All language subtitles for A Dangerous Dynasty House of Assad s01e03.eng

This programme contains scenes which
some viewers may find upsetting

I
was raised in Syria.

I came
to the United States in 1989.

I had some interaction
with Bashar the first year

and
throughout medical school.

It's very ironic
that we were classmates.

One
of us is bombing hospitals

and one of us is treating
the victims of the bombing.

Unfortunately...

..we have totally different
pathways and...

I'm just tired.

I wish that Bashar al-Assad
was there to see

what's
happening in Aleppo.

When you
swear the Hippocratic oath,

the first rule of humanitarian
medicine is impartiality.

That means you allow doctors
and nurses and ambulances

to treat
even the injured fighters.

So, when you target hospitals,
when you target doctors,

when you
kill doctors and nurses...

I don't know.

I know the man
behind the presidency.

I know the father he is
to his children

and I know the husband
that he is to me.

And, more importantly, 00:01:54,079
You ask yourself, how does
this mild-mannered eye doctor,

how does he end up killing
hundreds of thousands of people?

Syria,
a cradle of civilisation.

Over the centuries, 00:02:37,470
and Muslim empires,
the Ottomans and the French.

In 1970, the Assad family
took control.

Now it's 2010 and Bashar,
a former eye doctor

who trained
in London, is in charge.

Bashar and his wife Asma are in a
precarious psychological position.

Their government has been accused
of killing political opponents

and
massacring prisoners.

And yet they have promised
the Syrian people

freedoms and reform.

The world now waits to see which
path they will ultimately take.

EXCITED SHOUTING

APPLAUSE GROWS

TRANSLATION:

PRAYERS RING OUT

In many ways, he is the same person
I met before he became president.

He is very calm,
he's very thoughtful.

But probably one of the best
things about him

is that
he is so easy to talk to.

You can talk to him 00:05:45,800
And that's great.

You like this restaurant,
Mr President?

This
is where we had dinner

with President Sarkozy,
the same place.

On the 17th December 2010,
Asma is interviewed

for a profile piece
by Vogue magazine.

The same day in Tunisia, 00:06:17,920
to protest
against corruption...

..the first action in what would
become the Arab Spring,

the start of revolutions
across the Middle East.

So, I'm Robert Ford,

former
American ambassador to Syria.

Vermont is about as far away
from the Middle East as you can get.

It's green, it has
long, cold winters.

The
summers are very mild

and we have yet to ever have
a roadside bomb.

When I arrived in Damascus
in mid-January of 2011,

I
brought to Bashar al-Assad

the letter from
President Barack Obama.

It basically just said
"This is Robert Ford,

"he's a great guy, please work
with him and help him out."

I wanted to be polite -
I mean, I'm a diplomat, right?

I've got to deal with
his government.

So I wanted to ask him,
are you worried about

the
Arab Spring coming to Syria?

Certainly, everybody in Damascus
was wondering about that.

And so, I couldn't quite figure
out how to ask the question

in a polite way, like, "Are you
worried about being overthrown?"

So, I think I said something like,
"There's a lot on the television

"about the winds blowing
in North Africa.

"Are you worried about
the winds coming here?"

I thought that was slightly opaque,
but he certainly understood it.

He was very comfortable,
very relaxed, and he said, "No."

He said, "That's not going
to happen here

"because the Syrian people
strongly support the government

"and so we don't have to worry
about that here."

Meanwhile, around the world,
the Vogue magazine article

hits the newsstands.

In it, Bashar is portrayed
as a very modern leader

and Asma is shown in this iconic
portrait, looking out over Damascus,

lit
by the evening sun.

She's
dubbed The Desert Rose.

"A thin, long-limbed beauty
with a trained analytic mind

"who dresses with cunning
understatement.

"Paris
Match calls her,

"the element of light
in a country full of shadows."

"She
is the first lady of Syria."

It was such, like, a kind of
breeze of air, fresh air.

