Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:15,199
[Music]
2
00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:18,240
a revolutionary and a general a great
3
00:00:15,199 --> 00:00:20,879
modernizer and a ruthless tyrant joseph
4
00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:22,799
stalin could claim to be them all
5
00:00:20,879 --> 00:00:25,118
one of the most influential figures of
6
00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:27,359
the 20th century he would rise from
7
00:00:25,118 --> 00:00:29,678
humble beginnings to become the leader
8
00:00:27,359 --> 00:00:32,480
of the soviet union one of the world's
9
00:00:29,678 --> 00:00:35,359
largest superpowers been unafraid to
10
00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:36,238
sacrifice anything or anyone to achieve
11
00:00:35,359 --> 00:00:38,479
power
12
00:00:36,238 --> 00:00:40,799
his political opponents would be shot
13
00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:43,199
his own citizens would be hunted down by
14
00:00:40,799 --> 00:00:45,280
the secret police and millions would be
15
00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:47,120
sentenced to backbreaking work in the
16
00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:52,280
gulag labor camps
17
00:00:47,119 --> 00:00:52,280
this is the story of joseph stalin
18
00:00:59,198 --> 00:01:05,039
joseph juguschvili later to be known as
19
00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:06,560
joseph stalin was born on december 6
20
00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:09,280
1878
21
00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:12,478
in the small georgian town of gory on
22
00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:15,040
the outskirts of the russian empire his
23
00:01:12,478 --> 00:01:17,679
mother was a skilled dressmaker and his
24
00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:19,759
father was a successful cobbler with the
25
00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:21,040
boy experiencing a comfortable
26
00:01:19,759 --> 00:01:23,759
upbringing
27
00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:26,159
but it was not to last his father would
28
00:01:23,759 --> 00:01:28,159
turn to drink and began beating him
29
00:01:26,159 --> 00:01:30,159
eventually abandoning the family
30
00:01:28,159 --> 00:01:32,159
entirely
31
00:01:30,159 --> 00:01:34,320
wanting the best for her son
32
00:01:32,159 --> 00:01:36,479
stalin's mother would send him off to a
33
00:01:34,319 --> 00:01:38,559
theological school where she hoped he
34
00:01:36,478 --> 00:01:40,640
could climb the social hierarchy by
35
00:01:38,560 --> 00:01:43,280
becoming a priest
36
00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:45,439
stalin was a model student known for his
37
00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:46,399
hard work and his singing in the church
38
00:01:45,438 --> 00:01:48,959
choir
39
00:01:46,399 --> 00:01:50,640
but as he entered his late teenage years
40
00:01:48,959 --> 00:01:52,239
he would become disillusioned with
41
00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:54,799
religious life
42
00:01:52,239 --> 00:01:57,438
during his third year at the seminary he
43
00:01:54,799 --> 00:01:59,840
would join an illegal book club becoming
44
00:01:57,438 --> 00:02:02,639
inspired by the stories of the fictional
45
00:01:59,840 --> 00:02:05,118
georgian hero cobra a name he would
46
00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:07,359
later use as his own during his early
47
00:02:05,118 --> 00:02:09,520
years as a revolutionary
48
00:02:07,359 --> 00:02:12,318
he would also be highly influenced by
49
00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:14,959
the works of karl marx and his theories
50
00:02:12,318 --> 00:02:17,759
known as marxism one of the most popular
51
00:02:14,959 --> 00:02:20,000
forms of socialism at the time
52
00:02:17,759 --> 00:02:22,399
stalin would soon develop an interest in
53
00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:24,560
politics and would become involved with
54
00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:27,200
a group of social democrats a
55
00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:29,759
revolutionary socialist party who aimed
56
00:02:27,199 --> 00:02:32,000
to overthrow the russian monarchy
57
00:02:29,759 --> 00:02:34,560
as stalin's involvement in revolutionary
58
00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:36,560
politics continued to grow his grades
59
00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:39,199
and reputation at the seminary would
60
00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:40,878
begin to decline with him being expelled
61
00:02:39,199 --> 00:02:42,719
in 1899
62
00:02:40,878 --> 00:02:45,120
after failing to attend his daily
63
00:02:42,719 --> 00:02:48,759
prayers and been found in the possession
64
00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:48,759
of illegal literature
65
00:02:55,120 --> 00:03:00,560
at the age of 22 following a wave of
66
00:02:58,158 --> 00:03:02,799
harsh crackdowns by the authorities
67
00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:05,598
stalin would leave his old life behind
68
00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:07,439
and go into hiding becoming a full-time
69
00:03:05,598 --> 00:03:09,598
revolutionary
70
00:03:07,439 --> 00:03:11,280
despite his young age he would be
71
00:03:09,598 --> 00:03:13,839
described by his colleagues as
72
00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:15,759
exceptionally vicious and vindictive
73
00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:18,080
willing to apply the most extreme
74
00:03:15,759 --> 00:03:21,120
measures in his attempts to dominate the
75
00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:24,159
party with him soon rising to the top of
76
00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:26,400
the local revolutionary leadership
77
00:03:24,158 --> 00:03:28,798
stalin would soon find himself drawn to
78
00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:31,039
the teachings of vladimir lenin the
79
00:03:28,799 --> 00:03:33,120
leader of a socialist faction known as
80
00:03:31,039 --> 00:03:36,000
the bolsheviks who followed a more
81
00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:38,080
radical and militant course of action
82
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:40,158
stalin would quickly become a leading
83
00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:42,560
