Original subtitles

[Music]

this is the part of Titanic story we all

know

but what happened to Titanic after the

last eyewitness saw her slip beneath the

surface

Titanic is the perfect unsolved murder

mystery it hit there but then it kind of

whiplash is what it hits the ground back

here what happened in the final minutes

of the ship how did it break up how did

it fall how did it hit the bottom why

did she sing so fast could more lives

have been saved did I get the details

right in the feature film no I'm talking

about the sinking the way you depicted

the sink buddy we didn't do it cuz we

didn't know for the first time ever I've

gathered all the evidence and eight of

the world's leading Titanic experts all

together in one place

some have been to the wreck some

approach it through the testimony some

approach it through the physical

forensics no one gets out of this room

until we piece together once and for all

what happened in Titanic's final moments

we're gonna argue I guarantee you it'll

get heated

there's no such thing as coincidence I

agree now on the hundredth anniversary

of the tragedy 15 years after the film's

initial release

it's time for the final word

and what really happened to Titanic

[Music]

marijuana's Jason is coming out of his

job

three cups it out

I feel like I've lived on Titanic

certainly much longer than any of the

people who were actually involved in the

event did I've got it ingrained in my

memory I could walk the ship in my sleep

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when I see the model it just brings back

to me

all those nights of shooting with the

crowds running and screaming up the

decks then going back to one and doing

it all again

see the Sun shines

for me filmmaking comes out of my desire

to explore unknown worlds you want to

see Titanic on the sonar check this out

bro you're gonna love this

I wanted to dive the wreck more than I

wanted to make the movie diving the

wreck was my way into this story there

she is baby the dream come true for me

Titanic does not give up her secrets

easily

the more you work on this the more you

can bring it into focus and fill in the

gaps then there are some enigmas Titanic

is like a fractal look closer you get to

it the more you see completely new

patterns there have been a lot of ideas

a lot of theories it's time to just say

this is what really happened to the best

of our collective knowledge this should

be all sort of nicey nicey blue wall and

pink smoke around let's beat it up

that's the best way to arrive at an

answer that makes sense my Titanic dream

team includes Ken martial artists visual

historian pH nor chalet Explorer

underwater operations RMS Titanic Bill

Sauder historian director of research

RMS Titanic Mark Stevenson naval systems

engineer Don Lynch chief historian of

the Titanic Historical Society Dave

gallinule director of special projects

at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

commander Jeffrey Staedtler naval

architect US Naval Academy

Brian Thomas Coast Guard naval architect

and salvage engineer we have the team

and the tool

from hundreds of hours of my expedition

dive footage to deck plans and survivor

testimony we're going to take all we

learned and create a new visualization

of the sinking from iceberg to bottom

it's never been animated so precisely

and so dramatically we're determined

once and for all to learn what happened

after Titanic disappeared beneath the

surface a hundred years ago it's a good

just kind of drive a stake in the ground

moment for us to say let's get the

history right to me the the the exercise

of making the movie and preparing to

make the movie was about understanding

understanding history like what is

history history is this kind of

consensus hallucination there are some

people who who they tell the story like

it happened yesterday and then there are

others who who over the years have been

telling the story and the story changes

you know so yeah and how much does the

telling of the story become the memory

as opposed to the memory itself our task

here is to separate perception from

truth so what is it that we know for

sure at the time of our construction

Titanic was the largest ship ever built

269 metres long and standing nearly 20

stories high her weight was over 46,000

tons

her hull spent four city blocks

she had nine decks encompassing 370

first class cabins 168 second class

cabins and 297 third class cabins

accommodations for up to three thousand

five hundred and forty seven people

mechanically she was the

state-of-the-art fitted with 29 boilers

159 furnaces

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each of her steam engines was the size

