All language subtitles for NOVA.S49E10.Ultimate.Space.Telescope.1080p.WEB.h264-BAE_track3_[eng]

♪ ♪

KENNETH HARRIS:
When you really think about
someone saying,

"Let's invent a telescope that
can see back to the Big Bang,"

like, what?
(chuckles)

ANTONELLA NOTA:
The telescope will be so
powerful,

people will be simply blown
away,

because they will not be able
to recognize what they see.

NARRATOR:
28 feet tall,

weighing in at seven tons,

decades in the making.

We tested and we tested
and we tested

just to make sure that
this is going to actually work.

NARRATOR:
A telescope designed to peer
deep into the cosmos

like no telescope ever has.

NÉÉSTOR ESPINOZA:
Such talented people

have been worried about every
little bolt

that goes into this.

NARRATOR:
Are years and years of hard work
finally paying off?

MIKE MENZEL:
Is this the kind of stuff that
keeps me up at night?

Yes, this is the stuff
that keeps me up at night.

NARRATOR:
Now the first images are
coming in.

AMBER STRAUGHN:
The future of astrophysics in
this country

is depending on this telescope.

NARRATOR:
"Ultimate Space Telescope,"

right now, on "NOVA."

♪ ♪

♪ ♪

♪ ♪

MATT MOUNTAIN:
How did the universe come
into being?

How do galaxies form?
We don't know.

LOUIS-GREGORY STROLGER:
We really want to understand
how the universe evolved,

so we better understand
how we got here.

What our place is in that
universe.

Are we alone is definitely one
of the key questions

that I would love to answer.

KNICOLE COLÓÓN:
There are billions of stars.

That means there are billions
of planets.

There's got to be something
besides Earth

that has life on it.

HARRIS:
The one thing I'm most excited
about is not just one question,

but it's really, what will we
discover

that we weren't expecting to
discover?

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
It is the largest,

most innovative space telescope
ever built,

designed to peer deep into
the universe

to solve some of astronomy's
greatest cosmological mysteries.

It's hard to even imagine

what this telescope's
going to discover.

♪ ♪

STEFANIE MILAM:
This is going to be

the next big thing for
astrophysics.

We are going to rewrite the
textbooks.

NARRATOR:
This is the story of the next
great space telescope,

built on a scale never
attempted before,

and of the thousands of people
who have dedicated years

guiding it into space.

I've been working this job
for about 24 years.

I started the program back
in 2012.

I started working on this
project in '95.

2006.

I've been working on it for
20 years.

For 13 years.

There are people

that have literally spent their
careers

working on this telescope,
their entire careers!

MOUNTAIN:
It's taken far longer

than we expected to get it all
working.

But this is the hardest,

most complex telescope humanity
has ever built.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
The James Webb Space Telescope,

also known as JWST,

pushes the limits of
engineering.

Its mirror is massive,
21 feet in diameter.

Compared to its famous
predecessor,

the Hubble Space Telescope,

this mirror is a monster.

JWST also has a
first-of-its-kind sunshield,

the size of a tennis court.

ALPHONSO STEWART:
You know, you hear the phrase,

"The sunshield as large
as a tennis court."

I'm, like, okay.

But actually standing next to
it, I'm, like, "Wow.

This is huge."

STRAUGHN:
This telescope is so big

that we actually had to build it
so that it folds up

to fit inside the nose cone
of the rocket.

And then it deploys
once it gets into space.

It's an origami telescope.

♪ ♪

MENZEL:
We take a world-class telescope,

we've built it, we've tuned it,
we've aligned it,

we've proved it works.

It's a work of art...
It really is a work of art.

And then we bust it up,
fold it up,

put it on the launcher,

shake it,

and then we have to rebuild...

and I do mean this...
Literally rebuild it on orbit,

realign it on orbit,

refocus it on orbit,
retune it on orbit,

all robotically.

NARRATOR:
Now take this origami telescope

and send it a million miles
from Earth,

about 3,000 times farther
than the Hubble Space Telescope.

Too far for astronauts to fix it
if something goes wrong.

STRAUGHN:
Humans have only been as far
away from Earth as the moon,

and this telescope will be four
times further away.

That's one of the things
that makes this telescope

so difficult and so daunting.

You know, we have to get it
right.

We have to get it right...
We can't go fix it.

THOMAS ZURBUCHEN:
The deployment, just,
the sunshield,

the mirror, it's, like, ah,
really?

This is...

Why would anybody dream up this
complex a mission?

NARRATOR:
Why send such a complex machine
so far away

that you can't fix it?

What secrets will it reveal

that the most powerful
telescopes

in our arsenal today cannot?

To answer these questions,

we travel back in time,
to December 1995.

As the holiday season kicks
into gear,

the Hubble Space Telescope peers
into what seems to be

a relatively empty patch
of the night sky.

Honestly, it was a bit of a
risk,

because we'd never done anything
like this before.

MOUNTAIN:
We wanted to look at a single
point in the sky

and just ask the simple
question, is anything there?

And let's just stare.