That woman with her short hair
and short skirts,

walking
not behind her husband

but actually
hand-in-hand with him.

And I think in that way,
Asma al-Assad was the first

kind of iconic symbol of what
a Syrian and Arab woman can be.

This article was not targeted
for Syrians,

it was targeted
to the Western public.

Bashar al-Assad knew, at that stage,
that the regime could fall

and he could lose his
place in Syria.

Asma
has been touring schools,

inspiring students to change Syria
and speak their minds.

In February 2011, in the southern
Syrian town of Deraa,

a group of teenagers write graffiti
on the wall of their school.

It says,
"Your turn next, Doctor."

Atef Najib is Bashar's first cousin
on his mother's side.

Not
part of the inner circle,

he's been given the job of head
of security in the town of Deraa.

Bashar's cousin Atef's actions
towards the children

sparks
outrage in the town,

and demonstrators
take to the streets.

The Assad family has watched
as other regimes in the Middle East

have been
overthrown by the people.

Now they have protest
marches in Syria.

I went to his house.

I told Bashar,
"Please, Mr President,

"try
to avoid bloodshed.

"Try
to avoid bloodshed."

He said, "We will, we will, OK.
Everything will be OK."

GUNS FIRE

RAPID GUNFIRE

JEERING AND SHOUTING

After
the shootings in Deraa,

thousands take to the streets
to protest.

It is the most serious unrest
the country has seen in decades.

For two weeks, Bashar
is nowhere to be seen.

The
world awaits his response.

There was some discussion
in the diplomatic cocktail circuit

as to whether or not Bashar
was on the side of reform

or
on the side of repression.

People expected Assad
to speak to them

after the first demonstration
in Deraa.

And it was a very simple thing
that they expected.

"I apologise for what happened
to the children of Deraa,"

and he will say, "Forgive us
for what we have done,

"let's
close that chapter.

"Atef
Najib will be removed

"and I am ready to listen to you,
just listen to you."

He saw what happened in Tunisia,
he saw what happened in Egypt,

he saw what happened in Libya
and Yemen and Bahrain.

He will capture this moment
and become a leader.

APPLAUSE

CROWD CHANTS:

And so Bashar arrives at what some
see as the key moment in his life.

He has to choose whether to give
the people the reforms they want

or to try and tough it out
and crack down.

There was a point in time
where there really was a sense

that Assad was going to step down,
that he was not his father,

and
that he was not going

to be
willing to fight for power.

And...

..what the intelligence community
was able to find out

was that his mother was putting
tremendous pressure on him

to basically stand up
and be like his father,

and that he owed it to his father
to fight for continuing power

and
not to just walk away.

This
gets down to basic

mother-
son relationships.

HE LAUGHS

You know, using the ghost
of his father as leverage

to give
him a spine to fight on.

CHANTING RESUMES

I understand the meaning
behind the words.

I understood that this is a person
who is not serious about reform,

and that Syria would go
through a bad time.

That
was very disappointing.

I mean, my dreams and my
generation's dreams were dashed

because
of that speech.

The
speech causes more protests.

And again, the security
forces open fire.

GUNFIRE

Over
100 people are killed.

FEMALE VOICE SINGS:

SHE SINGS:

EXPLOSION

AMBIENT MUSIC PLAYS

At that time there was the story
of a child from Deraa,

his
name was Hamza Al-Khateeb.

Well, Hamza Al-Khateeb
was a young Syrian boy,

I
think he was 11 or 12.

He was
taken by intelligence agents.

There
was agreement on that.

And his body was delivered
to the family some days later,

and
bearing signs of torture.

Good
afternoon, everyone.

With respect to Syria,
I too was, um...very concerned

by the
reports about the young boy.

In
fact, I think what that

symbolises
for many Syrians

is the.
..total collapse of any...

effort
by the Syrian government to

work with and listen to
their own people.

13-year-old Hamza's dead body
had been returned to his parents

covered in cigarette burns,
and his penis had been cut off.

It is seen as a message
to the Syrian people

about
what happens to protesters.

