Original subtitles

the

Holocaust a crime that oversteps and

shatters all legal

systems stole the lives of so many

innocent

people men

women

children the Nazi reain of Terror saw

the murder of more than 6 million

Jews but in April

1945 the third right crumbles

[Music]

years of Terror under the ruthless

dictatorship comes to an

end and for the Nazis the race to escape

Europe

Begins the

Hunt is on

[Music]

Germany has fallen the once feared

dictator Adolf Hitler is

dead a cowardly ending for the man who

led Germany into the second world war he

shoots himself in the head 28 ft below

the streets of

Berlin suddenly

the men and women who followed Hitler to

his demise now have to take action to

make decisions for

themselves less than 24 hours pass Panic

sets

in Nazi officials begin to scramble

around what remains of

Berlin they only have one directive

evade capture at all cost

s they know that the repercussions for

their actions will be

incomprehensible the Allies are closing

in even during the second world war it

was realized by the Allies that it was

absolutely vital that Nazi war criminals

should be brought to

Justice senior Nazis begin to sweat

the fur can no longer protect

them in the course of the next few days

the remaining senior members of the Nazi

establishment begin to flee

Berlin after Hitler's birthday just days

before his suicide heimrich himler and

Herman guring had fled

Berlin after learning of this

information Hitler rewrote his last

political will and testament to reflect

his anger over their

betrayal himler had decided that he was

no longer safe in Nazi Germany after his

bargaining with the Allies didn't go as

planned he took aside some of his

officers and told them to get out of

Germany particularly Rudolph Hurst his

fellow commandant of aitz who he warned

to disguise himself as German Navy

Personnel in order to

escape guring has spent months planning

his life without the

fear after blowing up his own residence

and moving all of his possessions out of

Berlin guring is ready to escape his

life with the Nazi

party fantasy myths ancient Beginnings

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description ging is under the illusion

that he will be treated fairly by the

Allies due to his previous heroic War

career himler and guring decide to plan

together assuming Two Is Better Than One

together they can negotiate and

Escape however after being overheard by

Martin Borman Hitler's Shadow he knows

his days are

numbered himler knows he will never

shake the reputation as leader of the

extermination camps and becomes

increasingly paranoid that Hitler will

become aware of his plans to bargain

with the Allies in order to protect

himself it is every man for himself

Nazis in full Retreat from northern

France more headline news of Germans in

headlong

flight record-breaking Air Attack

climaxing the total offensive to bring

Hitler

down Germany under explosive

pressures Germany facing the Grand

crackup Army crackup dead Nazis by the

thousands along the roads of our Mighty

Northern Advance Tank crack up mile

after mile of wrecked Nazi

equipment guns the Germans try to fool

us with they dummies made of wood

mounted on carts and we were in food

after aot's food and aot's clothes it's

aot's artillery giving these Canadians a

Frontline

[Music]

land the first half of 1945 is probably

the darkest six month in Germany's

history because it's being invaded by

you know the Russians the Red Army from

the East and you've got the other allies

coming through from the west and it's

it's the Russians who reach Berlin first

and when they reach Berlin it's a city

in rubble it's a city in flames it's a

city in chaos it's a city in which gads

are marauding loyal Nazis are going

around hanging people who are not taking

part in the resistance of the city it's

it's a city in which you then got some

Nazis committing

suicide it it is the most bited

appalling place you can imagine that

this is a war brought about by Hitler

and this this is a war that that Hitler

has fought for too long and he's

fighting it to the death and he's

fighting it to the death of the people

who he supposedly loves and he no longer

loves them by the end of the war and and

he says that basically the German people

don't deserve him the German people

don't deserve Germany and everybody

should fight to the death because

basically you know they don't deserve to

be alive because they failed him classic

narcissistic thinking the world is for

him

and he's not there for the

world Hitler's last days in the in the

fura bunker under the re chancell in

center of Berlin are a kind of terrible

end of a Shakespearean tragedy as as the

the Thunder Russian Artillery all around

them and they're deep deep inside this

sort of concrete underground Fortress

everybody sort of kind of going mad um

and especially Hitler who then gets

married to his long-term girlfriend Eva

Brown in this sort of kind of bizarre

ceremony and then just a few days later

Hitler on the 30th of April

1945 decides to take his own life and

Eva Brown is going to do the same thing

with him or Eva Hitler as of course she

became and and so he goes into his

little um kind of living room with his

new bride nice way to spend your

honeymoon and and and they they they

they poison and shoot themselves it's

thought that Hitler's done both he he

takes a little uh uh glass ampool little

canister of Cyanide and also shoots

himself and uh Eva Brown commits suicide

by poisoning herself their bodies are

then removed by some loyal um SS men he

agitant and they are taken out uh in in

what passes now for a garden in the

right chance for but of course it's just

a kind of pockmarked hellhole of of

artillery

shells and and and there they are their

bodies are

burnt bulletin Adolf Hitler is dead he

is dead and how he died the world little

cares for Hitler's death Millions have

prayed and millions are now thankful for

justice 1920 Hitler began he was

considered just a joke then a raving

crackpot 1933 Hitler made Chancellor the

world hoped he would bring order he

brought

catastrophe Hitler gang planned World

Conquest Rudolph H now insane in England

Hinrich himler mass murderer and ging

Hitler promised Germany the world

Germany listened but the world ignored

the threat I need

even Hitler poses as humanitarian but

Hitler even then was planning War and

the death of countless children

[Music]

1938 the Munich

year at berus Garden there was

appeasement the sacrifice of

Czechoslovakia Poland Norway the

European

[Music]

bloodbath 1940 Hitler's greatest Triumph

it was the fall of France A Dark Day for

the civil ized world the famous Hitler

intuition had clicked till now but mad

with power he made two mistakes he did

not invade England and he did invade

Russia there will be no monuments to

Hitler but there are many monuments to

Hitler millions of monuments a dead

child in London's Blitz the dead in the

Living Dead wherever the monster's

bloody fascist hand is struck

for civilization you hope for life when

this man's ideas are

[Music]

