All language subtitles for A Dangerous Dynasty House of Assad s01e02.eng

This programme contains scenes which
some viewers may find upsetting.

Bashar al-Assad, a former eye
doctor in West London,

is
now president of Syria.

It's
a role he never expected.

His older brother, who had been
groomed for the job,

had
died in a car crash.

His wife Asma, a British-born Syrian
who studied computer science,

is now First Lady.

Together they dream
of reforming Syria,

making it a respectable
country on the world stage.

They have built an opera house,
and tonight is its opening night.

Andrei
sul Ponte Vecchio...

14 years later, 00:01:45,479
Over ten million will
have fled their homes,

and half a million people will
have been killed.

SONG CONCLUDES

APPLAUSE

There's a Mafia-like character
to the Assad family itself.

It's
always dangerous.

I know the man behind the
presidency, I know the father

he is to his children, and I know
the husband that he is to me.

Um... And, more importantly,
I know that he's a man who cares.

You ask yourself, how does
this mild-mannered eye doctor,

how does he end up killing hundreds
of thousands of people?

In 2004, wars are raging
in the Middle East.

GUNFIRE

Watch out!

GUNSHOT

America and its allies are
fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan.

And in Iraq, they have
toppled Saddam Hussein.

The Assads have little
desire to help

with
the so-called War on Terror.

But Syria is right next
door to Iraq,

and the
West wants their support.

No-one quite knows
which side they're on.

They have Western instincts
but Middle Eastern roots.

It's clear, though, that they
dream of being accepted

as reputable leaders on the
international stage.

How are you? Hello.
Very nice to meet you.

It sounds as though you've been
having a very busy time

since
you've been here.

OK, so you were a schoolgirl
in West London.

You
were an investment banker.

You are now one of the most powerful
women in the Middle East.

How have you coped
with that transition

to
life in the public eye?

Of course, excuse me for saying
this, but the media thought

that this is another woman who's
going to be oppressed,

and is not going to have an active
role in the Middle East.

That
wasn't the case.

I wanted to get out, 00:05:16,119
Asma wants to be the epitome
of a modern First Lady,

a beacon of female progress
for the Syrian people.

But
she's got a problem.

Her in-
laws don't share that vision.

None of Asma's in-laws
are easy to deal with.

Bashar's
sister Bushra.

Bushra reputedly was
her father's favourite.

I mean, she'd got her father's
steely sort of will.

Bushra was a better choice
for president,

but she hasn't been chosen because
she is a woman.

Her husband, a charismatic military
leader, who may have eyes

on
the presidency himself.

Assef was one of the strongest
officers inside the Syrian Army -

and maybe
he could challenge Bashar.

Bashar's brother, a man
with a violent temper,

Commander
of the Republican Guard.

Maher is completely crazy,
as far as I'm concerned.

They're all bad, but I think Maher
is more on the Saddam Hussein side

of evil people.

And then there's the mother-in-law,
said to be the toughest member

of the family.

Since her husband's death in 2000,
it's said she favours

maintaining
the regime's hard line -

but she only expresses her views
behind closed doors.

And what are you seeing here in
Syria in terms of women's equality,

things
are moving forward?

Absolutely, but we have
a strong base to go on.

Women in Syria have had
the vote since 1953.

Um... We have the highest percentage
of female parliamentarians

in the region.

So, yes, we are moving forward,
we're trying to close that gap,

the gender gap, and the environment
as a whole is very encouraging.

Asma came from a totally
different mind-set.

She
wants to be part of building

or modernising or doing
or participating

at
least as a First Lady.

She
has a role to run.

Then
she discovered, no...

..she wasn't accepted as a
member of the family.

Bashar is relatively
new in the job as president -

and
needs his family's support.

So, he
allows them to sideline Asma.

For now, she's kept
out of the limelight.

Asma's problems, though,
look small when compared

to Bashar's.

He's
inherited from his father

not only a country with a crumbling
infrastructure,

but one with a dubious reputation
for human rights abuses

and funding terrorist
groups across the Middle East.

So when America invaded Iraq,
Bashar was worried

that
Syria might be next.

To slow the Americans down,
he released Muslim fundamentalists

from his
prisons to fight in Iraq.

Now, though, the Americans have
found out what he's been up to,

and have him on the list of
countries they plan to get in line.