bolshevik in georgia and the surrounding
84
00:03:40,158 --> 00:03:45,519
area and while living with a colleague
85
00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:48,158
he would meet his first wife ye
86
00:03:45,519 --> 00:03:49,920
sfanitza with the couple marrying in
87
00:03:48,158 --> 00:03:52,798
1906
88
00:03:49,919 --> 00:03:55,839
less than a year later stalin's first
89
00:03:52,799 --> 00:03:57,360
son yakov would be born
90
00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,519
but the dangerous life of a
91
00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:00,480
revolutionary did not mix well with
92
00:03:59,519 --> 00:04:02,719
family
93
00:04:00,479 --> 00:04:05,199
after traveling to the city of baku with
94
00:04:02,719 --> 00:04:06,639
her husband the catalina would fall
95
00:04:05,199 --> 00:04:09,518
seriously ill
96
00:04:06,639 --> 00:04:11,518
dying in november 1907
97
00:04:09,519 --> 00:04:14,000
her death would have a profound effect
98
00:04:11,519 --> 00:04:15,200
on stalin and at the funeral he would
99
00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:18,319
state
100
00:04:15,199 --> 00:04:21,358
this creature softened my heart of stone
101
00:04:18,319 --> 00:04:23,918
she died and with her died my last warm
102
00:04:21,358 --> 00:04:26,560
feelings for humanity
103
00:04:23,918 --> 00:04:28,719
unable to deal with his grief stalin
104
00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:31,040
would abandon his eight-month-old son
105
00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:33,600
yakov to be raised by his mother's
106
00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:35,360
family not returning to see him for
107
00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:37,919
several years
108
00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,680
as the years went on stalin would rise
109
00:04:37,918 --> 00:04:42,478
through the ranks of the bolsheviks
110
00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:44,639
becoming known for his ruthless methods
111
00:04:42,478 --> 00:04:47,199
raising money through armed robberies
112
00:04:44,639 --> 00:04:50,879
protection rackets and ransoms
113
00:04:47,199 --> 00:04:53,360
in 1912 he would adopt the name stalin
114
00:04:50,879 --> 00:04:56,079
meaning man of steel
115
00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:58,400
but stalin's newfound fame would also
116
00:04:56,079 --> 00:04:59,680
make him a high priority target for the
117
00:04:58,399 --> 00:05:02,719
police
118
00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:05,680
in 1913 he would be caught and sentenced
119
00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:08,880
to four years of exile in siberia an
120
00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:11,918
inhospitable region of eastern russia it
121
00:05:08,879 --> 00:05:14,319
would be one of stalin's lowest points
122
00:05:11,918 --> 00:05:16,959
during this period he suffered with poor
123
00:05:14,319 --> 00:05:20,399
health and became increasingly depressed
124
00:05:16,959 --> 00:05:23,198
in his isolation with the 35 year old
125
00:05:20,399 --> 00:05:24,399
seeking companionship with a local 14
126
00:05:23,199 --> 00:05:26,478
year old girl
127
00:05:24,399 --> 00:05:28,000
with it being rumored the two had a
128
00:05:26,478 --> 00:05:30,000
child together
129
00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:33,759
he would slowly stop producing
130
00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:36,800
revolutionary works and in 1915 lenin
131
00:05:33,759 --> 00:05:39,520
would famously forget his last name
132
00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:42,720
for stalin it appeared the revolutionary
133
00:05:39,519 --> 00:05:42,719
dream was over
134
00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:55,439
in 1917 while still in exile stalin
135
00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:58,560
would receive the news that he had been
136
00:05:55,439 --> 00:06:01,839
working towards for over 15 years
137
00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:04,959
revolution had taken place in russia
138
00:06:01,839 --> 00:06:07,599
russia's population over 100 million
139
00:06:04,959 --> 00:06:09,839
people had suffered years of oppression
140
00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:11,759
discontent and poverty
141
00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:14,159
coupled with the horrendous failures of
142
00:06:11,759 --> 00:06:16,240
the first world war and the personal
143
00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:19,680
failings of russia's monarch
144
00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:22,639
son nicholas ii would be executed ending
145
00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:24,800
300 years of his family's rule with a
146
00:06:22,639 --> 00:06:27,918
provisional government being established
147
00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:30,478
to take control of the country
148
00:06:27,918 --> 00:06:32,799
stalin was soon released from his exile
149
00:06:30,478 --> 00:06:35,279
and made his way back to central russia
150
00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:37,360
with a renewed sense of purpose
151
00:06:35,279 --> 00:06:39,839
but his mentor lenin was still
152
00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,400
unsatisfied calling for yet another
153
00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:44,560
revolution that would see a socialist
154
00:06:42,399 --> 00:06:46,879
government take power
155
00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:49,680
however there was significant resistance
156
00:06:46,879 --> 00:06:53,360
within the party towards his ideas with
157
00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:56,079
stalin openly expressing his opposition
158
00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:58,080
to get stalin on his side lenin would
159
00:06:56,079 --> 00:07:00,639
give him a place on the bolshevik
160
00:06:58,079 --> 00:07:03,279
central committee granting him a large
161
00:07:00,639 --> 00:07:05,038
amount of influence and his first real
162
00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:07,119
taste of power
163
00:07:05,038 --> 00:07:10,000
stalin would quickly devote himself to
164
00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,759
lenin's cause and that october the
165
00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:14,160
bolsheviks would stage a second
