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September 1938...
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00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:33,917
Atatürk is in critical condition...
3
00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:40,270
He is lying in his room at
Dolmabahçe Palace unconscious.
4
00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:45,838
When he opens his eyes for an instant...
5
00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:49,549
his gaze stops on the
painting on the wall...
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00:00:50,480 --> 00:00:55,270
The painting called "The Four Seasons"
reminds him of Rumeli where he grew up.
7
00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:58,080
He whispers to Afet Ýnan
keeping watch by his bed...
8
00:00:58,081 --> 00:00:59,638
"Let's go there Afet"
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00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:03,952
"Let's leave everything behind,
set up a simple house, with a fireplace."
10
00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:08,670
"Once I get better,
let's go into the woods..."
11
00:01:13,631 --> 00:01:15,311
Actually, it would be wrong to say that...
12
00:01:15,397 --> 00:01:17,157
...he had a happy
childhood in those lands.
13
00:01:17,408 --> 00:01:19,728
He lost his father when
he was still at primary school...
14
00:01:19,729 --> 00:01:21,909
...which forced him to
cut his education short.
15
00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:26,075
He had left their home behind,
taking his mother and 2 sisters...
16
00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:27,960
...when they could no longer
make ends meet.
17
00:01:27,961 --> 00:01:29,757
They took refuge in a farm near Salonica...
18
00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:32,479
...where his maternal uncle
worked as a steward.
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00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:37,000
His job on that farm was to
chase away the crows...
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00:01:37,001 --> 00:01:38,960
...that were regularly
feasting on the crops.
21
00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:41,840
However, nothing could ever help
chase away the sorrows of a child...
22
00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:47,119
...who had lost his father, left school
and moved out of his home.
23
00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:58,315
He had built himself a hut
by using large branches...
24
00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:00,840
...and he sought comfort in the
solitude of that small hut.
25
00:02:02,160 --> 00:02:05,277
It was a house to substitute
the home he had left behind...
26
00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:07,351
Much smaller than the one in Salonica...
27
00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:10,079
...but it was a place
he could call his own.
28
00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:15,069
A home to shelter him from all evil...
29
00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:17,958
...in a time when it
seemed that all was lost...
30
00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:20,959
A dream of a home in exile...
31
00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:33,360
Mustafa
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00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:01,111
The 19th century drawing to an end...
33
00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:03,674
Freshly dug grave
by the coast in Salonica...
34
00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:05,995
A tiny child has been laid in the grave.
35
00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:13,272
His name was Ahmet...
36
00:03:13,640 --> 00:03:15,920
Zübeyde Haným and Ali Rýza Bey's
three-year old child...
37
00:03:15,921 --> 00:03:17,121
...who had just passed away...
38
00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,354
This was the third child they lost...
39
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:39,549
The waves take tiny Ahmet
out of that sandy grave at night.
40
00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:43,077
Hyenas attack his tiny body.
41
00:03:46,920 --> 00:03:49,200
Zübeyde Haným and Ali Rýza Bey
lived with the pain of...
42
00:03:49,201 --> 00:03:50,712
...that experience for years.
43
00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:55,870
Then arrived a new baby,
a new hope, at their home.
44
00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,040
Mustafa grew up listening to the story
of his unfortunate brother Ahmet...
45
00:04:02,041 --> 00:04:03,950
...whom he had never seen.
46
00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:06,760
He would never forget how
helpless his brother had been...
47
00:04:06,761 --> 00:04:08,032
...against life and the nature.
48
00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:10,232
"That was his destiny", they said.
49
00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:11,953
He could not accept that.
50
00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:15,432
He was determined to forge his own destiny.
51
00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,110
Mustafa Kemal, after
getting a terrible flogging...
52
00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:46,192
...from Kaymak Hafýz one of his
secondary school teachers...
53
00:04:46,280 --> 00:04:49,360
...he declared to his mother that he wouldn't
"go to that school anymore"...
54
00:04:49,361 --> 00:04:51,081
...adding, "Send me to a military academy".
55
00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:54,039
His mother pleaded with him
but he wouldn't listen to her.
56
00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:55,952
He was upset with her anyway.
57
00:04:56,240 --> 00:04:59,200
He could not come to terms with
the fact that after his father's death...
58
00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:02,636
...she had married another man,
who had brought his children along.
59
00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:06,313
He had taken the exam for
the military academy secretly...
60
00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:09,995
...and when the time came,
he just slammed the door and left.
61
00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:13,629
When he boarded the train
for Manastýr from Salonica...
62
00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:17,240
...on his way to military school, it was his
first time away from the land he was born.
63
00:05:17,241 --> 00:05:20,593
He was headed away from hearth and home.
64
00:05:22,840 --> 00:05:25,680
When he arrived in Manastýr, the
life where he was already defeated...
65
00:05:25,681 --> 00:05:27,588
...without even starting
had been left behind.
66
00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:31,554
He was to lead a life
"alone and independent"...
67
00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:36,073
...and he would try to
make the army his home.
68
00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:42,475
Mustafa Kemal would spend
his weekends by the pool...
69
00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:45,074
...at the military school.
70
00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:48,428
During his first term at the school,
he had malaria...
71
00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:51,318
...and the gold watch given to
him by his father was stolen...
72
00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:53,675
...by his bed side as he lay unconscious.
73
00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:56,473
He was devasteted and lost a lot of weight.
74
00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:01,200
The main agenda at the school in
those days was the future of the...
75
00:06:01,201 --> 00:06:02,711
...Ottoman Empire.
76
00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:05,720
The gigantic empire reaching
its apex in the time of Süleyman...
77
00:06:05,721 --> 00:06:08,601
...the Magnificent, with lands
stretching from the deserts of Arabia...
78
00:06:08,602 --> 00:06:11,482
...to the steppes in Russia, and from
Western Mediterranean into the...
79
00:06:11,483 --> 00:06:12,963
...heart of Europe was now shrinking.
80
00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,276
The new wave of nationalism had
caught up the Serbians, Greeks...
81
00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:20,358
...Rumanian and Bulgarians,
and with one defeat another...
82
00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:24,268
...the Ottoman Empire had retreated
all the way back to Rumeli.
83
00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:27,631
When a revolt broke out in Crete in 1897...
84
00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:30,393
...which was shortly
followed by Turco-Greek war...
85
00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:33,280
...there was widespread panic
among the cadets that the Empire was...
86
00:06:33,281 --> 00:06:34,556
..."about to be lost".
87
00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,920
Although the Ottomans came
out victorious, they lost Crete...
88
00:06:38,005 --> 00:06:41,285
...when politics started talking, yielding
to the pressure from powerful nations.
89
00:06:41,286 --> 00:06:43,388
Then, anger replaced anxiety.
90
00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:50,514
Mustafa Kemal no longer felt like
shouting "Long Live the Sultan!"...
91
00:06:50,600 --> 00:06:53,319
...every morning with his schoolmates.
92
00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:56,318
There was rebellion in his soul now.
93
00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:26,756
He arrived in Istanbul in March 1899.
94
00:07:26,840 --> 00:07:28,512
He was to study at the Military Academy.
95
00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:31,240
He was 18 and it was the first time
he had a chance to see the...
96
00:07:31,241 --> 00:07:34,315
...Ottoman capital
from the deck of a ship.
97
00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:41,951
This spectacular city, and particularly
Pera, which was the colourful...
98
00:07:42,080 --> 00:07:46,756
..." downtown, attracted young Mustafa
Kemal like a magnet; he was dazzled."
99
00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:50,991
He went after youthful
dreams in his first year.
100
00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:54,197
He became familiar with alcohol
and women, learned how to waltz...
101
00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:56,119
...and skipped lessons.
102
00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:03,600
After his 2nd year, thanks partly to
his friend Ali Fuat's father's efforts...
103
00:08:03,635 --> 00:08:05,556
...he managed to pull himself together.
104
00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:09,480
This photograph taken during
his military academy years shows...
105
00:08:09,481 --> 00:08:12,869
...Mustafa Kemal, with his newly
grown moustache, and his peers.
106
00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:16,868
They did not carry swords yet,
but they had books.
107
00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:20,038
In the daytime, they had a modern
education and in the evenings...
108
00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:24,318
...they read hand-copied poems
of liberty in their dorms.
109
00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:29,159
They could hardly wait for their
graduation to serve the Empire...
110
00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:31,800
...which had been likened unto a sick man.
111
00:08:33,680 --> 00:08:36,797
In the military academy, he
started to have difficulty going to sleep.
112
00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:40,635
He spent many nights writing in his diary.
113
00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:43,760
The entries in his diary reflected
the melancholic state of mind of...
114
00:08:43,795 --> 00:08:46,435
...a young man trapped in a boarding
school, not being able to...
115
00:08:46,470 --> 00:08:48,870
heed the call of the streets
because of financial problems:
116
00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:53,235
"11th of March 1904...
Friday...
117
00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:54,793
7 o'clock...
118
00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:57,356
It's been 3 months since
I arrived from Salonica.
119
00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:00,757
It had felt as if I started
leading a regular life at first.
120
00:09:00,840 --> 00:09:03,480
I had thought that the grief
incapacitating me both physically...
121
00:09:03,481 --> 00:09:04,761
...and psychologically was gone.
122
00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:09,596
But alas! I weep once again,
like the hundreds of times before...
123
00:09:09,680 --> 00:09:13,798
...hearing the groans of my heart.
124
00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:17,794
Like always, yet again..."
125
00:09:24,680 --> 00:09:27,148
"21 March 1904...
Monday...
126
00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:28,753
6 A.M.
127
00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:31,356
I checked my financial situation today.
128
00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:34,591
I observed that my expenses
were a lot higher than my income.
129
00:09:34,680 --> 00:09:38,753
I had not calculated the money
coming in and going out until now.
130
00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:42,793
I feel both physically and emotionally
depressed under the weight of...
131
00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:45,110
...such inconsiderate behaviour.
132
00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:48,198
However, the problem is not that
the expenses are too high...
133
00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:50,356
...it is that the income is too low."
134
00:09:56,080 --> 00:10:01,108
In late 1904, he graduated as
Staff Captain Mustafa Kemal.
135
00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:03,590
He trimmed his Willhelm-style
moustache sharply...
136
00:10:03,680 --> 00:10:05,280
...and had his photograph taken in Pera.
137
00:10:06,520 --> 00:10:08,715
He sent the photograph to his mother.
138
00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:11,070
"I'll be in Salonica soon"
he wrote in the back.
139
00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:15,920
Like all the other young officers,
he was expecting to be assigned to...
140
00:10:15,921 --> 00:10:17,631
...Macedonia and start serving.
141
00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:20,439
He wanted to defend the
constitutional monarchy.
142
00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:22,314
However, he was arrested.
143
00:10:22,440 --> 00:10:26,592
An informant had told the secret police
he had been operating a secret organisation.
144
00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:31,355
He was put in a cell in Taþkýþla.
145
00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:34,116
It seemed that all had come to an end.
146
00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:36,680
They were either going to
dismiss him from the army...
147
00:10:36,681 --> 00:10:38,158
...or send him on exile.
148
00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:41,280
He sang his rebellion through
the window of his cell...
149
00:10:41,281 --> 00:10:42,361
...in the officers' prison:
150
00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:52,720
"I've had it with the
worries of this world.
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00:11:02,320 --> 00:11:05,630
Oh, for death to have mercy on me!
And liberate me..."
152
00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:08,960
After his interrogation, it was decided
that he and his best friend Ali Fuat...
153
00:11:08,961 --> 00:11:13,232
...would " be posted where there are
no facilities for travel to home".
154
00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:16,193
Place of exile was: Damascus.
155
00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:20,636
When Mustafa Kemal was
told the verdict, he said...
156
00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:23,558
"Poor Mother, she'll wait for me in vain".
157
00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:28,316
Just then Zübeyde Haným was on her
way to Istanbul to find her Mustafa...