Syria still allows its territory
to be used by terrorists who seek

to destroy every chance
of peace in the region.

States like these constitute
an axis of evil.

Bashar al-Assad had increasingly
problems with everyone -

and
it was getting worse.

He was clearly not somebody
who was comfortable in his own skin.

This was partially a problem
that he had inherited a country

and a
regime that he had not built.

And Hafez
al-Assad was a brutal man,

but as they would say in Syria,
there was a logic to him -

you
could understand him.

Bashar, to this day, 00:10:59,460
in the Middle East.

Bashar, eager to win
the world's approval,

flies in an American biographer,
David Lesch,

to tell
their side of the story.

Between 2004 and 2008, Lesch spends
time with Bashar and Asma

and
records their conversations.

He did regret the fact that he had
to give up ophthalmology.

He really liked being
an ophthalmologist.

You do an operation,
somebody who can't see

all
of a sudden sees.

It's very clear what happens,
there is an identifiable result

of your action.

He said, "As president,
I hardly ever get that."

He confided in me one time,
he said, "I've signed 100 decrees

but only
four have gone through."

He said, "And this is a dictator?
" HE LAUGHS

He said, "I have much less power
than most people think."

You know, he inherited a
broken-down, dilapidated system.

You know, he had tried to reform
some areas of government

without
much success.

And the old guard came
to him and just said,

basically, young man,
you can't do this any more

because it's going
to undermine our positions.

Too many people were there
that weren't totally devoted to him.

THEY LAUGH

But Bashar's problems
are about to get worse.

Not only is there a war being fought
to the east in Iraq,

but to the west, another can of
worms is about to be opened -

Lebanon.

It's supposed to be a country
in its own right,

but Syria effectively rules
Lebanon like a province.

Now, though, some Lebanese
politicians have had enough

and
want to get the Syrians out.

They're led by a former
Prime Minister, Hariri,

and
this man, Walid Jumblatt.

Jumblatt has dealt with the Assad
family for decades.

Bashar, he's different
from the father.

The father, when I first
shook hands with him,

it was the 40th day 00:14:45,880
and I
knew that he was responsible.

He looked at me, and said 00:15:07,319
But, with time,
we met several times,

believe it or not, 00:15:20,510
The father was much
more intelligent, subtle.

Bashar,
the son, he looks simple.

Sometimes, when you first meet some
guy, either you like him

or you dislike him.

We
disliked each other.

What Jumblatt and Hariri want
is to get Syria out of Lebanon.

But
that's a problem.

Controlling Lebanon 00:16:01,519
Originally, Hafez sent
in a peacekeeping force

during
Lebanon's civil war.

But then he kept his troops
there and slowly took a stranglehold

over Lebanon's
politics and economy.

He had to fight two wars
against Israel to keep it.

REPORTER: Six
weeks ago, the Israelis knocked down

two
Syrian MI8 helicopters.

The Syrians promptly deployed
their SAM-6s,

and
the crisis was on.

It is Israel that wants
to destabilise the situation

in Lebanon.

And
when Israel attacks us,

what other option will we
have but to fight?

LOUD EXPLOSION

In 2000,
Israel finally retreated.

And so, for the Assad family,
Lebanon is one of Hafez's

greatest victories.

The Lebanese people
are still unable to exercise

their
rights as a free people

to make those choices and to take
those steps as a nation.

It's important to remember
the requirements in that resolution,

that Syria cease interference
in Lebanon's internal affairs,

and remove Syrian
troops for Lebanon.

So we're quite pleased.
This was a strong decision

of
the Security Council.

In September 2004, the UN takes side
with Jumblatt and Hariri

and issues a resolution 00:17:58,220
once and for all.

So now Bashar has a choice -
to get out of Lebanon

and
destroy his father's legacy,

or ignore the United Nations and
look ever more like a rogue state.

His family have strong views
about what he should do.

It's almost like a Shakespearean
drama playing out here.

You've got these key figures
in the family that are pushing,

they're pushing Hamlet
to make a decision.

A withdrawal from Lebanon
would've been directly

in opposition to what Anisa
wanted Bashar to do.

We're not sure if she actually
favoured Bashar al-Assad

to
be the next president.

When
her husband dies,

she is very much trying to keep
alive his legacy.

She is the driving force making sure
that the regime stays on track.