166
00:07:11,759 --> 00:07:16,479
revolution removing the provisional
167
00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:19,759
government from power and establishing
168
00:07:16,478 --> 00:07:22,399
themselves as leaders of the country
169
00:07:19,759 --> 00:07:24,240
as a leading bolshevik stalin was now
170
00:07:22,399 --> 00:07:25,279
one of the most powerful men in the
171
00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:27,759
country
172
00:07:25,279 --> 00:07:30,318
but the struggle was not finished the
173
00:07:27,759 --> 00:07:33,598
revolution would lead to five years of
174
00:07:30,319 --> 00:07:36,160
civil war an exceptionally brutal period
175
00:07:33,598 --> 00:07:38,000
that would shape stalin into the cruel
176
00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,840
and ruthless leader he would later
177
00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,680
become
178
00:07:39,839 --> 00:07:44,000
during the civil war he would be
179
00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:46,160
appointed to the city of saritin by
180
00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:48,560
lenin to acquire grain for the
181
00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:50,160
bolsheviks and to organize the local
182
00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:52,478
fighting forces
183
00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:54,960
but lacking any military knowledge or
184
00:07:52,478 --> 00:07:57,680
experience stalin would completely
185
00:07:54,959 --> 00:08:00,159
mishandle the situation and after just
186
00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:02,400
two months under his command the city
187
00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:05,520
was on the verge of collapse with many
188
00:08:02,399 --> 00:08:08,159
soldiers having died under his command
189
00:08:05,519 --> 00:08:10,079
faced with this disaster stalin would
190
00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:12,960
turn to a technique that would later
191
00:08:10,079 --> 00:08:15,758
become a staple of his political career
192
00:08:12,959 --> 00:08:17,839
he would begin the use of terror
193
00:08:15,759 --> 00:08:19,439
the disaster was soon blamed on
194
00:08:17,839 --> 00:08:22,799
counter-revolutionaries
195
00:08:19,439 --> 00:08:25,598
spies and saboteurs who were arrested
196
00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:28,000
convicted on weak or fabricated evidence
197
00:08:25,598 --> 00:08:29,598
and then executed
198
00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:32,479
stalin became known for being
199
00:08:29,598 --> 00:08:34,958
particularly brutal in his use of terror
200
00:08:32,479 --> 00:08:37,278
burning down entire villages and
201
00:08:34,958 --> 00:08:38,559
arresting anyone who dared to argue with
202
00:08:37,278 --> 00:08:40,879
him
203
00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:43,439
he was highly suspicious of military
204
00:08:40,879 --> 00:08:46,159
personnel who he would often target in
205
00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:48,880
his purges bringing him into conflict
206
00:08:46,159 --> 00:08:51,519
with the head of the army leon trotsky
207
00:08:48,879 --> 00:08:52,639
who saw stalin as a dangerous political
208
00:08:51,519 --> 00:08:54,879
rival
209
00:08:52,639 --> 00:08:55,838
trotsky would express his grievances to
210
00:08:54,879 --> 00:08:58,720
lenin
211
00:08:55,839 --> 00:09:01,360
leading to stalin's removal from zaritin
212
00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:02,720
and beginning a lifelong rivalry between
213
00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:05,039
the two men
214
00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:08,278
a conflict from which only one of them
215
00:09:05,039 --> 00:09:08,278
would survive
216
00:09:14,639 --> 00:09:20,480
in 1922 the same year the soviet union
217
00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:22,480
was formally established stalin would be
218
00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:25,200
elected to the position of general
219
00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:27,360
secretary a role he would use to secure
220
00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:29,440
his rise to power
221
00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:31,839
the position allowed him to set the
222
00:09:29,440 --> 00:09:34,080
agenda for meetings of the polit bureau
223
00:09:31,839 --> 00:09:36,560
and the soviet government as well as
224
00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:38,959
placing the careers of numerous soviet
225
00:09:36,559 --> 00:09:41,199
officials in his hands giving him a
226
00:09:38,958 --> 00:09:44,479
large and loyal following
227
00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:46,399
but towards the end of 1922 a power
228
00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:48,959
vacuum would emerge at the highest
229
00:09:46,399 --> 00:09:51,360
levels of soviet government when lenin
230
00:09:48,958 --> 00:09:53,679
became seriously ill suffering a number
231
00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:55,360
of strokes that impeded his ability to
232
00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:57,838
govern the country
233
00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:59,600
but to stalin's horror trotsky would
234
00:09:57,839 --> 00:10:01,920
manage to form an alliance with the
235
00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:03,680
dying soviet leader giving him a
236
00:10:01,919 --> 00:10:04,799
significant advantage in the power
237
00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:07,278
struggle
238
00:10:04,799 --> 00:10:09,679
stalin would respond by calling lenin's
239
00:10:07,278 --> 00:10:11,278
wife and subjecting her to a torrent of
240
00:10:09,679 --> 00:10:13,599
abusive language
241
00:10:11,278 --> 00:10:15,919
an event that would be so upsetting to
242
00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:18,159
lenin that he would call for stalin's
243
00:10:15,919 --> 00:10:20,078
removal from government
244
00:10:18,159 --> 00:10:22,799
while stalin managed to keep his
245
00:10:20,078 --> 00:10:25,120
position a rift had opened between him
246
00:10:22,799 --> 00:10:27,679
and lenin the most influential and
247
00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:29,759
respected man in the country putting his
248
00:10:27,679 --> 00:10:30,879
political career in a very dangerous