158
00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:30,560
...as she had not been able
to contact him for weeks.
159
00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:33,471
Their meeting was a sad occasion.
160
00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,800
When Mustafa Kemal was brought
to the port in Sirkeci to board...
161
00:11:36,925 --> 00:11:40,005
...the steamer that was to take him
to exile, the military police did not...
162
00:11:40,006 --> 00:11:42,086
...allow the mother and son
to say their good-byes.
163
00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:01,191
Mustafa Kemal, left Istanbul
on a snowy winter's day...
164
00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,829
...without having had a chance to
give one final embrace to his mother.
165
00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:07,760
He was being sent to a distant land,
on which he had no information...
166
00:12:07,761 --> 00:12:11,234
...his comrade Fuat by his side.
167
00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:15,709
He shrugged as he watched Istanbul
disappear into the mist and said:
168
00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,080
"Well. So be it. In that case,
we'll go to that desert...
169
00:12:19,115 --> 00:12:21,594
...and start a new life there."
170
00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:42,839
Damascus looked nothing
like Istanbul or Salonica.
171
00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:47,194
It was a dark, conservative
and dilapidated oriental town...
172
00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:49,271
...for someone coming from Macedonia.
173
00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,630
While Mustafa Kemal was hoping to go to
Salonica and fight for the constitution...
174
00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:58,672
...he was sent to that distant land.
175
00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:03,069
He had a chance to have a good
look at the back yard of the Empire.
176
00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:05,950
It was poverty-stricken and miserable.
177
00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:08,640
The army lacked discipline,
the troops were scattered...
178
00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:10,517
...and administration was ignorant.
179
00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:13,832
Some old-school officers were
favouring the Arabian soldiers...
180
00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:18,198
...as they were from
"the lineage of the Prophet".
181
00:13:18,680 --> 00:13:22,036
Mustafa Kemal's anger and
disappointment could be read...
182
00:13:22,120 --> 00:13:25,954
...in his diary, which had
become his only confidant:
183
00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,829
"These officers have no notion
of military knowledge and ideas.
184
00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:34,959
Moreover, those ignorant and
morose people are thieves.
185
00:13:35,120 --> 00:13:38,715
I think the Ottoman army is the
most unfortunate army in the world.
186
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,792
You cannot fight even a herd
of geese with an army like this."
187
00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:52,196
He would spend the rest of
his days to revive that army.
188
00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:55,632
He translated military books
and participated in...
189
00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:58,797
...military field exercises in
Cumalý and Picardie.
190
00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:02,835
He got to know German and French generals.
191
00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:06,114
He was also in conflict
with the Unionists...
192
00:14:06,240 --> 00:14:07,958
...to keep the army away from politics.
193
00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,559
He was alone, penniless,
and had poor health.
194
00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:16,313
He had also been very
unfortunate up to that time.
195
00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:19,479
He had been in the wrong
places in the wrong times...
196
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:22,560
"and had missed lots of opportunities;
But he was extremely ambitious..."
197
00:14:22,561 --> 00:14:25,754
...he could not settle for defeat,
even when he played backgammon.
198
00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:29,439
Every time he was sent on exile
he managed to learn new things...
199
00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:33,348
...making the leader in him stronger.
200
00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:37,677
One day in Salonica, as they were
having dinner and discussing the...
201
00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:40,758
...future, he assigned his
comrades to jobs one by one...
202
00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:44,190
...and when they asked him
what his own position would be:
203
00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:48,679
"I will be the person who assigns
you to those positions" was his reply.
204
00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,515
When Italy invaded
Tripoli in September 1911...
205
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:05,353
...he volunteered to be sent to
the front to fight his first war.
206
00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:15,675
Before leaving, he met Ali Fuat in
the garden of the White Tower.
207
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,797
Ali Fuat, would later recount that night:
208
00:15:24,160 --> 00:15:26,720
"Mustafa Kemal seemed very sad.
209
00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:29,160
"You're not yourself tonight' I said.
"What's wrong? '
210
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,758
"It's not important.
But I'm sad' he said.
211
00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:35,840
"I wonder whether Salonica,
this city where I was born...
212
00:15:35,841 --> 00:15:37,361
...and brought up will remain Turkish.
213
00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:39,360
If I manage to come back from Tripoli...
214
00:15:39,361 --> 00:15:41,430
...will I be able to come back here again? '
215
00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:46,709
As the moon disappeared behind the
Mount Olympos, Mustafa Kemal sighed...
216
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,040
...and said "Oh Salonica, will I ever be...
217
00:15:49,075 --> 00:15:51,759
...see you as Turkish soil again? '
218
00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,389
"When I looked, he was weeping."
219
00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:09,873
On a Russian ship, 17 October 1911.
220
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:12,315
"My Brother...
221
00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:14,916
We have just set out from Istanbul.
222
00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,635
We hope to start an eternal struggle.
223
00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:21,231
May God make us successful.
224
00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:23,551
Do not let anyone know my whereabouts.
225
00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:26,913
Do not let my mother know, either, yet.
226
00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:32,075
Show her letters from time to time
as if they were sent from Istanbul.
227
00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:38,231
More effort and sacrifice than ever
are needed to save our country.
228
00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:41,112
Remember me.
229
00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:44,596
If God wishes, we will meet at the front.
230
00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:49,712
Otherwise, we will meet in the after-life.
231
00:16:50,520 --> 00:16:52,715
May God be with you my dear Fuat..."
232
00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:00,752
In Tripoli, they had to fight
against the Italian troops...
233
00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:02,717
...whose numbers were 10 times greater.
234
00:17:03,160 --> 00:17:05,958
One day, they were
trapped in Kasr-ý Harun.
235
00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:08,674
In close range combat, a bomb
dropped by an Italian plane...
236
00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:10,591
...exploded nearby.
237
00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:13,678
Mustafa Kemal got a hit in his eye.
238
00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,918
Headquarters, Ayn-Mansur,
22 May 1912.
239
00:17:23,840 --> 00:17:25,710
"My Dear friend Kerim Bey...
240
00:17:25,711 --> 00:17:27,751
My left eye, which was
already in bad condition...
241
00:17:27,752 --> 00:17:30,152
...became blood shot on the
night of the 17th of January...
242
00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:31,760
...and I could not see with it anymore.
243
00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:34,952
Due to the intensity of the pain,
I was not able to perform my duties.
244
00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:37,349
I was taken to the Red Crescent Hospital.
245
00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:39,357
After a month's therapy,
I was discharged...
246
00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:41,749
...but I did not recover
my eyesight completely.
247
00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:44,520
The specialist tells me that
"it will be okay with time"...
248
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:46,477
...but I do not believe him.
249
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,797
After the conclusion of this war,
how will I be able to leave...
250
00:17:50,880 --> 00:17:55,112
...the military life and go
into a corner to rest?
251
00:17:55,720 --> 00:17:59,269
Mustafa Kemal, Mayor, The
Commander for the Forces in Derne.
252
00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:05,671
When Mustafa Kemal returned from Tripoli...
253
00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:07,716
...he had still not completely recoverd.
254
00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,833
He was to carry that memento of
war in his left eye to the day he dies.
255
00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:49,550
Balkan War had broken out,
Macedonia was lost...
256
00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,952
...and Salonica was abondoned
without firing a single shot.
257
00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:56,520
The Bulgarian army was
at the gates of Istanbul.
258
00:18:57,360 --> 00:19:03,959
Now there were thousands
of refugees on Rumeli roads.
259
00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:06,720
The peoples of the Balkans
had to leave their homes...
260
00:19:06,723 --> 00:19:09,603
...and lands behind and were walking in
great numbers towards a land...
261
00:19:09,604 --> 00:19:11,588
...which they regarded as
their motherland...
262
00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:14,553
...as uprooted trees in
search of a new land.
263
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,073
Mustafa Kemal, rushed in pain to Istanbul.
264
00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:41,109
He met Salih at Meserret Coffee House.
265
00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:44,440
"How could you do it?"
He asked in tears...
266
00:19:44,441 --> 00:19:47,555
"How could you leave our beautiful
homeland Salonica to the enemy?"
267
00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:50,558
"How could you leave her
and come back here?"
268
00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:02,390
He had lost his homeland where he grew up.
269
00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:05,918
He would never be
able to see Salonica again.
270
00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:08,190
When he finally returned to the Balkans...
271
00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:12,029
...he was a military attaché
for the Ottoman Empire.
272
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:31,717
21.November.1913.
273
00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:34,038
"Dear Corinne...
274
00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:37,836
I left Istanbul on Wednesday
evening with the sweet memory...
275
00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:39,478
...of the day I spent in your arms.
276
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:43,156
The train that took me away
from you left the station at 5.20.
277
00:20:43,440 --> 00:20:46,159
As I pretended to read the
newspapers I bought at the station...
278
00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,277
I relived those beautiful
moments like a dream.
279
00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,194
How kind and intelligent
you are, Corinne...
280
00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:55,074
You did not want to
leave me alone on my trip.
281
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:57,430
Your letter kept me
company during the trip.
282
00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:02,276
Therefore, there was nothing else
but you on my mind on the trip.
283
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:06,275
I'm sending you my kisses with
all my heart, and am looking forward...
284
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,200
...to your letters that will be my
only comfort here, dear Corinne...
285
00:21:09,201 --> 00:21:10,309
Kemal.
286
00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:19,118
Leaving back some broken
hearts in Ýstanbul, Mustafa Kemal...
287
00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:20,520
...embraced a new life in exile.
288
00:21:20,521 --> 00:21:22,072
This time it was Sofia...
289
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,679
He visited the parliement,
farms and the opera house.
290
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,400
"This was his first experience
of a European life style..."
291
00:21:29,480 --> 00:21:33,871
...but he had no circle of friends
or money to get himself into one.
292
00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:37,353
The opportunity to introduce
himself to the high society...
293
00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:40,074
...in Sofia presented itself
5 months after his arrival.
294
00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:45,998
The 11th of May was a
national holiday for the Bulgarians.
295
00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:49,152
There was a fancy dress ball
at the officers' club that evening.
296
00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:54,714
Mustafa Kemal decided to attend
the ball with a spectacular costume...
297
00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,469
...which would remind the
Bulgarians their past rulers.
298
00:22:03,360 --> 00:22:06,875
He wrote and requested a
janissary costume from a museum.
299
00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:10,358
The costume was sent to him with
all the accompanying accessories.
300
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:14,040
The military attaché attracted
a lot of attention with his costume...
301
00:22:14,127 --> 00:22:16,487
...which was chosen to be the
best in the ball to which...
302
00:22:16,488 --> 00:22:19,034
...King Ferdinand had also attended.
303
00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:24,956
When the ball ended, Spanish
chargé d'affairs invited Mustafa Kemal...
304
00:22:25,040 --> 00:22:26,978
...to his house and
photographed him with...
305
00:22:27,013 --> 00:22:28,973
...the janissary costume
in his oriental corner.
306
00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:30,325
His body language was...
307
00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:33,670
...heralding a man about to make
his debut on the stage of history.
308
00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:43,071
12. January 1914
309
00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:45,439
"Dearest Corinne...
310
00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:47,758
I have ambitions.
311
00:22:47,793 --> 00:22:49,637
And big ones, to...
312
00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:53,834
...but those ambitions are not
for satisfying material goals...
313
00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:58,516
...such as reaching high places
or having great sums.
314
00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:01,672
I am seeking the fulfillment of
those ambitions in the success...
315
00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:06,038
...of a great idea that will
benefit my country greatly...
316
00:23:06,120 --> 00:23:11,353
...and will give me the inner peace
of a job performed with loyalty."
317
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,788
The first large-scale war in history
broke out in the summer of 1914.
318
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:30,273
He suddenly found himself in
one of the most crucial fronts...
319
00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:31,793
...of the Great War in Dardanelles.
320
00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:35,475
He was to make a name there
as a brave, ambitious and offensive...
321
00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:39,235
...commander willing to take risks,
and would be promoted to colonel.