dead the wheels were in motion top Nazi

officials have Targets on their backs

they need to make a decision and quick

do they attempt to run or die in Berlin

with their fear Hinrich himler knows

he's at the top of the list he knows he

won't get away with what he's

done the blood has Stained his

hands Hinrich himler is one of the most

pivotal figures in the Third Reich and

he's most famous for being the head of

the SS now that is the uh Nazi Elite

Armed Force it's not part of the army

it's uh originally called the shut

staffel the protection Squad that's just

there to protect Hitler and what himla

does from you know almost from the

beginning is to build the

up into a state within a state Because

by the the the height of Nazi power

himler is in charge of an organization

that has a kind of um civil side to it

an administrative side to it which is

huge and has fingers in so many pies and

also the vafan SS the armed SS uh which

is there you know to help fight the war

and its troops are are notorious for

being some of the most sort of kind of

evil and deadly troops you know as part

of the war and what the SS also runs is

the whole concentration camp Network so

it's the SS men doing the not only the

exterminations but they're also the ones

who are appropriating wealth from the

Jews and all the other slaves being used

and appropriating all the stuff that

they own and also selling this Workforce

to big German Industries who are paying

for its use and all that is going into

the pockets of the SS so the SS becomes

incredibly rich as an organization um

and it's also running police forces you

know you name it it is as I say it's the

state within the state and the man at

the top of it is Hinrich himler himler

like Hitler looked like the very inverse

of the kind of Aryan blonde 6'5 tall

superhuman uh you know he was a very

short man you it's a weak jawline very

ugly you know some Pebble glasses former

chicken farmer you know he looked very

very

unimpressive he was also very obsessed

with mysticism you know he liked his

kind of runes and his magic and

occultism so he was really drawn to a

lot of mumbo jumbo if you like Hitler

didn't have that much time for it but it

was himler who tried to create this

whole idea of the SS as almost like a

kind of King Arthur's Court and he had

this Castle called velburg in which he

had a room you know to celebrate the

kind of Holiness of the s s know the

whole thing is kind of Bonkers and

insane but actually himler beyond all

that nonsense is a really really smart

operator and it's him who gathers so

much power and so much wealth with the

SS he had a lot of sort of psychosomatic

problems I mean he he was not not a well

man in many ways but also what he was

also was was a man who had lots of

Affairs you know he he used his time

away uh from home to to carry out

Affairs you know with quite a few people

you don't really want to get too deeply

into the brains of your Nazi bigwig like

himler because it's not a nice place to

be and also he was responsible for the

Holocaust because you know it was the SS

largely who carried it out and when he

went to go and kind of witness a

Slaughter some brains were splattered

upon his coat and it caused him to vomit

this is the man responsible for it and

he can't cope with it I'm not saying

it's desirable that he should have coped

with it but it just shows you that he

didn't actually have the personal

appetite for butchering people himself

and got other people to do it in many

ways he was a

coward Joseph Geral cannnot live his

life without Hitler and power along with

his wife they poison their children in

the F bunker and then take their own

lives Joseph Geral is the Nazi

propaganda minister so he's in charge of

cinem books the nent TV industry he's in

charge of all the methods of

communication and so he's in charge of

getting the Nazi message out effectively

um and now he is married to a very s

striking ROM woman called Magda now

Magda has been married before to a very

wealthy German industrialist but she

eventually gets divorced and marries

Joseph Gobles who was a real Casanova

actually even though he was short

club-footed and not an attractive man um

you know he had a lot of sexual

conquests um and and Magda was one of

them but actually what you see in the

marriage of Joseph geres and Magda is a

three-way not in bed but emotionally

between those two and Adolf Hitler

because Adolf Hitler absolutely adored

Magda Gales and thought that she was the

kind of perfect Nazi woman you and she

was blonde and and she was you know sort

of Viva

and she was absolutely devoted to Hitler

she absolutely adored him essentially

they were in love with each other but

also she also loved Gobles and wanted to

have children she had already had some

children with a child from her first

marriage but she wanted to have more

children and so she and Gobles get

married as a way of both of them to get

close to Hitler so Hitler goes and

visits the Geral couple Uninvited will

spend entire evenings with them until

the small

chatting away Magda loves that attention

Hitler loves that attention from Magda

and Geral is of course jealous but he

also loves the fact that he's got the

furer in his living room you know so

he's right at the heart of

power Gobles is not at that stage in the

early stages as important a figure of

some like Herman guring um but gerles

becomes more important because of this

weird kind of Nazi love triangle if you

like um and GBL gets very very jealous

of of his his wife's relationship with

Hitler um and and Hitler really does dot

on Magda Geral and and you know as a

sort of kind of Mark of how much the

couple both love Hitler um they name

their six children all with the letter H

you know in in homage to Hitler you know

it it's just shows you how kind of

perverted this kind of love and

affection

is others would rather take their

chances and attempt to flee Berlin in

the event of Hitler's death the Third

Reich obviously completely collapses

because it's entirely built on the

authority and Charisma of one figure

Hitler himself of course so you know

what is your zealous Nazi going to do

well he's got various options one option

is to follow the same path as Hitler and

think a world without Hitler and a world

without nacism is not a world worth

living in so you blow yourself up with

an AR grenade along with your wife and

kids as one of them did how Charming or

you maybe shoot your or you poison

yourself you end your own life or they

think I'm going to escape they know that

the Allies are going to be after them

many fanatical members of the SS

especially know that they've committed

war crimes they may deny to themselves

that these things are actually crimes

but they know that if you you know

slaughter people on on the battlefield

after they surrendered or if you decide

that what you want to do is to gas a

million Jews to death that that might be

seen as criminal amongst reasonable

thinking people so um what they do a lot

of these naziis figures they decide they

they need to go into hiding now what

they can't do is just you know get on a

plane and go to Buenos Aris or or

Damascus you know they have to sort of

Disguise their identities they have to

sort of you know blend in with with with

the refugees they have to blend in with

the normal German soldiers you know

Marching In These great columns you know

retreating so you know it's a very

confused very muddle time and a lot of

senior Nazis and not so senior Nazis try

to blend in

the Allies are closing in and the odds

of a successful Escape are diminishing

day by day Allied soldiers know who to

look

for their time is

up Herman guring was considered Hitler's

successor by the

allies and therefore was Target number

one the US Army are catching up entering

Berlin with a firm plan to capture as

many Nazi officials as they can their

aim to bring them before a court on

trial for the atrocities they helped

make possible in 1943 there was this

thing called the Moscow declaration that

announced that all these criminals would

be chased quote to the utmost ends of

the Earth and brought to Justice now

this was to achieve two things first to

tell any Nazi war criminal we're on to

you you're not going to get away with

what you're doing because we're going to

win this war and then we're going to

come and find you and then we're going

to come and bring you to Justice and

also the people in the occupied

territories could see the Moscow

declaration and go good the Allies are

going to do something about this um and

it means that these people may commit

fewer criminal acts against us if

they're worried that when the war's over

the Allies are going to come and get

them the international Manhunt

begins we went in hiding from Holland

but I've been born in Vienna and when

the Nazis came there their population

changed immediately was quite quite

shocking and amazing we had many

non-jewish friends and they all turned

against us so um you know that was for

me as a child something I couldn't

understand at all we were Jewish but not

religious and um you know I this was I

think I was nine at the time you know

this was a big big shock for me and then

we went first to Belgium where I was not

accepted and didn't know the language

then eventually we settled in Amsterdam

which was wonderful the Dutch were very

very welcoming and I made many friends

and I looked that blonde hair and blue

eyes got a bicycle and I felt now and we

were together as a family so I thought

it's okay but then within three months

the Germans invaded Holland and

everything collapsed

again and the measures against Jewish

people came up first slowly but then

more dangerous people

disappeared and then in 42 we went into

hiding legalized discrimination of the

Jews in Germany began immediately after

the Nazi seizure of power in January

[Music]

1933 Hitler had made his anti-Semitic VI

public from the moment he reached total

control of

Germany laws were introduced to

discriminate and dehumanize the Jews

stripping them of their German

citizenships violence and economic

pressure were tactics used by the Nazi

regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily

leave the

country anti-Semitism was being taught

to the

population and everyone was too afraid

to oppos

[Music]

it so we know that from as early as

Hitler's writings in mind camp that he

was personally anti-semitic and what we

see once the third Right comes into

power is his personal anti-Semitism

translated into State

policy so so from the very earliest days

and months of the Third Reich um there

were many different measures legal

measures um taken against the Jews and

also illegal measures as

well just as he had promised in mine

Camp Hitler is treating the Jews in

Germany as an internal enemy so what you

see are nors stripping Jews of their

German citizenship U you see awful

things like um Jews not being allowed to

go to swimming pools because if a Jew

swam in a public swimming pool the water

would have to be drained because the Jew

had dirtied the water so you can see

that you've got this sort of awful awful

both political and cultural exclusion of

of of the Jewish community

[Music]

when we get to

1938 um we come to quite a key moment in

the history of Nazi anti-Semitism we

come to the night of the 9th to 10th of

November

1938 um to a night known as rice Crystal

KN Crystal KN or the KN of the broken

glass the Nazis just literally set fire

to synagogues everywhere um and and it's

They smash up Jewish shop and and Jews

are killed near on 100 people were

killed in the course of the night and

between 20 and

30,000 German Jews were taken to

concentration

camps this absolutely horrific

destruction Slaughter violence carried

out by the State against its own people

it showed the world what Hitler was he

was effectively A Gangster and a

murderer

after the night of the broken glass the

situation for Germany's Jews just got

worse and worse from then until the war

and of course during the war as

well they were impoverished they were

made to pay a big atonement uh fine

money was taken from them um in order to

pay for This calamity that they'd

allegedly brought upon themselves

[Music]

there's no doubt about the centrality of

anti-Semitism to Hitler's worldview

there's absolutely no doubt about that

but what he seemed to be trying to do

was sort of stay in the shadow so that

when we get a program like this that the

public the German public and the

population were quite affronted by it

there's that idea then that Hitler was

sort of staying in the shadows and not

being associated with

that there was certainly that sentiment

among the German population because of

this myth that surrounded the fura that

well if there were unpleasant things

going on or policies that they didn't

like all of those sort of more difficult

aspects of the third R then somehow that

Hitler couldn't know about it that he

wasn't associated with it that it had to

be one of the other leaders it can't

have been him if only the furer knew

this wouldn't be

happening we didn't know what they had

done you know everything was Kept Secret

because a were Nazis in Holland as well

and like the end unfort fortunately

there were people who betrayed Jewish

people as well so in 44 we were betrayed

by Dutch nurse who was a double agent

worked really for the

Nazis you were not allowed to walk on

the Pavements they had to walk in the

gutters Jews were not allowed to

practice their professions my M my

father couldn't go to work anymore at

first we had to wear an arm band a white

AR with a blue star of David on it they

later changed it to a yellow star which

we had to wear old Jews in Europe had to

wear it one in the front one in the back

if you walked out without it you could

have been shot Hitler made the German

people believe that the Jews were the

source of all their problems learning

from the T4 program the idea of the

total extermination of the Jewish race

was developed further on July 31st 1941

Herman guring gave written authorization

to Reinhard hadrick chief of the Reich

main Security office to prepare and

submit a plan for a total solution to

the Jewish question in territories under

German control Hy is one of those Nazis

who truly even today makes one's blood

run cold you just have to look at the

man to see his

evil he is a red doubtable leader he's

ruthless he he's absolutely merciless

it's Hydra cair the Infamous V

conference outside Berlin in which the

destruction of the of Europe's Jews is

discussed as a kind of cold policy

planning meeting but that is hydric to a

tea everything is done evly cruel

ruthless unemotional way in which he can

just plot the destruction of people ikan

famously ad aan who's regarded as the

architect Holocaust was one of hydri you

know employees you know in Department 4

B4 of the

SD hric called for a meeting with the

various leaders of the government

departments on January 20th

1942 which became known as the Oni

conference the purpose of the conference

was to ensure cooperation of

administrative leaders of various

government departments in the

implementation of the final solution of

the Jewish question throughout the

course of the meeting hadrick out lined

how European Jews would be rounded up

and sent to extermination camps where

they would be killed the conference only

lasted around 90 minutes at the time of

the conference Jews were already being

murdered in the Soviet Union a new

extermination camp under construction at

belac and other extermination camps were

in the planning

stages the decision to exterminate Jews

had already been

made an awful Injustice imposed on the

Jewish

people the murdering of Jews was

regarded as such a simple task for the

SS to undertake these people are not

human they are not of the same

importance as the Aryan bred

Germans we must feel no guilt in

eliminating them from our world all

members of the Nazi party were required

to play a part in the final solution as

it was genocide on a mass scale

therefore needed Mass

participation the conditions in which

the Jews were subjected to were

demoralizing dehumanizing and entirely

corrupt our heads were shaved we went

through cold communal

showers and when we got out at the other

end we got our concentration camp G the

strip jackets and and

skirts and when we looked at one another

we're still the same group but we just

looked so different that we couldn't

recognize each

other the these are places that are are

places of deep deep horror because you

didn't go there to work you went there

to die and you would arrive and with

within 30 minutes you'd be dead my

father even said you know we're just

going to work and go home he told it's

not what

happened my father was taken to the

guest chamber and my mother as

well and I was left with my

[Music]

