:26:54,079 --> 00:26:58,879 official history books would distort 643 00:26:56,319 --> 00:27:01,200 events beyond recognition and he would 644 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:03,919 go as far as to doctor historical 645 00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:06,798 photographs removing his political 646 00:27:03,919 --> 00:27:08,000 rivals from important events in soviet 647 00:27:06,798 --> 00:27:10,319 history 648 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:13,359 this propaganda would be incredibly 649 00:27:10,319 --> 00:27:16,319 effective with many expressing genuine 650 00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:19,038 grief at his death and worrying about a 651 00:27:16,319 --> 00:27:21,678 future without his leadership even 652 00:27:19,038 --> 00:27:24,000 prisoners in the gulag many of whom 653 00:27:21,679 --> 00:27:26,320 stalin had sent there himself 654 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:27,839 are known to have wept at the news of 655 00:27:26,319 --> 00:27:31,359 his parting 656 00:27:27,839 --> 00:27:34,000 hero or tyrant a great modernizer or a 657 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:35,759 ruthless killer there can be no doubt 658 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:38,798 that stalin was one of the most 659 00:27:35,759 --> 00:27:41,440 influential figures of the 20th century 660 00:27:38,798 --> 00:27:44,759 whose legacy has shaped the world as we 661 00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:44,759 know it today 662 00:27:46,039 --> 00:28:02,398 [Music] 663 00:28:00,319 --> 00:28:02,398 you 47775

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