322
00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:47,911
20 July 1915, Maydos.
323
00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:50,468
"Dear Madam.
324
00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:53,030
Life is not that quiet here.
325
00:23:53,120 --> 00:23:57,033
You hear, night and day,
every day, sounds of shrapnel...
326
00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:59,953
...and all kinds of other bombs flying
and exploding over your head.
327
00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:03,436
You hear the sound of bullets,
mixed into the sound of guns.
328
00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:06,074
We are really experiencing a hellish life.
329
00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:08,954
Thank God my soldiers are very brave...
330
00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:11,389
...and more resilient than the enemy.
331
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:16,954
Their faith makes it easier for them
to obey orders meaning certain death.
332
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:20,797
Do not forget me Corinne...
333
00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,992
...even if I die in this war."
334
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,188
Colonel Mustafa Kemal.
335
00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:40,309
"I was uneasy and cold not
sleep on the night of 28th July.
336
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,753
I stood in front of my tent. I was able
to see the troops preparing for the charge.
337
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:47,314
I was going to observe
the execution of the attack.
338
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,073
The dark curtain of the night
had disappeared completely.
339
00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:51,832
It was time to attack now.
340
00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:53,439
I looked at my watch.
341
00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:55,112
It was about half past four.
342
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,948
In a few minutes, dawn was
going to break and the enemy...
343
00:24:58,040 --> 00:25:00,110
...would be able to see our troops.
344
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,316
I shouted:
345
00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:07,316
"Soldiers! There is no doubt
that we will defeat the enemy.
346
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:09,118
But do not hurry.
347
00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:10,958
Let me go forward first.
348
00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:15,871
You will all charge when I give
you a sign with my riding crop'.
349
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:41,790
"Shrapnel and pieces of metal were
coming down from the sky like rain.
350
00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:45,525
Conkbayýrý was like hell,
in intense smoke and flames.
351
00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,000
There were wounded soldiers
and blood everywhere you looked.
352
00:25:48,001 --> 00:25:50,349
As I watched the
progression of the battle...
353
00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:53,790
I was hit on the left side of
my chest by shrapnel.
354
00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,639
It destroyed the watch in my pocket.
355
00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:58,159
But it did penetrate into my body.
356
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,319
It only left a deep stain of blood."
357
00:26:12,120 --> 00:26:15,351
They had managed to drive back to
occupation forces, saved Istanbul...
358
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:17,795
...and changed the course of history.
359
00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:20,880
By the time the sun rose,
the ridges of Conkbayýrý...
360
00:26:20,881 --> 00:26:22,361
...had been covered with dead bodies.
361
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:25,920
A high-ranking officer inspecting
the troops asked Mustafa Kemal...
362
00:26:25,921 --> 00:26:27,910
"where are your troops?"
363
00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:32,156
Mustafa Kemal pointed at the
field of dead bodies stretching...
364
00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:33,400
...in front of them and said:
365
00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:38,795
"Here they are.
Those bodies are my troops."
366
00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,076
15 March 1916.
367
00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:52,993
Dearest Madam Corinne...
368
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:57,119
You would expect to have a moment
of rest in a long and tiring journey...
369
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:02,718
...of two months from the West
to the East, wouldn't you?
370
00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:08,399
But alas! It seems that it would
only be possible after death."
371
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:18,152
He was now on his way to the
Eastern Front, to Diyarbakýr.
372
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:20,272
Istanbul was suffocating him.
373
00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:22,840
He could see that the Unionists
in the heels of Germans...
374
00:27:22,841 --> 00:27:24,909
...were leading the country to disaster...
375
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:27,395
...but no one paid attention
to his warnings.
376
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:31,350
He was upset that his achievements
in the Dardanelle were played down...
377
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:35,797
...and his efforts to take a more
significant role were dampened.
378
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:40,313
He felt he was being subjected
to Byzantine conspiracies...
379
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,112
...and could hardly contain his rage.
380
00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:45,325
Now he was going to
Anatolia for the first time.
381
00:27:45,360 --> 00:27:48,591
He would be refreshed and
strengthened as he defied fire...
382
00:27:48,920 --> 00:27:51,480
...and death with the people he
cared for, with weary troops...
383
00:27:51,481 --> 00:27:53,070
...and desperate masses.
384
00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:55,833
He would also read philosophy
and history books...
385
00:27:55,920 --> 00:27:59,469
...would take notes and would be
refreshed and strengthened.
386
00:28:03,970 --> 00:28:06,130
When he got there, the
Eastern part of the country...
387
00:28:06,165 --> 00:28:08,445
...had been struck by the
disaster in Sarýkamýþ first...
388
00:28:08,446 --> 00:28:10,446
...then the forced
emigration of the Armenians...
389
00:28:10,447 --> 00:28:12,599
...and finally the Russian occupation.
390
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:18,470
From Muþ to Erzurum, from Trabzon
to Bitlis, the region was occupied.
391
00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:22,150
And now Mustafa Kemal was on
his way to those troubled lands.
392
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:27,469
He would travel by train
as far as the rail road went...
393
00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:31,277
Then when the rail road ended, he
would travel on dirt roads by car...
394
00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:33,909
Then when the car gets
stuck in mud, on horseback...
395
00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:35,911
...and across rivers on rafts...
396
00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:41,355
Sleeping in abandoned houses in
mouldy mattresses infested with...
397
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:48,073
...scorpions, meeting disease-ridden,
desperate people, and dead bodies...
398
00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:55,073
He took notes as he travelled in
that miserable land of disaster:
399
00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:00,676
7 November 1916.
400
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,119
I set out from Silvan for Bitlis.
401
00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:06,680
Immediately after crossing
the bridge in Batman...
402
00:29:06,681 --> 00:29:09,201
...there was a man lying on the road,
half-dead with hunger...
403
00:29:09,202 --> 00:29:12,510
...between the bridge and
the office I saw two other men...
404
00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:13,789
...in the same condition.
405
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:15,885
I was told they were refugees.
406
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:18,070
Between the Batman Bridge and Silvan...
407
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:20,714
...there were two horses
that had died recently.
408
00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:24,716
People and animals are
just dying of hunger.
409
00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:28,871
9 November 1916.
410
00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:33,593
"We saw a lot of refugees on the roads;
They were going back to Bitlis."
411
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:37,156
They were all hungry and
miserable, destined to die...
412
00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:41,035
...there was a 4 or 5-year-old child
abandoned by parents.
413
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:45,791
The child was following 100 metres
behind a husband and wife, crying.
414
00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,713
I reprimanded them for
not taking the child.
415
00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:51,469
"That child is not ours', they said.
416
00:29:53,640 --> 00:29:55,676
16 November 1916.
417
00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:01,559
I met a 12-year old orphan,
called Ömer. I took him with me.
418
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:07,439
When they saw what I did, they
brought me three more orphans.
419
00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,680
I had to content myself with
giving them some money.
420
00:30:18,360 --> 00:30:24,117
Mustafa Kemal adopted 8-year old
Abdürrahim during that trip.
421
00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:33,120
He met a diplomat and his wife
on the night of 6 July 1918...
422
00:30:33,121 --> 00:30:36,078
...at the imperial Hotel in Karlsbad
where he was undergoing therapy...
423
00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:38,709
...for a problem with his kidneys.
424
00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:43,433
After dinner, they watched the
couples dancing at the ballroom.
425
00:30:45,920 --> 00:30:48,480
When the wife of the Turkish
diplomat said " How difficult...
426
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:51,560
...it is for a life-style of this sort to
become accepted in our country."
427
00:30:51,561 --> 00:30:52,521
Mustafa Kemal was angry.
428
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:58,311
He wrote down what he had
said in his diary the next morning...
429
00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:00,078
...in his room at the Rudolfshof Hotel:
430
00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:05,760
"If I have sufficient authority and
power, I believe it will be possible...
431
00:31:05,761 --> 00:31:08,757
...to bring about the revolution
that is needed in our social life...
432
00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:11,035
...at a single stroke.
433
00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:14,516
Unlike others, I do not believe
this can be achieved slowly...
434
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,339
...by getting the people
used to those changes.
435
00:31:17,374 --> 00:31:20,078
My soul rebels against
an idea of that sort.
436
00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:24,676
Why should I, after all that
education, studying modern life...
437
00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:29,240
...and society and devoting
my life to obtaining my liberty...
438
00:31:29,275 --> 00:31:31,629
...go down to the level of
those ignorant people?
439
00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:33,885
I will bring them up to mine instead.
440
00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:37,515
I will not be like them,
they should be like me."
441
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:53,912
On the front page of the daily
Yenigün on 14 November 1918...
442
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,275
Mustafa Kemal's arrival in
Istanbul was reported...
443
00:31:56,360 --> 00:31:59,113
...just below the news of the occupation.
444
00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:06,552
After the Mudros armistice, declaring
the defeat of the Ottomans was signed...
445
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:08,949
...he returned from
the Syrian front in a hurry...
446
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:12,953
...got off the train at Haydarpaþa and
boarded the steamboat for Kartal.
447
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:19,355
As they passed by the steel forest
of enemy warships anchored in the...
448
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:20,993
Bosphorus, he told his aide-de-camp:
449
00:32:21,080 --> 00:32:23,799
"As they have come, so they shall go."
450
00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:40,278
Istanbul was a city without hopes,
a silent capital...
451
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:44,429
The Allied troops roamed in Beyoglu.
452
00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:59,032
Mustafa Kemal tried every means
possible to take authority.
453
00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,040
He talked with the Grand Vizier and
the Padishah with the hopes of...
454
00:33:02,075 --> 00:33:04,355
...being appointed the minister of war;
But to no avail.
455
00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:07,388
He tried to encourage the
Parliament to form a government...
456
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:13,197
...to oppose the occupation; it did not work.
He invested in a newspaper; it failed.
457
00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:16,560
He was swindled out of the remaining
part of his savings by a money broker.
458
00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:20,309
It was clear that he
had to get out of Istanbul.
459
00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,199
In those days, an army intelligence
officer sent to their HQ in London...
460
00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:33,478
...a black list of the people who had
to be definetly removed from Istanbul.
461
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,078
Mustafa Kemal's name was included as well.
462
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:45,515
After some time, the Ministry of War
gave him the duty of investigating...
463
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:48,800
...certain events in the Black Sea region
in the capacity of an army inspector.
464
00:33:49,522 --> 00:33:52,522
He accepted the assignment on condition
that he would be given military...
465
00:33:52,523 --> 00:33:53,683
...and administrative powers.
466
00:33:53,684 --> 00:33:56,432
As he put it
"the cage door was opened."
467
00:33:56,520 --> 00:34:01,116
Now he was " like a bird flopping its
wings towards the large world ahead.
468
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,990
On May the 15th, Thursday,
Greek troops landed in lzmir.
469
00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:19,510
That day Mustafa Kemal
was at the Yýldýz Palace...
470
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:21,716
...on a farewell visit to Sultan Vahdettin.
471
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,279
This was a historical meeting of
the predecessor and the successor.
472
00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:34,074
They met in the Blue room on
the ground floor of the Palace.
473
00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:38,631
Atatürk would recount to the US
ambassador that meeting years later...
474
00:34:38,720 --> 00:34:42,076
...on a small plan he drew, in which
he indicated himself with "Moi"...
475
00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:47,029
...and the Sultan, sitting at
a table next to him, with an "S".
476
00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:52,954
Sultan Vahdettin put his hand on the
book that was on the table and said...
477
00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,676
"Pasha, you have already rendered
great services to the state.
478
00:34:56,760 --> 00:35:00,150
They are now part of this book,
the history.
479
00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:03,869
But the service you are about to
render will be more important still.
480
00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:06,953
Pasha...
You can save the state."
481
00:35:08,720 --> 00:35:10,312
They could see the enemy warships...
482
00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:13,955
...anchored in the Bosphorus
through the windows of the room.
483
00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:24,958
He spent that last night at
his mother's in Þiþli.