249
00:10:29,759 --> 00:10:34,159
position
250
00:10:30,879 --> 00:10:36,639
but in 1924 lenin would die
251
00:10:34,159 --> 00:10:38,480
giving stalin the opportunity to reshape
252
00:10:36,639 --> 00:10:39,759
their relationship in the eyes of the
253
00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,680
public
254
00:10:39,759 --> 00:10:44,159
and so he would take control of the
255
00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:46,559
funeral giving himself the politically
256
00:10:44,159 --> 00:10:47,759
significant role as one of lenin's poll
257
00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:50,159
bearers
258
00:10:47,759 --> 00:10:52,639
lenin would be enshrined in moscow's red
259
00:10:50,159 --> 00:10:54,879
square with stalin portrayed as the
260
00:10:52,639 --> 00:10:56,319
protector of his legacy in soviet
261
00:10:54,879 --> 00:10:59,278
propaganda
262
00:10:56,320 --> 00:11:01,760
trotsky his hated rival was given the
263
00:10:59,278 --> 00:11:04,720
wrong date for the funeral causing him
264
00:11:01,759 --> 00:11:07,120
to miss the event entirely
265
00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:10,000
over the next few years stalin would
266
00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:11,440
expertly manipulate events to secure his
267
00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,839
rise to power
268
00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:16,160
pitting his rivals against each other
269
00:11:13,839 --> 00:11:18,399
and eventually amassing enough support
270
00:11:16,159 --> 00:11:19,600
to strip trotsky of his position in
271
00:11:18,399 --> 00:11:22,078
government
272
00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:24,800
with his main political opponent gone
273
00:11:22,078 --> 00:11:27,359
there were few left to oppose darling he
274
00:11:24,799 --> 00:11:30,159
would systematically demote a rest and
275
00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:33,600
exile his political opponents and by
276
00:11:30,159 --> 00:11:37,000
1928 he would emerge as the sole leader
277
00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:37,000
of the country
278
00:11:38,029 --> 00:11:46,720
[Music]
279
00:11:44,159 --> 00:11:48,958
having secured absolute power
280
00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:51,680
stalin began transforming the soviet
281
00:11:48,958 --> 00:11:54,479
union into a modern superpower
282
00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:57,278
in 1931 he would state
283
00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:59,920
we are 50 or 100 years behind the
284
00:11:57,278 --> 00:12:02,559
advanced countries we must make goods
285
00:11:59,919 --> 00:12:05,278
this distance in 10 years either we do
286
00:12:02,559 --> 00:12:07,599
it or we shall be crushed
287
00:12:05,278 --> 00:12:09,278
he would begin a policy of rapid
288
00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:12,079
industrialization
289
00:12:09,278 --> 00:12:14,320
launching a series of five-year plans to
290
00:12:12,078 --> 00:12:16,399
grow soviet industry
291
00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,000
but the implementation of these plans
292
00:12:16,399 --> 00:12:20,958
would be chaos
293
00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:22,958
ignoring the advice of economic experts
294
00:12:20,958 --> 00:12:25,439
stalin would double and then triple
295
00:12:22,958 --> 00:12:27,359
production targets nearly none of which
296
00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:29,920
would actually be met
297
00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:32,560
inflation was rampant money was spent
298
00:12:29,919 --> 00:12:34,799
with no budget and entire factories were
299
00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:36,319
constructed with only half finished
300
00:12:34,799 --> 00:12:39,120
blueprint
301
00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:41,760
but despite this production did see a
302
00:12:39,120 --> 00:12:44,159
notable increase securing the soviet
303
00:12:41,759 --> 00:12:45,759
union's place as a modern industrial
304
00:12:44,159 --> 00:12:48,919
nation
305
00:12:45,759 --> 00:12:51,519
to support industry a policy of forced
306
00:12:48,919 --> 00:12:53,919
collectivization was implemented where
307
00:12:51,519 --> 00:12:56,159
peasants the country's largest group of
308
00:12:53,919 --> 00:12:58,078
people were stripped of their private
309
00:12:56,159 --> 00:13:00,639
property and forced to work for the
310
00:12:58,078 --> 00:13:03,439
state on collective farms
311
00:13:00,639 --> 00:13:06,000
anyone who refused was beaten shot or
312
00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:08,959
sent to labor camps known as gulags
313
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:11,278
where they would be used for slave labor
314
00:13:08,958 --> 00:13:13,919
but the policy would be met with extreme
315
00:13:11,278 --> 00:13:16,078
resistance with many peasants preferring
316
00:13:13,919 --> 00:13:18,719
to burn their crops and slaughter their
317
00:13:16,078 --> 00:13:22,239
animals rather than let them be taken by
318
00:13:18,720 --> 00:13:24,079
the state in some instances stalin's
319
00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:26,480
response was extreme
320
00:13:24,078 --> 00:13:28,799
with villages that refused to comply
321
00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:30,480
been bombed out of existence by the air
322
00:13:28,799 --> 00:13:32,719
force
323
00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:34,959
with the peasants lacking any economic
324
00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:37,519
incentive to work agricultural
325
00:13:34,958 --> 00:13:40,559
production saw a massive decline
326
00:13:37,519 --> 00:13:43,600
soon leading to a devastating famine
327
00:13:40,559 --> 00:13:45,359
reaching its peak in the winter of 1932
328
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,600
and 1933
329
00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:50,959
the famine is estimated to have caused
330
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:53,120
the death of up to 7 million people with
331
00:13:50,958 --> 00:13:54,638
millions more being left permanently
332
00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:56,480
disabled
333
00:13:54,639 --> 00:13:58,480
parents would sell their children for
334
00:13:56,480 --> 00:14:01,120
food with the countryside seen
335
00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:02,639