At first, Bashar decides
to try to tough it out

and
ignore the United Nations.

He summons former Prime Minister
Hariri for a face-to-face meeting.

It's
said he threatens Hariri.

INDISTINCT
CONVERSATION

He came from that meeting
totally panicked.

We met here.

I said, look, these people,
this regime is dangerous.

I knew the Syrians,
I knew their methods

going
back to his father.

He had this sort of complex
from a young age

that he was never the chosen one,
the most loved one.

Bashar was buffeted by his mother
probably on the one hand, saying,

you know, grow a pair of balls,
be a man, man up -

and felt that he was constantly
trying to prove himself

to his mother.

Here was Hariri getting
too big for his boots,

and Bashar's thinking, "There's
no way he would've done this

"to my father. I'm going to teach
this guy respect."

Then, in Beirut,
the Lebanese capital...

.
.a car bomb goes off.

SIRENS

SHOUTING

NEWSREADER:
A massive car bomb has exploded

in the centre of the Lebanese
capital Beirut,

killing the country's former
Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.

Hariri, the Lebanese politician
at the centre of Bashar's problems,

has been killed.

It's not easy to learn that one
of your closest friends

has been killed.

And I was the first one to announce
to the crowd inside the House

that Rafic Hariri was
killed, was dead.

Two weeks before his killing,
as if he had a hint

that something will
happen to him, he said,

"Look, I think they will either
kill you or kill me."

They killed him.

All
eyes turned to Syria.

REPORTER: The assassination
sparked off a far-reaching political crisis

amidst suspicions Syria
was involved.

The assassination could not
have been undertaken

without the knowledge of senior
figures in Syrian intelligence.

This United Nations would be
seriously and significantly

undermined if we were to turn
a blind eye to such activities.

The United Nations launches a major
criminal investigation

and appoints a special investigator
to find out who killed Hariri.

Witnesses from inside Syria's
intelligence network

name Bashar's brother Maher
and his brother-in-law Assef

as being
behind the assassination.

Assef Shawkat, 00:24:17,319
led several meetings with senior
Lebanese security officials

to plan the attack, some in the
Syrian presidential palace.

Assef Shawkat was one of the most
amazing figures in Damascus.

He's aggressive,

and
he knew what he wanted,

and
he always was a warrior.

He would
fight to achieve his goals.

And you can tell that this man
is very, very ambitious.

Very,
very ambitious.

So now the world wants to know,
has Bashar's brother-in-law

taken
the matter into his own hands,

or was it Bashar who ultimately
gave the order?

How did you first hear
about the assassination?

Er,
through the news.

I was in my office.

As you know, because you've read
it and we've read it,

there are witnesses
who have said that

during one of Mr Hariri's
last visits to Damascus,

he was threatened by you.
Did you threaten him, sir?

This is
another illegal presumption.

First of all, it's not my nature
to threaten anybody.

It's, er... I'm a very quiet
person, and very frank,

but
I wouldn't threaten.

Would you have ordered
such an assassination?

This is against our
principle and my principle,

and I would never do
such a thing in my life.

What do we achieve?
What do we achieve?

I think what happened targeted
Syria, that will affect our relation

with
the Lebanese people.

So we wouldn't do it because it's
against our interests

and it's against my principle. I
would never do it, it's impossible.

APPLAUSE

The pressure on Bashar to
leave Lebanon continues to grow.

Syria, you get your troops and your
secret services out of Lebanon

so that good democracy has the
chance to flourish.

CHEERING
AND APPLAUSE

Suddenly, Bashar is in
uncharted territory,

and
he has to make a decision.

I mean, regime change was something
that was very much at the top

of his mind, that he could
effectively be toppled

by
a US-led coalition.

He actually felt a real
threat that he could go.

Then, in March, just four weeks
after Hariri's death,

Bashar caves in and agrees
to withdraw from Lebanon.

NEWSREADER: In response
to mounting international pressure,

Syria looks set to begin
pulling its troops out of Lebanon.

An announcement is expected from
Syria's President Assad tomorrow.

The family response was, 00:27:21,290
It's like you've lost
the family heirloom.

His mother was upset
and angered with her son.

This
was part of their legacy.

He'd disappointed his mother,
he'd disappointed his father.

There was no room for
negotiation on this,

according
to his mother.

At that moment,
it was very personal.

It was very personal,
and the regime was isolated.