And it's an area about the size
of a drinking straw.

There were, you know,
lots of prominent astronomers

who just thought it wouldn't
work.

STROLGER:
It was a contentious thing
among some folks

that we would spend that
much time

looking at an empty patch of
sky.

But boy, did it pay off.

NARRATOR:
After ten days of staring
into darkness,

thousands upon thousands of
galaxies appear.

STRAUGHN:
And it was just,
it was stunning.

It stunned everybody,
including me as a kid.

NARRATOR:
This landmark image is called
the Hubble Deep Field.

Hubble Deep Field is my
favorite.

That's my favorite image of all.

There were literally thousands
of galaxies

in an area of the sky that,
up until that particular image,

we didn't even know anything
existed.

It told us once again

that, um, we have no clue.
(chuckles)

You know, we think we're smart...
We have no clue.

NARRATOR:
This is the first of a series
of deep field images.

Over the years,
Hubble would reveal even more.

Of the tens of thousands
of objects in these images,

only a few are stars.

Most are galaxies.

CAITLIN CASEY:
There are galaxies

with ornate spiral structure,

and weird shapes and sizes.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Some of these oddly shaped
galaxies

are incredibly old.

Billions of years old.

One of the amazing things about
telescopes

is that they are literally
time machines.

They allow us to see the
universe

as it was in the distant past.

(birds chirping)

NARRATOR:
Light travels in waves
at 186,000 miles per second.

JEYHAN KARTALTEPE:
Light that's emitted from
the sun

takes eight minutes to reach us.

So, if we go outside
and you look at the sun,

you're really seeing
the sun eight minutes ago.

You can imagine just further
stepping out in the universe.

The nearest star to us
is four light-years away.

That means light has taken four
years to arrive to us.

NARRATOR:
The nearest galaxies

are tens of thousands
of light-years away,

so we are seeing these galaxies
not as they are today,

but as they were tens
of thousands of years ago.

We are actually able to see
in the past

by looking at distant galaxies,

because that light left so long
ago,

we're seeing them as they were
in the past.

NARRATOR:
As astronomers scoured
the Hubble Deep Fields,

they noticed something strange.

We began to see little orange
dots, sort of little smudges.

NOTA:
These red, faint objects,

they looked different.

They were redder,
they were amorphous.

They looked like jellyfish.

Those were really
the farthest galaxies

the Hubble has ever observed...
That humans have ever observed.

NARRATOR:
The farther away a galaxy is,

the redder it appears to our
telescopes.

This strange phenomenon is
called redshift.

What's happening in the universe
is,

it's expanding and pulling space
apart as it goes,

and it's stretching the light
in the same way.

When an object is moving
towards us,

the light waves get smushed, and
shorter light waves are bluer.

As an object moves away,

the light waves get
essentially stretched,

and longer wavelengths are red.

And so, when we're talking
about galaxies

in the distant universe,
they're all moving away from us,

and so in essence, their light
is stretched, redder and redder.

Now, the more distant galaxies,

they are far enough away

that their light has been
stretched

all the way out of the visible
part of the spectrum

and into the infrared.

NARRATOR:
The instruments onboard Hubble

can see some of those
infrared waves.

NOTA:
Hubble has done amazing stuff,

but it has found its limitation.

NARRATOR:
JWST is designed to see
a lot more,

further into the infrared part
of the spectrum,

and further back in time.

JWST will push that window open.

It will just completely
revolutionize

our way of seeing the universe.

People will be simply blown
away,

because they will not be able
to recognize what they see.

NARRATOR:
But for JWST to capture

those long wavelengths
of infrared light,

the telescope will be about

3,000 times farther from
Earth than Hubble,

because capturing this ancient
light is very tricky.

With this infrared camera,

team member Knicole Colón
demonstrates why,

using her hand, along with
a common household garbage bag.

When Knicole places her hand
inside the garbage bag,

you can't see it.

But with that infrared camera...

COLÓÓN:
You can actually see my hand
with infrared light

because you're seeing through
the dark trash bag

to see my glow.

You're seeing my, my emitted
radiation.

(laughs):
My emitted heat.

NARRATOR:
Any object that emits heat

can be detected in the infrared.

But there's a catch,

and it's a big one.

Earth sends out heat...
You send out heat.

We all send out heat.

MILAM:
So does the moon.

And, obviously, the sun.

NARRATOR:
Even the telescope can
emit heat.

STRAUGHN:
If we want to see things

that are glowing in the universe
in infrared light,

the telescope itself has to be
extremely cold,

so that it's not glowing
and sort of seeing itself.

MILAM:
So, this is why we have
a funny-looking,

boat-shaped telescope.

(laughs)

So we can actually protect
the instruments and the mirrors,

and keep them cold and away

from all of that thermal energy
of the Earth and the sun.

NARRATOR:
The side facing
the sun, moon, and Earth

can heat up to a toasty
230 degrees Fahrenheit,

while the telescope is kept a
frigid -394 degrees Fahrenheit.

MENZEL:
If that sunshield were
suntan lotion,

it would have an SPF of about
ten million.