sister blinker for example is no bigger

if you visit it than a football stadium

the size of a football pitch and in that

very small area around 850,000 men women

and children were

gassed and it it's just the most

horrific thought if you ever visit a

place like

that Jews were slaughtered um just by

being shot next to vast pits which would

then just be you know buried over and

and and this was just the most horrific

form o of genocide I mean gassing of

course is horrific too but you know the

idea that you would just shoot a baby in

the head in front of its mother and then

shoot the mother and this would be your

day in day out

job it Beggar's belief that that

supposedly ordinary men in these SS

police battalions could go around doing

this kind of work but they did and it

was eventually recognized by the Nazis

that actually the kind of psychological

toll it was having on those carrying out

the murders was so great that they had

to work out a nicer way to kill Jews I.E

through maybe lores with gas going into

them or or maybe even gas Chambers SO

gas Chambers are actually invented

primarily to spare the sanity of the

murderers that's how twisted Nazi logic

becomes when we went to bed we weren't

sure that we'll wake up in the morning

all of us were the same and if you wake

up you couldn't be sure that you would

still be alive in the evening you

couldn't if you couldn't get off the

bank you were finished yes I've been

asked asked in the past whether I had

any thoughts of what would we do after

our

Liberation it's it's uh an impossible

question because in the camp our

thoughts were just how to survive that

day how to stay out of

trouble because the safest thing to do

was to be anonymous not to be noticed if

he did anything wrong um that usually

spelled

trouble I think it's important to say

that the perpetrators really sort of had

this sense of impunity really

perpetrators of these kinds of crimes

until that point of nurenberg so there

was this sense that they'd get away with

it so Hitler very famously told his SS

during the second world war who now

remembers the Armenians and the

Armenians had been the victims of a

genocide during the course of the first

world war there' sort of been a lot of

talk at that point about bringing the

perpetrators to justice but they'd all

got away with it after 1945 this began

to change and the laws international law

began to change as

well Nazi officials knew that they were

Wanted Dead or Alive

their Terror and Corruption had been

exposed to the world and now they were

going to

pay now what this leads to is what is

called the international Military

Tribunal or the IMT at the German city

of nurmberg which was a kind of cradle

of Nazism it was where you had all these

massive na rallies and this

International Military Tribunal which we

now today call the nurenberg tri trials

took place at the palace of Justice in

nurburg uh largely because it was

relatively unbedded but also it was very

symbolic and from about 1945 46 to 49

there were several trials that took

place at neurenberg but the one that

most people associate is the

international Military Tribunal of

around 20 top Nazi figures and that was

to show the world that actually there

could be some Justice Meed out not just

by one country but all the Allies the

French the Russians the Americans and

the British it was very radical at the

time there had never been an

international criminal court like it and

so this was a kind of coming together of

a lot of different legal systems a lot

of different political systems what it

was saying to the world was listen these

people who commit war crimes these

people who commit genocide these people

who commit crimes against humanity they

are are never ever going to get away

with it ever

again the Allied Forces Britain France

the United States and Russia all came to

the agreement that they wanted to

prosecute any living Nazi party

officials for the crime they had

committed the four Allied countries all

had different Justice systems and

decided that rather than try each Man

four times they should come up with an

agreement on how they would run the

trials the London Charter for the near

ber trials held in August 1945 saw the

Allied countries agree on a trial and

tribunal court system in which each

country would have a judge present they

decided on three major charges that the

Nazi officials would face and that they

would each be allowed a defending

Council the prisoners are kept under day

and night surveillance by United States

armed guards they are fed like ordinary

criminals and as Robert Jackson Chief

American prosecutor completes his case

plans move ahead through this tunnel the

Nazis will be taken to the courtroom now

being rebuilt for the trial of mid

November the indictment represents the

first time four different nations and

systems of Justice have been welded to

try war criminals it also condemns the

whole Nazi party for crimes against

humanity Justice catches up with the

monsters of

fascism the trial was set to put the

horrors of the Nazi regime on display

for the world to

see and the Allies chose nurenberg as

quite a Fitting Place I think because

nurburg first of all as the second

largest city in Bavaria was kind of at

the heartland of the sort of rise to

power of the Nazis but also it was the

place where the Nazi race laws the

nurenberg laws were promulgated in

1935 as well it was maybe the

predominant reason that it was where the

n party held its annual party rallies

nurburg so very very focal point of the

regime and I think that they hoped that

by holding the international Military

Tribunal and other trials that followed

there that it would be a place where

they could bring some kind of closure to

the Nazi regime and to its

atrocities with plans to broadcast live

this trial would go down in history one

of the most symbolic executions of

Justice the world would not tolerate

such hate crimes ever

again the nurenberg trials represented a

very important moment an unprecedented

moment and a way for the Allied Powers

really to bring to Justice some of those

key Nazi leaders as representatives of

key Nazi organizations who had carried

out such unspeakably cruel acts of

crimes against the peace war crimes and

crimes against

humanity the international Military

Tribunal formed by the Allies was given

the task of trying 24 of the most

important political and military leaders

of the Third

Reich the purpose to bring Nazi

criminals to

Justice bringing peace of mind to the

survivors and for the victim's

families for the first time in

international

law the nurburg indictments also mention

genocide if these men are the first war

leaders of a defeated Nation to be

prosecuted in the name of the

law they are also the first to be given

a chance to plead for their lives in the

name of the

law but who would they manage to put on

trial and who would evade Justice

persecution of the Jews was a continuous

and deliberate

policy it was a policy directed against

other nations as well as against the

Jews

themselves anti-Semitism was

promoted to divide and embitter the

Democratic

peoples and to soften their resistance

to Nazi aggression

the conspiracy or common plan to

exterminate the Jew was so methodically

and thoroughly

pursued that despite German defeat and

Nazi

prostration this Nazi aim largely has

succeeded you will have difficulty as I

have

to look into the faces of these

defendants and believe that in this 20th

century human beings could inflict such

sufferings as will be proved here on

their own countrymen as well as upon

soall inferior

enemies the nurg trials began on

November 20th 1945

24 Nazi officials were

captured 24 Nazi officials were

indicted but this was only the beginning

[Music]

the Palace of Justice in nurburg Germany

once the holy city of Nazism becomes the

setting of an epic event in the progress

of mankind here under the Vigilant eyes

of American MPS the 20 most important

surviving members of the Hitler gang go

on trial the attention of all the world

is centered on this city and this

scene High representatives of France

Britain America and Russia formed the

Tribunal for the United States former

Attorney General Francis Biddle they

will judge the ring leaders of a

conspiracy that brought War to all the

world for their crimes against peace and

Humanity

the

Holocaust a crime that oversteps and

shatters all legal

systems stole the lives of so many

innocent

people

men

women

children the Nazi reign of terror saw

the murder of more than 6 million

Jews but in April

1945 the Third Reich

[Music]

crumbles years of Terror under the

ruthless dictatorship comes to an

end and for the Nazis the race to Escape

Europe

Begins the

Hunt is on

[Music]

24 Nazi officials are brought into the

courtroom at

nurg the biggest trial in history is

about to

begin hereby accused as guilty in the

respects here and after set forth of

crimes against peace war crimes and

crimes against human

[Music]

man the nurenberg trials represented a

very

important moment an unprecedented moment

and a way for the Allied Powers really

to bring to Justice some of those key

Nazi leaders as representatives of key

Nazi organizations

[Music]

[Music]

what Newburg represents to to so many of

these Nazis is a real Reckoning that

they never thought they were going to

receive

from about 1945 46 to 49 there were

several trials that took place at

nurburg but the one that most people

associate is the international Military

Tribunal of around 20 top Nazi

figures all has defined in the charter

of the

tribunal and

accordingly name as defendants in this

cause and as indicted on the counts

heing after has set

out Hermon vilhelm

ging Rudolph

hes Haim from Riven

trop Robert

Li vilhelm

Kyle MST Carlton

Bruner Alfred Rosen

Hans

Fran willhelm

Frick julus

drer Walter

Funk halmer

Shak Gustav K from Bolan and

halbach Carl

darnit Eric

Rider Bal from

Shirak fret

Z Alf FR

yodel Martin

Borman France F

Poppin AR our

conspiracy you've got some pretty big

figures missing from that dock at

Newberg I can say pretty confidently the

biggest figure not there is Adolf Hitler

another huge figure not there is Joseph

Gobles the minister of propaganda

another massive figure who is also not

there is a man called Hinrich himler who

was head of the SS they had all

committed suicide there are some who say

that Hitler escaped that's complete

nonsense they had all committed suicide

and they had ultimately cheated Justice

they knew what would have happened to

them had they been put on trial they

would have been

hanged it is kind of fascinating to

speculate what Hitler might have been

like in the doc at nurburg I suspect he

would have done a lot of shouting

ultimately you do have some of the key

figures in the Third Reich have cheated

nurenberg and they've cheated The

Hangman's noose and they've chosen

either a self-inflicted bullet or a

suicide capsule to take their way

out for the first time in international

law the nberg indictments will also

mention crimes of genocide the decisions

and sentences will be imposed by a

tribunal rather than a single judge and

jury having a tribunal from four

different countries requires

instantaneous translations of the trial

key Nazi Party members were up against

the international Military

Tribunal if you like the Nazis in the

dock were the kind of household name

Nazis that the world knew very well you

had probably the leading figure there

Herman guring who had one time been

effectively number two of the Third

Reich head of the LOF offer and had been

this fat drug addled whale of a man who

had basically lost the plot in the last

few days of the Reich yet when we see

him in the dock at nurenberg he's a much

Slimmer figure he's off the drugs he's

on a good Dart he's a very sharp and

capable man you've also got Hitler's

actual Deputy a man called Rudolph Hess

who had notoriously flown to Scotland

early in the war on a kind of Looney

mission to try and broke a piece between

Britain and and Germany so he had been

locked up for a long time already you

had the former German foreign minister

uh Von ribbon trop uh a very conceited

and somewhat vain man

um pretty useless in many ways but still

very much a criminal you had a man

called Ernst Calon Bruner who was head

of the rsh now that is the Reich

Security main office and as such was in

charge of all sorts of unpleasant

organizations including the Gusto so

what you've got there is a real mixture

of of of leading Nazi figures uh leading

industrialists and economists who had

also worked with the Nazi regime and and

it was there to show the world

that you know all these different

elements of the Nazi State uh including

generals as well uh were were there to

be put on trial and to show the world

that they couldn't get away with

it Martin Borman known among the Inner

Circle as Hitler's Shadow was still

missing but put on trial In

[Music]

Absentia Rudolph hes having spent most

of the war imprisoned in England was

claiming to have amnesia and supposedly

could not remember his his involvement

with the Nazi party court is to decide

solely the question of whether the

defendant is fit or unfit to be hurt and

further whether he might even be

considered entirely responsible if his

inability to plead is recognized I

request that the proceedings against the

defendant not be conducted in his

absence is it not

consistent with all the medical opinions

that the defendant is capable of

understanding the course of the

proceedings and that the only

defect from which he is

suffering is

forgetfulness about what happened before

he flew to

England Mr President it is true that the

experts consider the defendant has

capable of following the proceedings but

on the other hand in answer to the

questions put to them they emphasize

that the defendant is not capable of

defending

himself he has refused every simple

treatment that has been suggested he's

refused submit to the ordinary things

that we submit to every day blood test

examinations and says he will submit to

nothing until after the

trial Albert Spear took his time in the

dock to deflect the blame onto his

fellow party

members you were present on April 23rd

1945 when Hitler received the telegram

from Garing suggesting that he take over

power what did Hitler say on that

occasion Hitler was most excited about

the contents of the telegram and he

expressed himself in a very clear manner

about guring he said that he knew for

some time that guring had failed that he

was corrupt that he was a drug addict it

was typical of Hitler's attitude toward

the entire problem however that he

followed this statement up by saying but

he can nevertheless negotiate the

capitulation he stated in an off-hand

manner it doesn't really matter who does

it his disregard for the German nation

was expressed in the way he said

this the tremendous danger contained in

this totalitarian system only became

really clear the moment we were

approaching the

end everything that has happened during

this trial everything you have seen in

the way of orders which were carried out

without any hesitation did after all

turn out to be

mistaken that is why this trial must

contribute to the prevention of such

distorted wars in the future and to the

establishment of principles for human

cooperation however of the top Nazi

officials Herman guring is considered

the highest ranking Nazi to have

survived the war and therefore the main

target for the

prosecution guring had great persuasion

and power during the Nazi regime being

named Hitler's successor by the furer

himself Herman guring believed he was

invincible he goes from being a first

world war fighter pilot hero who's got

the uh polar mer medal which is the

highest medal that can be won by the

German fighting man in the first world

war and so he's a venerated pilot very

successful fighter pilot during the

first world war who then kind of loses

his way somewhat and then when he falls

in with the Nazis in Munich in the 20s

he's feeling that's giving him a kind of

sense of purpose and the problem is is

that he's on the famous Beall pch in

1923 and he gets shot and wounded and

when he's recuperating from his wounds

he's given morphine heroin effectively

and and it's that that he becomes

addicted to and it's at nurenberg when

he's off the drugs when he loses weight

his brain sudden get sharper again and

of all the Nazis in the dock at Newberg

he's the most impressive and that old

flash of intelligence and Brilliance

that's got into the top of the Nazi tree

is shown once more ging's trial at nurg

was set to be one of the most

significant trials at

nberg he provided the last direct link

to Hitler assuming that Martin Borman

was in fact dead the way guring treated

the Jews and his obsession with the

German economy was completely

inhumane he used threats and force to

get other leaders to coincide with Nazi

actions and was intense on his use of

slave laborers everywhere throughout the

whole regime he was Hitler's wingman and

an active part of the entire Nazi

movement now his fear had left him to

deal with the

consequences now the whole idea of the

Reich was not meant to be a 12year Reich

it was supposed to be a Thousand-Year

Reich and in fact that what was going to

happen is that people were going to be

uh treating them as demigods and statues

would be

erected and buildings enshrined to them

you know for for hundreds of years they

they went from kind of being demigods to

criminal low life very quickly sitting

in the dock guring attempts to keep his

pride intact whilst facing ruthless

questions from the prosecution

and you also had to have certain

organizations to carry out orders uh

executive organizations organizations to

fight for you if

necessary did you

not yeah

comp well if you wanted certain people

killed you had to have some organization

that would kill them didn't you this uh

Rome and the rest of them were not

killed by Hitler's own hands nor by

yours were

they R didn't

I'm yes but when it was State necessity

to kill somebody you had to have

somebody to do it didn't

you and uh uh the essay and the SS s and

the SD organizations of that kind were

the organizations that carried out the

orders and dealt with people on a

physical L

level were they not

[Music]