That's when I felt
that it became emotional.

And so it seems it's all
gone wrong for Bashar.

He's been forced to give
up his father's legacy

and, rather than making
Syria look respectable,

they look ever more
like the axis of evil.

I think this was the toughest
period in his presidency,

because the whole international
situation was hostile.

It was perceived as a direct
threat to Bashar himself.

He was a man...

.
.uncertain of himself.

For Asma, this is not the First Lady
job as she would've imagined it.

Her in-laws and husband
are the key suspects

in a United Nations
murder investigation.

There were lots of rumours
about Asma being in seclusion.

And she did drop
out of the limelight.

I remember seeing her for the first
time after the Hariri assassination,

and I could hear all of the
Syrian ladies around me

saying how thin she was,
and they were whispering.

And they were wondering, I think,
what was going on

inside of her family,
and maybe inside of her mind.

Because everyone knew 00:30:09,990
that the Asma al-Assad we had come
to know wanted it to go.

I think
it was the start for Asma,

that you have to fasten
your seat belt.

Because you are actually
going on a long struggle

with this man.

You know, when you are married,
in a way you are stuck as an Arab

and Muslim woman.

There
is no way back for her.

Now for her it's
the battle of survival.

Her survival, her children,
her husband and her status

as the First Lady.

So she stays by Bashar's
side through it all...

..and then an opportunity emerges
that could help them distance

themselves
from the Lebanon scandal.

This morning, here in Rome, one
of the most remarkable popes

of all
time will be laid to rest.

They will all unite to say farewell
to Pope John Paul II.

They seized this opportunity,
because the Vatican cannot say no.

They can't say, "Don't
come to the funeral."

Anybody who would 00:31:59,970
And they know that there
will be 150 heads of state.

So it's a way to say,
Everything is normal."

Hariri?

Us?

Come on. We're there,
it's our place.

We're in the middle
of the King of Spain,

Tony Blair, etc. We're like
these people.

But I was really amazed by the way
that Asma was moving in a way

to bump into people.

To be like a magnet to attract.
Here,

you see her talking with
Cherie Blair.

Tony Blair.

So the Assads are roaming, more or
less, towards them and he escaped

but Cherie Blair stayed
to say hi to Asma.

Because Asma is such a nice person.
She is lovely, she is beautiful.

She was definitely looking
for that kind of image.

I think she realises
how valuable she is.

She uses herself as the asset
in the crisis, you know,

to break the crisis,
this is what I am going to do.

I think Bashar realised
that her presence could save him

in a way, because their focus
would not be only on what

he has done. The focus 00:33:43,599
and her beautiful
hair and her smile.

And I think that gives
him confidence.

Bashar was much more
powerful with Asma.

And that's why she had to be
under the limelight,

to distract the world 00:34:06,540
of the Assads.

Later
in 2005, Bashar

starts to change the
power dynamic

inside
the presidential palace.

He gets rid of the old guard,
the last remnants of his father's

advisers...

..and carefully
removes power from his

problematic brother-in-law,
Assef Shawkat.

And as he grabs the reins
at home, he also takes

a
tougher approach abroad.

He refuses to cooperate
with the UN investigation

into
the murder of Hariri.

And then that investigation
gets waylaid...

..by
some unexplained incidents.

A car bomb kills
a Lebanese investigator.

A key suspect gives
a statement to the UN.

But the next day, commits
apparent suicide.

The star witness decides to take
back his entire statement, live

on Syrian state TV.

And a spy, thought to be involved,
is found at his home with a bullet

in his head.

Shot
at from the sea.

The UN chief investigator quits,
saying he is in fear of his life.

The case against the Syrian
regime collapses.

And so if they did order the killing
of Hariri, they've got

away with murder.

RHYTHMIC APPLAUSE

What the Syrian regime managed to
do, is just to escape from it.

He believes that, sure, 00:37:01,540
that
the West are cowards.

And being able to survive
it had shown him that the more

you are tough, the more you don't
make any concessions,

the
more you succeed.

CHANTING

He was tested.

He was tested in 9/11,
tested in the Iraq war,

tested in Lebanon,

and
for him he overcame

all
the crisis, all the tests.

And he passed, and now
he's much more confident.

He looks at himself differently,
I think.

Bashar Al-Assad is under huge
pressure, yet when I met him

yesterday he was calm 00:38:09,280
precision
about his choice of words.