NARRATOR:
The telescope can stay this cold
a million miles away,

at a gravitational sweet spot
known as L2.

Here, JWST will follow
Earth's path

as it orbits around the sun,

the sunshield continuously
protecting it

from the light of the sun,
the Earth, and the moon.

But if anything goes wrong,

it's too far away astronauts
to fix it.

NASA is still haunted

by the Hubble Space Telescope's
rocky start.

LEE FEINBERG:
Hubble got in space,

they got the first images,
and they realized

they couldn't focus the
telescope.

The images were blurry.

BOLDEN:
It's horrible.

It's out of focus,
it's, it's horrible.

And as a crew member who had
deployed Hubble,

I was devastated.

What did we do that damaged
Hubble?

FEINBERG:
It turned out that the primary
mirror of Hubble

was essentially built
to the wrong prescription,

as though you have the wrong
eyeglasses.

NARRATOR:
Astronauts rendezvoused
with the telescope

more than 300 miles above Earth

in a daring maneuver
to repair it.

♪ ♪

(cheering)

We did it!

NORA LÜÜTZGENDORF:
The big difference between
JWST and Hubble

is that we won't be able to
service it.

But we also knew this from the
beginning.

Once, since we built JWST,
we knew this.

We could not afford something
like Hubble,

where the mirror wasn't
working... we cannot afford this.

MENZEL:
Exploration involves risk.

If you're not willing to take
the risk,

you don't belong in this
business.

And if you're doing a project
where there's no risk,

chances are you're dealing,
you're doing a project

that's not doing a lot of
exploring.

And, you know, people at NASA,
myself and others,

that are used to this kind
of thing,

we know that,
you know, that nice saying,

"Failure is not an option,"
and it's not.

But it's an ever-present
possibility.

Deal with it.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
The building of the ultimate
space telescope

would turn out to be more
fraught with problems

than anyone expected.

In fact, it was originally
scheduled to launch in 2007.

Not only did NASA fail
to meet that deadline,

by 2009,

when Charles Bolden took over
as the NASA administrator,

the mission was already billions
of dollars over budget.

BOLDEN:
I get asked a lot of times,

was JWST ever really in trouble?

Or was it so important

that it was going to go no
matter what?

It was in trouble.

NARRATOR:
Even NASA's staunchest
supporters in the Senate

questioned the mission's
price tag.

BARBARA MIKULSKI:
Quite frankly,

we, we, on a bipartisan basis,

cannot sustain technology
with repeated cost overruns.

BOLDEN:
During those hearings,

you can really watch me
cowering sometimes,

in front of Senator Mikulski,

because she was asking
the tough questions.

We were troubled about
its management,

we were troubled about the use
of money.

BOLDEN:
Senator Mikulski told me

the last time we talked to her,
"Don't come back.

"If you come back,
I'm not going to see you.

"I'm just gonna, as much,
as valuable as I think JWST is,

"I'm not gonna,
I won't even entertain you

coming back into my office."

MENZEL:
Some of those problems were
mistakes...

Shame on us.

But people make mistakes.

What you don't want to do

is start infusing in people,
especially your engineers

and your, your test technicians,
an environment

that says,
"Oh, don't make a mistake,

"and if you do,
it's more profitable to hide it

than to let it out."

If they're going to cancel us,
they're going to cancel us,

but we're going to do
the honest thing.

We're going to just keep, keep
soldiering on and that's that.

NARRATOR:
The team would spend the next
several years

struggling to solve daunting
problems.

Developing new materials

that are both lightweight
and strong,

while designing a telescope

that can fit inside
the nose cone of a rocket.

STEWART:
One of the things you have
to realize is that

you design something,
and you're building it.

At the same time,
you're discovering problems,

and you're fixing it
while you're still building it.

You're almost doing two things
in parallel.

NARRATOR:
One of the mission's biggest
challenges?

Building a machine that can
survive

the bitter cold temperatures

of L2.

The cryogenic aspect of this
mission

should not be underestimated
in the least.

Things become brittle,
things could break easy.

And then even the mirrors
themselves...

You know, if you looked at these
mirrors

and how they behave
at ambient temperatures,

they wouldn't look that good,

because we had to anticipate
the way the mirrors warp

as they cool down,

so that they would warp
into the right shape

at cryogenic temperatures.

And that took quite a few
iterations to do.

FEINBERG:
The primary mirror itself was
maybe the hardest challenge.

But the second-hardest challenge

was figuring out how to test
the telescope,

because the telescope was so
large,

and it had to be cooled in order
to be tested.

NARRATOR:
To do that, they had to move
the telescope

from Goddard Space Flight Center

in Greenbelt, Maryland,
to Johnson Space Center

in Houston, Texas,
for a critical test.

FEINBERG:
We actually treated the test
itself

almost like a mission,
a space mission.

They had this very large
vacuum chamber

that was used to test
the Apollo lander.

NARRATOR:
The test was conducted inside
chamber A,

built in the 1960s
for the Apollo missions.