of a three-story house

over 6,000 tons of coal filled with coal

bunkers

from her innovative double bottom keel

to her 16 watertight compartments

Titanic was considered unsinkable

each compartment had doors that were

designed to close automatically if the

water level rose above a certain height

Titanic would be able to stay afloat if

any two compartments or the first floor

became flooded

according to her builders even in the

worst possible accident at sea Titanic

was virtually unsinkable

I spank but we know that on April 14th

1912 Titanic sideswiped an iceberg and

sank in two hours of 40 minutes

Oh No Oh

today 100 years later this is what's

left of Titanic a tangled wreck on the

ocean floor

thousands of broken pieces but from her

rust covered remains we may still be

able to figure out what happened in her

last moments well it's very important to

find out where all the objects wound up

and then you can work backwards from

that to sort of reconstruct how the

process he's got started

you got to peel away the bottom impact

and you gotta understand what happened

in the water column you got to

understand what happened on the surface

then maybe you can work your way back to

what actually set off the sinking in the

first place

it's like a murder mystery case where

some piece of evidence is an outlier

everything fits perfectly but there's

one outlying piece of evidence and it

seems so trivial and yet it unwinds

everything else it's a great forensic

process to go through it's the same

thing that they do at an NTSB analysis

of a crash site for an airliner now how

did that engine get way over there how

did that wind up two miles back you know

you can't really piece together what

happened until you can account for every

single piece and where it got there 640

kilometers off the coast of Newfoundland

and more than three kilometers beneath

the surface of the North Atlantic lies

Titanic the wreck site spans one and a

half kilometers of the sea floor and as

anything but accessible it takes about

two and a half hours to descend and a

submersible daylight doesn't reach this

depth

it's eternal darkness here we find the

bow and stern sections 600 metres apart

we find the ships boilers clustered east

of the stern cargo cranes sheared from

the deck broken pieces of fun ground up

shell plating sections of the ship's

keel or double bottom rudders and

propellers pinned in the sediment intact

an open shell door at D deck there are

serving plates teacups shoes countless

personal artifacts these are all clues

in the mystery what caused this

magnitude of destruction how can we

begin to make sense of it

so it's good to wrap our heads around

this so now you start looking at a

debris field map it's part of that crime

scene recreation of seeing everything on

this macro level we can get down to

individual images of each individual

piece but you need the context of it you

need to keep that forest in sight you

have to have that map of the wreck site

to do any meaningful forensics Titanic's

bow and stern are torn in two and lie

apart like a crime scene where the body

and head are on opposite sides of the

room

you can see it you can see it on the

debris-filled map here it's very

interesting thing bio points north and

it's partly dug into the sediment its

open-end is ragged it's not a clean

break at first glance it appears the

farthest object north but there's the

number one cargo hatch and that's 80

meters forward of the bow and the hatch

bolts are all severed so what did that

and how did the bow break from the stern

what did this the stern point self

facing the opposite direction of the bow

it looks like a bomb hit it to the east

of the stern life five boilers from

boiler room one the midsection of the

ship I think the location of these

boilers is our first lead if you just

draw a circle around those five boilers

and you take the center of that circle I

think that's where the ship broke up

with the surface right ok these five

boilers help us to find the hypocenter

the ground zero for the disaster the

hypocenter directly underneath where the

breakup took place on the bottom would

be where the heaviest and most uniformed

objects would be clustered and with it

we can extrapolate the journey taken by

each part of the ship from the surface

to where we find them today on the

bottom and then you have a kind of

fallout pattern downwind if you will or

down current for very light objects like

teacups and and and light debris and

coal the coal being spread the farthest

because it's the least heavy in water

we could account for many objects in our

debris field map and explain how they

traveled from the break-up at the

surface to end their life for kilometres

down at the bottom but not every part

can be so easily explained something

that just occurred to me for the first

time in all these years is if that

happened way up there isn't it

interesting that we've got clays would

be your poopdeck cranes and they're this

close to their original location the

stern cranes sort of grouped together

and lying adjacent to the to the stern

was a little mystery that we had to

solve and in solving that mystery it

would shed some light on what actually

happened to the storm when it hit the

bottom of the ocean there's why were

those cranes there where did they come

from

odd isn't it then the question is what

held the cranes with with all this as

opposed to them just scattering

I don't know I'm inclined to think these

came apart and a higher altitude I think

that it's just coincidence that they

happen to wind up there's no such thing

as coincidence I agree there was a

tendency on the part of the group I

think to reject the idea of coincidence

which i think is always good in this

kind of analysis Jim will let you

disagree with him as long as you have a

reasonable argument and your facts are

all in a row and they're doing a course

dance behind you I'm gonna jump to the

to the to the crazy part of this yeah

all right which is that these two double

bottom sections and this big big chunk

there are three pieces of the rack whose

placement on the debris field map don't

make sense

they're outliers they're enigmas because

they're strangely out to the east of the

hypocenter

we know from a past expedition that

these two out of the three our pieces of

Titanic's double bottom we know these

parts are from the same section of keel

because their ragged ends aligned like

two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle how did

these two chunks of keel detach from the

bottom of the ship and end up to the

east of the hypocenter and what about

the third outlier now I'm just trying to

account for something that I don't

understand which is this thing this is

just a big pile of junk the big dirty

pile of junk nobody had ever seen it

before it's way off to the east

it's beyond these double bottom pieces

okay so so the mystery piece the Enigma

piece is is this is this yes you know

about the upper couple old decks of that

it's a bigger and larger and heavier

than the boilers yet it would ended up

way far out there how did this chunk

from beneath the third funnel deck house

end up way out there all right well why

don't we stick to what we think we know

fill in the rest of the picture to fill

in the rest of the picture and visualize

Titanic's final moments we need to go

underwater and take a closer look at the

damage

I see the record let's see it

mir-2 mir-2 this is mere one depth is

three thousand three five three meters I

love this stuff exploration real

honest-to-god deep ocean exploration

to me it's an alternative to making

movies which is as technically

challenging as emotionally challenging

and it's something that I can use my

skills as a filmmaker

it's about creating the technology it's

about the personal challenge of actually

going into this hostile environment

doing things right doing things safely

coming back with results I've been a

wreck diver for many years at scuba

depths

I love shipwrecks I love the romance in

the mystery of shipwrecks and the

titanic's the ultimate wreck it's the

Everest of shipwrecks I said let's do a

real expedition to the Titanic to shoot

scenes for the movie this was all new

territory nobody had ever really done

this before but looking into the

darkness here and wondering what was

beyond what's down there

you know is what led me to want to go

back and explore it thoroughly with new

technology so of course as soon as the

movie was done I was immediately

planning my next expedition

okay dive one it's going to be JB and

bill in me r2 and me and Vincent me r1

come in here explore these rulers up

until our 2001 expedition no one had

attempted an extensive survey of the

interior of the wreck so when we went

back for the 3d documentary ghosts of

the abyss we developed remotely operated

vehicles or ROV we called the bots built

to withstand the incredible pressure at

that depth they could maneuver through

small holes in the wreckage and explore

up to 600 metres from the man some

previous rvs had been leashed to the sub

by a short bulky tether our

state-of-the-art mini ROV is

affectionately nicknamed Jake and Elwood

had an onboard power supply and just

needed a spool of hair thin fiber optic

cable to receive directions and send a

live video feed back to myself

[Music]

as I guided them through the wreck they

unwound this cable behind them like like

Theseus unwinding the ball of twine as

he explored the labyrinth this made it

possible for the first time to film

interior areas of the wreck that hadn't

been seen since the night Titanic sank

the butts are finally going back to

three years in the making

see on the bottom since my first

expedition I've gone back twice slated a

loose comlink camera power alright I

think we're ready to fly

oh it's coming out

pretty cool you can do Elwood

tell him to go ahead we'll meet in the

center of the grand staircase

I've shot hundreds of hours of

archaeological survey footage inside the

wreck

[Music]

[Music]

now there were I want it to be those are

the lead stained-glass windows look at

that unbelievable

that's another thing that's absolutely

fascinating is this this idea of

telepresence when you fly an ROV after

the first few minutes and really for

subsequent hours at a time you

completely forget your physical human

existence and you become that vehicle

it's almost like you can feel what it's

feeling

[Music]

this is what you get when you get the

lighting in the right place you get a

good sense of the depth of the space and

that's right in front of the elevators I

believe it's a well preserved brass bed

here and I'd be in the other sub outside

right navigating the con this tell that

you were yeah we could see Jim inside

every now and then you could see the

little light in there and you knew is

okay genuine we need to move a little

bit farther half because it's just all

right then you you got to get in the

current just right and then okay Jim

we're coming but we can't we're kind of

caught in current here

and then we do a pass and Jim how did

that look and there'd be a pause roll it

do it again yes I maneuver 18 tons out

there to get one light through a portal

rising up and aiming right now

[Music]

I made 33 dives to Titanic laying eyes

on the site is one of the most important

forensic tools the power of observation

some of the damage is self-evident easy

to understand other aspects are baffling

like cops at a crime scene

we're inventory all the evidence now we

can begin to rewind the clock and start

to put these pieces back together to

tell the story of Titanic's final

moments you've got to get to the night

this ship hit the bottom and what

happened when it hit the bottom then

you've got to be able to separate out

all the bottom impact damage from what

might have happened as it descended

through the water column it's important

to know that things that people have

identified as possibly iceberg damage

probably aren't a good example of this

is the so-called big opening a hole

blasted in the starboard side of

Titanic's bow we now know it is an

iceberg damage but how do we explain it

and the other destruction to the bow it

hit first here pushed forward as it as

it settled so the question is what did

it do when it hit it hits crushes like

that momentarily this stops moving at

that point other than to slide forward

and then it's got a mound of debris

underneath it and it bends the other way

when it lands and I'll show you what

that looks like in in animation cuz we

we thought about this a lot when we when

we animated it take me a second to find

it here okay we made this in 95 for the

movie I still think it's a useful

reference for the bhau's impact even

though some of the other details aren't

right

this is arrival there's the initial

deformation which actually puts the the

forward well deck in compression

probably buckled in in compression at

that point and that's the point at which

the big opening starts because it's

actually getting exercised in two

directions and then the back end now is

falling falling down and is hitting and

compressing I don't know where I saw

flying the hat to cover flying off there

is that right exactly we animated that

the hatch it's the farthest piece of the

ship yeah from the break-up how did this

thing get out there Jim got those forces

to snap bolts I mean that's something I

can't get my mind around it right so

either at the moment of initial impact

or at the moment that the ship slams

down the hydraulic forces inside the

ship are enough to blow this hatch off

so you've got some internal overpressure

here that's hydraulic and over the large

area of that number one hatch it just

breaks every bolt at the same time the

hatch doesn't peel off sequentially

it's an evenly distributed overpressure

just breaks every bolt head

simultaneously hydraulic outburst

accounts for the mysterious placement of

the number one hatch the damage we see

to the bow is more extensive than simply

the force of impact at the bottom

what could have possibly happened if the

BAU plummeted four kilometers down to

the ocean floor

she hits the Berg on the starboard side

right

she kind of bumps along punching holes

like Morse code and a scene from the

movie Titanic we used animation to

illustrate for Rosa's character what we

thought had happened as the ship sank so

now as the bow goes down the stern rises

up since then we've come a long way in

our CG modeling and 3d animation but

most importantly in our understanding of

the disaster so what happens she splits

right down to the keel the bow section

planes away landing about a half a mile

away going 20 30 knots when it hits the

ocean floor

pretty cool huh thank you for that fine

forensic analysis mr. Bodine of course

the experience of it was somewhat

different ok this 95 animation tells a

good story but some of the forensic

details aren't quite right so with what

we're learning now on our current

investigation we're gonna get to update

this it's pulling the whole ship down

for now brakes there's a relaxation

it's pulling it down rips away and then

natural flooding this is a big deal for

me I wanted to do this for a long time

the detailed and thoroughly accurate

visualization of Titanic sinking does

not exist

working with animator Casey shots and

naval systems engineer park Stephen said

by remote I'm going to improve what we

did 15 years ago

[Music]