I said
to him, "Mr President,

who killed, 00:25:51,439
He answered, 00:25:59,079
..but his body was with time,
did... was rotten."

I said, "But Mr President,
who killed him?"

He
said, "We killed him."

So when you hear such, such a
guy saying such things

that are beyond imagination,
you can see,

you can see the double personality
this guy has.

AMBIENT MUSIC PLAYS

The question now is
the extent to which Bashar

is controlling the actions
of his security forces.

The
crackdown in the beginning,

the
brutality - do you think

it went too far?

I cannot tell you this
without the evidence.

You ask me to tell you according
to rumours or to reports?

It is not enough for me
as President.

I have seen awful pictures
of what happened.

Many
people criticise me.

Did they kill all of them?
Who killed who?

Most of the people
that are being killed

are supporters
of the government.

Did you give the order
for the crackdown?

No. We gave the order to implement
the constitution,

and we don't have policy, we don't
have institutions that kill people

or give
orders for brutal reaction.

This is an individual
and it is what I describe

as
individual mistakes.

Not by your command?

No, no, no. We don't have.
.. No-one's command.

There was no command
to kill or to be brutal.

In 2011, a secret unit is
set up to co-ordinate

the Syrian government's military
and secret police.

It is called the Central
Crisis Management Cell.

This man is a defector
who used to work for that unit.

He risked his life to smuggle out
the incriminating documents

with Bashar's signature
at the bottom.

Many have wondered about what seems
to be a disconnect between

the person Bashar appears to
be and his actions -

almost like they're
two different people.

Part of the explanation 00:29:35,840
his brother.

There's a real question -
to what degree is this a duopoly?

The mother is said to have preferred
Maher as the successor,

but
was overruled by Hafez.

On the one hand, 00:30:03,559
the dignified leader of the country.
On the other hand,

Maher would be the aggressive
side of the regime.

I don't think Bashar is
or ever has been

comfortable with force
and brutality.

That's delegated to and designated
for his younger brother.

I see Bashar 00:30:43,170
Up in the viewing parts
of that amphitheatre.

And his brother being down
there in this...

bathed in blood.

While that's uncomfortable
for Bashar,

he thinks it's necessary
for the health of the nation.

RIFLE SHOT

WHISTLING

RIFLE SHOT

SCREAMING

RIFLE SHOT

In 2011,
Syria is on the brink.

Mass demonstrations are taking
place across the country.

Some members of the military join
the uprising, and the largest

demonstration yet takes place
in the town of Hama.

CROWD CHANTS

They already started 00:32:29,079
and I sent an Arabic-speaking young
American diplomat up to Hama

to see the protests,
and they came back and said,

"They're
very peaceful.

"They're handing out flowers
and releasing doves into the air

"and chanting, 'Peaceful,
peaceful,' in Arabic."

We then heard the government's
military had surrounded the city.

CHANTING

We certainly knew the history
of what had happened

in Hama in 1982.

In 1982, in Hama, a group called
the Muslim Brotherhood had wanted

to overthrow
Bashar's father, Hafez,

and set
up an Islamic government.

Hafez sent his brother, Rifaat,
to deal with it.

Rifaat
had the town bombed...

..killing 20,000,

many
of those civilians.

It is something the Syrian people
have never forgotten.

Now, 30 years later,
Hama is rising up again.

VOICE
SPEAKS IN OWN LANGUAGE

GUNFIRE

SCREAMING

100
demonstrators are killed.

But, perhaps
aware of the history,

the Assad regime stops short
of bombing the town.

Uprisings are now taking place
in the key towns across the country,

and the conflict is becoming
ever more sectarian.

While the Assad family 00:34:55,359
a tiny minority, 00:35:01,910
and the Sunni town of Homs becomes
the capital of the rebellion.

CROWD CHANTS:

At this point, Bashar
makes a surprising move.

He brings his brother-in-law
back into the fold.

Assef Shawkat is the black
sheep of the family.