It mimics the frigid environment
of space.

We did a number of modifications
to the chamber to make it

be able to go to

the operational temperature it
would have in space.

And we literally had to build

a custom-sized clean room around
chamber A

in order to have the telescope

in a extremely sterile
environment,

so that dust and debris
didn't affect

any of the instrumentation,

but more specifically the
mirrors,

which we were, you know,
obviously concerned about.

(device beeping)

BEGOÑA VILA:
It was the first time

the whole set of the mirrors
was being cooled down together

to the operational temperatures,

and also the first time we could

exercise the algorithm
to align the mirrors.

FEINBERG:
So, what we wanted to see

is that when you have

all 18 mirrors,
that you can actually

get a nice image... that they can
all be aligned together.

We started the test over
the summer,

and it takes literally 30 days

to cool the telescope inside
of this large vacuum chamber.

And literally just as the
30 days ended,

and we finally hit this

very cold temperature where
the mirrors

are below 50 degrees
above absolute zero,

Hurricane Harvey hit Houston.

♪♪

(wind whipping and howling)

(helicopter whirring)

Anxiety was flaring with
everyone, because

this is the main part of the
telescope, you know,

directly in the path of a major
hurricane.

And you know, there's
nothing you can do

to stop a natural disaster.

Luckily, the telescope
was already inside the chamber,

and that was the safest place
for the telescope to be.

NARRATOR:
As long as the power stays on.

We could not lose electricity.

We could not lose that
cold environment.

If things start warming up very
fast,

the whole telescope could have
been damaged...

that would have been terrible.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Johnson Space Center

goes into lockdown...
Only a skeleton crew

is permitted on site.

When you are there, you truly
don't know hour to hour.

We will get tornado warnings
on our phones.

MAN:
Intense!

NARRATOR:
Harvey causes $125 billion
in damage.

Nearly ten percent

of the population of Texas
is displaced.

Some of the team members lived
in Houston,

so they had their families
at home,

so they're hoping their families
are safe.

I think that was a lot for them
to carry.

NARRATOR:
Fortunately, the team,
their families, and JWST

make it through the storm.

And that's only the beginning
of the good news.

FEINBERG:
All the tests showed that the
primary mirror

worked as we expected.

And so, we were able to show

that all 18 mirrors could
work as though

they were a single,
monolithic mirror.

NARRATOR:
Decades of hard work seem
to have paid off.

(rattling)

But about a year later,

the bottom drops out when
the telescope is put through

a rigorous vibration test to
ensure it will survive launch.

BOLDEN:
When they finished the shake,

they opened up the test cell
and there were

little bitty screws in
the bottom of the test cell.

NARRATOR:
Congress holds two days
of hearings

with representatives from NASA

and JWST's prime contractor,
Northrop Grumman.

Their goal: to find out what
went so horribly wrong.

LAMAR SMITH:
This is 19 times the original
cost and a delay of 14 years;

it doesn't get much worse than
that.

ZURBUCHEN:
It started with a very
optimistic

and unrealistic cost estimate
with a huge promise.

It's like relationships that we
have in our lives.

If you start with a lie,
it's usually not going to last.

So, so it...

This one, unfortunately,

started with a lie,
with well-intended, positive,

overly optimistic judgment
of what it will take to do this.

NARRATOR:
Then another controversy
makes news.

Back in 2002, the telescope
had been named after James Webb,

the NASA administrator who
led the agency

during the early days
of the Apollo program.

He's also known for his support

for the robotic exploration
of space.

But in spring 2021,

a group of astronomers petitions
to change the name,

citing Webb's leadership roles
in federal government

during the 1950s and '60s,

when homophobic and
discriminatory policies

forced gay and lesbian employees
out of their jobs.

A few months later,

the current NASA administrator,
Bill Nelson,

says the agency has found
no evidence at this time

that warrants a name change.

Despite the many years of
turmoil,

JWST is prepped
for its final journey

to the European Space Agency's
launch pad in French Guiana.

It weighs in at
a whopping seven tons,

and is 28 feet tall.

It is by far the largest space
telescope ever built.

At the same time,

it's fragile.

HARRIS:
There was a time where a small
piece of tape

fell onto one of the mirrors,
and we had to,

we had to fly someone out from
that specific company

to remove the tape with a pair
of tweezers.

(chuckles):
So, so I'd say

they have to be extremely clean.

GREGORY ROBINSON:
Even a human hair

would just destroy something.

The shipping container itself
takes years to prepare.

You want the right size,

you need a certain environment

to keep it environmentally
stable.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Enclosed in what is essentially
a mobile clean room,

JWST has crossed the country
from Maryland,

to Texas,

to Northrop Grumman in
California.

Today, it begins
a 5,800-mile sea voyage

that will take it through the
Panama Canal,

along the coast of
South America,

and down to the launch pad
in French Guiana.

Traveling via ship is considered

the safest mode of
transportation

for the delicate giant.

The JW has this sheer
volume-ness to it

in everything that it does.

It, it's very sensitive,

but it is very large.