this looks great this is the sum total

of everything that that you and Parks

have been working on over the last few

weeks yeah I think it looks awesome all

right let's go to the bow section it's

nice when you see it in scale like this

and now oh yeah totally it just makes

sense when you see it in scale it all

makes sense and this is accurate that

the ship is to scale to the to the absol

been OCD about everything okay not

shocked by that see yeah that's it man

that's exactly the way I always pictured

it so the stern is actually only a few a

few lengths behind yeah yeah it it was

surprising but it really you know see

everybody always talks about how its

planing forward yeah it's planing

forward but but if you looked at this

you just say it was falling yes its

planning forward and that accounts for

its displacement but it's one forward

and six down so it's basically just

falling it dives and stalls and when it

stalls it moves forward short and then

it dives and goes down and then stalls

and moves forward we can't complete our

update of the animation until we answer

some more questions let's keep working

backwards from the wreck

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we've analyzed the force of impact at

the bottom that doesn't explain all the

observable damage what could have

possibly happened as the BAU plummeted

two and a half miles down to the ocean

floor

to me that one of the fun parts of this

is looking at what what happened to the

bow right when it departed the surface

and looking at the evidence for that

high flow rate that high longitudinal

flow rate weighing at least 20,000 tons

Titanic's about tore away from the stern

and plunged downward at a speed of 40 to

50 kilometers per hour

this is the forward well deck of Titanic

and you can see there that that kind of

tubular object is the mast see the mast

yuri we're up on the on the top of the

deck house right now i think aren't we

yes oh right on this this is good this

is good

do we have any pictures of that of that

area

handy maybe one of Ken's paintings is a

better a better jumping-off point yeah

you know that's that's the rec section

there Ken feels very connected to

Titanic and quite honestly the movie the

movie was pitched using his paintings I

just opened up the the big double truck

spread of his glorious painting of the

ship going down with its lights blazing

and the Rockets being fired off showed

it to the studio executives and said

this ship Romeo and Juliet and that

that's it it was probably the shortest

pitch relative to the amount of money it

raised in history of movies well yeah

you can actually see it pretty well in

this painting this is a good image let's

keep this image up oh so let's see what

we've got

we got a mass that's knocked aft so what

what force knocked the mast aft and then

kept it there even though the ship hit

the bottom with a slight forward vector

all of the B deck forward-facing windows

broken broken broken and that one's

broken so to me that all adds up to a

very strong longitudinal flow over the

ship sufficient not only to break the

mast but to get that mast into position

and then allow it to shelter these

windows from a peak hydrodynamic

pressure which subsequently broke those

windows and that that that that that

when the bow broke away and started

speeding up that's also what tore these

the crane off and the the jib on this

crane went down behind it right there

where we find the mast

today on the wreck is clearly a result

of the bow section breaking away from

the stern

and diving toward the bottom

and that initial speed which could have

gone gotten up to as high as maybe 40

knots or something like that that

pressure of seawater pushing back that's

too much for the mast it just bent back

then probably bashed around a little bit

for a few seconds destroyed the

wheelhouse which was made of wood and

ended up right in that in that position

hydrodynamic flow or the force of the

racing water caused considerable damage

so this was our attempt to show the mass

doing that in the 95 animation so here's

the mass coming back starts to peel off

mast is kind of bouncing around in that

area and then the wheelhouse

disintegrates in the flow and I think it

was more dramatic than that I think it

was like a house in a hurricane I think

it just it went in one you know you know

how when the house will start to lift

and then there's a moment where it just

goes because it it gets too much of an

angle of attack I don't think it just

peeled away like that I think it yeah

okay we'll make sure to get this right

when I update the animation but for now

the hydrodynamic flow can't explain all

of this damage

this deckhouse wall is pushed outward

same on the other side pushed outward

why why just that why not all of it

this roof is mushroomed yeah mushroom

down our pancake pancake down with with

extreme force and the top of the

gymnasium is bent down the windows are

all bent that's not yeah that's not sag

buckle that was buckled that roof was

found to be sagged in with a few pieces

of funnel shell on that side what caused

this damage are we missing something so

you've got this big wreck coming down

through the water column it's pulling

water down with it and it's been moving

for miles literally at 25 miles an hour

pulling along this wake behind it just

like the wake behind a racecar then

another racecar can get into it and kind

of draft so there's all this moving

water big cold water ship hits the

bottom and stop suddenly to call the

water does not stop it comes down on top

of the ship

pancakes down the roof crushes down the

decks and and then spreads out across

the sea floor so it actually winds up

moving kind of horizontally and blowing

objects away from the ship

[Music]