484
00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:28,869
As they were having their diner sitting
on the floor next to Zübeyde Haným's bed...
485
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:31,076
...he said " Mother, I am leaving.
486
00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,280
Because there is a good chance that
this part of the country will meet the...
487
00:35:34,281 --> 00:35:36,281
...same fate as Salonica.
Do not worry about me."
488
00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:39,752
Zübeyde Haným was
so nervous that she fainted.
489
00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:41,432
They called in a doctor.
490
00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:44,155
Then spoke until the first light of day.
491
00:35:44,520 --> 00:35:47,120
In the morning, they said their
good-byes, embracing each other.
492
00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:09,152
When he boarded the Bandýrma,
he was leaving Istanbul behind...
493
00:36:09,240 --> 00:36:12,915
...in all its despair and was heading
for Anatolia to look for a remedy.
494
00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:17,077
He was at the crossroads of his life.
495
00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:22,072
When he returned to Istanbul
eight years later, he would be hailed...
496
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:25,789
...as the president of that
newly established homeland.
497
00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:55,840
When Mustafa Kemal arrived
at the most significant crossroads...
498
00:36:55,841 --> 00:36:58,473
...both for himself and his country,
he was almost in his 40's.
499
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:02,270
As he was travelling inland in
Anatolia in that convertible Benz...
500
00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:05,320
...taken from a military warehouse
in Samsun, he was aware of the fact...
501
00:37:05,321 --> 00:37:08,117
...that he was headed
for an unknown future.
502
00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:12,190
He had left everything behind:
His mother, his home, the Palace...
503
00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:15,113
...and Istanbul
where there was no way out.
504
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,358
But what was in store
for him in the future, in Anatolia?
505
00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:23,460
With his mind full of
questions, as he set out
506
00:37:23,461 --> 00:37:25,439
for that great walk that
was to last 3 years...
507
00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:28,518
...he was " alone
and independent" once again.
508
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:34,200
On the way to Havza, they had a breakdown.
509
00:37:34,235 --> 00:37:37,192
They had to walk to a nearby village.
510
00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:40,360
Mustafa Kemal started humming
a marching song that he knew...
511
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:42,908
...to distract his companions.
512
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:46,397
The marching song that no one
in his company was familiar with...
513
00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:49,153
...would turn out to be the
battle call of the revolution:
514
00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:54,353
"The sun is about to rise in the horizon
515
00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:57,359
Let's march on comrades"
516
00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:28,634
8 June 1919
517
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,798
From the British
High Commissioner in Istanbul...
518
00:38:31,880 --> 00:38:33,677
...to the British Foreign Secretary:
519
00:38:34,480 --> 00:38:37,472
"I have received disturbing news
regarding certain individuals with...
520
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:41,030
...malicious intentions creating
upheaval in the province of Samsun.
521
00:38:41,111 --> 00:38:43,911
It has been reported that Mustafa
Kemal Pasha has been the leading...
522
00:38:43,912 --> 00:38:45,472
...figure in such rebellious incidents.
523
00:38:45,587 --> 00:38:48,427
The Ottoman War Ministry has been
given instructions concerning the...
524
00:38:48,428 --> 00:38:50,708
...dismissal of Mustafa Kemal
from his current position.
525
00:38:50,709 --> 00:38:53,029
Otherwise, most grave
consequences may have to be faced."
526
00:39:03,880 --> 00:39:06,680
On July the 8th, at night, Mustafa
Kemal was informed to go to the...
527
00:39:06,681 --> 00:39:08,681
...Post Office in Erzurum,
to receive a telegram.
528
00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:12,160
As it can be seen in this faded
photograph taken at that very moment...
529
00:39:12,240 --> 00:39:14,834
...he studied the telegram
message he received carefully.
530
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:20,238
Sultan Vahdettin had summoned
him to Istanbul urgently.
531
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:23,031
It was the moment of decision now.
532
00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:28,318
Refusing to do so would mean
being dismissed or even being arrested.
533
00:39:28,672 --> 00:39:31,472
Regardless, he refused to comply
with the orders and notified them...
534
00:39:31,602 --> 00:39:34,402
...that he was submitting his
"resignation from the military duty"...
535
00:39:34,444 --> 00:39:35,964
...which he "loved and deemed sacred".
536
00:39:36,240 --> 00:39:37,753
He had burnt his bridges now.
537
00:39:38,880 --> 00:39:42,031
Now he was an ex-army officer,
who had resigned.
538
00:39:42,120 --> 00:39:44,680
He was a civilian with no title whatsoever.
539
00:39:45,160 --> 00:39:48,948
How was he to command armies,
make them obey his orders...
540
00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:50,840
...make people listen to
what he was saying?
541
00:39:57,960 --> 00:40:00,838
Soon he was informed that the
mighty commander of the East...
542
00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:03,840
...who had been appointed to replace him,
Kazým Karabekir was coming...
543
00:40:03,841 --> 00:40:05,072
...accompanied by cavalry.
544
00:40:05,640 --> 00:40:07,039
He was preoccupied.
545
00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:09,112
He was ready for anything.
546
00:40:09,680 --> 00:40:11,955
He may be arrested by those soldiers...
547
00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:14,270
...he may be put to trial
and he may be executed.
548
00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:25,631
Karabekir entered.
549
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,156
He clacked his heels and saluted, saying:
550
00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:32,398
"My officers, soldiers, my army corps,
we are all at your command Pasha."
551
00:40:33,840 --> 00:40:37,116
That was when he won his first victory.
552
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:42,709
17 September 1919.
553
00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:46,077
From the British High Commissioner
to the British Foreign Office:
554
00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:49,080
"The movement initiated by
Mustafa Kemal is leading towards...
555
00:40:49,081 --> 00:40:50,995
...an independent Republic in Anatolia.
556
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:53,160
There seems no option
but to re-engage in war...
557
00:40:53,161 --> 00:40:56,555
...or completely retreat from Anatolia."
558
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:01,116
As the occupational forces
and Sublime Porte...
559
00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:03,800
...bombarded the country with
orders for his immediate arrest...
560
00:41:03,801 --> 00:41:06,801
...he was headed for Ankara to
establish a new state, with a handful of...
561
00:41:06,840 --> 00:41:11,595
...followers, " carrying a gun in his
right hand and gallows in his left hand"...
562
00:41:11,720 --> 00:41:13,119
...as he put it.
563
00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:15,957
His agenda was already in his head.
564
00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:20,955
He told Mazhar Müfit what he
intended to do in 5 steps:
565
00:41:21,880 --> 00:41:23,996
"It is going to be a republic.
566
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:26,311
We'll do what we'll
have to do for the Sultan.
567
00:41:26,312 --> 00:41:28,272
The women are going to
stop coverin their heads.
568
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:29,880
The men are going to wear modern hats.
569
00:41:30,001 --> 00:41:32,201
We are going to use Latin
characters in our alphabet."
570
00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:36,794
But added, " Don't show
this notebook to anyone."
571
00:41:37,040 --> 00:41:40,396
Not even his comrades
were ready for that yet.
572
00:41:44,031 --> 00:41:46,631
It was on 27th of December that
Mustafa Kemal arrived in Ankara.
573
00:41:46,720 --> 00:41:49,800
It was his first time in this city that
would always have a special place...
574
00:41:49,801 --> 00:41:51,321
...in his heart until the day he died.
575
00:41:51,322 --> 00:41:54,802
While Unionist leaders like Enver, Talat and
Cemal were being pushed into the wings...
576
00:41:54,803 --> 00:41:57,832
...he had managed to bring
the resistance organisations...
577
00:41:57,920 --> 00:41:59,760
...in Anatolia together
and was leading them.
578
00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:06,114
Ankara was a poor Ottoman town
of barely 30,000, located around a...
579
00:42:06,240 --> 00:42:09,550
...citadel, and had nothing to offer
except honey and goats.
580
00:42:10,080 --> 00:42:13,868
It had been waiting anxiously
for his arrival with all its gallant...
581
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,680
...young men its orders of dervishes,
artisan guilds and students.
582
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:23,360
Mustafa Kemal Pasha
set up his headquarters...
583
00:43:23,361 --> 00:43:25,077
...at the Agricultural School.
584
00:43:25,360 --> 00:43:27,520
He was going to direct the
resistance, the war and...
585
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:29,989
...eventually the revolution from Ankara...
586
00:43:30,120 --> 00:43:33,560
...and he would first make this small town
into the headquarters of the revolution...
587
00:43:33,640 --> 00:43:36,154
...and then create a capital city there.
588
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:54,215
When the news reached Ankara
that the occupational army had officially...
589
00:43:54,250 --> 00:43:58,430
...taken over Istanbul, Mustafa Kemal
was stuck in that school building.
590
00:43:59,480 --> 00:44:01,600
He lost no time in sending out
a declaration that...
591
00:44:01,601 --> 00:44:05,358
"700-year old life of the Ottoman
state has come to an end" and...
592
00:44:05,680 --> 00:44:08,400
...that he wanted all cities in
Anatolia to send representatives...
593
00:44:08,401 --> 00:44:10,921
...to the new Parliament that
was going to assemble in Ankara.
594
00:44:11,480 --> 00:44:14,392
However, he had no money,
no staff and no army.
595
00:44:15,480 --> 00:44:18,200
The Greek army was moving from
the Aegean towards central Anatolia.
596
00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:20,993
There was civil war in the country.
597
00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:23,996
Rebels carrying the imperial verdict
for Mustafa Kemal's execution...
598
00:44:24,031 --> 00:44:26,952
...on the banners of the Caliphate
had reached the gates of Ankara...
599
00:44:27,080 --> 00:44:29,150
...following the call of the Sheikhulislam.
600
00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:32,636
The whole world was against him.
601
00:44:32,760 --> 00:44:34,432
The Caliph was against him.
602
00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:37,916
In fact, as Colonel Ýsmet
put it reluctantly...
603
00:44:38,240 --> 00:44:39,593
...the people were against him.
604
00:44:40,760 --> 00:44:42,273
Moreover, he was ill.
605
00:44:42,720 --> 00:44:44,640
He had a kidney problem,
which gave him pain...
606
00:44:44,641 --> 00:44:47,108
...and kept him up night after night,
with high fever.
607
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:51,077
Halide Edip would later comment,
"I have never seen Mustafa Kemal...
608
00:44:51,160 --> 00:44:53,674
...so tired and desperate
as he was in those days".
609
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,320
He sat by a wood burning stove
all night until the first light of day...
610
00:44:59,321 --> 00:45:01,748
...writing the editorial for
the National Sovereignty...
611
00:45:01,840 --> 00:45:06,072
...reading and replying to the
telegrams he received.
612
00:45:07,400 --> 00:45:10,280
At night, the telegrams would stop
and their connection to the world...
613
00:45:10,281 --> 00:45:12,877
...would be lost, leaving
them in an eerie darkness.
614
00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:17,118
Sounds of guns could be heard from
the hills surrounding the garden.
615
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:20,480
One sleepless night, expecting to be
attacked and killed any minute...
616
00:45:20,481 --> 00:45:23,561
...he went over to the window to
look out as the day broke in the horizon...
617
00:45:23,562 --> 00:45:26,796
...he saw a cloud of dust rising from
the direction of the vineyards in Etlik.
618
00:45:27,640 --> 00:45:29,640
The first thing that came to
his mind was that...
619
00:45:29,641 --> 00:45:31,521
...the rebel forces were
about to attack them.
620
00:45:31,522 --> 00:45:33,242
He summoned Ýsmail Hakký urgently and said:
621
00:45:33,243 --> 00:45:36,112
"Quick, take my car and
go over to the cloud of dust.
622
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:39,033
If it is the rebels then fire your gun
twice towards this direction."
623
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:42,431
The car went off towards the cloud of dust.
624
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:45,951
After crossing Akköprü, they saw
what was causing that cloud of dust.
625
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:49,918
Ýsmail Hakký came back
and told his Pasha...