Oran uh well uh at what time did the

SS perform this

function of acting as the

executive uh of the Nazi party

B

when under examination guring is asked

about the concentration

camps although denying all knowledge

guring was no doubt involved with the

planning and termination of millions of

Jews but he wasn't

alone Public Act was on the 22nd of

April

1938 when you published penalties for

veiling the character of a Jewish

Enterprise was in the right was it

not SS

gur to make the plans for the complete

solution of the Jewish

question I as to have you

shown i i as to have you

sh uh document 710 United States

5009 so farl

[Music]

the out

for in organizator

[Music]

this letter itself was directed to the

chief of the security police and the

security

service and SS group andur hydr we're

right about that aren't

we all right

[Music]

telling this

tribunal when you say that no steps were

to be taken by anyone else whether you

are telling this Tri

uh do you still say that neither Hitler

nor you knew of the policy to

exterminate the Jews

I already have said that not even

approximately did I know to what degree

this thing took place you did not know

to what degree but you knew there was a

policy that aimed at the liquidation of

the

Jews no not liquidation of the Jews I

only knew that certain perpetrations had

taken

place there is no doubt that mous was

the basis for longterm

planning it was constructed as a

gigantic Stone fortress on top of a

mountain flanked by small

Barracks mouth housing in addition to

its permanency of

construction had facilities for a large

Garrison of officers and

men and had large dining rooms and

toilet facilities for the

staff it was conducted with the sole

purpose in mind of Exterminating any

so-called prisoner who entered within

its

walls the so-called branches of Mal

Housen were under direct command of the

SS officials located

there all records orders and

administrated

Facilities were handled for these

branches through mouth

hous the other camps including gusen and

iay its two most notorious and largest

branches were not exclusively used for

extermination but prisoners were used as

Tools in construction and production

until they were beaten or starved into

uselessness whereupon they were

customarily sent to malous for final

disposal end of the

quotation the Nazi regime's hateful

anti-semitic policies were adopted by a

nation but for Hitler marginalizing the

Jews soon wasn't enough what would be

the answer to the Jewish

Problem death

camps after the wansi conference

confirmed the participation of all Nazi

officials hundreds of thousands of Jews

were being sent to camps such as

Treblinka and aitz daily chief of the

Jewish Affairs for the Reich Central

Security Office Adolf ikan had a large

part in the planning of the final

ution attending the wanty conference

alongside Reinhard hadri and others the

agreement was made to begin

Exterminating the Jews on a mass

scale Adolf ikan was effectively named

chief

executioner you've got a lot of

extremely worried senior Nazis a and and

also a lot of worried basically

mid-ranking Nazis and and one of the

most not notorious of these mid-ranking

Nazis is an SS Colonel by the name of

Adolf ikan now ikan today it is an

incredibly notorious name and we all

today know him to be the man he was uh

you know he's famously notoriously

called the architect of the final

solution what he was was in charge of a

department of the Reich Security main

office and it was called Department 4 B4

it was part of the Gusto the secret

State Police and his job was to

basically wage war against the Jews and

it was Ian's job was to help uh

facilitate the destruction of the Jewish

people um and that is why he's called

the architect of the Holocaust he was

effectively the guy didn't come up with

the policy but he was the guy who

zealously implemented it and he knew

that if he was captured um he would face

The

Noose he organized the identification

assembly and transportation of Jews for

from occupied Europe to their final

destinations at extermination

camps when they arrived at aitz they

came to face two of the most horrific

members of the Nazi party Rudolph hurse

and Joseph

mangola Rudolph hurse longest serving

commandant of aitz was determined to

accelerate Hitler's plan to

systematically exterminate the Jewish

population he introduced Z CL b a gas

containing hydrogen cyanide to be used

in the gas Chambers speeding up the

process of

elimination he typified the quiet and

bureaucratic mass murderer um very

conscientious very determined to do his

job and to do it well and of course

without much thought for the victim so

in terms of what he was doing at aitz

trying to make a very efficient machine

and trying to do his job well and

properly his concern was not with the

victims but just to make sure that the

apparatus was working well so in this

case to ensure that the gas Chambers

could operate

efficiently he gave the impression of a

quiet family man so this beled his role

as such an

important member of the SS so in command

of the of the most notorious of the

death camps and indeed the biggest

killing Center of all

time he treated the mass murder that

went on there just as a kind of routine

and ordinary business as usual really

very much as a kind of ordinary

procedure and process and he was

concerned with the procedure and the

process not with the fate of his

victims families would be torn apart

some being spared from extermination to

work for the Nazis in the camp whilst

others would face the shower block

unknowingly walking to their own death

between 1933 and

1945 the Nazis were very much concerned

to purify and cleanse German society and

they put into place a whole range of

measures and laws in order to do this

one of the early laws uh was the

sterilization law which was to stop

hereditary diseases going down

Generations ultimately during the war

there was the youth in Asia campaign uh

which was code named action T4 which was

essentially the mass murder of the

Asylum population so the mentally and

the physically ill um were

eradicated as well as during the war the

genocide of European Jews so known as

the final solution and the genocide of

the cinti and the Roma um who they

called the

gypsies others faced a worse fate of

falling into the hands of Joseph

mangala known as the angel of death

Joseph mangala conducted experiments on

some of the inmates at

aitz Joseph mangay was another uh Nazi

figure who today we regard as being one

of the most notorious in the entire

regime you've got to remember that

actually he was only a sort of

mid-ranking SS officer but um as a

doctor and I think we should use the

word doctor in inverted commer as a

doctor in aitz he had power of life and

death over hundreds of thousands of

people and he committed the most vile

experiments

with a particular interest in twins

mangala tortured his so-called patients

for his own

Amusement the Nazis didn't see the Jews

as equal human

beings therefore subjecting them to

inhumane conditions and torturous

experiments with the coming of the Nazis

into power in

1933 persecution of the Jews became

official

State

policy in September

1935 the so-called nurenberg laws were

passed the most important effect of

which was to deprive Jews of German

citizenship in this way the influence of

Jewish elements on the Affairs of

Germany was

extinguished and one more potential

source of opposition to Nazi policy was

rendered

powerless this exhibit which is uh on

the

table is a human head with the skull

bone

removed shrunken stuffed in

preserves the Nazis had one of their

many victims decapitated after having

had him hanged apparently for

fraternizing with a German woman and

fashioned this terrible ornament from

his

head the last paragraph of the official

United States Army

report from which I have just

read deals with the manner in which this

exhibit was

acquired the trial at nberg was ongoing

but some Nazis managed to slip through

their cracks and evade the court what

they do a lot of these Nazi figures they

decide they they need to go into hiding

now what they can't do is just you know

get on a plane and go to Buenos Aris or

or Damascus

you know they have to sort of Disguise

their identities they have to sort of

you know blend in with with with the

refugees they have to blend in with the

normal German soldiers you know Marching

In These great columns you know

retreating so you know it's a very

confused very muddle time and a lot of

senior Nazis and not so senior Nazis try

to blend

in Rudolph H knowing he was being hunted

managed to escape Berlin and make it out

to the German Countryside after being

advised to flee by his high in command

Hinrich

himler however his freedom ran out very

quickly

on March 11th 1946 Fritz Lang a gardener

in gotat ruple Germany was doing his job

when a group of British soldiers arrived

to question

him Fritz was

confused his family were waiting safely

at home for him to finish his day and

return the British soldiers kept

questioning him refusing to leave until

he revealed his real

identity but he was was a lowly Gardener

minding his own

business British captain Hans Alexander

noticing Fritz Lang's wedding ring asked

him to remove the ring so he could take

a look at

it Fritz

refused in a moment of panic Fritz

pulled out a pill and attempted to

swallow it before the soldiers stopped

him Alexander threatened to cut off his

finger if he refused to remove his ring

once more other soldiers holding him

still

still removing his ring Fritz handed it

to the British

captain inspecting it carefully Hans

Alexander saw exactly what he was

expecting the ring had a name inscribed

inside the name of a missing

man the

name was Rudolph

hurse the British soldiers began to beat

the supposed Gardener until Alexander

told them to

stop Rudolph hurse had attempted to

conceal his identity and thought he

could never be

found however British soldiers had

managed to capture his son klous and

they began to beat him badly for

information on his

father the British managed to stop him

from a cowardly

suicide it was his time to face the

judge

joining his comrades at nurburg Rudolph

hurse was questioned about his role at

aitz and the final

solution the Nazis were reaching what

they called the final solution the total

extermination of the Jews of Europe H

described the process well we had two SS

doctors on duty at aitz to examine the

incoming transports of prisoners

prisoners would be marched past one of

the doctors who would make spot

decisions as they walked by those who

were fit for work were sent into the

camp others were sent immediately to the

extermination PL children of Tender

Years were invariably exterminated since

by reasons of their youth they were

unable to

work we endeavored to fool them into

thinking they were to go through a

delousing

[Music]

process it took from 3 to 15 minutes to

kill the people in the Des death chamber

depending upon climatic conditions we

knew when the people were dead because

their screaming

stopped we usually waited about 1 half

hour before we opened the doors and

removed the bodies after the bodies were

removed our special Commandos took off

the Rings and extracted the gold from

the teeth of the

corpses

string for

[Music]

[Music]

VI the

ssz this

[Music]

[Music]

is

[Music]

begin

[Music]