do we have any data on the magnitude of

the down blast I mean the hydro guy and

me says that it can't be all that huge

you know we're talking about buckling

and deforming in a big way at least

moderate sized structural members and

the total mass of water can't be any

much more than the mass of the ship

Delos is enormous it's just it's huge

huge loading per square inch

yeah I just I I professionally disagree

with that statement

it can't be momentum of the deck

mushrooming and then plastically

deforming and remaining there and

permanent set plus Italy deforming from

Rome so the deck is just from an inertia

falling falling stopping there's nothing

supporting the middle of the deck it

just yeah it's got water underneath it

that needs to be compressed out of the

way for it to deform what it does is as

it squashes the ship it increases

pressure on the water inside the ship

which can't can't be compressed like air

so it has a hydraulic effect just like

the fluid in a hydraulic cylinder and

it's tends to blow things out the side

so this thing stops cold and you've got

yeah 50,000 tons of water moving above

it at still 30 miles an hour that's 30

30 knots coming now or whatever it's

sinking speed was which is the

equivalent of the flow here that broke

the mast and and broke all these windows

and peeled off the davits and did all

that they like to say that that the

steel doesn't lie but you know I like to

I I think I'd revised that I'd say that

the steel probably tells more

complicated stories that we would then

then we can tell from how it's lying on

the bottom of the ocean there's two

different energies going here ya know

number one you had it took off did this

high flow past weakened a lot of these

structures up here then it hit and those

weakened structures which we're moving

with the ship all of a sudden they do

this and then on top of this yeah then

you have your down blast so it's a

combined different sure it's definitely

combined I mean I think that the the

steel and the water are kind of flowing

together I agree with parts on that and

absolute

but there's one curious detail that

baffles me all the windows of the

officers quarters on the boat deck are

opened the air was freezing that night

that wouldn't have opened so who or what

opened those heavy latched windows so

the interesting thing is why are these

windows all open and forward yeah that's

really that is well when it the very

front why are they unlatched why they're

it's down below no either forward it's

the it's the overhead just getting

enough of a compression as this is right

under it right so when all those windows

boom yeah so they just blew open but why

wouldn't they just why wouldn't it just

break the glass why would it well

unhinge solid brass hinges and latches

keep in mind there's two ways to latch

this window there's add a latch which is

done from the casement like we would all

think of yeah and then there is a storm

law of this thing yeah that's an

eccentric you close the window you turn

the crank the eccentric shifts and it

pins that window at play that's that's

not latched so there's add a latch

that's actuated from the inside right

right if that handle weighed more than

than the latching side when the ship

flopped down to the bottom all those

handles flipped open no I think what

happened no I think what happened is the

spindle that goes in probably just

failed from tension a lot of times

people will look at a device from the

Victorian period and go well what's this

for they'll make up an answer and

unfortunately it's the wrong answer

because why our understanding of

machinery is different from the ones at

the time because it's a fairly large

area and it's at the end of the phone

I'm sure it just blew it just blew them

open yes yeah it's not that didn't great

that was weaker than the brakes didn't

break the glass yeah Bill Sauder very

modestly says he knows the ship better

than the builders and I actually believe

he does he's the curator of an enormous

collection of Titanic artifacts

he has more day-to-day contact with the

physical remains of the ship than anyone

the one thing I remember about Titanic

artifacts of the day I died is when the

soft felt perfume vials came up when you

recover stuff on the Titanic it's wet

its rusty and it's rotten and the smell

that comes off it is perfectly alien

perfectly fetid you know it's a kind of

death you have never experienced and so

the lab is kind of unpleasant and then

all of a sudden somebody opens up this

satchel this leather satchel and out

comes the fragrance of heaven it's all

these flowers and fruity flavors and

it's delicious

it's the most wonderful thing you've

ever had it was just a complete

overwhelming experience it was like all

of a sudden the fragrance of heaven Hill

kind of goes through the room so instead

of being surrounded by all of these dead

things in those few minutes the ship was

alive again

[Music]

okay we're filling in the picture from

the flow to the impact of the down blast

I understand the damage to Titanic's bow

but the stern is a completely different

story it's shattered beyond recognition

like it was hit by a ball we're gonna

figure out why

while my name is Ken Marschall I've been

studying the Titanic for over three

decades now I called Ken Marschall to

this investigation because he knows the

wreck site better than anyone and he's

created these remarkable paintings that

stand even today as a definitive guide

to Titanic in life and in death

[Music]

after thirty years of studying the ship

so intently and painting exhibit so many

times 100 times see this thing in three

dimensions of me standing here I am

absolutely speechless I've been painting

Titanic since the late 1960s 1967

actually was my first painting Chen is a

keen visual memory in the talents of

composite hundreds of separate images

into these big picture mosaics he's

especially invaluable with the internal

archaeological survey that we did with

the robotics because he can actually

look at something and identify it there

are the big brass letters that will say

hey Jack B deck C deck or D deck the

first thing you see when you come out of

the elevator

and there it is bingo baby bingo telling

bingo with my paintbrush

I've been spending truly my adult

lifetime I feel subconsciously trying to

bring all those souls back to life in a

weird way to to honor their memory to

keep it alive in people's memory the

ship and the people

when Bob Ballard's expedition with the

French found the wreck in 1985 the first

images confirmed that the ship had

broken apart but it was impossible to

see the entire wreck in one shot so

Ballard's publisher enlisted me to paint

composites big picture views of the ship

created from studying hundreds of

close-ups and that was my first exposure

to to the wreck other than the few

pictures I had seen on you know in

magazines or in the news seeing all of

this imagery for the first time Bob

sitting me up in a room downstairs right

below his lab thousands of feet of

individual Stills and I had to crank

through this this this film and I was

doing sketching and I was pinpointing

particular images that I needed

enlargements of and duplicates of in

order to do these paintings I thought we

would find her and she'd still be in

relatively good condition and still

would look more like the ship and

instead she was just nuked

just blasted apart it was like going to

an autopsy it was quite a rude awakening

after three days of that I broke down in

tears one night I remember I called home

spoke to speak to a friend and I

remember saying words to the end of

makes me tear up right now to think

about it but I I said to him my ship my

ship it's gone it was it was so

destroyed and I knew the ship was in two

pieces but to see these these close-up

images and the the high-resolution of

some of them and to look down and see

how completely ripped apart the ship was

I know it as I would a brother a sister

a mother a father and there there she

was and a million pieces dead some of

the damage is easy to understand other

aspects are downright mysterious like

the stern it's completely bizarre at

first sight

[Music]