The United States has publicly said
that Syria is a member

of an axis of evil.

How do you regard that view
of your country and what can

you do about it?

Everybody cares about
his reputation,

but we care more about
the reality.

The biggest mistake
they committed in the West,

they use the labels as a base
for political actions.

There
is a big difference.

It doesn't matter what you label
organisations or people

or countries, the most
important things in politics,

do
they have effects or not?

As long as they are
effective on the ground,

among the people.

He is a sophisticated
chap, isn't he?

He is quite impressive, yes. In
fact, he's very impressive.

I used to think he might be directed
by a gang of his pretty rough

father's
old, sort of, cronies.

That doesn't seem to me
to be the case.

As Bashar takes more
control of his family,

the nature of their relationships
start to change.

Bushra, Bashar's sister,
starts spending more and more time

at
her house in Dubai.

Which
is good news for Asma.

The relationship with
Bushra was very fraught.

Suddenly, you know, 00:39:44,100
if you
like, is no longer there.

Her footing is much firmer and now
she can challenge even the mother,

which
apparently happened.

The mother, I think she became
sidelined, eventually.

Hello.

CROWD: Hello.

Ladies and ladies.

And some gentlemen.

Good evening.

A very, very, very warm Syrian
welcome to each and every one

of you who've made the trip
to this part of the world.

Asma grew up in the period of PR
and Princess Diana in Britain.

Princess Diana had represented
an example of how somebody

can be seen to be both Royal
and also close to the people.

She becomes
engrossed in charity...

..championing
certain issues.

223 remarkable women,
by the time you ladies go home

you would have cycled
over 350km.

I am an investment banker 00:41:13,039
so numbers to me are
like milk to a baby,

it's just something
I'm familiar with.

Asma
is very ambitious.

She was relishing the opportunity
to be seen in that light.

It fitted with who
she wanted to be seen as.

There are over two million refugees
living in Syria today.

1.4 million...

I think she was sincere
in wanting to help.

She could have just hung
out and drank tea,

and she didn't.

Education
has to be relevant.

And at the pace that the world
is changing, it's sometimes hard

to keep up.

But she
also got a lot out of it.

She wanted to be the
First Lady of Syria.

There was this other strange part
of her personality which,

I think, power became
very important over time.

And so Asma becomes
a new kind of entity,

a modern First Lady 00:42:50,559
You are the first First Lady
of Syria. The wife of your husband's

father
never took an active role.

Have you run up against people
who say Mrs Assad

should
not be in the public sphere?

I genuinely believe that Syrians
are committed to the process

that we've started,

whether
it is me playing a role

as a First Lady, or me
playing a role as an individual.

I don't want to spend
any more time talking up here,

I would rather spend
more of the time talking

with
you ladies directly.

Anyway, thank you so
much for coming.

2007
is an election year.

It's the second time his
presidency has been voted on.

And although, as usual, his name
is the only one on the ballot,

those that know him say
that it marks a turning point

in his psychology.

There was a real contrast,
I mean for me as a photographer,

but
also as a Syrian,

between
the first years of Bashar,

one of his main decisions
was to say, "No portraits of me,

"no statues, no songs,
no portrait of me.

"Enough with this."

It was a good step
towards modernity.

And then, five years later,
we're back to the same old story.

Portraits are back.

Songs, etc.

The young eye doctor from London
has disappeared and is now tough

and clearly in charge
of the country.

I was visiting Bashar
to coincide with the election.

And by then, it had been clear
he had won 97% of the vote

and the Bashar I thought I knew,
I thought he would just pooh-pooh

the whole thing, I thought he
would say, "It's mostly arranged,

I know I'm the only one on it, so
what else are they going to do?"

But he said something quite
different and it told me a lot

about him and perhaps the changes
that occurred in him.

And
he said, "they love me."

They love me.

This
shows that they love me."

Was there genuine enthusiasm
and perhaps popularity for Bashar?

Sure.

But not 97%.

And I just sat back
and I thought to myself,

Wow, you've drunk
the Kool Aid of power."

I said, "Well, 00:47:14,559
A victory celebration takes place.
Tens of thousands gather

in Damascus...

..wearing
T-shirts with his face on,

chanting his name,

and
carrying torches.