[Music]

in string

[Music]

to

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]

when accused of murdering 3 and A5

million people he arrogantly claimed it

was actually only 2 million as the rest

had died from starvation and disease

another chance at Freedom was looking

unlikely as the tribunal uncovered

further evidence to prosecute him for

his crimes against

humanity would hurse experience Freedom

again or was he facing a longer sentence

than he had ever prepared himself

for and how long would his former Camp

co-workers be able to run

for ikan and mangala were next

[Music]

the nurburg trials represented a very

important moment an unprecedented moment

and a way for the Allied Powers really

to bring to Justice some of those key

Nazi leaders as representatives of key

Nazi organizations who had carried out

such unspeakably cruel acts of War

crimes crimes against the peace and

crimes against

humanity once a unified party it quickly

becomes every man for

himself Adolf ikan and Joseph mangala

are still on the run for

now they know that the Allies are going

to be after them you many fanatical

members of the ESS especially know that

they've committed war

crimes they may deny to themselves that

these things are actually crimes but

they know that if you slaughter people

on on the battlefield after they

surrendered or if you decide that what

you want to do is to gas a million Jews

to death that that might be seen as

criminal amongst reasonable thinking

[Music]

people so what they do a lot of these

Nazi figures they decide they they need

to go into

[Music]

hiding they have to sort of Disguise

their identities it's a very confused

very muddle time and a lot of senior

nzis and not so senior nzis try to blend

[Music]

in unlike his fellow party members Adolf

Eman has successfully been running from

Justice tips that he was alive gave hope

to the people hunting him

down he was effectively the guy didn't

come up with the policy but he was the

guy who zealously implemented it and he

knew that if he was captured he would

face The Noose

[Music]

the

Holocaust a crime that oversteps and

shatters all legal

systems stole the lives of so many

innocent

people

men

women

children the Nazi reign of terror saw

the murder of more than 6 million

Jews but in April

1945 the third right crumbles

[Music]

years of Terror under the ruthless

dictatorship comes to an

end and for the Nazis the race to escape

Europe

Begins the

Hunt is on

[Music]

questions about the final solution and

each Nazi's involvement leave an

uncomfortable atmosphere in the

courtroom

once a unified party it quickly becomes

every man for himself what nurburg

represents to to so many of these nais

is a real Reckoning that they never

thought they were going to receive uh

maybe some of the smarter ones in the

dying days of the war thought maybe uhoh

but actually the whole idea of the Reich

was not meant to be a 12year Reich it

was supposed to be a Thousand-Year Reich

um and in fact that what was going to

happen is that people were going to be

uh treating them as demigods and statues

would be ere

and buildings enshrined to them you know

for for hundreds of years not actually

you know uh hanging from some grubby

rope in in the prison Courtyard in

nurburg which is what happened to them

so they they went from kind of being

demigods to criminal lwi life very

quickly the nurg trials are putting

every man up against four charges crimes

against peace war crimes crimes against

humanity

and conspiracy to commit any of the

foregoing crimes 24 Nazi officials sit

in the

court Adolf ikan and Joseph mangala are

still on the run for

now the prosecution has some questions

for HSE a man in disbelief he's even

sitting in the court he can no longer

run or hide from his crimes

[Music]

in

in

[Music]

[Music]

m

[Music]

[Music]

is

thece and

[Music]

[Music]

right

begin

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]

de

[Music]

[Music]

with

unlike his fellow party members Adolf

ikan has successfully been running from

Justice since being mentioned several

times during the nurburg trials he

became more sought after you've got a

lot of extremely worried senior Nazis

and and also a lot of worried basically

mid-ranking Nazis and and one of the

most notorious of these mid-ranking

Nazis is an SS Colonel by the name name

of Adolf ikan ikeman today I is an

incredibly notorious name and we all

today know him to be the man he was uh

you know he's famously and notoriously

called the architect of the final

solution what he was was in charge of a

department of the Reich Security main

office and it was called Department 4 B4

it was part of the Gusto the secret

State Police and his job was to

basically wage war against the Jews and

it was ion's job was to help uh

facilitate the destruction of the Jewish

people um and that is why he's called

the architect of the Holocaust he was

effectively the guy didn't come up with

the policy but he was the guy who

zealously implemented it and he knew

that if he was captured um he would face

The Noose akman was arrested at the end

of the war but his name wasn't very well

known at that stage he managed to escape

from an American internment camp in 1946

tips that he was alive gave hope to the

people hunting him

down becoming known as The World's Most

Wanted Nazi Adolf ikan was The

Mastermind behind the network of death

camps in German occupied Europe and

people wanted him to suffer the way his

victims

did he was the next

Target Adolf eikan initially found work

in the forest industry and later leased

a small plot of land in North Germany

where he lived until

1950 worried that he was being spied on

he obtained an Argentinian visa and

signed an application for a falsified

Red Cross passport with the help of an

Austrian Bishop known for his Nazi

sympathies ikan traveled across Europe

staying in different monasteries that

had been set up as safe houses before

departing from Genoa on a ship headed

for Buenos series living with his wife

and four children in a middle class bu

Aries suburb adol ikan thought he had

escaped Judgment Day he was working for

a Mercedes-Benz Automotive plant under

the Alias Ricardo Clement everything

seemed

fine let's not think that he would have

been in the big 20 at nurburg he was not

that big a figure at the time but he

decided to uh call himself emman um and

then he managed to you know go into

hiding for quite a few years in Germany

on farms um um and and he tried to sort

of recreate his life as a kind of you

know humble son of the soil if you like

but actually by the late 1940s he

realizes that things are getting a bit

hot um he suspects that war crimes units

may be after him and what he does is

that he eventually flees to Argentina

where he tries to create a new

life however several survivors of the

Holocaust had dedicated themselves to

finding ikan someone had spotted ikan in

Buenos Aries and tipped off the Israeli

Consulate in Vienna in

1954 Holocaust Survivor lothar Herman a

half-jewish German who had migrated to

Argentina in

1938 was instrumental in exposing Ian's

identity his daughter Sylvia began

dating a man named clouse ikan in

1956 klouse had boasted about his

father's Nazi the exploits and Herman

alerted Fritz Bower a prosecutor General

in West Germany Herman sent his daughter

on a fact-f finding Mission she was met

at the door by ikan himself who claimed

to be clouse's

[Music]

uncle however when klouse arrived not

long after he addressed ikan as father

exposing his true

identity the identification was passed

on to the mosad director in

Israel after some extensive

investigation and watching ikan closely

a team moved towards his location ready

to capture the architect of the Final

Solution on May 11th 1960 near his home

on garabaldi Street in San Fernando

Buenos Aries Adolf ikan was

captured agents had been watching him

nearby since April a observing his daily

routine they picked a time which they

deemed best to unexpectedly attack and

capture ikan mosad agent Peter malcin

approached him as he got off the bus he

regularly took home from work malcin

spoke to him in Spanish ikeman unnerved

by the approach attempted to

leave but two more mad agents began

began to approach trapping ikan the

three men tackled him to the ground and

after a struggle moved him to a car

where they HIIT him on the floor under a

blanket taking him to a mysterious safe

house he was held for 9 days whilst his

identity was confirmed and double

checked what were they going to do with

this mass

murderer during these days mosad agents

tried to locate the angel of death

Joseph mangala as they had information

that he was also living in Buenos

Aries they wanted to return with both

mangala and

ikan Joseph mangala had slipped through

the cracks and managed to escape Germany

pretty

quickly after the capture of Rudolph

hurse Justice for the crimes at aitz

wouldn't have been complete without

seeing manga and ikan also brought to

court these three men ruined the lives

of hundreds of thousands of people now

one had been caught and the hunt for the

remaining two was greater than

[Music]