626
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,117
...who laughed when he heard...
627
00:45:53,880 --> 00:45:56,633
...that it was a herd of cattle
that made all that cloud.
628
00:46:11,960 --> 00:46:15,396
He had to do something, he had to
get out of that tangle he was in...
629
00:46:15,520 --> 00:46:18,193
...and had to use this crisis to
create an opportunity.
630
00:46:18,560 --> 00:46:21,360
Just at that point, he decided to
turn around the accusations that...
631
00:46:21,361 --> 00:46:22,996
...had been made against him.
632
00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:25,080
The Caliph had accused
him of being an "infidel".
633
00:46:26,270 --> 00:46:28,590
He moved the date of the
inauguration ceremony for the...
634
00:46:28,591 --> 00:46:30,551
Parliament from the
22nd of April to the 23rd...
635
00:46:30,552 --> 00:46:31,872
...which happened to be a Friday.
636
00:46:32,243 --> 00:46:35,083
He sent a message to all the cities:
"The Parliament will be opened...
637
00:46:35,084 --> 00:46:37,564
...on Friday, following the
Friday prayers, by God's grace...
638
00:46:37,565 --> 00:46:40,565
...and it will dedicate its efforts
to save the Throne and the Caliphate."
639
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,480
"Prior to the inauguration, we will
go to Hacý Bayram mosque for our...
640
00:46:44,481 --> 00:46:46,481
...prayers, and seek
enlightenment from prayer...
641
00:46:46,482 --> 00:46:48,072
...and the reading of the Holy Koran...
642
00:46:48,760 --> 00:46:52,150
There would be a procession with
the holy relics to the Parliament building.
643
00:46:52,280 --> 00:46:54,640
And after offering sacrifices
at the gate, with prayers...
644
00:46:54,720 --> 00:46:56,790
...a call would be given
from the minarets...
645
00:46:56,920 --> 00:46:59,440
...followed by the reading of the
Holy Koran at the town hall.
646
00:47:01,720 --> 00:47:03,005
So, it was.
647
00:47:03,040 --> 00:47:05,270
The parliament was inaugurated
with prayers...
648
00:47:05,640 --> 00:47:07,790
...and Mustafa Kemal was
elected as its Speaker.
649
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,280
The same man who had heralded
that the " 700-year old Ottoman Empire...
650
00:47:11,281 --> 00:47:14,117
...had reached the end of
its life" was now declaring that they...
651
00:47:14,320 --> 00:47:18,757
...were setting out "to save the
Throne and the Caliphate".
652
00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:22,760
Seven years later, in his historical
address to the General Assembly...
653
00:47:22,761 --> 00:47:25,870
...he would present that declaration
as a testimony to how much they...
654
00:47:25,960 --> 00:47:29,360
..." had to go along with the general
sentiments and way of thinking in those days".
655
00:47:29,361 --> 00:47:31,721
He was to settle accounts in
the future with the forces...
656
00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:33,990
...he had to put up with in those days.
657
00:47:46,360 --> 00:47:49,240
The light of a single candle could be
seen in the room where the new...
658
00:47:49,241 --> 00:47:51,309
Parliament Speaker was staying.
659
00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:54,317
The treasury was drained.
660
00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:57,438
The few pieces of jewellery he had
borrowed from his mother...
661
00:47:57,520 --> 00:47:59,670
...were pawned at the Ottoman Bank.
662
00:48:00,840 --> 00:48:03,638
It was difficult to find money
even to buy candles.
663
00:48:03,960 --> 00:48:06,474
They had to sleep in the dark.
664
00:48:07,080 --> 00:48:11,073
The great commander preparing
for a grand battle confessed to...
665
00:48:11,240 --> 00:48:14,437
Sergeant Ali, his orderly,
a weakness he had since he was a boy.
666
00:48:15,360 --> 00:48:18,796
"I cannot sleep in the dark, lad"
he confided, "...find a solution".
667
00:48:20,480 --> 00:48:24,314
Sergeant Ali brought a gas lamp and
placed it on his Pasha's bedside table.
668
00:48:25,320 --> 00:48:28,039
The next morning, when he came in,
he found both the room...
669
00:48:28,120 --> 00:48:30,429
...and the Pasha covered in black soot.
670
00:48:30,960 --> 00:48:34,873
Pasha had a minor poisoning case
because of the fumes of the lamp.
671
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:42,910
"Mr Paul Williams located the secret
headquarters of Mustafa Kemal...
672
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:47,118
...the leader of the Turkish nationalist
forces in Anatolia and obtained the...
673
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:50,510
...first interview with the militant
leader of the Moslem world.
674
00:48:50,880 --> 00:48:54,270
When asked the possibility of the
Turkish nationalist movement...
675
00:48:54,360 --> 00:48:57,989
...aligning itself with the Bolsheviks
of Russia, Mustafa Kemal turned his...
676
00:48:58,080 --> 00:49:01,993
...piercing blue eyes to a map in his
headquarters and indicated the...
677
00:49:02,080 --> 00:49:04,719
...progress of the Bolsheviks,
stating that...
678
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:07,719
"Turkey would be open to Bolsheviks."
679
00:49:10,440 --> 00:49:12,954
That was a message to the western world.
680
00:49:13,040 --> 00:49:15,240
Now he was playing his
Soviet "card" and suggesting...
681
00:49:15,241 --> 00:49:18,999
"If pushed into a corner, co-operation
with Lenin would be a possibility."
682
00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:22,920
In fact, on the same day he gave that
interview, he wrote a letter to Lenin...
683
00:49:22,969 --> 00:49:26,089
...and asked for " 5 million gold coins,
ammunition and instruments of war...
684
00:49:26,090 --> 00:49:29,077
...as the first instalment of aid
towards defeating the...
685
00:49:29,160 --> 00:49:31,071
...imperialistic occupational forces."
686
00:49:32,640 --> 00:49:35,680
It did not take long for Bolsheviks to
respond by sending 500 kg of gold...
687
00:49:35,681 --> 00:49:37,117
...in 3 containers.
688
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:40,431
Then, the first shipment of arms
reached the Black sea region.
689
00:49:41,040 --> 00:49:43,429
Thanks to the aid, arriving
at the darkest hour...
690
00:49:43,520 --> 00:49:45,640
Ankara was finally able to
breathe a sigh of relief.
691
00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:52,475
The Greeks started moving
inland in June 1920.
692
00:49:52,640 --> 00:49:54,278
They took Bursa and Uþak.
693
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:01,188
The organized army of the General
Assembly was battle-tested for the...
694
00:50:01,280 --> 00:50:04,192
...first time against the Greeks at
First Battle of Ýnönü in January...
695
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:08,239
...at Second Battle of Ýnönü and
Battle of Dumlupýnar in April 1921.
696
00:50:10,480 --> 00:50:12,840
However, Greeks, with their
new wave of attacks in July...
697
00:50:12,841 --> 00:50:14,989
...managed to take Eskiþehir and Afyon.
698
00:50:15,680 --> 00:50:18,877
The Pasha ordered his forces that
had been assembled with great difficulty...
699
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,760
...to retreat to the east of the
Sakarya River, in order to avoid...
700
00:50:21,761 --> 00:50:22,801
...losing them altogether.
701
00:50:23,320 --> 00:50:25,993
The sound of artillery could be
heard in Ankara now.
702
00:50:27,720 --> 00:50:29,680
Mustafa Kemal, once again,
put on his uniform...
703
00:50:29,681 --> 00:50:31,550
...which he had taken off 2 years earlier.
704
00:50:32,040 --> 00:50:35,271
He was the Commander-in-chief,
at the age of 40.
705
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:40,676
It would be a matter a life and death
both for his people and himself.
706
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:47,188
"My Moslem brothers, Communist comrades!
707
00:50:47,560 --> 00:50:49,790
A terrible injustice is being committed.
708
00:50:50,120 --> 00:50:54,113
Great nations are slaughtering
a Moslem lamb yet again.
709
00:50:54,320 --> 00:50:56,515
They are determined to exterminate it.
710
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:00,149
However, we, with our weapons in
our hands, are of those who know...
711
00:51:00,320 --> 00:51:02,788
...how to fight and die
defending our homelands...
712
00:51:02,920 --> 00:51:04,353
...and shouting out our rights.
713
00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:07,916
As our countrymen become martyrs
defending their fields, lands and...
714
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:10,525
...villages against the oppressors...
715
00:51:10,560 --> 00:51:13,996
...they can have full
assurance that in the...
716
00:51:14,080 --> 00:51:18,995
...very near future the Islam world
in league with the communism...
717
00:51:19,080 --> 00:51:21,230
...will take their revenge.
718
00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:23,074
Mustafa Kemal."
719
00:51:24,720 --> 00:51:32,720
There is a fountain
in the center of Manastýr
720
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:41,157
In the days when he put on his
uniform to prepare for the great...
721
00:51:41,240 --> 00:51:44,516
...battle, he moved into a house
in a vineyard on the hill in Çankaya.
722
00:51:44,640 --> 00:51:46,949
Finally he had a house of his own.
723
00:51:47,120 --> 00:51:50,635
And a lady in the house:
Fikriye.
724
00:51:55,640 --> 00:51:58,240
Fikriye, the daughter of his
step-uncle, had been living with...
725
00:51:58,366 --> 00:52:00,966
Zübeyde Haným in Istanbul, but
she had secretly left Istanbul...
726
00:52:00,967 --> 00:52:01,847
...and reached Ankara.
727
00:52:01,848 --> 00:52:05,110
After staying with Mustafa Kemal
at the lodgings at the central station...
728
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:08,636
...she moved with him to the house
in Çankaya and decorated it.
729
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:12,158
She would wait for the Pasha
at the window every evening...
730
00:52:12,240 --> 00:52:14,920
...and when he came home, she
would play him songs of his youth...
731
00:52:14,921 --> 00:52:18,270
...from Rumeli and Manastýr
on the piano.
732
00:52:23,680 --> 00:52:26,400
The Greek campaign that started
on 26 August 1921 towards Ankara...
733
00:52:26,401 --> 00:52:30,391
...was brought to a halt just
in the east of the Sakarya River...
734
00:52:30,480 --> 00:52:35,793
...in the plains of Haymana after
22 days and nights of bloody fighting.
735
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:39,591
The occupying forces were pushed
back to the west of the Sakarya River.
736
00:52:40,040 --> 00:52:44,511
The Greek army formed a new
front between Eskiþehir and Afyon.
737
00:52:45,331 --> 00:52:47,891
Mustafa Kemal, whose army had
about 6 thousand casualties at...
738
00:52:47,892 --> 00:52:50,052
Sakarya, was promoted to
the rank of Field Marshal...
739
00:52:50,053 --> 00:52:51,653
...and was also given the title of Gazi.
740
00:52:52,280 --> 00:52:56,592
"27.September.1921
741
00:52:58,240 --> 00:53:02,313
To my son Mustafa Kemal Pasha,
Field Marshal and Gazi!
742
00:53:02,600 --> 00:53:06,388
They have given me the good news
that you have been given the...
743
00:53:06,480 --> 00:53:10,837
...rank of "Field Marshal"
and the title of "Gazi".
744
00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:15,029
I and your sister congratulate
you with our kisses...
745
00:53:15,120 --> 00:53:19,159
...and embrace you warmly."
746
00:53:19,920 --> 00:53:21,956
"29.September.1921
747
00:53:22,520 --> 00:53:25,478
To my mother Zübeyde Haným c/o Saib Bey:
748
00:53:25,560 --> 00:53:28,800
Your message of congratulations was
the highest of all worldly honours for me...
749
00:53:28,801 --> 00:53:30,511
...which made me very happy.
750
00:53:30,640 --> 00:53:34,315
My desire to see you is beyond words.
751
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:37,358
I will try to have you come
here at the earliest occasion."
752
00:53:38,560 --> 00:53:42,997
February, 1922.