when I dived it it was remarkable to see

the extent of the damage the rudder and

the enormous propellers pinned in the

sediment are hauntingly intact

surrounding the stern is a large

concentration of mangled debris it

really looks like a plane crash well how

do we know the stern took off toward the

bottom going pretty fast mr. poop deck

so the F most deck the poop deck is

doubled over completely

one centimeter steel folded like a taco

how did this happen it's got a big

electric crane sitting here that's got a

lot of sail area you know cross on that

axis right so take off toward the bottom

you've got a really powerful

hydrodynamic loading here so you got a

big sort of prying moment right here

alright and it just rips rips this deck

up which then catches catches lifts

peels back and flops over double and

winds up like that and you think that

happened in the first 500 feet that was

30 30 seconds now you might have had

some implosion zin here

loosening rivets you know bang bang

the stern lifts the surface in a very

different configuration it had all its

broken parts faced into the current and

I think it just blew off all pretty

close to the surface

and if something held on it was it might

have been packed up against the the face

hood or flap back against the underside

and it took a while for that to exercise

loosen all the loose stuff had already

been blown off he's proposing that the

stern fell leading-edge first and that

it was water passage Eden chewing around

that damaged area that sort of peeled

off and exfoliated basically the first

third of the stern we didn't get this

right in the 95 animation but we're

gonna nail it now I think the point

you're making is it's not like that dd1

where it was just it was coming off and

regular yeah copy so all the stuff has

come off the ship yeah pretty much by

the time the ship is probably two-thirds

or three-quarters of the way through

that that end swap so it's quick so

that's happening now so stuff's coming

off and boom decking is coming off and

now it's all off yeah oh it is fast Wow

yeah if you stick your hand out the

window of a moving car with a deck of

playing cards yeah if you turn it this

way you can hold on to it that's what

the bow was yeah you turn it that way

they're all gone they'll all split apart

blow backwards because the second their

angle of attack increases to a few

degrees then it increases rapidly once

it's at 90 degrees there's no holding on

to it it's gone it all happens

instantaneously and at the moment that

happens when those cards blow like that

there's a there's a much stronger back

force on your hand yeah try it sometime

might get busted for littering exactly

feels great to have a second chance to

get this stuff right in the 95 animation

the stern didn't spiral but we now know

they did because I think that when the

stern hit hit the the ground it did not

hit straight down I think it's slid oh

we definitely because its back is broken

it's not it's the the axis of this part

of it rudders Findley centers pinned in

the sediment perfectly and the props are

pinned in the sediment perfectly and

that's the anchor and then it comes down

okay which actually sort of makes sense

because it it sort of peeled off all

this stuff over here and blew that

side out flat yes they're not true right

they still doesn't explain these freakin

cranes yeah I know there's why were

those cranes there where did they come

from did they originate from the poop

deck did they originate from the well

deck or or the a deck level we had to

have an answer those cranes are loose

and they're two and a half miles up and

somehow they end up no these cranes came

these cranes came down with the stern

somehow attached to the overturned on

the underside of the poop I mean how did

they end up over there when the poop

deck went like that way up there that's

just my question did they fall from the

surface where they deposited there

toward the end it's kind of hard to tell

every time we tried to poke at a

scenario that would explain it there was

a problem with it yeah I figured I was

this one are still there I'm not sure

well here's an interesting thing these

cranes can be completely gone unrelated

and the three that you've seen sitting

right here are here are these right this

one's still there okay all right so it's

these three it would be these three all

right so now you're talking about a

hydraulic you're talking about hydraulic

outburst impact affect the ship hits the

bottom plows in compresses all of this

shell towing underneath here and

everything gets ejected up including

though the entire well deck which winds

up lying someplace nearby I had to bring

to bear some of my observations about

the effects of hydraulic outburst

when these big masses come down and stop

suddenly on the bottom build up these

intense internal hydraulic pressures and

how that can eject big flat areas like

index and like size shell plating and so

on and that probably launched the cranes

off the ship at that point okay that

makes sense the placement of the cranes

and the damage to the poop deck help

explain how the Strand got obliterated

now let's turn to what we don't know the

three outliers haven't yet explained

until we do we won't know exactly what

happened to the ship as she vanished

beneath the surface 100 years ago one of

the more unique challenges to study in

Iraq is trying to see past what 100

years of sitting at the bottom of the

ocean has done to the steel

Titanic is not rusting in the way that

we would think of rusting it's actually

being eaten by bacteria and the bodies

of these bacteria form these amazing

structures called rusticles they look

like stalactites and they're actually

formed in a kind of similar way in that

you know stalactites are a deposition of

minerals created by gravity this is

actually the deposition of dead bacteria

that have iron inside their bodies that

they've absorbed from the ship and they

just kind of form these these structures

they're actually organic I think the

rusticles are now part of this amazing

monument at the bottom of the ocean it's

on the move ahead stick move ahead slow

part of what's fascinating for me is

that it's this onion skin process you

have to peel away the layers of the

damaged working in reverse order from

what you're seeing right now in the

present now we're looking at Titanic

from a hundred years later so you've got

the deterioration at the sea floor on

top of the bottom impact on top of you

know the descent and then the book you

know the break-up at the surface

once we apply our forensic process

Titanic's remains in the debris field

begin to tell the story of what happened

on that night April 14 1912

so far our theory of how the wreck

travelled through the water column and

what happened that impact fits the

evidence except for three outliers

how did these two pieces of double

bottom and a pile of deckhouse debris

from beneath the third funnel end up far

from the rest of the record

well to boat double bottom sections our

wing shapes so these are wings yeah

these are 747 wings yeah they both

happen to land within a fairly narrow

cone of each other so it's likely they

were attached to each other and

separated at some point in the water

column and then fell sorry I agree they

have they had a weakened area that kept

them together for a certain period when

you're sitting at a table of experts and

you start whittling away at what's real

and what's not real and you end up with

real mysteries that are solvable you

know the answers are there the clues are

at the bottom of the ocean so if they're

so there they're coming down they're

coming down through the through the

water kind of like that right right

right finally it just exercises it so

much it breaks apart whatever that last

connection was right it would look

something like this pieces of double

bottom keel begin life together and on

the journey down exercise depart

planning away like an aircraft wing to

where you find them today out in the

debris field

all right so that accounts for that

right that's not a planing shape it's

not this is just a big pile of junk big

ugly big dirty pile of junk that would

not have any strong tendency to plant in

any one direction and it's a big lumpy

shape it's just a pile of crap on the

ocean floor right now has no aerodynamic

qualities as the same aerodynamic

qualities one of the boilers it's a

bigger and larger and heavier than the

boilers yet it ended up way far out

there so get way over there well I did I

mean I think one of the big problems we

have is that we're thinking way over

there when really detaching from this

point it's way over there we're not

getting the vertical scale understood

right you know so something attaches

here and frisbees off it's only going

that far

Jim threw out a couple quick ideas about

it being attached to the stern and and

the stern spiraling down and and maybe

it flung it off over there but the

problem with that is there was a chunk

of the ship between that chunk and the

stern and I didn't get thrown out there

we don't have very good imagery of it

we're going to need better imagery of it

to try and understand it more and see if

there's clues in there that will help us

understand why it ended up out there so

far

although there are still mysteries we've

learned enough to rewind the clock

farther on the night of April 14 1912 to

the moment Titanic lost her fight to

stay afloat and broke into let's take a

look at the results of a two-and-a-half

year study by naval architects to see if

we can pinpoint where Titanic split and

exactly how

we've peeled away the layers to

reconstruct the story of the forces that

hammered Titanic as she plummeted and

hit bottom

now it's time to look at the break-up at

the surface

how did an unsinkable ship the world's

greatest technological marvel at the

time break into

if the REC side is a crime scene the

break-up was her last breath

in the days that followed the disaster

the US Senate hearing and the British

Board of Trade inquiry recorded

contradictory eyewitness testimony about

the breakup some saw her break into

others Wars you went down pole

the British Board of Trade concluded the

Titanic sank intact not until 1985 when

explorer Bob Ballard's Co expedition

with the French found the wreck that we

have proof once and for all the Titanic

broke apart

dr. Bauer take questions now if you

haven't well we found the boilers

they're pieces of major piece of the

stern and that separated by 800 meters I

don't know and again I'm sure that 30%

if not more of what I'm telling you

right now I will try to eat in a few

weeks when I finally get a chance to

look at my data I'm kind of embarrassed

that somebody in the 70s or the 80s

didn't put forward the break-up you know

when you read the minion tale there it

says a well spelled out vast amounts of

cork were found well that's what they

used to insulate the uptakes

yeah you know the pans would it's a

piece of wood from the loungers my fact

you use it in the movie I think Leo

roses out and leo says goodbye right you

know well if the lounge is gone and

there's woodwork from other parts of the

ship clearly there's no middle part of

the ship anymore right why didn't the

light bulb over go off in anybody

because the wreck hadn't been found yet

and so there wasn't as much worldwide

interest and so there weren't groups of

people like ourselves focusing on this

as much as we are now well and then

there's that institutionalized myth

there were survivors who said break it

broke and they tried to tell the story

and they were shouted down by experts

who insisted over the years that that

the note couldn't have broken you you're

mistaken this is the fun part of history

yeah because everybody wanted to think

of Titanic as this majestic they wanted

to romanticize it we wanted it to sink

as this beautiful icon that just passed

away into another world be sitting alone

and it's sitting on the bottom in some

ghostly perfect way Ruth Blanchard said

people say that I'm wrong and that I

didn't see right and that the ship

didn't really break into but and I was

only 12 but I saw it and we were all

talking about it in the lifeboat did you

see that the ship broke in two

one part went this way and the rest went

back now they can't all be having this

hallucination I remember one of our

conventions when Ruth Blanchard talked

about the ship breaking into and this

was before they found the ship and one

of the offices of the Society grabbed

the microphone and explained how it was

just her perception because the funnel

had fallen and in hindsight I wish he

had taken the microphone back and said

were you there I called Don Lynch to

this investigation for his insight into

the experience of the Titanic survivors

he spent his entire career gathering

their stories many of the survivors were