It has small numbers of things

and very large numbers of
things.

Yeah, it's, it's just, it's just
extreme

in everything you can think
about.

It's an extreme observatory.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
As launch day approaches,

every inch of this extreme
machine

is checked and double-checked

before it's placed on the
Ariane 5 rocket.

♪ ♪

For most missions that we have,
we may have, you know,

ten, five, you know, kind of
things that we worry about.

If one of them doesn't work,

you cannot do anything about it.

♪ ♪

JWST had 344.

NARRATOR:
344 single points of failure.

Pins that have to release.

Latches that must lock
into place.

Hundreds of mechanisms

needed to deploy the telescope
in space.

ESPINOZA:
Single points of failure make
you nervous.

Each of those things have to
work.

If they don't, then everything
breaks behind it.

I mean, to be the first to do
something like this,

there's risks, and you have to
take them.

Otherwise, you don't cross the
river,

we call it back in my hometown.

NARRATOR:
While millions around the world
celebrate the holidays,

the JWST team gets
a special present.

ESPINOZA:
I feel like a little kid.

This is the best Christmas
present ever, I think.

I was talking with some
colleagues

that this is like one of these
few Christmases

in which the parents are more
excited than the kids.

NARRATOR:
Due to the pandemic,

most team members watch
the launch

from the safety of home.

But they still find ways to stay
connected to each other.

LÜÜTZGENDORF:
Especially with my female
colleagues,

I feel a really big connection.

We have, like,
a little WhatsApp group,

and we, we painted our nails
golden to have, like,

some connection with each other,
and that felt, felt really good!

(exhales)

JESSICA HART:
I'm feeling very excited,

maybe a little nervous,

because it's my first mission

and I've never experienced this,
you know,

high tension
of launch day before.

But very excited.

NARRATOR:
At the European Space Agency's
launch site,

the countdown begins.

ANNOUNCER:
Well, at this hour,

countdown clocks
are ticking backward.

We are at
T-minus 13 minutes, 32 seconds

and counting.

NARRATOR:
Team members from NASA,

the European Space Agency,
and the Canadian Space Agency

have come together

to guide their
telescope into space.

It's really amazing

to see all these teams
working together.

International cooperation
is the key

to make really great
projects happen.

ANNOUNCER:
Out on the launchpad,
everything is in great shape.

Don't let those clouds fool you.

We are go for launch.

So, we're set for launch.

It's fueled, we're nervous.

Go, Webb.

(laughing)

(speaking French)

ANNOUNCER:
Thumbs up from Jean-Luc Voyer.

All systems are go.

We're inside a minute now,
T-minus 50 seconds and counting.

Standing by for terminal count.

(Voyer counting down in French)

ESPINOZA:
I was squeezing my wife's hand

very tightly,
because I was super-nervous.

(engine roaring)

ANNOUNCER:
And we have engine start.

(exhales)

I'm always the most scared
of the real, like,

liftoff, the big explosion.

ANNOUNCER:
And liftoff.

VOYER: Décollage.
ANNOUNCER: Décollage,

liftoff from
a tropical rainforest

to the edge of time itself.

James Webb begins a voyage

back to
the birth of the universe.

(laughing, imitating rocket)

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
But JWST is far from being
out of the woods.

We're waiting for the decoupling

of Webb.

(sighs):
From the booster.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
The telescope needs to separate
from the upper stage

of the Ariane rocket

without smacking into it.

ANNOUNCER:
Springs will gently push Webb
away from the upper stage

of the Ariane 5.

As it moves further and further
away from the upper stage,

there will be
what we refer to as

a collision avoidance maneuver.

(television playing)

♪ ♪

ANNOUNCER:
And there is the view from

the upper stage camera
on the Ariane 5,

looking at the
James Webb Space Telescope

as it moves gently away

from its launch vehicle.

(cheering softly)

(exclaiming)
Touchdown!

Touchdown!

NARRATOR:
But there's still one more

critical step to go
in the launch.

The telescope needs to
deploy a key energy source...

its solar panels.

JW runs on battery and power,

but the battery
is limited in life,

so without power
you got few hours,

and after that,
all bets are off.

So, for me, you got to get

the solar array out
and generating power.

ANNOUNCER:
There is the solar array
having been deployed.

James Webb now...

(quietly):
Yes!

Um, we got power.

(people cheering on television)

(exclaiming and laughing)

We were able to see it live.

I wanted to scream.

(applauding and cheering)

ROBINSON:
We did not expect to see that.

That's when it really hit,
that this thing is,

it's gone.

My baby has launched,
and she's on her way.

ANNOUNCER:
Ironically enough,

as we marvel on this view
from the upper stage camera,

this will be
humanity's last view

of the James Webb
Space Telescope

as it moves to its workplace

about a million miles away
from Earth.

NOTA:
It was such a bittersweet
moment,

like saying goodbye.

It's this mixed emotion, like,

almost like a parent,
to see their child go

into the universe,
alone, in the cold space,

but knowing that the telescope
will do great things.