widespread cases of disease mandatory
336
00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,879
and cannibalism
337
00:14:02,639 --> 00:14:07,360
anyone who kept stores of grain was
338
00:14:04,879 --> 00:14:09,120
accused of hoarding and were beaten and
339
00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:10,879
tortured until they gave up their
340
00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:13,519
supplies
341
00:14:10,879 --> 00:14:15,838
the famine would hit ukraine the hardest
342
00:14:13,519 --> 00:14:17,679
with three and a half million people
343
00:14:15,839 --> 00:14:19,839
dying there alone
344
00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:22,638
the ukrainians would call the famine the
345
00:14:19,839 --> 00:14:24,639
holodomor a name that means murder
346
00:14:22,639 --> 00:14:27,198
through starvation
347
00:14:24,639 --> 00:14:29,759
stalin would only make things worse
348
00:14:27,198 --> 00:14:32,240
exporting two million tons of food out
349
00:14:29,759 --> 00:14:34,319
of the ukraine and forbidding those that
350
00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:37,120
lived there to move away
351
00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:39,199
their only option was to wait and die
352
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:42,399
with thousands of starving people
353
00:14:39,198 --> 00:14:44,879
turning to cannibalism to survive
354
00:14:42,399 --> 00:14:46,799
but for stalin the countryside had been
355
00:14:44,879 --> 00:14:48,480
brought under control
356
00:14:46,799 --> 00:14:50,719
although it had cost the lives of
357
00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:53,199
millions and had reduced the peasants to
358
00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:55,278
slaves of the state it was a price he
359
00:14:53,198 --> 00:14:58,919
was willing to pay to feed the
360
00:14:55,278 --> 00:14:58,919
industrial workers
361
00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:05,389
[Music]
362
00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:12,079
but as the 1930s went on stalin would
363
00:15:09,839 --> 00:15:14,320
become increasingly paranoid of those
364
00:15:12,078 --> 00:15:16,719
around him constantly searching for
365
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:19,360
traitors and conspiracies and looking
366
00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:21,519
for ways to secure his power
367
00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,919
he would first target his political
368
00:15:21,519 --> 00:15:27,039
opposition with the assassination of
369
00:15:23,919 --> 00:15:29,120
soviet politician sergey kirov providing
370
00:15:27,039 --> 00:15:31,919
a pretext for convicting his most
371
00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:36,240
influential opponents of conspiracy
372
00:15:31,919 --> 00:15:38,399
between 1936 and 1938 a series of show
373
00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:40,320
trials would be held whether accused
374
00:15:38,399 --> 00:15:41,360
would be convicted on fabricated
375
00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,600
evidence
376
00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:45,039
tortured into giving a confession and
377
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:47,519
then shot
378
00:15:45,039 --> 00:15:49,278
the old bolsheviks were targeted
379
00:15:47,519 --> 00:15:51,519
those who had been around since before
380
00:15:49,278 --> 00:15:54,399
the revolution and retained strong
381
00:15:51,519 --> 00:15:56,000
political opinions and influence
382
00:15:54,399 --> 00:15:57,919
they would be replaced by young
383
00:15:56,000 --> 00:16:00,320
politicians who could be easily
384
00:15:57,919 --> 00:16:02,639
manipulated and were completely loyal to
385
00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:04,160
stalin knowing never to question his
386
00:16:02,639 --> 00:16:06,560
judgment
387
00:16:04,159 --> 00:16:09,120
army officers soon came into the fiery
388
00:16:06,559 --> 00:16:11,518
line as stalin believed their power and
389
00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,839
influence had grown too strong
390
00:16:11,519 --> 00:16:17,440
many were convicted of working as agents
391
00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:20,000
for trotsky with over 35 000 officers
392
00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:23,440
being shot or imprisoned and the navy
393
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:25,839
losing every single one of its admirals
394
00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:28,480
but soon the purges would extend to
395
00:16:25,839 --> 00:16:30,480
every corner of soviet society
396
00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:32,720
ordinary citizens were encouraged to
397
00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:35,519
report suspicious friends and family to
398
00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:38,480
the authorities many of whom would do so
399
00:16:35,519 --> 00:16:40,879
out of fear of being targeted themselves
400
00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:43,920
the secret police were also appointed a
401
00:16:40,879 --> 00:16:47,120
new leader nikolai yazov who would set
402
00:16:43,919 --> 00:16:49,599
his officers arrest and execution quotas
403
00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:50,720
often purging his own staff to impress
404
00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:53,199
stalin
405
00:16:50,720 --> 00:16:55,680
at only five feet tall he was soon
406
00:16:53,198 --> 00:16:58,799
nicknamed the bloody dwarf due to his
407
00:16:55,679 --> 00:17:03,838
enthusiasm for torturing his victims
408
00:16:58,799 --> 00:17:06,720
between 1937 and 1938 an average of 1
409
00:17:03,839 --> 00:17:09,759
500 people were killed every day a
410
00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:13,199
period known as the great terror
411
00:17:09,759 --> 00:17:16,400
around 1.6 million people were arrested
412
00:17:13,199 --> 00:17:19,038
700 000 of which were executed with an
413
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:21,280
unknown number dying in labor camps and
414
00:17:19,038 --> 00:17:24,078
torture chambers
415
00:17:21,279 --> 00:17:25,918
stalin's paranoia had become extreme
416
00:17:24,078 --> 00:17:28,639
with a colleague describing him as
417
00:17:25,919 --> 00:17:31,038
suspicious to the point of insanity
418