his close personal friends well when I

first joined the Titanic Historical

Society 1974 and I realized nobody'd

made an effort to find them and so I

started tracking them down I got to know

a number of them we got to know some of

them fairly well and so the story of the

Titanic is in the survivors that's how

we know what happened and people who

sort of ignored that all those years

there was always his fascination with

the ship and the shipwreck and they

didn't feel we could learn more from the

survivors the question is what is seeing

it break mean does it mean seeing the

ship suddenly move associated with a

loud noise now they see an actual clean

break okay so it and do we know where

the clean break is right here that's

where the clean break is and this is

based on the wreck you're saying based

on the observations for the wreck well

it should be it should be actually at

the promenade deck it should be towards

the top of the promenade deck or just at

the just the bottom of the boat deck

midway between the second and third

funnels here there you go oh so you're

so that's right about right the 95

animation gets this detail wrong it

shows the clean break just behind the

third funnel and we now know that it

broke in front of it okay I'm gonna fix

this in the new animation

so we know where she broke the question

now is how it all comes back to did it

detach in the vertical position and what

does that mean to what subsequently

happened to the stern because the stern

is where all the people were right and

there's so many conflicting accounts of

the stern being vertical but not

vertical kind of also you know how wrong

was the movie you know that's that's

kind of important to me as well you know

but I think we were right about the idea

that the bow swung down at once the once

the stress was or once the forces were

relieved and afro swung down

and took off for the bottom with a high

with a high rate right so one thing is

very strong enough to hold the bow

attached to the stern double bottom

double bottom I was holding it together

Titanic was constructed with a double

bottom which in theory made the ships

underside more resistant to damage and

flooding could this innovation and a

delayed Titanic's breakup and bought

time maybe only minutes to save

additional lives that a piece of the

double bottom hold the bow and stern

together until the very last moment

we've all been thinking this is the

classic break the sword over the knee

mmm once split and that's fine because

that does account for the primary

fracture at frame 12 aft but is it

possible that there is some sort of

rotational component because I want to

ask whether or not you're looking at in

medicine was called a greenstick

fracture oh absolutely you take a bone

and twist it it doesn't cleave it

fractures in a complicated spiral way

the so called greenstick fracture is the

way in which the the keel broke away

from the from the ship to account for

how it's isolated from the rest of the

wreck that sometimes when when

structures fail the the last part to

fail will stay connected to both ends

maybe we should take it over to the if

you want to go yeah grab your banana I

beg your pardon little early in the

party for that so yes it actually works

quite well this is one of our scientific

analysis tools yeah it's pretty good

because look what happens when you rip

when you rip through well banana turns

out to be a great way to model the

breakup of Titanic so imagine that the

bow is going underwater and the stern is

being lifted up and you've got a center

of buoyancy right right here this is

gonna be so cool because it's gonna

break just like the ship so so it starts

to break at the top there's a buckling

failure underneath which you can which

you're gonna see right there it starts

to tear down right so now the Stern's

falling back the bow sinking down and as

they separate whoa check that out

there's the double bottom separating

from the stern and from the from the bow

all right now the only thing that's

missing

you've got to tear it and this is how

the the bow separates and drops down

like that now the stern sitting at the

surface with this big piece of double

bottom stirring now floods goes vertical

heads for the bottom at high speed like

this and this big piece of windage here

that's flapping in the breeze bends back

breaks off and goes frizz being off

across the debris field about a quarter

of a mile away banana peel theory

okay let's rewind the clock to the early

morning hours of April 15 1912 go back

to the moment just before Titanic broke

in order to understand the escalation of

forces that caused this massive failure

in a structure that's designed to be

unbreakable

basically buoyancy is what determines

that the ship floats are not in

Titanic's case the stern maintained is

positive buoyancy for a while and stayed

on the surface then the bow became

nothing but a deadweight that's got to

go to the bottom of the ocean once the

bow had gone under and lifted the stern

right out of the water stress is not

anticipated by the ship's designers

wreaked havoc

if this bow was hanging down like you

say it's lost it's totally negative

buoyancy or very close to it probably

has some still some airspace at the top

which speaks to the buoyancy in the

stern because that thing is holding up

that's what's holding it all thought out

is a complete system it's still

positively buoyant yeah there's this

huge negative mass pendulous mass which

breaks off at some point maybe maybe at

this angle maybe at this angle maybe it

hangs on for a second maybe it just as

it is achieving that angle it's ripping

away in order to test popularly held

assumptions based on eyewitness accounts

I've commissioned a team of naval

architects to apply a scientific method

to Titanic breakup to really separate

myth from reality what you want to tell

us about the modeling software that was

sure I think we need to shift so we'll

switch to computer please yeah so what I

wanted to do is I'll just stand up a

little bit here to illustrate these are

called hydrostatics and stability

softwares and there's there's a number

of them out there it's basically the way

they all work is use the the lines

drawing for the ship along what did you

use a source the Berlin wolf along the

original right the original drawings

from our land a wolf in Titanic's time

shipbuilding was at the cutting edge of

all industries Harland and Wolff based

in Belfast Ireland was a revolutionary

shipyard that designed iron ships that

didn't simply copy the design of wooden

ships

this allowed them to build bigger better

and technologically superior vessels

ahead of any of their competitors

unfortunately their crowning achievement

Titanic flooded split in half and sank

to the bottom of the ocean

now using today's most advanced

shipbuilding computer tools Commander

Staedtler will attempt to figure out why

Harland and Wolff's design failed so

this is just a representative section as

we call them all the compartments had to

be defined by the bounds of the decks so

you can see the coal bunkers and the

saltwater tanks are green and blue are

the freshwater tanks so we model the

whole as a bunch of these sections

basically these slices and for each

slice that slice has an area property

associated with it and we can actually

calculate basically the resistance to

bending or flexure of that section of

the hall and then we can use that to

find the stress so let me just shift the

view a little bit now let's look at the

stress say in this panel here and plot

the bending moment so now now you see

what's on the bottom is that is really

negative compressive stresses in the

bottom compressive stress in the bar

engine and you see the yellow and a

little bit of red up there

that's tensile or positive presence okay

so what's hitting it's basically saying

that the bottom plating of the ship will

buckle before the material to zero

stress just to be clear based on your

calculations were thinking that the

bottom buckled first before the shell

broke at the top correct

we know the steel was better in tension

that it was in compression right but

that makes the kill even stronger it was

put into compression but right still

strong enough to hold the two sections

together momentarily to hold together

what

commander Sadler was able to do was

bring a rational mathematical model no

cinema tag no cinema tricks no mythology

just the facts this is what the computer

said I found that was a breath of fresh

air because it lets you sever the

Jayne's with those preconceptions you

have and say aha

this is what happened commander

Statler's analysis gives us the

scientific proof to support our ideas of

Titanic's last hours

what about the flooding itself and how

the rushing water brought the ship back

did her Stern really rise out of the

water it's a controversial shot movie a

gut-wrenching big-screen moment based on

survivor testimony is this really how it

happened

the breakup was Titanic's last breath

the iceberg strike was her death blow

[Music]

the damage 90 meters of her Hall

allowing flooding in five over 16 major

watertight compartments

an injury that fatally crippled the ship

no one has ever actually seen the

iceberg damage it lies buried in the

sediment underneath the ocean floor

but using the modern analytic tools of

the shipbuilding industry can we fill in

some holes in our understanding of the

flooding so commander Staedtler is going

to start off he's gonna show us the the

sinking studies yep let's turn to the

flooding analysis to look for facts we

know some things about the initiation of

the flooding that it's sideswiped an

iceberg that opened the first five

compartments

we we have some outer boundaries that

were set up by the testimony we know it

didn't take three days to sink we know

it took about two and a half two hours

and 40 minutes so there's certain things

we know they were able to to create a

model complex enough and accurate enough

to be able to tell us certain things we

didn't know before how did the flood

water move through the ship

how did the bow so rapidly go- how did

the stern rise

let's turn to the naval architects

progressive flooding model to look for

facts part of the analysis that I was

working on is a hydrostatics study it

involves tracking the floodwater as it

moves from the sea through the holes in

the hull up and through all the

compartments I have sliced the model up

in a bunch of places so you have hold

number one hold number two old number

three we haven't ever been able to track

the compartment to compartment

progression of floodwater before it

allows us to determine if the floodwater

would have reached one part of a

compartment or a different part of a

compartment first it allows us to much

more accurately see at any intermediate

stage of flooding how the ship is loaded

and and what the structural consequences

of that are alright so here we go

it's recalculating everything on

ten-second intervals

as you can see there's a long period in

here between say 25 minutes and 45

minutes or so before you get much

flooding in other places can you stop

for one second how's it getting to here

where that is that Scotland Road this is

this is Colin Road yeah

Scotland Road is the long passageway on

the port side of e deck that travels the

length of the ship as Scotland Road

flooded be completely undermined the

precaution of sealed compartments like

an accelerant acting as a shortcut for

the floodwater over the top of the

Balkans Paragon because the starboard

side on EDX or to starboard of Scotland

Road it is allowed to in our model right

now flood earlier it floods first to see

it dissected in such a way and to see

how the flooding progressed in a

forensic way like that was almost like

seeing Titanic sink for the first time

another accelerant was an open door on D

deck just one why would someone open a

large door on the lower level of a

rapidly sinking ship the second officer

Lightoller at one point sent bows on by

the names of nichols to grab some men

and go down and open one of the doors

and i think the idea was that since he

wasn't loading the lifeboats full that

they would come back and take people off

through the doorway or something and he

never saw the man again and when they

found the ship in 1985 there it is the

door is open

the interesting thing about the dduk

shell door on the port side is that it

communicates down a corridor all the way

forward you look at it here here's your

door if your water could come in here it

could it could come down and flood the

entire forward d deck we should stop it

at the peak of that stress curve because

we know it didn't go past that

so that's your upper bound okay the peak

of the stress curve is the moment we're

after it's just before the ship broke

when we reach this point we'll know the

final angle of the stern

[Music]