♪ ♪

MENZEL:
I mean, the true history of
this thing isn't so much

the hardware.

In reality,
it's going to be the,

you know,
the images and the data,

and we're not there yet.

And, you know, I guess
I'll breathe a sigh of relief

when we get there.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Control of the telescope
is passed from French Guiana...

...to the Space Telescope
Science Institute in Baltimore.

Here, the telescope's activities

are monitored by team members

from around the world.

STEWART:
This is what we call the
Mission Operations Center.

This area is divided
into two main rooms.

The front room is
where everything is

focused to the MOM,
mission operation manager,

and it his job to kind of

okay everything
that we're going to do.

MAN:
We can execute that, however...

NARRATOR:
The MOM, along with team members
in the front room,

are responsible for sending
commands to the telescope.

In the room next door,

experts assess
the telescope's condition.

MAN:
Will you let the...

Will you be able to
let the science...

NARRATOR:
Over the next several months,

these rooms will run 24/7

as the team coordinates

the most complicated part
of the mission...

and what they've been
preparing for for years:

the deployment of
their origami telescope.

Other missions,
like missions that go to Mars,

they have, like, these
seven minutes of terror

while they go
down the atmosphere.

We will have days of terror.
(laughs)

So, it's not for
the faint of heart.

I will say that probably once
the telescope is fully deployed,

I'll be...

(sighs deeply, laughs)

NARRATOR:
The deployment starts with

the unfolding of the
tennis-court-size sunshield,

which has been
tightly packed for launch.

This is risky business,
because the sunshield's

five layers are made of
incredibly thin material.

STEWART:
The material is just one mil.

It's like a potato chip bag.

It's hard to rip,

but once you start to rip,
it's easy to tear.

NARRATOR:
So, they take their time.

First, commanding the telescope

to carefully lower
its two pallets

that are holding
the thin material in place.

You'll see one
come down in the front,

one come down in the back.

NARRATOR:
Next, the primary mirror
is raised.

MENZEL:
Then after that, we start to

unroll the covers
on the sunshield.

And then there are two
telescoping booms on the sides

that will pull
the sunshield membranes out.

We actually have to unfold it
and tighten it up,

almost like the sails on a ship.

But these big
floppity membranes,

in zero-g,
they can go all over the place.

Right? They can go places
you don't want them to go.

They can, they can get in places

where they could snag or tear
or impede other,

you know, other deployments.

NARRATOR:
It takes eight days

to unfold the sunshield.

But the hardest part
is yet to come.

Now 90 cables,

along with eight motors

and hundreds of pulleys,

must separate the five layers

and stretch them tight,

a process called tensioning.

STEWART:
If you take all those layers

and just bring
them all together,

it wouldn't be as effective,
but to just sheerly,

just separating them,
those five layers,

give you the extreme capability

of that insulating property.

MENZEL:
When am I going to start
breathing,

breathing a sigh of relief?

It's about when
we tension the sunshield.

♪ ♪

STEWART:
For the last year and a half,

we've been practicing this day.

All of this

is a culmination
of testing, design,

rehearsing,
getting in the right place,

getting the right people.

WOMAN (on radio):
Okay, at this time,
you go to execute.

STEWART:
For me, it was a...

It was just an anxious moment.

The room was really quiet.

WOMAN 2 (on radio):
Executing.

STEWART:
I remember, you know,
before that,

you hear a lot of conversation,

but when the sunshield...
The room was quiet.

WOMAN 1 (on radio):
I can confirm motor stop.

STEWART:
Everyone just focused on

their monitor,
temperature, communication.

You know, everything was just...

Everybody was...

(quietly):
It was, like, "Wow."

WOMAN 1:
Stand by while we review

our motor movement parameters.

WOMAN 2:
Standing by.

NARRATOR:
JWST sends word back.

One layer is
fully separated from the rest.

STEWART:
It worked so well, we said,
"Let's do the second one."

WOMAN 1:
And you're go to continue.

STEWART:
Second one worked so well,
we said,

"Let's do the third one."

And we said,
"All right, that's enough."

(laughs):
Let's...

Let's just
go on to the next day.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
The next day,

they tackle
the final two layers.

MAN (on radio):
We're a go at this time

to finish sunshield
tensioning layer five.

♪ ♪

WOMAN (on radio):
I can confirm that

all five layers of the sunshield

are fully tensioned.

(applauding)
MAN: Significant milestone
accomplished.

Job well done, sunshield team,
job well done.

NARRATOR:
For a brief moment,

the tension in mission ops
has lifted.

♪ ♪

But quickly,
the team gets back to work.

STEWART:
Yes, we did this one,

but we got more work to do...
Let's just keep going.

NARRATOR:
Dozens of potential

single points of failure
yet to overcome.

Now the team starts their
next critical deployment:

the secondary mirror.

Without a secondary mirror,
there is no telescope.

CHARLES-PHILIPPE LAJOIE:
Light from a star comes down

and hits
the primary mirror first.

The primary mirror has
a almost parabolic shape,

and that focuses the light,

and it goes up and
hits the secondary mirror,

and that light then gets sent
back towards the instruments.