00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:34,000
his purges would also have a devastating
419
00:17:31,038 --> 00:17:36,640
effect on soviet society with a culture
420
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:39,119
of fear and distrust emerging
421
00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:41,520
those working in industry were afraid to
422
00:17:39,119 --> 00:17:43,759
suggest any changes or innovations that
423
00:17:41,519 --> 00:17:46,960
could get them accused of sabotage
424
00:17:43,759 --> 00:17:49,599
leading to a slowdown in economic growth
425
00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:51,360
the military were particularly affected
426
00:17:49,599 --> 00:17:54,079
and would suffer from an extreme
427
00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:56,399
shortage of experienced commanders with
428
00:17:54,079 --> 00:17:59,759
discipline and quality suffering as a
429
00:17:56,400 --> 00:18:02,080
result and with war on the horizon the
430
00:17:59,759 --> 00:18:04,480
purges could not have come at a worse
431
00:18:02,079 --> 00:18:04,480
time
432
00:18:04,779 --> 00:18:13,839
[Music]
433
00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:15,678
as the great terror began to wind down
434
00:18:13,839 --> 00:18:18,319
international relations were reaching a
435
00:18:15,679 --> 00:18:20,320
boiling point with europe soon erupting
436
00:18:18,319 --> 00:18:22,079
into world war ii
437
00:18:20,319 --> 00:18:24,159
stalin would initially sign a
438
00:18:22,079 --> 00:18:26,639
non-aggression pact with hitler the
439
00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:29,038
molotov ribbentrop pact which allowed
440
00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:31,038
him to invade and take over large parts
441
00:18:29,038 --> 00:18:32,160
of eastern europe once the conflict
442
00:18:31,038 --> 00:18:34,000
began
443
00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:36,000
these territories would quickly find
444
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:38,160
themselves subject to the same
445
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,839
oppression experienced in the soviet
446
00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:42,240
union for decades
447
00:18:39,839 --> 00:18:45,839
the most notorious example of this was
448
00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:49,200
the catin massacre of 1940 where almost
449
00:18:45,839 --> 00:18:51,678
22 000 polish prisoners were killed to
450
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,880
prevent any ideological opposition from
451
00:18:51,679 --> 00:18:56,080
emerging
452
00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:58,559
that same year a soviet agent would also
453
00:18:56,079 --> 00:19:01,759
manage to hunt down stalin's longtime
454
00:18:58,558 --> 00:19:04,960
rival leon trotsky assassinating him
455
00:19:01,759 --> 00:19:07,279
with an ice pick in mexico city
456
00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:09,360
but soon things would turn against
457
00:19:07,279 --> 00:19:11,440
stalin with hitler breaking their
458
00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:14,159
non-aggression pact and launching a
459
00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:17,360
surprise invasion of the soviet union on
460
00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:20,240
june 22 1941
461
00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:22,639
the soviet army completely unprepared
462
00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:25,359
and weakened by stalin's purges would
463
00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:28,160
suffer devastating losses with stalin
464
00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:30,879
himself entering a state of shock
465
00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:32,400
just a week after the invasion began
466
00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:35,039
stalin would disappear from the
467
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:37,440
government and began hiding away in his
468
00:19:35,038 --> 00:19:39,759
moscow home with a terrified group of
469
00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:42,880
officials being forced to approach him
470
00:19:39,759 --> 00:19:45,359
to convince him to lead the war effort
471
00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:47,679
but stalin's military leadership would
472
00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:50,240
be filled with the same brutal tactics
473
00:19:47,679 --> 00:19:52,400
he'd employed throughout his career he
474
00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:54,798
would insist that every inch of ground
475
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:56,798
be held giving the death sentence to
476
00:19:54,798 --> 00:19:59,679
those who surrendered leading to the
477
00:19:56,798 --> 00:20:01,759
pointless loss of thousands of men
478
00:19:59,679 --> 00:20:04,159
those deemed to be fearmongerers or
479
00:20:01,759 --> 00:20:06,400
cowards were placed in special penalty
480
00:20:04,159 --> 00:20:08,799
battalions who would be sent to their
481
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:11,200
death at the start of battles to help
482
00:20:08,798 --> 00:20:13,359
reduce enemy ammunition
483
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:15,840
taking this further he would make it
484
00:20:13,359 --> 00:20:18,240
illegal to be taken prisoner with the
485
00:20:15,839 --> 00:20:19,678
families of prisoners and deserters
486
00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:21,599
being stripped of their government
487
00:20:19,679 --> 00:20:24,240
pensions and arrested
488
00:20:21,599 --> 00:20:26,558
tehran was also used to maintain army
489
00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:28,240
discipline and just four months after
490
00:20:26,558 --> 00:20:31,119
the outbreak of war
491
00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:34,000
over 10 000 members of the army had been
492
00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:36,319
shot by their superiors often directly
493
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:38,720
in front of their comrades
494
00:20:36,319 --> 00:20:41,359
but despite this brutality the tide
495
00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:44,400
would soon turn with a combination of
496
00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:46,558
soviet heroism russian heavy industry
497