yeah it should be at 19 degrees a trim a

turistic

okay the model shows us that the

flooding caused a 19 degree maximum

angle tilt

there's no subsequent force acting on

the ship that would tend to break it

that exists greater than that moment

until it hits the bottom and we know it

broke before it hit the bottom that

might be our maximum maximum tilt ya

know as much as we thought

ken you're gonna have to repaint your

paintings buddy I'm gonna have to

reshoot my movie which one's easier I'll

help you paint the painting I think is

pretty amazing I mean this is completely

new to me that in the two-and-a-half

hours it took Titanic to sink she never

capsized we never really thought about

that it was staring us in the face

ships capsized we saw it recently with

the Costa Concordia that sank off the

coast of Italy and when you look back at

the history of all the other famous

shipwrecks they all roll over Bismarck

rolled over Audria Doria rolled over

but Titanic just went almost straight

down yeah toward the end it had maybe

variously reported six maybe eight

degree lists that's not much

that creates a whole new question were

they trimming the ship where the

engineers none of whom survived why they

actually trimming the ship actively were

they fighting that where they'd that

good with their pumps by filling the

trim tanks and seeing the ship was

listing one direction controlling it and

and try to keep it upright so they could

get those boats huh

or did they just get lucky was it the

most amazing piece of luck in maritime

history that they managed to

successfully evacuate seven hundred and

seven hundred some people in the boats

while the ship just set perfectly

upright in the water I've never thought

of that before well there's some

questions we're just gonna have to live

with but before I send these guys home

as a game I like to play what would you

have done if you were captain of Titanic

but more lives have been saved

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Titanic set sail with more than 2,200

souls on board but just over 700 was

survived the disaster some went down

with the ship most froze to death

floating in the frigid waters of the

North Atlantic waiting for a rescue ship

even with only enough lifeboats for 50%

of the passengers and crew on board

could the crisis have been managed more

effectively

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let me pose a problem based on