ever in

1943 Joseph mangala began his so called

medical career at aitz berkano at first

mangala was in charge of the Roma Camp

there but in 1944 the entire remaining

population of the camp was murdered in

the gas

Chambers mangala was promoted to Chief

Camp physician of the entire burken out

camp and became known for his brutal

selections of incoming prisoners for the

gas Chambers who should live and who

should

die his terrorizing Medical experiments

earned him the nickname the angel of

death of course the Jews and the gypsies

as some of the biggest groups of

concentration camp and death camp

inmates were among the biggest group of

those experimented on so again sort of

through the through the whole period the

Nazi regime had established a whole

network of concentration camps so with

daa the very first one with a whole

network of concent ation camps spreading

across both Germany and German occupied

territory throughout the 1930s and then

into the wartime period into a really

vast network of different camps and

subcamps of course culminating in the

death camps in Poland of which aitz was

the most well known and aitz indeed was

the one where a whole range of different

medical experiments um took

place obsessing over twins they became

the main subjects for his torture though

his earlier experiments had been

legitimate his work at aitz birkenau was

not he has seen as being one of the most

horrific figures of all time but what he

also did um with his medical hat on was

to experiment on twins he was absolutely

fascinated by twins from a kind of

anthropological level from a medical

level and what Medics like with twins is

that you you have two people who are

identical and and if you you can compare

and contrast what happens them medically

now ethically you can't you know in most

normal societies introduce one twin to

some disease and the other one not to

receive it and then to see how they do

you could do that in aitz because

mangela had all these live Human guinea

pigs and he would perform disgusting

experiments on them he would try to

change the color of Their Eyes by

injecting dye into their eyes he would

dissect them he would it would inject

them into their hearts to kill them and

then he would dissect them straight away

I mean these are young children you know

and and he was even once having a

conversation with some of his fellow

doctors um and they were arguing about

what what disease some child had and and

they were kind of betting about what it

was going to be so Mangler says hang on

I'll come back in a few minutes and I'll

tell you and he came back a few minutes

later said ah you guys are right I was

wrong I looked at his

spleen the implication of that was that

mangala went out during the conversation

killed the child quickly dissected him

and then came back in and carried the

conversation that is what you're dealing

with abandoning medical ethics and

research

protocols mangala began conducting

horrific experiments on up to 1,500 sets

of twins many of them

children they were not selected for the

gas Chambers lived in separate quarters

and were given additional food and

Medical

Care in exchange though they became the

unwilling subjects of inhumane

experiments at the hands of

mangala of course the survival rate of

those experiments um was very poor and

even if the victims managed to survive

they were usually either shot to death

or killed by lethal injection

afterwards the development of gas

Chambers allowed the Nazis to speed

speed up the process of

elimination the victims were stripped of

their clothing and crowded into the gas

Chambers where they died of Suffocation

within a short

time conditions in the camp were

unimaginable despite the horrific crimes

committed at aitz Joseph mangala had

escaped for

now the mosad agents had to figure out

how they would smuggle ikeman out of the

country without being

caught near midnight on May 20th

1960 Adolf ikan was Sedated by an

Israeli

doctor mosad agents dressed him as a

flight attendant and smuggled ikan out

of Argentina on a

plane it was a tense and dangerous

Journey they arrived in Israel on May

22nd after stopping at takar on the way

in Argentina news of the abduction was

met with a violent wave of anti-Semitism

carried out by far-right

movements the Israeli Court battled with

the Argentinian government over the

abduction until both came to an

agreement to end the

dispute I would say a symbolic

punishment according to certain moral

and legal

principles but the main aim is not

whether iPhone would get shoot or hang

the main point is Ion should be exposed

and through iPhone

Nazism most of us you would prefer not

to have

kill because we are fundamentally Arians

against

punish in principle we are educated that

way we condemn capit

Poli Ian's trial before a special

tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court

began on April 11th

1961 the trial which opened in April

1961 was very controversial but it also

of course attracted a great deal of

international attention as

well the legal bias for the charges

against Eman was the 1950 Nazi and Nazi

Collaborators punishment law which

allowed Israeli courts to punished Nazi

perpetrators for crimes against Jews

during World War II Israeli attorney

general Gideon hner signed a bill of

indictment against ikan on 15 counts

including crimes against the Jewish

people and crimes against

humanity this is the indictment against

you presented by the attor

general Adolf the son of Adolf Carman is

Accused hereby

first count nature of offense crime

against the Jewish people an offense

under Section 1 A1 of the Nazis and Nazi

Collaborators punishment law 5710

1950 and section 23 of the criminal code

ordinance

1936 particulars of

offense the accused together with others

During the period 1939 to

1945 caused the killing of millions of

Jews

in his capacity as the person

responsible for the execution of the

Nazi plan for the physical extermination

of the Jews known as the final solution

of the Jewish

Problem immediately after the outbreak

of the second world war the accused was

appointed head of a department of the

Gestapo in Berlin the duties of which

were to locate Deport and exterminate

the Jews of Germany and the other axis

countries and the Jews of occupied

areas that department bore in succession

the following distinctive

numbers 4 D4 4

B4 4

A4 I request silence in

court

C instructions for the execution of the

plan of extermination in Germany were

given by the accused directly to local

commanders of the

Gestapo while in Berlin Vienna and

Prague the instructions of the accused

were issued to Central authorities

Central for the direction of which the

accused was personally responsible until

their liquidation towards the end of the

second world war D in areas occupied by

Germany the accused acted through the

offices of the commanders of the

security police and the SD

and through those persons specially

nominated to deal with Jewish Affairs

who were appointed from the Department

of the accused in the gapo and were

subject to his

instructions e in AIS countries and

areas conquered by them the accused made

use of the offices of the Diplomatic

representatives of Germany in each place

in continual coordination with the

special Departments of the German

foreign Ministry in Berlin which dealt

with the Jewish

advisers were appointed in the offices

of such diplomatic representatives from

among members of the Department of the

accused who were subject to his

instructions F the accused together with

others secured the extermination of the

Jews by among other means they're being

killed in concentration camps the

purpose of which was mass murder the

more important of such camps being as

follows aits millions of Jews were

exterminated in this Camp from

1941 until the end of Jan January

1945 in gas Chambers and in crematoria

and by shooting and hanging the accused

directed The commanders of that camp to

use gas known as Cyclone

B and in 1942 and

1944 the accused also secured the supply

of a quantity of gas for the

extermination of the Jews G immediately

after the invasion of Poland by the

German Army in September 193 9 the

accused committed acts of expelling

uprooting and Exterminating the

population in coordination with Massacre

squads recruited from the ranks of the

German Security Police and the

SS which were known by the name of

operational groups inad

grouin H before the invasion by the

German army of areas of Russia and the

Baltic countries Lithuania Latvia and

Estonia which were annexed to

Russia for OCC operational groups were

organized by the Reich security head

office

rsh which cooperated with the accused in

the extermination of Jews in the areas

referred to and in that portion of

Poland which was annexed to

Russia after September

1939

I at the end of 1941 the accused ordered

the deportation of thousands of Jews

from Germany Austria and Czechoslovakia

protectorate to ghettos in r k and

Minsk these Jews were exterminated and

Inter Alia one a number of such Jews

deported from the Reich Germany were

murdered on the 30th of November

1941 together with some 4,000 Jews from

Ria some 3,500 Jews from Germany who

were sent to Minsk as a fores said

pursuant to instructions issued by the

accused were exterminated by an

operational group in bolo Russia

together with 55,000 more Jews who are

residents of that District

during the years 1940 to

1945 the accus together with others

caused the killing of hundreds of

thousands of Jews in forced labor camps

which were conducted in the lines of

concentration

camps and in which such Jews were

enslaved tortured and stared to death in

Germany and in countries occupied by

Germany K the accused together with

others caused the killing of still more

hundreds of thousands of Jews during the

years 1939 to

1945 in Germany and the other exis

countries and the areas occupied by them

by their Mass deportation and

concentration in ghettos and other

concentration points under cruel and

inhuman conditions L the accused caused

the killing of some half a million

Hungarian Jews by means of their Mass

deportation to the extermination camp at

and other places During the period from

the 19th of March

1944 to the 24th of December

1944 at a time when he acted as head of

the akman Special Operations unit ZZ

Commando Amman in Budapest M all the

acts mentioned in this count were

committed by the accused with the

intention of destroying the Jewish

people

ikan testifying from behind a glass

booth in order to protect him from

possible assassination asserted that he

had not dictated policy but only carried

it out that he was merely a little Cog

in the Machinery of

Destruction

yes with regard to the

Jews my only obligations

were those concerned with immigration

and this transpires from the official

designation of the department which was

called immigration and evacuation

immigration that applied to the Jews

while

evacuation that concerned the sphere of

jurisdiction of the rice commissar for

strengthening the basis of the German

Nation a post to which himla was then

appointed and this concerned the

evacuation of the newly annexed areas in

the East which were annexed to the

right and as Hitler and himla had

ordered at that time these areas had to

be

evacuated of Jews

and other foreign

nationalities and my connection with

this was strictly from the point of view

of timetables and Technical transport

problems

although ikan followed the Common Plea

of Nazi

perpetrators that he was only following

the orders of others the judges

concluded that ikan had been a key

perpetrator in the

genocide

for I do not remember it in detail your

honor I do not remember the

circumstances of this conversation but I

do know that these gentlemen were

standing together or sitting together

and were discussing this subject uh

quite bluntly quite differently from the

language which I had to use later in the

record during the conversation they

minced no words about it at all

[Music]

[Music]

I might say furthermore your honor that

I would not have remembered

this unless I had later remember that I

told myself look here I told myself even

this guyard who was known as one of

these uncles who was a great stickler

for

legalities he too uses a language which

is not at all in accordance with the

spirit of paragraphs of the law this

incident remained engraved in in my

memory and recalls the entire subject to

my mind when he was questioned he

claimed that he was only following

orders he claimed not to be responsible

for any of the executions and said he

was just involved in

transportation again that's the kind of

line used about following orders and not

really admitting responsibility for the

final

solution what did he say about this

subject in detail I do not not details

in general what did he say about this

theme

I cannot remember it in detail your

honor but

uh they spoke about methods for killing

about liquidation about

extermination I was busy with my records

I had to make the prepar ation for

taking down the minutes and I could not

uh perk up my ears and listen to

everything that was said but it filtered

through the small room and I caught uh

fragments of this conversation it was a

small room so from time to time I heard

a word or two I believe that this was

the official part of the meeting of the

conference

[Music]

the official part did not take too

long was this in the official part of

the conference or not it was my belief

that this was in the official conference

because should this should have been

included in the protocol of the meeting

although nothing is

mentioned for

of course it was in the official part

your honor but again this official part

had two sub divisions the first part

where everyone was quiet and listened to

the various lectures and then in the

second part everyone spoke out of turn

and

people uh would go around Butler's

adjutants and would give out liquor well

I don't want to say there was an

atmosphere of drunkenness there it was

an official atmosphere but uh

nevertheless it was not one of these

stiff formal official Affairs where

everyone spoke in turn but people just

talk cross purposes and where they also

recorded by the shorten

typist on December 12th

1961 Adolf ikan was found guilty of

several of the charges asserted in the

original

indictment and on December 15th

sentenced to death on June 1st

1962 ikan was executed by

hanging Joseph manga had hoped to use

all of his research he had collected

from aitz to Aid him with his

post-doctoral

dissertation in January

1945 as the Soviet Army was advancing

through Western Poland mangala fled aitz

spending the next few weeks in the gross

Rosen concentration camp he waited there

until the Camp's evacuation before

beginning to make his way west to evade

capture by the Soviet

Army after the death of Adolf Hitler the

Allies began seizing parts of Germany

and capturing ing Nazi officials and

members of the German

Army mangala was on the run when he was

captured and taken into US custody

unaware that his name was on a list of

wanted war criminals us officials

released him and mangala took that as

his opportunity to

flee making it to Bavaria mangala worked

as a farmand in rosenheim his wealthy

family made plans to help him immigrate

to South America where he would be

harder to

find he ends up working you know you

know along with normal Farm laborers but

it's clear he's a much more intellectual

figure than those around him they all

know that he's you know got something to

hide what mangala has is is a very

wealthy background because the mangala

family produced farm machinery in in

southern Germany for decades and so

effectively the family were Millionaires

and so when mangala decides to hot foot

it to Argentina in 1949 he's got the

backing of a family fortune to really

help smooth his way over

there obtaining false papers Joseph

mangala made the move to

Argentina he started running a

mechanical equipment shop and remarried

under his own name in Uruguay in

1958 life was pretty peaceful for the

angel of death until rumors of Nazi

Hunters arriving in Argentina circled

around the hunt for Joseph mangala was

on we

suspect I can tell because we don't we

are not sure we only know that Mangal

lived in Argentina

openly uh with his real name and known

in his neighborhood when he was already

discovered by the police and they went

to patch him he

disappeared we suspected for a long time

month after that he still lived

somewhere in Argentina now we don't know

whether in Argentina or in another

neighboring

[Music]

country rumors were spreading that

mangala had relocated to Argentina under

his own name and the Nazi Hunters were

determined to find him

next thing mangala heard ikan had been

captured Panic sets

in they've found Adolf

ikan now they are looking for

him West Germany sent out an extradition

request to Argentina which held back on

the request claiming a review was

necessary because his crimes had been

political Nazi Hunters would not give

give

up they intended to pursue mangala until

they could find him or prove he was dead

with ikan contained mosad agents

interrogated him pushing for information

about other Nazi officers hiding in the

country ikan buckles and reveals the

addresses of several Nazi safe houses

across

Argentina they have to hurry this is the

opportunity to bring two wanted Nazi

criminals to Justice with this new

information agents hurry to reach the

location where mangala is expected to be

hiding but when they arrive he's not

there it was too late the angel of death

has escaped

in

1979 the body of a man was found

floating up bertioga on the Brazilian

Coast

the body was taken to Shore and the man

was pronounced

dead the man was identified as Wolf Gang

Gerhart a local Farm owner it was

reported he had suffered a stroke while

swimming and drowned he was buried in

amb budas Ares in San

Paulo it wasn't until 6 years later when

it was discovered that Mr Gerhard had

gone to the Grave withholding an

astonishing

secret on May 31st 1985 West German

intelligence raided the house of Hans

settl in the home they found an address

book and letters from none other than

the angel of death

himself under interrogation settle Meer

revealed that Joseph mangala had died

and told German intelligence where his

body was hidden the location given by

settl Meer took them to the grave of

Wolf Gang

Gerhard desperate to find out the truth

the remains were exhumed and tested to

confirm it was in fact Joseph

mangala mangala's Health had been

deteriorating since

1972 he suffered a stroke in 1976 which

destroyed his health further on February

7th while visiting friends in the in the

coastal Resort of bertioga Joseph

mangala suffered another stroke whilst

swimming and drowned since he had been

using another identity at the time he

was buried under the falsified name Wolf

Gang Gerhard his death wasn't verified

until his remains were forensically

tested in

1985 one of the most notorious

Nazis had managed to evade Justice

forever

[Music]