Shawkat had been seen as a potential
threat to Bashar's leadership,

so
he had been sidelined.

Assef Shawkat was one of the most
amazing figures in Damascus.

And
he always was a warrior.

He would
fight to achieve his goals.

This
man is very, very ambitious.

But
now Bashar needs him.

Basically, it's a test,
it's a test for him.

Can he deliver on the project?
Can he succeed on delivering Homs

for the regime?

If so, then he demonstrates his
mettle, his loyalty to the regime

as a whole, but it also,
for him, it also elevates him,

elevates his status.

HE
YELLS IN OWN LANGUAGE

HEAVY GUNFIRE

At this point, the world
starts to notice the scale

of
what is going on...

The
situation is incredible.

It's nonstop bombardment
of the civilian area.

..as a heroic journalist
and her cameraman enter the town.

Marie, I mean, you have covered
a lot of conflicts

over a long time -
how does this compare?

And the Assads 00:38:58,959
Evidence suggests that they used
the satellite positioning

of the phone that Marie Colvin
is using to report with

to pinpoint
her exact location...

..and kill her, too.

Much of Homs is destroyed
by government shelling.

Asma's
family all come from Homs.

So now many wonder how she feels
about her husband's actions.

We've been wondering,
"Where is she in all of this?"

And wondering, "When is she going to
leave? How is she going to get out?

"How is she going to be
smuggled out?"

I'm sure she could have had
opportunities to leave,

and I know that she has had
opportunities to leave.

Why on earth would she
remain with this guy?

How can she live with
herself at night?

Well, from my perspective, it was
never a question of preference.

I stood by him because my conviction
didn't tell me otherwise.

I have been here since the
beginning, and I never thought

of being
anywhere else at all.

And secondly, yes, 00:40:39,159
to leave Syria, 00:40:43,479
These offers included guarantees
of safety and protection

for my children 00:40:52,519
It doesn't take a genius to know
what these people were really after.

It was never about my wellbeing
or my children.

It was a deliberate attempt
to shatter people's confidence

in their President.

In 2012, the Guardian newspaper
obtains the private e-mails

of Bashar and Asma.

They show Bashar's
flirtatious correspondence

with some of his female aides,
leading some to speculate

if
he is having affairs.

They show that Asma is ordering
expensive goods from Harrods.

And they swap messages
of love and support.

I
think the leaks of e-mails

among
the Assad family

reinforced our sense that the...
President Bashar and his wife

were
a bit removed from

the day-to-day ghastliness
and brutality of the conflict.

I mean, Mrs al-Assad
was the sort of person

who liked to be able to shop
in Paris and London.

She was confined -
not just confined to Syria,

she was confined to the Presidential
Palace for years on end.

I suspect that she found that
very, very difficult,

and she'd
have to be looked after.

Running battles are now
taking place across Syria,

with atrocities committed
by both sides.

In June
2012, the United Nations

declares that Syria
is in a state of civil war.

One member of the family
begins to wonder

if they are following
the right path.

Bashar's charismatic
brother-in-law, Assef Shawkat.

I think, probably,
he was willing to negotiate

an
end to the conflict.

He was willing to push the Syrians
towards a different path.

He was counselling Bashar to,
you know, head down another route,

but that would have been directly
in opposition to, you know, Anisa,

what
Anisa wanted Bashar to do.

They saw him possibly being,
you know, an appeaser.

This is a family that requires 100%
loyalty, and loyalty to the project,

to
the family project.

At this point, the killing
becomes more personal.

Inside the Ministry of Defence,
a bomb goes off.

How could somebody
so close to the family,

with such a strong security detail,
be assassinated?

Very hard to imagine
that the Free Syrian Army

or the rebels would 00:45:22,720
to have
carried out that attack.

It strikes me as something that must
have been known within the family.

Assef was still
having his own concept

about how the whole game
should be played

and the whole country
should be ruled.

Yeah.

It's
always dangerous -

and.
..he is dead now.