everything you guys know let's say I've

got a time machine and I can teleport

you back to Titanic one second after the

the ship has already hit the iceberg you

can do anything but you've already hit

the iceberg so so it's really an

exercising could the crisis have been

managed differently if they knew what

what we knew how would you have saved

everybody and you know it's not meant as

an indictment of the choices that were

made by that by the captain and the

officers I think they were managing the

problem about us as well as humanly

possible under the circumstances but

with what we know now could we have done

any better like how would you have saved

everybody they save everybody I think it

was not possible you can save much more

we can shift a number that's for sure I

think I think you could save everybody I

think you'd save everybody and their dog

really I think there's a couple ways to

do it there's two ways to do it that I

can think of there's a ship there's a

ship six to eight miles away well

observed by everybody right it's there

you can see it it's thought to have been

the British steamship California with in

radio contact of the Titanic right

before the accident one of the officers

told people when they were getting in

the boat to go row to that ship captain

Smith Captain Smith was telling people

to row to the ship

why row to the ship why not drive your

ship to that ship six miles we both like

that that boat that ship drive your ship

to the other ship and I would say even

drive it backwards you don't want to go

too fast cuz you're damaged you only got

to go six miles it's not very far no but

it's a good be an hour or something like

that you drive it backwards it's gonna

tend to plane up slightly and not add to

the to the flooding you'd actually

relieve the pressure and slow the

flooding yeah it's a big ship and you

know the holes are far underwater and it

just I think Jeff and I made the point

in there we just we disagree with that

one you're going to evacuate some of

them some are going to go in the water

and some are gonna have to get

picked up by the other ship so that's

that's your biggest problem is the

transfer driving a ship backwards I was

not in favorite but I had no objective

reasons that just seemed like the wrong

thing to do to me

my first favorite idea is to put

everybody on the iceberg cuz it's not

sinking take a fur coat if you have

access to I don't you have access to he

just ran it was you left it behind

a couple hundred meters away was sitting

right there if you have trouble

convincing people to get into a lifeboat

any trouble when they when they got up

to boat yeah 13 that was later how are

you gonna put two thousand people on an

iceberg that you know is pretty

irregular and how in the hell are you

going to get them on top what I would do

is be taking a chance on well yes here's

to it see that are cling to the strobe

just going down option two they had

received reports for days that there was

field ice and they knew they were within

five miles of it field ice pack ice

right look at that you can easily walk

right on to from any cell doors I've

just drive the ship right into I would

have I would have headed Northwest until

I hit the pack ice much easier than but

you have to sail yes why you doing sail

to the ship to the ship because of the

transfer problem Grif hurts beyond the

ship turns out to be a 50-foot fishing

sloop how do you get 3,000 people I

don't think we came up with any like

super brilliant ways to solve it you

know there was a couple that might have

worked if you were incredibly ballsy and

just went for them you could have spent

your time fashioning rafts oh that's it

could be a possibility that is something

chair and stuff like that but the people

there will be a little bit in the water

because Oh tear the woodwork off the

first-class lounge chair I'd only made a

raft out of it was surviving that was no

but that's one guy on his own initiative

if you had the crew concentrated on

fashioning rafts from the carpenter

stores

I think though you know

my neither fifty people some people have

come up with the idea of gathering

together a whole bunch of mattresses and

lowering them over by ropes over the

side and they they suck against the the

because they knew from the inside where

the breaks were the where the leaks what

Ken had an interesting idea of putting

mattresses down the side of the ship and

trying to block the inrush of water into

the you know boiler room 5 and butter

room 6 and I think as as you know as we

argued it there was some possibility

that that might have worked

so our model indicates that if you just

lower the permeability in the holds and

forward spaces enough that you would

reach equilibrium and you would never go

down or we take hours and hours and

hours and hours so no take all the life

jackets on board you know just all of

them and shove them down in those four

compartments you would lower the

permeability is really pretty scary like

a pimple mola yeah pretty scary but well

all you got to do is reduce like 20% of

that total volume I mean that's I mean

it that's a lot of volume in because you

could put me a pusher try to push them

down to keep on you put them in you put

them in before the before the flooding

it I like that is really cinematic the

risk of taking the life jackets off of

all the passengers saying we're gonna do

this instead well they can live or they

can die in the water wearing life

jackets yeah take away every life jacket

from every man woman and child on the

ship and put them all into one room that

might be piling your chips on one one

kind of you know a longshot now based on

what we've learned in this room what did

we get wrong and depicting the tragedy

in the feature film

all right always like the captain said

nice and cheery wedding times we never

really took much of a beating for what

we showed in the movie there were people

that disagreed with certain aspects of

it because they had their own

preconceptions of what it was like it

was generally broadly well accepted in

the Titanic community I think it's it's

really more that we're just hard on

ourselves based on what we know now what

did we screw up in the movie we're gonna

screw it up we were basing it on what we

knew at the time exactly so I think of

course Ken could give us a list about a

hundred hundred things long or we dress

really nitpicking over physical things

that we would do different with with

your sinking what you would consign the

thinking what I would consider

nitpicking are two different things

you're abroad no I'm talking about the

sinking the way you depicted the sink

okay there's a mistake there was there

was no there was a lot of strokes are

very one point during the sink and there

was a clear list where the lifeboats

were really scraping the side they were

trying to push with oars to even lower

the boats and and that isn't depicted in

the movie so okay that's that's

something that could be changed if it

were ever to be done yeah the next time

I build one hundred and or one point

five million pound set and lower at four

storeys into a tank I'll make sure I get

that list on their boat 11 which is

caught with the condenser discharged is

trying to row away while 13 is coming

down almost on top of it right behind

that and just about the time that 13

hits the water 15 will be coming down on

top of that and the wash from that

discharge washes thirteen aft right

underneath 15 to the place where the

passengers can reach up and touch the

bottom of that 15 coming

and they were panicked they didn't know

if they could hear that but fortunately

they were able to release the falls on

13 just in time to roll out of the way

and then 15 came down right where 13 had

been just moments before thanks for your

opinion

I'm gonna make it exciting you know what

I told various interviewers during the

marketing of the film was I want this

movie to be like you went back in a time

machine and you actually were there for

the sinking that's how accurate I want

it to be now that didn't prove to be

possible what about the colors of the

Rockets we talked about that at the time

there was they were white no it wasn't a

consensus it was because nobody would

have believed you if you'd had been

burst into colored balls that's my

memory

they were color because you asked me

about that we know they were now I mean

but do or what we had enough as they

were and they burst into college they

they went up late and burst into color

balls yeah well no it wasn't a consensus

it was because nobody would have

believed you you had the only people who

said they'd burst out in the white balls

for the officers can we put Parks's

monitor up please because this is

something we did not know then that I

now know 2004 we found the box of rocket

detonators right and the interesting

thing about this is it was a whole

behind the brass cone of the detonator

that was cut out to let you see the

color of the balls that would come out

of this white burst this is definitely

bluer and greener and this is definitely

warmer redder obviously white what is

covering that's pretty cool

so I wish I wish we had that when we

were making the movie would a minute

look right and so apparently they were

sending up rockets that did burst into

color in balls the way people remembered

he's got to go back and change

everything he's ever written about the

Rockets Ken's gonna go back and redo

every painting he's ever done and I'd

have to go back and

and you know redo the movie and you know

change the colors of some of the Rockets

at least of course what we all cling to

is at least some of them are white well

how about the fact that that all of your

paintings and the movie show the

elevation of the stern significantly

higher than what we now know from this

simulation and we now know the angle of

ships too high dramatic you know looks

cool so it's not like there was this

equipoise this moment of it just sitting

there even though we protracted it in

the film and that's the kind of

romanticized image of it in fact it

would have just accelerated through that

angle until it finally did that it's not

vastly different than what we've showed

just a little less dramatic and I think

that you know we're we're constantly

trying to take into consideration what I

witnesses saw and how dramatic it was to

them how it felt to them and how they

might have slightly exaggerated things

later in the telling of the story as

almost everyone would do

but we weren't wrong in broad strokes

the ship broke at the surface we know

that

the bow plunged vertically we know that

the stern hung around for a while we

know that

so the movie was was true and it's broad

strokes so I didn't feel after the film

that I had you know that I had a lot to

defend I felt like we had done good work

at the time but it was limited there was

still so much more that the wreck site

can teach us which is why I personally

went back out there on two successive

expeditions my decision has been to not

change anything in the movie because

once you start that process where do you

stop

and the things that are wrong are things

that would only bother eight people in

the world myself being one of them but I

can live with it even though I'm not

going to change the movie I do get to

redo the animation of the sinking it's

going to be very cool the most accurate

depiction ever of what happened that

night 100 years ago

we beat it up we've disagreed but we

found a lot of consensus we've advanced

our knowledge of Titanic's final moments

and have plugged what we've learned into

an updated visual record the final word

on the disaster in animation so this is

the last thing I asked good time that

you would now did you notice that

instead lers paper he he said that the

the final trim angle before the break

was 23 degrees not 19 since the

conclusion of our investigation

commander Staedtler revised his results

and published 23 degrees maximum angle

of tilt you know if our two and a half

year engineering study shows 23 degrees

we should show 23 degrees okay that's

the number that he that he settled on

right it's two degrees off right now

that's an easy fix you know we've been

arguing over the number of degrees for

about 15 years now let's make it 23

degrees absolutely yeah all right let's

put this to bed there we go all right

that looks good

ships veering to varying to porch took

22 knots sideswipes the iceberg

ports around the iceberg try to keep

from hitting the propellers that looks

pretty good

okay so now we're watching an

accelerated time we see the first five

compartments blood they equalize pretty

quickly boughs pulled down

we see the port list port list looks

right now looks like about 9 degrees

well you can really see the effect of

that that list on the on the flooding

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so you know superstructure starts to get

pulled under

funnels collapse at their base now the

bow is accelerating downward that look

that looks good we're starting to see

the stern come up we got our maximum

peak stress and yeah both the brakes

okay bow swinging down that was good the

double keel hang on

and then they separate bow plunges

straight down all right got masts

snapping back the funnels are ripping

backward pulling off all the davits

boughs going down like a torpedo here's

the angle when it falls when it falls

through into a stable position let's see

the start

feeling way over to port that looks

right and she goes up that's right she

goes almost vertical just when she goes

under and then boom implodes

now she accelerates and all the stuff

starts to rip off she the shell plating

going there goes the double bottom

double bottom frizz being off

and thus turns fallen through so now the

stern is falling aft end down

and we see the spirally

it comes the bow bow is falling at

stable position and it hits ya boom it

kind of breaks me back and we see the

hydraulic outburst on down blast effect

let's see the start

we see the shell plating blown off decks

everything's kind of settling around it

looks like a big airplane crash site

about a Bing but a bull that's exactly

what we're looking for

and action I've been working on Titanic

for nearly 20 years

I planned this investigation to be my

final word

it's time for me to pass the baton and

move on to some new challenges but I'll

never stop thinking about Titanic for me

it's so much more than simply an

exercise in forensic archaeology

part of the Titanic parable is of

arrogance of hubris of the sense that

were too big to fail

well where we heard that one before

there was this big machine this human

system that was pushing forward with so

much momentum that it couldn't turn it

couldn't stop in time to avert a

disaster and that's what we have right

now

within that human system onboard that

ship if you want to make it a microcosm

for the world you have different classes

you know you've got first class second

class third class well in our world

right now you've got developed nations

and undeveloped nations you've got the

starving millions who are going to be

the ones most affected by the next

iceberg that we hit which is going to be

climate change we can see that iceberg

ahead of us right now but we can't turn

we can't turn because of the momentum of

the system political momentum business

momentum there are too many people

making money out of the system the way

the system works right now and those

people you know frankly have their hands

on the levers of power and aren't ready

to let them go until they do we're not

going to be able to turn to miss that

iceberg and we're gonna hit it when we

hit it the rich are still gonna be able

to get there access to food to arable

land to water and so on it it's going to

be the core it's going to be the

steerage that are gonna be impacted I

was the same with Titanic and I think

that's why this story will always

fascinate people because it's a perfect

little encapsulation of the world and

all social spectrum but until our lives

are really put at risk the moment of

truth we don't know what we were doing

and that's my final word

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