FEINBERG:
This was the hardest one to
test on the ground,

because it's so large.

You know, it's
over seven meters in size.

And right now, you know,
those composite struts are

almost minus 400 degrees
Fahrenheit.

And so, they're super-cold.

You have all these releases
that have to happen.

Motors have to work precisely.

You have to come up against
a hard stop.

You have to have a latch that,
you know, works just...

Everything
has to go like clockwork.

MAN (on radio):
We are go to proceed

with the latch to safe,

move two of three.

(woman speaking on radio)

MAN:
And O.C., that looks good,

you're go to execute.

WOMAN 2 (on radio):
Roger. Executing.

♪ ♪

FEINBERG:
It latched into place,

everything was nominal.

It was successful.

(applauding)

I will say, today, I, uh,

I felt really relieved.
(laughs)

I felt really relieved, so that
was good.

MENZEL:
This is a simulation,

based on our telemetry,

of what our observatory
looks like right now.

So, we just
deployed the secondary mirror.

So right now,
we actually have a telescope.

And by the way, as of right now,

we have retired 283 of
the 344 single point failures.

NARRATOR:
There's just one
major deployment to go...

the unfolding of each wing
of the massive origami mirror.

(whirring)

STRAUGHN:
So you can sort of think of

a telescope mirror
like a light bucket.

You know, if you have a bucket
sitting outside on a rainy day,

a bigger bucket is
going to collect more light.

So that's the first thing,

is, a big mirror
can collect more light.

The second thing is that
the bigger your mirror is,

the more detail
you can see in the universe.

It's this idea of resolution.

You know, if you have
a camera with more pixels,

you can see finer resolution.

Same thing with
a big telescope mirror.

NARRATOR:
Size matters,

but it's not enough.

That's why JWST's mirror

is coated in
a thin layer of gold.

It turns out gold is remarkably
reflective for infrared light.

It reflects over
99% of all the light

when it hits the mirror.

So we decided
we will use a gold coating.

Not very much gold.

We literally only put
in between 500 and 600 atoms

across that surface.

Across the whole
six-and-a-half meters,

there's less than
two ounces of gold.

ROBINSON:
Looks like a whole lot of gold

because we have
a lot of surface area,

but it's about the amount of
five or six men wedding bands.

NARRATOR:
While the gold-laden mirror

can work without its wings,

it cannot do the kind of
ground-breaking science

the team has been hoping for

unless the primary mirror
is fully deployed.

WOMAN (on radio):
We're ready to command
the launch lock releases.

The command line looks good,
you're go to execute.

WOMAN 2 (on radio):
Executing.

WOMAN 1:
You're go to continue.

♪ ♪

O.C., you're go to fire.

WOMAN 3 (on radio):
Copy go to fire.

(continues)

NARRATOR:
This is the moment

team members have worked towards

for decades.

MAN (on radio):
OPS, we have reached

the end of deployment.

And we have a fully deployed
JWST observatory.

(applauding and cheering)

STEWART:
When the deployment lead

said, you know, we had
successful mirror deployment,

I got up with my camera
and just kind of

panned the room.

I remember
my project manager saying,

"Take in the moment,
don't forget the moment."

(applause continues)

I think over time, it'll
start hitting me more and more,

start realizing
this is really big.

This is really big.

(talking in background)

Man, can you believe it?

It happened.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
About a month after launch,

JWST is already
a million miles from Earth.

Although the wings of
the primary mirror

unfolded without a hitch,
its 18 segments

still need to be aligned
to work as one.

How do you align a telescope,

how do you align segments
in space?

We're doing it in a way,
you know,

that's never been done before.

NARRATOR:
Each mirror is built
with actuators,

so its position can be tweaked:

side to side,
forward and backward...

just about any position
you can think of.

FEINBERG:
We'll be figuring out how
to command the mirrors

to essentially go from being

a millimeter misalignment
between mirrors

to about a factor of
a million better than that,

about one-10,000th
of a human hair

from mirror to mirror.

NARRATOR:
The process begins with
a single star.

LAJOIE:
So, first thing to do is
take an image of a star.

We picked a very bright star
with very few neighbors.

NARRATOR:
A series of images are taken

with an onboard camera
called NIRCam.

LAJOIE:
We don't know what
it's going to look like,

so that's going to be
very exciting.

And the goal of this game

is to find 18 images
of the same star.

MAN:
We're trying to find

where the 18 different
spots of light are,

and I see
one, two, three, four...

FEINBERG:
All right, who feels
ambitious enough

to point at all 18 of these?

FEINBERG:
The very first images that
we'll get will actually be of,

essentially, 18 separate spots
that are kind of, like,

18 separate telescopes,

because each mirror kind
of acts like its own telescope.

MAN:
So, let's see, we got

one, two, three, four,
five, six...

LAJOIE:
Once we find 18 images
of the same star...

Eight, nine, ten...

...I can tell you that our team
is going to be very, very happy.

MAN:
15, 16, 17,
and 18 is over there.