753
00:53:44,280 --> 00:53:46,271
"My son, the apple of my eye!
754
00:53:46,520 --> 00:53:49,159
May our longing come to an end.
755
00:53:49,560 --> 00:53:51,198
May we meet again.
756
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:54,637
I cannot get rid of this illness.
757
00:53:55,120 --> 00:54:00,717
I cannot get better as I worry
about you day and night.
758
00:54:00,840 --> 00:54:02,068
My Son!
759
00:54:02,160 --> 00:54:07,234
If I can get a little better,
find a way for me to come there."
760
00:54:08,760 --> 00:54:12,275
The mother and son who had not been
able to see one another for 3 years...
761
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:16,598
...finally met in a house near the
station in Adapazarý on 14 June 1922.
762
00:54:16,920 --> 00:54:18,831
They went to Ankara together.
763
00:54:18,960 --> 00:54:21,713
Now they were going to
share the same house.
764
00:54:21,840 --> 00:54:24,360
The Commander-in-chief of the
battleground was his mother's...
765
00:54:24,440 --> 00:54:27,318
..."Mustafa" at home once again.
766
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:43,669
The high command of the army
met in Akþehir on the night of 27 July.
767
00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:46,314
The troops had been
getting ready for 9 months.
768
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:49,517
The Commander-in-Chief had
written in his diary when he was in the...
769
00:54:49,640 --> 00:54:52,040
...military academy, " Those
who demonstrate courage and...
770
00:54:52,041 --> 00:54:53,081
...face danger always win.
771
00:54:53,082 --> 00:54:55,876
A faint heart is destined to lose."
772
00:54:56,440 --> 00:54:58,829
Now it was time to prove it.
773
00:55:00,160 --> 00:55:03,789
He would put to good use
all the military knowledge...
774
00:55:03,880 --> 00:55:06,952
...and experience he had
acquired in the military academy...
775
00:55:07,040 --> 00:55:09,793
...Picardie, Sofia and from books
in order to rescue his country.
776
00:55:10,320 --> 00:55:14,757
The people in Anatolia, heeding
his call, donated what little they had...
777
00:55:14,840 --> 00:55:19,470
...from horse shoe to carts,
from socks to oxen.
778
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:24,872
The date he established for his
counterattack was the same day...
779
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:27,240
...the Greek campaign had
started in the previous year:
780
00:55:27,241 --> 00:55:28,912
26th of August.
781
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:37,639
The National Sovereignty
reported on the 20 August 1922 that...
782
00:55:37,720 --> 00:55:42,396
...the Pasha would be giving a
tea party on 21 August in his residence.
783
00:55:42,920 --> 00:55:44,990
The news was put out to divert the enemy.
784
00:55:45,320 --> 00:55:47,151
When the news started circulating...
785
00:55:47,240 --> 00:55:49,754
Mustafa Kemal had already
left for the front...
786
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:53,160
Before setting out, he had dinner with
his friends and as they lifted their...
787
00:55:53,161 --> 00:55:54,956
...glasses for a toast he told them:
788
00:55:55,080 --> 00:55:58,197
"It will take us 15 days to get to
lzmir after we start our offensive."
789
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:02,276
The strongest point of the
Greek front was in Afyon.
790
00:56:02,560 --> 00:56:05,870
He was going to put his
principle to test once again...
791
00:56:05,960 --> 00:56:09,635
...and attack the enemy
at its strongest point.
792
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:14,195
"Son... I waited for you.
793
00:56:14,480 --> 00:56:16,516
But you did not come back.
794
00:56:16,680 --> 00:56:19,717
You had told me that you
were going to a tea party.
795
00:56:20,160 --> 00:56:24,153
But I know, you went to the front.
796
00:56:24,680 --> 00:56:27,353
Don't forget that I am praying for you.
797
00:56:27,640 --> 00:56:32,031
Don't come back before
winning the war! Your mother!"
798
00:56:38,520 --> 00:56:41,478
When Gazi woke up in his tent
at the early hours of 26 August...
799
00:56:41,560 --> 00:56:44,836
...he was by a stream in
Þuhut, near Afyon.
800
00:56:45,360 --> 00:56:48,511
He moved on to Kocatepe
accompanied by some riders.
801
00:56:50,720 --> 00:56:53,996
With this top-secret operation,
he planned on moving his troops...
802
00:56:54,120 --> 00:56:56,880
...towards the southwest of
Afyon to cut off the source of supply...
803
00:56:56,881 --> 00:56:58,511
...from lzmir for the Greek troops.
804
00:56:58,840 --> 00:57:03,994
Then, the cavalry was going to
charge from the direction of Eskiþehir...
805
00:57:04,080 --> 00:57:05,877
...surrounding and destroying the enemy.
806
00:57:06,560 --> 00:57:09,996
This was the same strategy
used by Hannibal of Carthage...
807
00:57:10,120 --> 00:57:12,918
...when he defeated the
Romans in the battle of Cannae.
808
00:57:32,040 --> 00:57:34,634
The company arrived at a gorge.
809
00:57:34,960 --> 00:57:40,034
In that deep darkness, there
was a colossal army hiding.
810
00:57:40,920 --> 00:57:43,240
There were soldiers everywhere
on the skirts of Kocatepe.
811
00:57:43,320 --> 00:57:45,390
The only sound coming
was the whispered orders...
812
00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:47,789
...and the breathing of horses.
813
00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:51,600
Thousands of troops had
walked over 50 kilometres and...
814
00:57:51,720 --> 00:57:55,508
...were having a short rest,
waiting for the final command to charge.
815
00:57:57,040 --> 00:57:59,508
Fevzi Pasha was reading the Koran quietly.
816
00:58:01,520 --> 00:58:05,149
Gazi checked his watch and said,
"the time has come" and added:
817
00:58:05,680 --> 00:58:08,672
"God willing, the victory will be ours."
818
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:33,068
The war was won in Dumlupýnar
on the 30th of August...
819
00:58:33,160 --> 00:58:34,718
...after a pitched battle.
820
00:58:35,080 --> 00:58:37,913
The occupational forces started
their retreat towards lzmir.
821
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:40,475
Gazi issued an army order on 1 September:
822
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:43,478
"The Mediterranean is your
immediate objective. Forward!"
823
00:58:43,640 --> 00:58:51,558
There are flowers blossoming
in the hills of Izmir
824
00:58:51,640 --> 00:58:59,479
Gold and silver cords are Rolling around.
825
00:58:59,840 --> 00:59:07,840
Defeated enemy scatters like the wind
826
00:59:08,240 --> 00:59:12,358
Long live Mustafa Kemal Pasha.
827
00:59:12,440 --> 00:59:16,592
Your name will be engraved in
precious stones...
828
00:59:16,680 --> 00:59:20,753
Long live Mustafa Kemal Pasha.
829
00:59:20,840 --> 00:59:24,628
Your name will be engraved in
precious stones...
830
01:00:00,920 --> 01:00:03,480
The army would reach Izmir in 14 days.
831
01:00:03,960 --> 01:00:06,920
Commander-in-chief would apologize
to his friends whom he had promised...
832
01:00:06,921 --> 01:00:08,836
"to be in lzmir in
15 days after the attack."
833
01:00:08,960 --> 01:00:11,040
He said, " It seems I have
miscalculated by a day."
834
01:00:11,041 --> 01:00:13,519
"And added;
"But it is the enemy's fault, not mine..."
835
01:00:29,760 --> 01:00:33,958
Mustafa Kemal Pasha celebrated
the victory with his comrades in lzmir.
836
01:00:34,520 --> 01:00:37,432
They raised their glasses to
"salvation and foundation".
837
01:00:37,560 --> 01:00:39,516
They sang songs from Rumeli.
838
01:00:39,800 --> 01:00:42,120
Towards the end of the evening,
Gazi danced the Zeybek...
839
01:00:42,121 --> 01:00:43,835
...in honour of the war's conclusion.
840
01:00:44,760 --> 01:00:47,957
That was the final victory dance
of a long-suffering nation.
841
01:01:11,120 --> 01:01:13,760
As they were looking for a place
to set up their head quarters...
842
01:01:13,845 --> 01:01:16,405
...during the great fire in lzmir,
a young lady invited Gazi...
843
01:01:16,406 --> 01:01:19,355
...and his company to the White
Mansion, her house in Göztepe.
844
01:01:20,440 --> 01:01:22,640
The young lady, Latife Haným,
had Gazi's photograph...
845
01:01:22,641 --> 01:01:24,036
...in a locket around her neck.
846
01:01:24,120 --> 01:01:28,079
She was the daughter of Uþakizadeler,
a wealthy family in lzmir.
847
01:01:30,880 --> 01:01:33,917
Mustafa Kemal could see the Turkish
woman of the future he dreamt of...
848
01:01:34,000 --> 01:01:36,560
...in that young lady with
western-style education and culture.
849
01:01:38,040 --> 01:01:41,560
In his first stop after the great victory,
where he was starting to catch his breath...
850
01:01:41,561 --> 01:01:44,350
...he realised it was time
for him to start a family.
851
01:01:44,840 --> 01:01:48,435
Now he would set up both
a country and a family.
852
01:01:58,520 --> 01:02:01,432
As he was leaving lzmir on 29
September, he gave Latife Haným...
853
01:02:01,520 --> 01:02:04,910
...an autographed photograph of
himself in his Field Marshal's uniform.
854
01:02:05,680 --> 01:02:09,070
He wrote "to Latif" and
autographed it with a date.
855
01:02:09,920 --> 01:02:11,880
On the back of the photograph,
he had written...
856
01:02:11,881 --> 01:02:14,154
"My beautiful, elegant Latife".
857
01:02:16,840 --> 01:02:20,469
Those who were close to him
could hear the wedding bells.
858
01:02:20,920 --> 01:02:23,354
With her woman's intuition,
it was Halide Edip...
859
01:02:23,440 --> 01:02:25,040
...who asked him the difficult question:
860
01:02:25,480 --> 01:02:27,277
"But what about Fikriye Haným?"
861
01:02:29,520 --> 01:02:31,800
Gazi was planning on sending
Fikriye Haným to Germany...
862
01:02:31,844 --> 01:02:33,764
...for medical treatment
as soon as possible...
863
01:02:33,765 --> 01:02:37,395
...and his mother to
lzmir to meet the bride.
864
01:02:41,640 --> 01:02:44,950
When people asked him what he
thought of marriage, he would say...
865
01:02:45,040 --> 01:02:50,398
"I have to set an example of a
new type of family life in our country."
866
01:02:51,440 --> 01:02:55,319
When asked " Have you ever
fallen in love?", he replied:
867
01:02:56,760 --> 01:03:00,469
"To fall in love?
Have I had the time for it?
868
01:03:00,720 --> 01:03:04,315
Can one find time for love
while living in tents and camps...
869
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:06,550
...on the hills and mountains?
870
01:03:06,640 --> 01:03:08,676
But we are human beings as well.
871
01:03:08,920 --> 01:03:11,229
We have a heart that beats, too.
872
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:14,753
Have you had doubts about
that because we are soldiers?"
873
01:03:18,240 --> 01:03:21,437
As he returned to Ankara,
his friend Rauf accompanied him.
874
01:03:22,960 --> 01:03:26,316
The war, which had wasted all
their youthful years, was finally over.
875
01:03:26,840 --> 01:03:30,515
He had rushed from one battle
ground to another for 11 years...
876
01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:32,158
...and now he was 41.
877
01:03:33,160 --> 01:03:34,559
He told Rauf:
878
01:03:36,880 --> 01:03:38,833
"I have completed my duty
with this victory.
879
01:03:38,834 --> 01:03:41,154
Now the only thing remaining
to do is establishing peace.
880
01:03:41,155 --> 01:03:43,835
As soon as that is taken care of,
I want to settle in a village...
881
01:03:43,836 --> 01:03:45,876
...found a farming cooperative,
and start farming.
882
01:03:45,877 --> 01:03:47,077
Why don't you join me as well?