00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:50,960
and western assistance pushing the
498
00:20:46,558 --> 00:20:53,279
germans back by 1944 nazi germany were
499
00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:55,200
in full retreat with the soviets
500
00:20:53,279 --> 00:20:57,599
claiming a large portion of eastern
501
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,640
europe and eventually capturing berlin
502
00:20:57,599 --> 00:21:01,599
itself
503
00:20:58,640 --> 00:21:04,640
but it had come at the cost of 25
504
00:21:01,599 --> 00:21:08,719
million lives the highest death toll for
505
00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:11,360
any country in the second world war
506
00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:13,839
victory in the war would greatly benefit
507
00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:16,959
stalin's dictatorship with soviet
508
00:21:13,839 --> 00:21:20,158
propaganda portraying him as a hero
509
00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:23,120
at home his rule was unquestioned and he
510
00:21:20,159 --> 00:21:25,120
now owned a vast empire that spanned
511
00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:27,599
over two continents
512
00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:29,839
from his humble beginnings in georgia he
513
00:21:27,599 --> 00:21:32,558
had risen to be the leader of the second
514
00:21:29,839 --> 00:21:35,038
most powerful country on earth surpassed
515
00:21:32,558 --> 00:21:37,200
only by the united states
516
00:21:35,038 --> 00:21:39,519
with his new territory spanning from the
517
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:41,840
baltic to the adriatic sea
518
00:21:39,519 --> 00:21:44,480
stalin would assert his influence over
519
00:21:41,839 --> 00:21:46,558
eastern europe with churchill stating
520
00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:48,240
that an iron curtain had descended
521
00:21:46,558 --> 00:21:50,558
across the continent
522
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:52,720
the cold war had begun
523
00:21:50,558 --> 00:21:55,599
a conflict that would come to dominate
524
00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:57,600
the rest of the 20th century with stalin
525
00:21:55,599 --> 00:22:00,000
battling the west for control and
526
00:21:57,599 --> 00:22:03,359
ideological influence in europe for the
527
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:03,359
last years of his life
528
00:22:06,450 --> 00:22:12,880
[Music]
529
00:22:10,079 --> 00:22:15,119
although he had achieved absolute power
530
00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:16,320
stalin would struggle with his personal
531
00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:19,279
image
532
00:22:16,319 --> 00:22:22,079
he was a man of small stature measuring
533
00:22:19,279 --> 00:22:24,558
at only five feet four inches tall he
534
00:22:22,079 --> 00:22:27,359
would often wear shoes with thick soles
535
00:22:24,558 --> 00:22:29,918
to make himself appear taller
536
00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:31,759
his face was also heavily marked from
537
00:22:29,919 --> 00:22:34,720
the scars he had obtained after
538
00:22:31,759 --> 00:22:37,200
contracting smallpox in his youth
539
00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:39,919
he would take every measure to hide them
540
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:42,080
employing makeup artists and airbrushing
541
00:22:39,919 --> 00:22:43,200
photographs to make his face appear
542
00:22:42,079 --> 00:22:45,839
smoother
543
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:48,000
those that met him were often shocked by
544
00:22:45,839 --> 00:22:48,879
the small and disfigured man they would
545
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,200
see
546
00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:54,640
far different from the heroic figure
547
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:57,679
portrayed in soviet propaganda
548
00:22:54,640 --> 00:23:00,480
but in his final years stalin had become
549
00:22:57,679 --> 00:23:02,000
paranoid and lonely having no one around
550
00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:04,319
him he could trust
551
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,960
he had arrested and killed a number of
552
00:23:04,319 --> 00:23:09,599
his own family during the great terror
553
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:11,679
and his first son yakov had been
554
00:23:09,599 --> 00:23:13,678
captured and killed during the second
555
00:23:11,679 --> 00:23:16,559
world war
556
00:23:13,679 --> 00:23:20,159
stalin had also married a second wife
557
00:23:16,558 --> 00:23:22,000
nadezhda alleluia in 1919
558
00:23:20,159 --> 00:23:24,559
although he would be consistently
559
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:26,880
unfaithful with nadezhda committing
560
00:23:24,558 --> 00:23:29,678
suicide in 1932
561
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:32,880
after the couple had a public argument
562
00:23:29,679 --> 00:23:35,519
their children svetlana and vasily would
563
00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:37,520
both experience difficulties as children
564
00:23:35,519 --> 00:23:40,400
of a dictator
565
00:23:37,519 --> 00:23:43,119
vasily was an arrogant and irresponsible
566
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:45,278
young man becoming accustomed to being
567
00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:48,558
treated like royalty
568
00:23:45,278 --> 00:23:51,599
during the war he would become a 24 year
569
00:23:48,558 --> 00:23:53,519
old general but acted with a total lack
570
00:23:51,599 --> 00:23:54,959
of responsibility
571
00:23:53,519 --> 00:23:57,759
he would go fishing with his
572
00:23:54,960 --> 00:24:00,000
subordinates using explosives to stun
573
00:23:57,759 --> 00:24:01,038
the fish leading to the death of an
574
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,759
officer
575
00:24:01,038 --> 00:24:06,000
he would also struggle with alcoholism
576
00:24:03,759 --> 00:24:08,879
and had contracted a number of chronic
577
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:11,278
diseases by his 30th birthday
578
00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:13,919
after his father's death he would be
579
00:24:11,278 --> 00:24:17,679
imprisoned after a drunken outburst
580
00:24:13,919 --> 00:24:19,919
dying in exile at the age of 40.