[Music]

the

Holocaust a crime that oversteps and

shatters all legal

systems stole the lives of so many

innocent

people

men

women

children the Nazi reign of terror saw

the murder of more than 6 million

Jews but in April

1945 the third right crumbles

[Music]

years of Terror under the ruthless

dictatorship comes to an

end and for the Nazis the race to escape

Europe

Begins the

Hunt is almost over

[Music]

the nurburg trials have been ongoing for

a

year the public anxiously awaits a

verdict the Nazi officials on trial

hoping they will be given a lesser

sentence for providing new

information the prosecution has built a

promising

case will the Nazis face the sentences

that they

deserve questioning has been thorough no

important point

unaddressed do you still say that

neither Hitler nor you knew of the

policy to exterminate the

Jews I already have said that not even

approximately did I know to what degree

this thing took place you did not know

to what degree but you knew there was a

policy that aimed at the liquidation of

the Jews n of the

no not liquidation of the Jews I only

knew that certain perpetrations had

taken

place the international Military

Tribunal gave the Nazis a fair trial

granting them a trial at all was

considered fair

enough the world has been watching as

further questioning takes place

regularly you were present on April 23rd

1945 when Hitler received the telegram

from guring

suggesting that he take over power what

did Hitler say on that occasion

hit Hitler was most excited about the

contents of the telegram and he

expressed himself in a very clear manner

about ging he said that he knew for some

time that guring had failed that he was

corrupt that he was a drug addict it was

typical of Hitler's attitude toward the

entire problem however that he followed

this statement up by saying but he can

nevertheless negotiate the

capitulation he stated in an off-hand

manner it doesn't really matter who does

it his disregard for the German nation

was expressed in the way he said

this trying to gather as much

information from the captured

Nazis the Allied countries dealt with

these criminals rationally rather than

just executing them upon

capture Albert Spear the only man to

take personal responsibility for his

actions the rest cowards deny all their

actions until The Bitter End of the

trial July 4th

1946 the court hears the final

statements for the

defense after months of examination and

cross-examination several defendants

make final statements to the tribunal

Frank is first

myself speaking from the very depth of

my sentiments and from the experience of

five months of this trial want to say

this now that I have gained the last

insight into all that which has been

committed in the way of dreadful

atrocities I feel a terrible guilt

within me funk

declares when these measures of Terror

and violence against Jews were put up to

me I suffered a nervous breakdown

because at the moment it came to my mind

with full clearness that from here on

the catastrophe took its course all the

way up to the terrible and atrocious

things about which we have heard and

about which I knew only in part at the

time of my

imprisonment I felt ashamed and guilty

at that moment and I feel the same way

today but it's too

late now Shirak

speaks it it is my guilt that educated

German youth for a man who committed

murders

millionfold sh is

next everything he promised to the

German people and thereby to himself he

did not afterwards keep he promised

equal rights for all citizens and

without regard to their capabilities his

adherence got privileges before all

other

citizens promised to fight against

political lies and together with his

Minister Gobles and by himself he never

did anything but dis eminate political

lies and political

fraud he released criminals and put them

into his service he did everything in a

way of not keeping his promises he

deceived the world Germany and me spare

once

more the tremendous danger contained in

this totalitarian system only became

really clear the moment we were

approaching the

end everything that has happened during

this trial everything you have seen in

the way of orders which were carried out

without any hesitation did after all

turn out to be

mistaken that is why this trial must

contribute to the prevention of such

distorted wars in the future and to the

establishment of principles for human

cooperation and kle again

I heard I was not able to prevent what

should have been prevented that is my

guilt is I can only wish that out of a

clear recognition of the causes of the

disastrous methods and the terrible

consequences of this war there will

arise for the German people a new hope

for a better future in the community of

Nations now Frank be rof

we call on the German people whose

Representatives we were to abandon this

way which was doomed to failure in the

will and Justice of God and which is

doomed for everyone who may try to

follow it anywhere in the world the last

defendant to speak is

frer you of the prosecution did not

expect anything good from Hitler and you

are amazed about the extent of what

really happened but then try to

understand the indignation of those who

did expect something good from Hitler

and were betrayed I am one of these

[Music]

betray July 26th

1946 the court hears the final

statements from the

prosecution these men saw no evil spoke

none and none was uttered in their

presence when we put all of their

stories together this is the ridiculous

composite picture of Hitler's government

that emerges it was composed of a number

two man who knew nothing of the excesses

of the guest Appo which he created a

number three man who was merely an

innocent middleman transmitting Hitler's

orders without even reading them like a

postman or a delivery boy a foreign

minister who knew little of Foreign

Affairs and nothing of foreign policy a

security Chief who was of the impression

that the policing functions of his guest

Appo and SD were somewhat on the order

of directing

traffic a party philosopher who was

interested in historical research and

had no idea of the violence which his

philosophy was inciting in the 20th

century now this may seem like a

fantastic

exaggeration but this is what you would

actually be obliged to conclude if you

were to acquit these

defendants it's time for decisions to be

made so the trial was a rational um and

civilized response to the irrationality

and the brutality um of the Nazi

regime when the verdicts were read 12

defendants were sentenced to death three

to life imprisonment four more to

long-term sentences and three were found

not

guilty vilhelm Helman guring guilty of

conspiracy crimes against peace war

crimes and crimes against humanity death

by hanging Rudolph

hes guilty of conspiracy and crimes

against

peace life

imprisonment yakim F

ROP guilty of conspiracy crimes against

peace war crimes and crimes against

humanity death by

hanging vilhelm

kitle guilty of conspiracy crimes

against peace war crimes and crimes

against humanity death by

hanging Ernst culton

Bruner guilty of war crimes and crimes

against

humanity death by

hanging Alfred

Rosenberg guilty of conspiracy crimes

against peace war crimes and crimes

against

humanity death by

hanging hunts

Frank guilty of war crimes and crimes

against humanity death by

hanging vilhelm frick guilty of crimes

against peace war crimes and crimes

against

humanity death by hanging Julius

Striker guilty of crimes against

humanity death by

hanging Walter Funk guilty of crimes

against peace war crimes and crimes

against humanity life

imprisonment yalar shocked not guilty on

this indictment

released Carl

dernitz guilty of crimes against peace

and war crimes 10 years

imprisonment Eric Raider guilty of

conspiracy crimes against peace and War

crime life

imprisonment Baldor

funa guilty of crimes against

humanity 20 years imprisonment Fritz

soal guilty of war crimes and crimes

against humanity death by

hanging Alfred

yodel guilty of conspiracy crimes

against peace war crimes and crimes

against humanity death by hanging France

fpen not guilty on this indictment

released Albert

spare guilty of War crime crimes and

crimes against

humanity 20 years

imprisonment Constantine

pona guilty of conspiracy crimes against

peace war crimes and crimes against

humanity 15 years

imprisonment Arthur SC

inqua guilty of crimes against peace war

crimes and crimes against humanity death

by hanging

hunt

friter not guilty on this indictment

released Martin Borman tried In

Absentia guilty of war crimes and crimes

against humanity death by

hanging the trial is over

[Music]

seven begin their prison

sentences ging chooses to die by his own

hand the other 10 wait for the Gallows

in nurg the people of the world found

out what happened and

why but

nurg is more than an answer to a

question as Justice Jackson

said this trial is part of the great

effort to make the peace more

secure it Con stitutes juridical action

of a kind to ensure that those who start

a war will pay for it

personally nberg stands as a warning to

all those who plan and wage aggressive

War again one of the most barbaric

figures of the entire third right was a

man called Rudolph hurse now he was the

commandant of aitz uh and as result as

you know probably got about a million

people you know against his name who he

had murdered he was found guilty and he

was executed in April

1947 he was taken back to aitz to

outside the house where he and his

family had lived he was executed there

at the place where he had lived and at

the place where he had sent millions of

people to die um during his time as

commandant at aitz

I think it's important to say that the

perpetrators really sort of had this

sense of impunity really um perpetrators

um of these kinds of crimes until that

point of nurenberg so there was this

sense that they'd get away with it so

Hitler very famously told his SS uh

during the second world war who now

remembers the Armenians and the

Armenians had been the victims of a

genocide during the course of the first

world war with great fatalities there'

sort of been a lot of talk at that point

about bringing the perpetrators to

justice but they'd all got away with it

so I think that the the most important

well one of the most important points

about neurenberg is that this sort of

sense of impunity that the that they'd

never be punished that they could get

away with anything they liked so after

1945 this began to change and the laws

international law began to change as

well so in this sense Newburg was

unprecedented but also it set a

precedent um for later Trials of this

kind so it set the example for Trials of

later genocides like the international

criminal tribunal of the former

Yugoslavia and the international

criminal tribunal at

Rwanda it took a long time for the

German people to really come to terms

with what had been done in their name I

think a lot of German people throughout

the war had had had more than an inkling

but I don't think they knew the extent

of the savagery of what went on you know

behind those miles upon miles of Barbed

are and inside those huts and inside

those chambers of death effectively and

I think that when it was finally

revealed to them and and when you know

Justice started being done I think any

reasonable German started realizing that

actually yes there should be some form

of Retribution but I think also there

was also a feeling not just in Germany

but also amongst the Allies that you

couldn't spend decade upon decade

carrying out tens of thousands of

manhunts for all these people I think

you've also got a feeling not just in

Germany but also in in the former Allied

Nations that actually it's time to move

on by the late 1940s you got a decision

do we keep chasing hundreds of thousands

of war criminals do we keep having these

trials do we keep having this

retribution because soon you know people

going to ask what crimes did we commit

on the Allied

side you've got a very strong sense in

Germany and indeed in the former Allied

Nations Britain America France you name

it that actually by the 19 end of the

1940s you can't just have these endless

man hunts and war crimes trials going on

for decade after decade you've actually

got to rebuild Germany uh you've got to

have a prosperous Germany in the middle

of Europe you've also got a new enemy in

the form of the Soviet Union you've all

got to work together and it's pretty

hard to work together if you keep having

retributive Justice going on in the

country of your new friend it ain't

going to work frankly and so by by 1949

for example the British war crimes unit

is simply wound up after only 4 years

they've only bought a relative handful

of Nazis to Justice there's still tons

of thousands of them out there and and

you know many of them remained free for

decades or if they receive sentences

those sentences got less and less severe

as the years went by so if you were

captured in 1946 you may have hanged if

you were captured in 1956 you may have

got a couple of years in prison so

you see this diminution actually a lot

of Nazis got away with it scotf free

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the horrors of War plagued the world