883
01:03:47,078 --> 01:03:48,478
We can set up an exemplary village.
884
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:50,880
It would be fine if we each
invested two thousand liras.
885
01:03:50,881 --> 01:03:54,840
Fields, vineyards, orchards, stallions,
farming with agricultural machinery.
886
01:03:54,875 --> 01:03:57,832
"Mustafa Kemal and Partners
Exemplary Farming Enterprise! '
887
01:03:58,000 --> 01:03:58,989
What do you think?"
888
01:04:01,000 --> 01:04:02,956
That was to remain a dream...
889
01:04:03,360 --> 01:04:07,273
He would see the fulfillment of those
ambitions in farms set up throughout...
890
01:04:07,360 --> 01:04:10,480
...the country but he would have to
give his attention to transforming his...
891
01:04:10,481 --> 01:04:14,188
...military victory to a political one.
892
01:04:21,440 --> 01:04:26,195
On 14 January 1923, Mustafa Kemal
took in the train from Ankara to Ýzmit.
893
01:04:26,840 --> 01:04:29,832
Fresh from the battlefield,
he was headed to Anatolia...
894
01:04:29,920 --> 01:04:33,799
...to check the pulse of the nation,
to tell them about the political party...
895
01:04:33,880 --> 01:04:36,633
...the constitution and the political
regime he wanted to set up.
896
01:04:37,520 --> 01:04:40,432
He planned to give his messages
to journalist from Istanbul...
897
01:04:40,520 --> 01:04:42,829
...in his first trip after winning the war...
898
01:04:42,920 --> 01:04:45,309
...and he wanted to get
married in lzmir, his final stop.
899
01:04:51,920 --> 01:04:54,434
He had become engaged on
the day before he set out.
900
01:04:55,080 --> 01:04:59,312
A coded message arrived on
their second day in the journey.
901
01:05:00,520 --> 01:05:04,069
Ali, his orderly, told him:
"We have not been able to read it, yet."
902
01:05:05,720 --> 01:05:07,920
"I know that my mother has
passed away, lad", he said.
903
01:05:12,720 --> 01:05:17,510
"I had a dream, I was walking in
green fields with my mother.
904
01:05:18,120 --> 01:05:20,076
Suddenly, a storm broke out.
905
01:05:20,960 --> 01:05:22,712
Took mom away."
906
01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:39,312
There was no one who would
call him "Mustafa" any more...
907
01:05:40,280 --> 01:05:43,670
He buried his sorrow and moved on.
908
01:05:44,920 --> 01:05:47,240
To those presenting their
condolences, he replied that...
909
01:05:47,330 --> 01:05:48,890
...the immediate duty at hand was to...
910
01:05:48,891 --> 01:05:51,211
"make sure that our great
mother, the country, lives on".
911
01:05:56,920 --> 01:06:01,596
He was frank in those nightlong
chats he had with the journalists in Ýzmit.
912
01:06:01,680 --> 01:06:04,990
However, he wanted the information
to be off-the-record for the present.
913
01:06:05,760 --> 01:06:08,991
He talked about the possibility of
Ankara becoming the capital...
914
01:06:09,080 --> 01:06:11,958
...and what a headache the Caliphate was.
915
01:06:12,040 --> 01:06:15,396
He talked about the fact that there
would be new liberties given to...
916
01:06:16,480 --> 01:06:19,400
...Kurdish population, but added:
"It would be destructive for Turkey...
917
01:06:19,485 --> 01:06:21,605
...to start drawing separate
borders for the Kurds".
918
01:06:22,960 --> 01:06:26,953
In the last stop of his trip, he went
directly to his mother's tomb in lzmir.
919
01:06:28,640 --> 01:06:32,155
Later, when he saw the garish tomb that
had been built for her he protested...
920
01:06:32,240 --> 01:06:34,640
...and said, "just bring
a large rock from the mountains...
921
01:06:34,641 --> 01:06:36,801
...to be her tombstone and
carve on it the following:
922
01:06:36,802 --> 01:06:40,519
Here lies Zübeyde, Atatürk's mother."
923
01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:56,312
After visiting his mother's tomb,
he went to see his fiancée.
924
01:06:56,520 --> 01:06:59,040
"My aide-de-camp" he said,
"you have two hours to get ready...
925
01:06:59,041 --> 01:07:01,872
...we're getting married right away.
This is an order."
926
01:07:02,240 --> 01:07:06,199
The 23-year-old bride and the
42-year-old groom got married...
927
01:07:06,360 --> 01:07:09,591
...after a simple ceremony in
which male and female guests...
928
01:07:09,680 --> 01:07:11,440
...participated together for the first time.
929
01:07:26,320 --> 01:07:28,276
They went to Ankara together.
930
01:07:28,560 --> 01:07:30,680
The new bride moved into
the residence in Çankaya...
931
01:07:30,681 --> 01:07:32,721
...which was found and
decorated by Fikriye Haným.
932
01:07:39,640 --> 01:07:45,192
However, 15 days later,
a telegram sent from Istanbul upset Gazi.
933
01:07:48,040 --> 01:07:50,160
The previous resident of the house,
Fikriye Haným...
934
01:07:50,161 --> 01:07:53,111
...was about to come back to the
house where another woman lived now.
935
01:07:54,120 --> 01:07:58,079
Gazi protested but she managed
to make her way to Ankara...
936
01:07:58,200 --> 01:08:00,839
...and had to be welcomed as a
guest in the house in Çankaya.
937
01:08:06,320 --> 01:08:08,595
When the ex-lover
wore out her welcome...
938
01:08:08,680 --> 01:08:11,160
...the new hostess of the residence
started to get irritated.
939
01:08:11,680 --> 01:08:14,560
She was heard by all in the residence
when she inquired of Ali Çavuþ...
940
01:08:14,561 --> 01:08:16,117
"When is that lady leaving?"
941
01:08:17,240 --> 01:08:21,677
Ali Çavuþ, later recounted that Gazi "although
it was his bedtime, he did not retire.
942
01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:25,031
He sat thinking in a
different room until midnight.
943
01:08:25,920 --> 01:08:27,797
He was clearly distressed."
944
01:08:29,360 --> 01:08:32,750
Early next morning,
Fikriye Haným said her goodbyes.
945
01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:35,989
But she returned on a May morning.
946
01:08:36,320 --> 01:08:39,357
The rest of the story can be
read in the daily Vatan as follows:
947
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:49,520
"Fikriye Haným, upon her arrival
in Ankara, went directly to the...
948
01:08:49,609 --> 01:08:52,489
...residence of the President, and
stated that she wanted to see the...
949
01:08:52,490 --> 01:08:53,770
...President and the First Lady.
950
01:08:53,771 --> 01:08:57,199
She was informed that it would not be
possible to see Gazi and his wife.
951
01:08:57,480 --> 01:08:59,680
Fikriye Haným had to go back
in that hired carriage...
952
01:08:59,681 --> 01:09:01,595
...which had been waiting for
her at the gate.
953
01:09:01,840 --> 01:09:06,680
It is understood that on the
way back, she committed suicide...
954
01:09:06,715 --> 01:09:09,148
...in the carriage by using a
pistol in her possession."
955
01:09:11,480 --> 01:09:14,000
Fikriye Haným was immediately
taken to the Country Hospital...
956
01:09:14,001 --> 01:09:15,352
...seriously wounded.
957
01:09:15,920 --> 01:09:18,600
Gazi called the hospital and
personally took charge of the case...
958
01:09:18,601 --> 01:09:20,197
...but nothing could be done.
959
01:09:21,160 --> 01:09:22,798
Ali Çavuþ would later write...
960
01:09:22,880 --> 01:09:26,839
"after that event, Atatürk
suffered silently for many days".
961
01:09:28,680 --> 01:09:31,320
Gazi announced the termination
of his marriage to Latife Haným...
962
01:09:31,321 --> 01:09:36,109
...in an official statement,
14 months after Fikriye's death.
963
01:09:37,760 --> 01:09:42,834
After almost 3 years of marriage,
he confessed...
964
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:46,237
"getting married was one of the
biggest mistakes I have ever made"
965
01:09:47,000 --> 01:09:51,073
Adding: " I have managed armies,
but I was not able to manage a woman."
966
01:10:30,400 --> 01:10:34,757
In late October in 1923, after the
occupational forces left Istanbul...
967
01:10:34,840 --> 01:10:37,840
...he invited his close friends to diner
at the residence and gave them...
968
01:10:37,966 --> 01:10:40,446
...the good news concerning the
proclamation of the republic.
969
01:10:40,447 --> 01:10:42,807
The next day, at the parliament,
Turkey became a republic.
970
01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:47,671
15 minutes later, Gazi was unanimously
elected the first President.
971
01:10:48,360 --> 01:10:51,080
As the artillery fired a gun salute,
he delivered a short speech...
972
01:10:51,081 --> 01:10:52,749
...to thank the general assembly.
973
01:10:52,880 --> 01:10:55,997
Years later, he explained why
he made such a short speech...
974
01:10:56,120 --> 01:10:59,317
...on such an important
occasion to Afet Ýnan:
975
01:11:00,720 --> 01:11:02,870
"Because I had just had some dentures made.
976
01:11:02,960 --> 01:11:05,554
They were still being tested.
977
01:11:05,640 --> 01:11:08,280
When I opened my mouth either
a whistling sound could be heard...
978
01:11:09,000 --> 01:11:11,878
...or they simply fell out."
979
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:21,991
The orphan boy who had built himself
a shelter 35 years ago in Langaza...
980
01:11:22,080 --> 01:11:25,595
...when he lost his father
and family hearth...
981
01:11:25,680 --> 01:11:29,070
...was finally able to build
a homeland for his people.
982
01:11:32,800 --> 01:11:35,792
"A dilapidated country by a precipice...
983
01:11:36,800 --> 01:11:40,315
Bloody battles with diverse enemies...
984
01:11:41,080 --> 01:11:42,638
Wars lasting years...
985
01:11:43,560 --> 01:11:48,953
Then, a new land commanding
respect both at home and abroad...
986
01:11:49,240 --> 01:11:52,312
...a new society, a new state.
987
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:55,030
This is the overall Turkish revolution..."
988
01:11:55,440 --> 01:11:58,671
Gazi started implementing his
agenda without wasting time...
989
01:11:58,760 --> 01:12:00,990
...taking radical steps.
990
01:12:01,080 --> 01:12:03,320
He declared Ankara the
capital and finished with the...
991
01:12:03,321 --> 01:12:05,674
...idea of the Empire once and for all.
992
01:12:06,680 --> 01:12:08,875
After getting rid of a
600-year-old Empire...
993
01:12:08,960 --> 01:12:10,996
...the Caliphate was abolished as well.
994
01:12:13,622 --> 01:12:15,862
Schools with a religion-based
curriculum were closed...
995
01:12:15,946 --> 01:12:18,066
...and a secular educational
system was established.
996
01:12:18,883 --> 01:12:21,603
He had taken his revenge from
Kaymak Hafýz, the imam-cum-teacher...
997
01:12:21,604 --> 01:12:23,484
...who had flogged him
when he was just a boy.
998
01:12:24,240 --> 01:12:26,754
He had written in his diary
6 years ago in Karlsbad...
999
01:12:26,840 --> 01:12:30,833
"If I have the power, I will bring
about the revolution that is needed...
1000
01:12:30,920 --> 01:12:34,151
...in our social life at a single stroke"
1001
01:12:34,240 --> 01:12:37,277
And now he was doing just that,
with authority.
1002
01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:46,637
His comrades of the national
resistance, Rauf, Adnan, Ali Fuat...
1003
01:12:46,760 --> 01:12:49,760
...and Refet, were disturbed by the
fact that he had not consulted them...
1004
01:12:49,761 --> 01:12:50,601
...about the reforms.
1005
01:12:50,602 --> 01:12:53,353
So, they established the
Progressive Republican Party...