581
00:24:17,679 --> 00:24:22,080
while svetlana received more love and
582
00:24:19,919 --> 00:24:23,919
attention she would often come into
583
00:24:22,079 --> 00:24:26,879
conflict with her father over her
584
00:24:23,919 --> 00:24:29,278
relationships with stalin once arresting
585
00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:31,520
a boyfriend he disapproved of
586
00:24:29,278 --> 00:24:33,679
their once warm relationship would grow
587
00:24:31,519 --> 00:24:35,839
distant as the years went on with
588
00:24:33,679 --> 00:24:39,919
svetlana choosing to defect to the
589
00:24:35,839 --> 00:24:42,158
united states after her father's death
590
00:24:39,919 --> 00:24:44,880
stalin's health would begin to seriously
591
00:24:42,159 --> 00:24:48,159
decline in his final years due to years
592
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:50,799
of smoking drinking and overwork
593
00:24:48,159 --> 00:24:54,559
he would suffer a debilitating stroke on
594
00:24:50,798 --> 00:24:57,519
march 1 1953 in his moscow home
595
00:24:54,558 --> 00:24:59,759
his guards terrified of upsetting him
596
00:24:57,519 --> 00:25:02,319
would refuse to enter his room without
597
00:24:59,759 --> 00:25:04,798
permission with it taking hours before
598
00:25:02,319 --> 00:25:07,599
they found the courage to enter finding
599
00:25:04,798 --> 00:25:10,158
him lying immobilized on the floor
600
00:25:07,599 --> 00:25:12,399
his top associates were quickly summoned
601
00:25:10,159 --> 00:25:15,278
but even they were too afraid to take
602
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:17,600
any real action stalin had recently
603
00:25:15,278 --> 00:25:19,599
become convinced that his own doctors
604
00:25:17,599 --> 00:25:21,918
were trying to kill him and it would
605
00:25:19,599 --> 00:25:23,839
take many hours before anyone was
606
00:25:21,919 --> 00:25:27,120
confident enough to call a medical
607
00:25:23,839 --> 00:25:29,038
professional but by then it was too late
608
00:25:27,119 --> 00:25:31,278
with it being determined that the
609
00:25:29,038 --> 00:25:34,158
dictator had suffered a cerebral
610
00:25:31,278 --> 00:25:35,759
hemorrhage with him dying on march 5th
611
00:25:34,159 --> 00:25:38,480
1953
612
00:25:35,759 --> 00:25:42,919
after several days of paralysis having
613
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,919
lived to the age of 74.
614
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:50,079
joseph stalin will go down as one of
615
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:52,240
history's most notorious leaders
616
00:25:50,079 --> 00:25:54,879
he can be credited with transforming the
617
00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:56,720
soviet union into a modern superpower
618
00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:58,240
and for leading the country through the
619
00:25:56,720 --> 00:26:01,200
second world war
620
00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:04,480
but it came at an immense cost
621
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:07,840
between 1930 and 1952
622
00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:10,480
over 26 million people had been shot
623
00:26:07,839 --> 00:26:14,240
imprisoned or subjected to internal
624
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:15,360
exile an average of over 1 million per
625
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:17,679
year
626
00:26:15,359 --> 00:26:20,639
tens of millions more would be arrested
627
00:26:17,679 --> 00:26:23,360
without charge evicted from their homes
628
00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:26,480
or forced to work on dangerous projects
629
00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:29,119
with it being estimated that at least 60
630
00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:31,839
million people had been subjected to
631
00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:32,798
some form of repression during stalin's
632
00:26:31,839 --> 00:26:35,678
rule
633
00:26:32,798 --> 00:26:38,319
but despite this many soviet citizens
634
00:26:35,679 --> 00:26:40,559
would remain devoted to their leader the
635
00:26:38,319 --> 00:26:43,918
state produced an endless stream of
636
00:26:40,558 --> 00:26:45,599
propaganda portraying stalin as a hero
637
00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:48,400
and a father figure
638
00:26:45,599 --> 00:26:50,639
paintings songs and statues were all
639
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:52,960
commissioned by the dictator with
640
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,080
several towns and cities being named
641
00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:56,319
after him
642
00:26:54,079 --> 00:26:58,879
official history books would distort
643
00:26:56,319 --> 00:27:01,200
events beyond recognition and he would
644
00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:03,919
go as far as to doctor historical
645
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:06,798
photographs removing his political
646
00:27:03,919 --> 00:27:08,000
rivals from important events in soviet
647
00:27:06,798 --> 00:27:10,319
history
648
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:13,359
this propaganda would be incredibly
649
00:27:10,319 --> 00:27:16,319
effective with many expressing genuine
650
00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:19,038
grief at his death and worrying about a
651
00:27:16,319 --> 00:27:21,678
future without his leadership even
652
00:27:19,038 --> 00:27:24,000
prisoners in the gulag many of whom
653
00:27:21,679 --> 00:27:26,320
stalin had sent there himself
654
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:27,839
are known to have wept at the news of
655
00:27:26,319 --> 00:27:31,359
his parting
656
00:27:27,839 --> 00:27:34,000
hero or tyrant a great modernizer or a
657
00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:35,759
ruthless killer there can be no doubt
658
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:38,798
that stalin was one of the most
659
00:27:35,759 --> 00:27:41,440
influential figures of the 20th century
660
00:27:38,798 --> 00:27:44,759
whose legacy has shaped the world as we
661
00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:44,759
know it today
662
00:27:46,039 --> 00:28:02,398
[Music]
663
00:28:00,319 --> 00:28:02,398
you
47775
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.