Definitely looks like
all 18 segments.

So that's exactly
what we're looking for.

MARCIA RIEKE:
I'm in seventh heaven,

because everything worked,

and none of the issues
we thought could crop up did.

Everything worked
right out of the box.

It's so great.

NARRATOR:
But they're not done yet.

The next step is a bit like

putting the pieces of a puzzle
together.

FEINBERG:
Our job will be to figure out

which mirror
goes with each spot.

For example,
there's two mirror segments.

They may be tilted off
like this, right?

So, light from the star comes
down,

and then one goes this way and
the other goes that way, right?

NARRATOR:
Over the next few weeks,
they will move the mirrors

to arrange
the images of the star

before bringing them into focus.

That one's pretty sharp.

Those other ones are
going to take some more work

to line up later, I think.

FEINBERG:
Right now, we're getting
18 separate blurry images,

but when we're done,
we'll see one bright star,

and that's when
we're going to know

that we have built
the perfect telescope.

RIEKE:
Then I'll be able to take
the science images I'm here for.

(laughing)

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
By mid-March,

all 18 mirrors
are working in harmony,

and JWST produces
its first fully aligned image.

♪ ♪

An image of a single star
turns out to be far more.

FEINBERG:
This is an engineering image

that was really there just to
say we focused it right,

and there's a lot of galaxies.

(chuckling):
You know?

You know,
the engineers were, like,

"What are all those galaxies
doing there?"

(all laughing)

We're realizing
we're the first people

that have ever seen
these galaxies.

Since the first
Hubble Deep Fields in the '90s,

where Hubble just stared
at an empty patch of the sky

for, for days at a time

and made this
beautiful Deep Field...

We just did that
in about under an hour.

What that makes possible is

that every field is
a deep field now.

There are observations planned

that are weeks long,

instead of just an hour.

Everything about these images
that I've seen so far

tells us absolutely this thing
is going to be fantastic.

FEINBERG:
We don't know what
we're going to see,

but we know we haven't
seen anything like this before.

This is going to be
transformative.

This is looking amazing.

♪ ♪

FEINBERG:
We built the right telescope,
and that's really the key.

NARRATOR:
Finally,

the first official images
are released.

And they are spectacular.

FEINBERG:
You know, I guess my reaction

was just a total sense
of wonderment.

♪ ♪

ZURBUCHEN:
It's like you have new glasses,
right?

That you see through the fog.

NARRATOR:
The Southern Ring Nebula,
where JWST reveals

a pair of stars
orbiting each other,

cocooned by
layers of gas and dust

thrown off by one of the stars
as it slowly dies.

COLÓÓN:
I almost have no words,
you know?

(laughing):
In that sense.

Because it's, it's a
feat of engineering, right?

But it's also,

"Wow, our universe is
beautiful."

So, my favorite image is
the Carina Nebula.

NARRATOR:
While Hubble gave us

a dramatic look at
this stellar landscape,

JWST is already revealing
so much more.

MILAM:
Star formation in general
is something

that's been such an enigma
for us.

Now we can see these baby stars
and planets being formed

that we've never
had access to before.

NARRATOR:
Stephan's Quintet.

The telescope's
array of instruments

shows how four of
these five galaxies

swirl and pull at each other,

their cosmic dance triggering
the birth of new stars.

MENZEL:
James Webb is seeing the
distant parts of the universe

in a wavelength
that has never been

seen before in this clarity.

NARRATOR:
And Webb's first official
Deep Field...

a patch of sky absolutely
packed with galaxies,

some whose light is stretched
and magnified by gravity.

FEINBERG:
There's actually a galaxy that's
sort of twisted and bent,

and it looks a lot like
a Dalí painting,

where there's this, you know,
clock that's, like, melting.

And, you know
in the case of the clock,

it's time that's being warped.

But here, it's actually
space that's being warped.

It's like life
is imitating art and,

you know, just this feeling
of, of surrealness that

this is the actual universe
that we're looking at.

ESPINOZA:
It sounds like

living in
a science fiction movie,

but we are not living
in that anymore.

This is science, this is real.

NARRATOR:
All of these galaxies,

some about 13 billion years old,

appear in a spot of the sky
the size of a grain of sand

held at arm's length.

MILAM:
It really makes you step back

and think,
"Oh, my goodness," you know,

"that's just a speck of,
of cosmic existence.

"And look at what we can see.

"We can see thousands of
galaxies in a speck of sand.

So how infinite
the universe must be."

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
These first images

offer a tiny glimpse of
what will come.

ZURBUCHEN:
Think of it as like

blowing open a door to
a treasure chest,

where we're just looking in,
we're peering from the door.

STRAUGHN:
The great thing is that really,

this is just the beginning.

Today is just the beginning.

We'll be able to go much,
much deeper.

And this telescope is
going to do

what we designed it to do.

♪ ♪

♪ ♪

ANNOUNCER:
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visit ShopPBS

or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

Episodes of "NOVA" are available
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"NOVA" is also available on
Amazon Prime Video.

♪ ♪