CROWD CHANTS

Hundreds line the streets
for Assef Shawkat's funeral,

but Bashar
and Asma do not attend.

Over and over throughout the crisis
he tends to use medical terminology.

He mentioned that you have tens
of thousands of germs in your body,

and
eradicating these germs,

that will improve
your body immunity.

So
the meaning, of course,

that you can kill tens of thousands
of Syrians, because they are germs,

and
that will empower Syria

or increase the power of Syria
or strengthen Syria.

This is an extreme way
of killing people.

Even if you are 00:47:36,790
you should not let people
and children die that way.

Sarin gas is the most brutal
way of killing people.

When we talk about the use
of chemical agents in Syria,

chemical agents probably
killed less than 1%

of the 500,000 people
who died in Syria,

but it is the most extreme
way of death.

People tell me that 00:47:59,519
than
dying with sarin gas.

Because,
with sarin gas,

you will not actually
smell anything,

but you start to feel
shortness of breath,

your muscles are paralysed,
so you are awake,

but at the same time,
you're not able to breathe.

And sarin gas has been used
multiple times in Syria.

The
world now looks to America

to see
if they will intervene.

Today we have released
our unclassified assessment

that the Syrian regime carried out
a chemical weapons attack

that killed well over 1,000 people,
including hundreds of children.

This follows the horrific images
that shocked us all.

And the doctor who went to
medical school with Bashar

goes
to talk to the President.

I met with President Obama
in the White House.

And I told him, 00:49:38,079
"I went in Aleppo
and Syria multiple times.

"I've seen the impact
of the war on civilians.

"We would like you to be more
proactive in ending this violence

"and protecting
civilians in Syria,

"and Mr President, I believe
that your legacy will be determined

"by
what you do in Syria".

So he looked at me 00:50:01,799
"my legacy will be determined
by other things also."

I said, "But Syria
will be the main factor."

The President 00:50:16,519
..the result of that was that
the President made the decision

that
he was not going to...

He was not going to do
it on his own,

but was going to send the issue
to the Congress.

What happens next
is that Congress

fails to be able to provide
the authority to the President.

The American people have no appetite
for another war in the Middle East,

and Congress has little desire
to support Obama.

So the use of chemical weapons
goes unchecked.

ALL SHOUT

In 2013, the remnants of Al-Qaeda
and other Islamist groups

unite
under a new name.

The Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria.

Isis.

They declare their intention
to take over Syria.

As
the Civil War grips Syria,

millions
leave the country...

..
often risking their lives.

At the height of the conflict,
in February 2016,

Bashar's mother, Anisa,
dies at the age of 86.

She wanted to be buried in her home
town, 200 miles outside of Damascus.

Bashar
sets off in a convoy of cars.

This rebel group decide
to try to kill him

on the
way to his mother's funeral.

Reports emerge of them
firing rockets at the convoy...

..killing
some of his entourage,

but
Bashar escapes unhurt.

I mean, for any family, 00:53:10,599
this
leaves a vacuum.

For Asma, she occupies the space
that's been left by Anisa.

At
their lowest point,

the Assads control
less than 20% of Syria...

..the ancient city of Palmyra
is all but destroyed...

..and
Isis get within three miles

of the gates 00:54:35,950
..but at this point,
Bashar finds a saviour.

The Russians' involvement 00:56:05,120
Allahu
Akbar! Allahu Akbar!

..and so the son who had wanted
to help the blind to see

oversaw the killing of hundreds
of thousands of people.

This represents 00:57:31,359
So, this second-grade child,
he drew this.

Helicopters that are throwing,
it looks like barrel bombs,

house on fire, children
who are mutilated and bleeding,

and
children who are crying.

What is interesting and very hurtful
in this picture,

that children who are dead,
they are smiling,

and children who are alive
are crying.

As if this child is telling us
that people who die in Syria

are better placed 00:58:06,640
Repair and Synchronization by
Easy Subtitles Synchronizer 1.0.0.0