You get this reinforcement
that you are right in what

you're doing, the fact
that the people are adoring you.

Out in
the streets, praising you.

He said to himself,

Now I understand what
my father did."

Now I understand why 00:48:10,679
And if
that countered the morality

that perhaps
he brought into office,

he maybe constructed a different
set of morals, where the ends

justify the means.

While the public still holds
out hope for reforms,

in reality, Bashar's regime
clamps down even harder

than
it did under Hafez.

More and more writers and political
activists are sent to prison,

often without trial.

Many facing torture
for criticising the regime.

The man who keeps the Syrian people
in line is Bashar's brother,

Maher.

Maher is the third boy
after Bassel and Bashar.

He's the one that was always
used to frighten people.

The same as they were
using Rifaat, the uncle.

They always have the second
man in the family,

that is the one that
frightens the others.

You are all good,
nice and we are open,

we forgive anyone who do any harm
to us. But the problem

is, that guy is the bad guy,
he will do something so bad,

he will torture you and kill
you and kill all your family,

destroy
all your village.

In 2008, Maher's actions start
spilling out into the public arena.

GUNSHOTS

GUNSHOTS CONTINUE

When prisoners protest
against torture, their revolt

is brutally crushed.

17
prisoners are killed.

And then, footage emerges 00:51:21,720
Regiment
and civilians.

It looks like the man 00:51:41,200
MUSIC: La Vie En Rose
by Edith Piaf

With the Iraq war now
in its fifth year,

French President Sarkozy now
invites them for talks.

At that time, I felt 00:52:17,519
because if they want to talk
about the peace process,

Syria is essential.

If they want to talk
about fighting terrorism,

Syria is essential.

They
say it takes two to tango.

At this point the Assads go
on a big publicity drive.

They hire three PR firms,
commission portraits

from
famous photographers...

..and give access to a French
documentary team.

Thank you.
Pleased to meet you.

Did
we keep you waiting?

No, it's all right.

We don't like to keep
people waiting.

You can turn your face,
I know it is dangerous,

just to see you.

And you drive alone?

Most of the time.

Whenever I go to the palace,
I only drive myself.

But
it is very un-secure.

No, no, no. Syria is a very secure
country, it is not bulletproof

and
you can open the window.

Especially when we drive, 00:53:36,079
about three hours driving,
this is the most enjoyable

thing for me.

I think what's incredible
is not how he drives,

it's the fact that he can listen
to all of us in the car

for three hours.
I listen to the music.

So there are three kids, there's me,
music, and he can put up with

that for three hours and he's still
smiling when we get there.

That's
the most incredible thing.

They are
great actors and actresses.

So
when you go to Damascus,

when you meet Bashar,
when you meet his family,

you know that there is 00:54:18,520
For us.

He has many faces.

He
is a multi-faces man.

He
looks gentle, open-minded,

then
he is the tough politician,

then
he is the killer.

You can be reformative
and you can be conservatively

reformative, because, as I just
told you, I am reformative,

so
we are moving forward.

Slowly, but surely.

We have to be a stable country,
especially as the problems started

after
I became president.

He said, Christian,
why don't we go together

to the opera?

CHEERING

Of course, all the people
invited to the opera

were
supporters of Assad.

So it
was a big mise-en-scene.

Bashar was driving
the car and he said,

"Look at that. No, I don't need
any security. Here we are free,

"we move freely, we have
no problems."

Security, you can see around.
Come on!

They
have people everywhere.

The third thing is something
about me, about the way I live

as a politician, is the
transparency.

Be as transparent as
you can with the people.

This
is very important.

Say,
"I did a mistake..."

There is a division
between image and reality.

Once you're fully signed up,
once you can maybe separate in

your mind the horrors 00:56:38,319
them somewhere in your brain,
where you don't have to access them

on a regular basis,
and convince yourself

that you are part of a
different agenda,

then
you'll live with that.

OK.

INAUDIBLE

One
time, my children asked him,

my
daughter asked him,

"What do you do?"

She was trying to understand -
what does it mean to be President?

And so she asked him,
she said to him,

"Papa,
what do you do?

"We
know you go to the office.

"And
we see you on TV sometimes.

"What is it you do?"

And he said to her,
"I try and help people."

There
really was a sense

that Assad
was going to step down.

He was using the ghost of his father
as leverage to fight on.

EXPLOSION

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