with destruction violence and

death when the Allied countries began to

invade Germany they had no idea of the

Hidden death

camps they were not prepared for what

they were about to

witness in 1942 in the early hours of of

one morning we were called outside alud

Rous and we heard rumors by then but

they were only rumors because we had no

communication with the outside world

they said that the young children and

old people are being murdered you know

all over the country so we took our

grandparents we hid them in the

Attic fully expecting to come back

soon in fact it was the last time we

ever saw them the we later land they

were all shot and having got rested in a

hurry we had to run out into the streets

and follow one another like sheep to the

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slaughter first of all at arrival the

men and women went to different part so

this is when you had to say goodbye to

your husband your father your brother

that and knowing that perhaps you will

never ever see them on Earth so you can

imagine a very very emotional crying and

holding on and

terrible and then this next thing was

with so with a women um selection we

lost half our

transport um all little kids older

people I was very very lucky I was 15

many 15 16 18 year old girls were sent

to the wrong

side wrong side meant immediate

immediate guessing

and they told us that they didn't spare

any feeling so you can imagine how a

mother had just been separated from her

toddler so how she felt when she was

told he's already

killed and then they gave an order for

parents to hand over old children up to

18 years of age to describe the scene is

not possible I can only give you an idea

about it every time I talk about the

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day all the children up to 18 years of

age now the screaming of the mothers

almighty God help us so ring in my ears

today you could soon see the children

running towards the officers they were

all packed into this Clos in lores and

taken away while all this was going on

my mother was trying to hide me on one

side of her and my little sister on the

other side she covers covered us over

with a coat hoping for the best it

didn't take very long they got hold of

my sister and my mother got a beating

and that little girl stood in front of

this assessment and said to him please

don't hit her that's not my mother cuz

she wanted to protect her she ran off

with this assessment with tears running

down her face I was told and we never

saw her

again and and then the ones who were

going into the camp were

tattooed um we were told you're not a

human being yeah a cattle with a number

our hair was shaved we stood there naked

for hours all our belongings everything

was taken away and eventually we were

taken out still naked and we were given

one garment no underwear nothing and two

shoes AG go was not a pair just anything

from a big Heap and we were heard it to

like cattle you know like you see cows

or sheep um quick quick and uh into our

Barracks which were um low buildings

with banks B Banks Banks on each side

three

High um like cages just wood nothing in

it no straw no bedding whatsoever and

they told this is our accommodation for

as long as we live be living it wasn't

just a starvation it was the weather and

we all we had those strip pajamas to

nothing

else that is not a

factory that they are burning your

families even then we don't believe

there is no support these people just

absolutely full with their own misery

and

pain there is no support there is nobody

you're on your own you're on your own

with your thoughts and your pain and

your misery there you're totally on your

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own as the Allies Advanced across Europe

they came across concentration camps

filled with dying

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prisoners

horror absolute horror this Barracks the

people looked worse than I've ever seen

anybody look in my time in

aitz and

uh the barracks were not as clean or as

well kept as they were in aitz however

bad they were in

aitz and uh condition was terrible where

we had order in ourfit of whatever

little food we had we used to get it

every

day there was hardly any food at all we

still to sail up in the morning and in

the night in the beginning like maybe

3/4 of the part of

January where we were

counted I remember doing very little

work not hard work but very little

manual work whatever they were

wanted but then by the end of January I

became

ill I contracted tyus and all I remember

of that

period is lying on that bed

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in the size of the

fle that were covering me were

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enormous don't know how many people in

the barracks in the barck that I was

in I was in a single bed in a single

bunk that I remember

lying and I remember the people above me

saying she's the next one on the

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Heap and I was saying no

way God is no way going to let me die of

my

age and you just lie and

pray that's some I don't know how to

this day I can't give you an answer but

I I

recovered cuz I remember standing up and

the British troops came in I remember

being I don't even know how I got

outside but I remember being propped up

against the wall of the

Barrack the Germans attempted to hide

all evidence of the mass murder they had

been committing for years demolishing as

much of the camps as possible once they

knew the Allied Forces were getting

closer death marches forcing the

prisoners to walk for hundreds of miles

away from the

camps those unfit to withstand the

journey would be left behind to die or

shot on the spot if they were holding up

the

March Ziggy already was quite weak he

already had the beginnings of tyers I

caught tyers I don't know whether he

infected me but we we supported I had to

give him everything you because we were

marching at a certain Pace accompanied

by armed German guards and anyone who

could not keep Pace with the column and

F began to trail behind they were just

taking aside shot in the head and left

by the wayside so the only safe place

was to be in the middle of the column

and since Z was already quite weak had

it not been for people like him he alone

couldn't have done it he was too weak I

I was not a tower of strength either and

every day here every single day your

your life was hanging on a thread when

we went to bed we weren't sure that

we'll wake up in the morning all of us

were the same and if you did wake up you

couldn't be sure that you would still be

alive in the evening if you couldn't if

you couldn't get off the

bank you finished yes I I've been asked

asked in the past whether I had any

thoughts of

what would we do after our

Liberation it's it's an impossible

question because in the camp our

thoughts were just how to survive that

day how to stay out of

trouble because the safest thing to do

was to be anonymous not to be noticed if

he did anything wrong um that usually

spelled

trouble we were not friends we were

brothers we had no body

else if one of us managed to get a crumb

of bread in addition to our very basic

Russians we would share it that that's

was was friendship meant to

us the reason I was told the transport

because at the time I was working in a

place called the

babai where we were plating plats for

the cleaning of the guns they were T

material that had to be planted

different

sicknesses for cleaning of their

guns and by the end of 1944 I was pretty

sick I had very bad dentry

actually and the plats were tested by

the couple daily he used to put his foot

on it and stretch it and if they broke

he were in trouble but mine broke at the

end of December cuz I was really had no

strength at all and uh he just gave me a

lovely slap and told me

transport didn't know what it meant but

transport it meant the crematorium but

to my knowledge at that time the

crematorium stopped working round about

October November I think

November so I didn't know what transport

meant but obviously meant a journey to

somewhere else and that was the journey

to bson that's why they sent me to bson

or maybe there was also another reason I

think the Russians were coming very near

and they were emptying the camp cuz long

not long after that I think it was the

best March when people didn't have the

trains anymore or the train that took

them to bson or anywhere else and they

had to March

out the journey was cattle

wagons I don't know how many of us

crammed into one

wagon terribly cold Germany at that part

of the world in the winter was extremely

cold and when we left aitz we went

through

a what we call the cleansing procedure

through the washrooms and everything and

you issued clothes and actually I was

issued with

a silk coat

which was the traditional clothes for

the very religious

Jews and that is

all and um in the wagon was terribly

cold my feet were literally like ice so

I took my shoes off

eventually to rub my feet and at that

very moment the doors opened and the

Germans were screaming Rouse Rouse Rouse

you know couldn't find my

shoe so

barefooted I was standing on in the

snow about a meter deep at the

time and um we were

counted and marched from the end of the

line which to my mind at the time was

Burgen

I'm told now is called

H and uh we marched into the bson camp

and I remember going under a

bridge and the Germans were lining right

across the bridge laughing and shouting

and insulting us the best way they

could and then we arrived eventually I

don't know how what the distance was and

we arrived in bson

in every Camp Allied soldiers

encountered appalling

scenes Bergen bellson was liberated by

British forces on the 15th of April

1945 it had become exceptionally

overcrowded after the arrival of

survivors of the death

marches thousands of unburied bodies lay

around the camp while in the barracks

over 60,000 starving and mortally ill

people were packed together without food

or

water I don't know I just I don't know

what people did to survive cuz there's

nothing they could do to survive I was

lucky enough that the block El block El

was the girl that was was in charge of

the

blog she liked me or whatever the reason

she did not give me up to the hospital

so I'll just lie on that b bench on my

own in my missoury and in my sickness

and I was not in a heap I've never seen

the hospital but I know people were just

lying their

dead so whether that help me to recover

with my own Youth and strength I really

don't know but all I know is I was

standing up when the British troops came

in cuz I remember them coming

in the first intake of food proved fatal

for many prisoners too weak from

starvation to digest it

even after Liberation some former

prisoners explained how they didn't feel

like they were

free 23rd of April it was when I was

liberated I heard that all the guards

have left we were in the forest so I've

hidden in a in a fox hole you know and

then over a sudden this guy comes up to

me the Tommy guy and he says to me I

Jewish I hesitated and I said yeah I'm

Jewish and he says Shalom he says I'm

also Jewish I said well you're German

you're Jewish German he said no he says

I'm from New York he

say I'm I'm a sergeant and he looked at

me he cried I cried we both cried

together I couldn't believe I I have

believe I hoped I would never believe

I'll ever be

liberated being told that they were

allowed to walk where they want and to

eat when they want left them expecting

to hear orders being shouted at them for

doing it wrong or making their own

decisions

others didn't think they deserved

Freedom as so many of their friends and

family members had been murdered in the

camps they didn't think they should even

be alive

themselves I feel that my parents had to

die so I can be here with you today and

talk about what happens when good people

do bad

things when we got off the plane

yesterday we came Direct here to have a

look around the camp and walking into

one of the barracks which has been

restored to exactly as it was when we

were in the camp 70 odd years ago really

brought back a flood of quite painful

memories actually you know seeing the

exact layout as we remember it was quite

stunning it brought tear tears to my

eyes I had to close my eyes and lots of

pictures appeared before me in in my

mind's

eye and it's it's an experience which

I've never had in 70 years because since

I was liberated in 45 and came to

England in

1946 I have never set foot in either

Germany or Poland I've never gone back

to any of the camps I was in during the

war and I was in a total of six CS over

3 and a half

years I've been having

nightmares when I saw parents being

separated from their children and I've

been picturing myself being separated

from my mother so you know I don't

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forget for the survivors of the Nazi

camps the road to recovery would be long

and

painful their experiences

Unforgettable the SS men who enforced

this torture knowing they would be

punished fled the

scene Heinrich himler Rudolph hurse and

Adolf

ikan three of the top Nazi officers

among those that made running the camps

possible none feeling any remorse for

the annihilation they caused the murders

they participated

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in and I was parted of the the final

solution of

Wan when 15 Highly Educated people were

celebrating that they

can finally find a scientific way to

kill 30,000 Jews in one day and I'm part

of that final solution of Ian I'm

believable that human beings cultivate

intelligent human beings can treat other

innocent people like well wor than

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Kettle the lives of

millions were

stolen and the world would not let them

get away with

it the Nazi dream is

over generates the feelings of

revulsion something you just cannot

imagine or take

in but the will to live is

extraordinarily strong even under these

conditions and the way I went through my

period in the camps

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was each morning trying to do my best to

still be alive that evening everything

was taken away from me but the Nazis

could never murder my

spirit and that that spirit is what

keeps me going to do everything in my

power to see to

it it's wonderful to be alive and well

and be a mother of three and a

grandmother of five and a great grandma

of four boys that's a good Revenge to

Hitler yeah

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