1006
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:57,798
...presided by Kazým Karabekir, and
started to make the voice of the...
1007
01:12:57,920 --> 01:12:59,638
...opposition heard in the country.
1008
01:13:00,160 --> 01:13:02,628
But there were other types
of reactionaries as well.
1009
01:13:02,880 --> 01:13:05,280
During the winter of 1925,
a rebellion, led by Þeyh Sait...
1010
01:13:05,281 --> 01:13:06,393
...broke out in the east.
1011
01:13:06,480 --> 01:13:08,596
The rebellion was crushed
within three months...
1012
01:13:08,680 --> 01:13:10,432
...and its leaders were executed.
1013
01:13:10,720 --> 01:13:12,438
The opposition party was closed.
1014
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:15,040
A new law passed to
establish public order...
1015
01:13:15,041 --> 01:13:17,036
...silenced the opposition completely.
1016
01:13:17,360 --> 01:13:20,238
Now Gazi had absolute power.
1017
01:13:31,840 --> 01:13:35,674
It was time for his most symbolic,
yet bravest steps.
1018
01:13:36,040 --> 01:13:39,237
Gazi went to Kastamonu, which was
one of the strongholds of religious...
1019
01:13:39,320 --> 01:13:42,160
...fanaticism in those days, taking
his Field Marshal's uniform along.
1020
01:13:42,161 --> 01:13:44,761
He put on a western-style hat,
which had always been regarded...
1021
01:13:44,762 --> 01:13:46,762
...as a symbol of being an
"infidel" in Anatolia.
1022
01:13:47,046 --> 01:13:50,446
He told them: " Put this headgear on. Let
your women show their faces to the world."
1023
01:13:50,447 --> 01:13:52,634
And added:
"The Turkish republic cannot be...
1024
01:13:52,760 --> 01:13:57,595
...a country of sheiks,
dervishes and disciples."
1025
01:13:59,040 --> 01:14:02,635
Now, he would be able to wear the
bowler hat proudly in his own country...
1026
01:14:02,760 --> 01:14:07,311
...which, 15 years ago, could only be possible
when he left the Ottoman territories.
1027
01:14:13,480 --> 01:14:16,160
When he came across Mazhar Müfit
upon his return from Kastamonu...
1028
01:14:16,161 --> 01:14:20,875
...Gazi reminded him that 5-item
agenda he had dictated in 1919:
1029
01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:24,670
"Have you been checking your notes?
What's next now?"
1030
01:14:26,480 --> 01:14:28,152
He had managed to achieve a large...
1031
01:14:28,320 --> 01:14:32,359
...part of the reforms he had planned
6 years earlier.
1032
01:14:32,760 --> 01:14:34,193
But it wasn't over yet.
1033
01:14:34,720 --> 01:14:37,520
He took steps one after another to
eliminate the power of religion...
1034
01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:40,910
...from social life, while integrating
Turkey with the Western world:
1035
01:14:41,840 --> 01:14:43,440
Dervish lodges, shrines and mauseolea...
1036
01:14:43,525 --> 01:14:46,285
...where religious thought had been
passed on from one generation...
1037
01:14:46,286 --> 01:14:48,760
...to the next for centuries,
were closed at a single blow.
1038
01:14:48,795 --> 01:14:51,479
Western-style time keeping
and calendars were adopted.
1039
01:14:51,640 --> 01:14:54,473
The Swiss civil law, the most
advanced of the time...
1040
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:58,070
...was adopted to bring equal rights
and emancipation for Turkish women.
1041
01:14:58,840 --> 01:15:00,560
Also, Gazi said goodbye to his moustache...
1042
01:15:00,561 --> 01:15:03,790
...which he had worn
since military academy.
1043
01:15:17,040 --> 01:15:21,079
An assassination attempt targeting
Gazi in the summer of 1926...
1044
01:15:21,240 --> 01:15:23,117
...marked the end of an era.
1045
01:15:23,440 --> 01:15:26,910
The heroes of the national
independence war, his best friends...
1046
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:32,870
...Ali Fuat, Refet, Adnan, Rauf and
Kazým Karabekir were on trial.
1047
01:15:33,880 --> 01:15:37,270
Even Ýsmet Pasha,
Kazým's brother-in-arms...
1048
01:15:37,360 --> 01:15:39,794
...narrowly missed being
arrested himself.
1049
01:15:41,680 --> 01:15:44,319
Gazi declared amnesty for
the pashas in the last minute.
1050
01:15:44,520 --> 01:15:48,149
But the rest were either
executed or sent to prison.
1051
01:15:49,240 --> 01:15:53,950
An era had once again reached
its conclusion with gallows...
1052
01:15:54,080 --> 01:15:56,469
...the opposition had been crushed...
1053
01:15:56,560 --> 01:15:59,950
...and revolution had annihilated
her own children.
1054
01:16:05,200 --> 01:16:07,760
"I had left Istanbul that was
weeping in despair 8 years ago...
1055
01:16:07,761 --> 01:16:09,596
...with a heavy heart.
1056
01:16:09,920 --> 01:16:11,445
There was no one to see me off.
1057
01:16:11,480 --> 01:16:15,234
Here I am, 8 years later, returning
to joyful Istanbul with a happy heart."
1058
01:16:19,960 --> 01:16:23,430
The first glimpse he had of this city
had been from a deck of a ship.
1059
01:16:23,840 --> 01:16:26,434
As Gazi waved to the people of
Istanbul from the deck of...
1060
01:16:26,520 --> 01:16:30,069
...the Ertuðrul in the summer of 1927...
1061
01:16:30,160 --> 01:16:31,991
...Hamdullah Suphi came over...
1062
01:16:32,880 --> 01:16:34,711
...and said;
"You must be very excited".
1063
01:16:36,160 --> 01:16:38,754
Gazi made him feel his
heart beat and replied...
1064
01:16:39,640 --> 01:16:41,756
"There's no excitement there".
1065
01:16:41,960 --> 01:16:43,800
He went on:
"Because I know very well that...
1066
01:16:43,801 --> 01:16:47,109
...the same crowd can just easily
gather to lynch us one day."
1067
01:16:55,640 --> 01:16:58,677
Now he would go into seclusion
for 3 months in the White Room...
1068
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:02,634
...in Dolmabahçe to settle accounts
and write his own story.
1069
01:17:02,760 --> 01:17:07,788
"I landed in Samsun on
19 May in the year 1919."
1070
01:17:30,880 --> 01:17:35,112
Even under these circumstances and
conditions, it is your duty to defend...
1071
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,634
...the Turkish Independence
and Republic.
1072
01:17:37,720 --> 01:17:43,033
The strength that you will need is in
the noble blood flowing in your veins.
1073
01:17:50,520 --> 01:17:53,671
In that period, Pietro Canonica,
Mussolini's personal sculptor...
1074
01:17:53,760 --> 01:17:54,954
...was invited to Turkey.
1075
01:17:55,360 --> 01:17:58,557
He was commissioned to
make large statues of Gazi.
1076
01:17:58,720 --> 01:18:03,953
Later, in a letter to Mussolini,
Canonica talked about Gazi:
1077
01:18:06,040 --> 01:18:09,077
"Kemal Pasha speaks
little but thinks a lot.
1078
01:18:09,440 --> 01:18:12,750
Sometimes he is domineering, yet
sometimes he is in a sentimental...
1079
01:18:12,880 --> 01:18:17,078
...mood, both childish and sweet.
1080
01:18:17,600 --> 01:18:20,831
I feel that he must have gone
through emotional disappointments.
1081
01:18:20,960 --> 01:18:22,996
Clearly he has suffered a great deal..."
1082
01:18:25,640 --> 01:18:28,837
Gazi had wiped out the reactionaries
and had demonstrated clearly that...
1083
01:18:28,960 --> 01:18:31,190
...he had the supreme
command of the country.
1084
01:18:31,600 --> 01:18:34,273
Now it was time to
establish his authority...
1085
01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:38,951
...consolidate the revolution and
make each citizen feel his presence.
1086
01:18:40,560 --> 01:18:43,120
He was becoming more and
more a sacred omnipresent ruler...
1087
01:18:43,200 --> 01:18:46,033
...with absolute authority.
1088
01:18:48,320 --> 01:18:50,356
Gazi's word was law itself.
1089
01:18:50,480 --> 01:18:53,199
The newspapers were full of his praises.
1090
01:18:53,680 --> 01:18:55,910
He did not have a single
opponent in the parliament.
1091
01:18:56,240 --> 01:18:59,000
This regime with a single ruler
and single party was nothing less...
1092
01:18:59,001 --> 01:19:02,076
...than a dictatorship, as far as
the European press was concerned:
1093
01:19:06,840 --> 01:19:08,956
3 November 1927.
1094
01:19:09,560 --> 01:19:12,160
"Gazi has become the only leader
who has managed to establish...
1095
01:19:12,168 --> 01:19:15,008
...absolute and certain dictatorship
with a national movement loyal...
1096
01:19:15,080 --> 01:19:16,911
...to his will in the post-war world.
1097
01:19:17,160 --> 01:19:20,200
There was no other way to accomplish
what he managed to do in only 5 years.
1098
01:19:20,201 --> 01:19:24,033
He carried out the most radical
revolution that can be imagined in...
1099
01:19:24,120 --> 01:19:26,960
...a traditional country where religious
sentiments are deeply rooted.
1100
01:19:26,995 --> 01:19:29,875
He tried to change a people who
had existed solely with religion and...
1101
01:19:29,880 --> 01:19:32,713
...he skipped all the steps of
a natural evolution...
1102
01:19:32,840 --> 01:19:35,752
...and almost tried to use
a magic wand to do so.
1103
01:19:35,840 --> 01:19:39,913
This can only be regarded as a crazy
endeavour beyond the power of man."
1104
01:19:49,920 --> 01:19:52,639
The storm was over and the
opposition had been destroyed...
1105
01:19:52,920 --> 01:19:55,878
...and large squares had been
decorated with his statues...
1106
01:19:56,520 --> 01:19:59,637
...but Gazi was lonelier than ever now.
1107
01:20:00,880 --> 01:20:05,510
He had lost his mother his wife
and his comrades one after another.
1108
01:20:06,480 --> 01:20:08,596
He found himself a new place of shelter...
1109
01:20:08,680 --> 01:20:11,194
...where he could find peace
during that difficult time.
1110
01:20:12,440 --> 01:20:14,556
When he saw the wood in
Söðütözü in Ankara...
1111
01:20:14,640 --> 01:20:17,473
...he had commented,
"I wish I had a small hut here."
1112
01:20:18,080 --> 01:20:19,513
So, they built him one.
1113
01:20:21,360 --> 01:20:23,440
In those days, that small hut
with a single room...
1114
01:20:23,524 --> 01:20:26,524
...was the only secret shelter of the
man who could, without hesitating...
1115
01:20:26,525 --> 01:20:30,837
...for a second, send those who
had been closest to him to death...
1116
01:20:30,920 --> 01:20:32,512
...for the good of the regime.
1117
01:20:38,880 --> 01:20:40,400
One evening, he summoned Zeki Üngör...
1118
01:20:40,401 --> 01:20:42,561
...the composer of the national
anthem, and told him:
1119
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,125
"We'll start using Latin characters.
People need to get used to them.
1120
01:20:46,160 --> 01:20:49,391
If you can compose a song with those
letters, they can learn much easier".
1121
01:20:50,440 --> 01:20:53,591
Üngör replied "why don't you help
me with it, let's do it together"...
1122
01:20:53,720 --> 01:20:56,871
...and he started playing musical
notes with the letters.
1123
01:20:58,000 --> 01:20:59,797
The song was ready soon.
1124
01:21:00,520 --> 01:21:03,320
Gazi immediately called the chef
and the gardener of his residence...
1125
01:21:03,400 --> 01:21:04,753
...as well as his chauffeur.
1126
01:21:04,880 --> 01:21:07,030
He tested the song on them.
1127
01:21:07,920 --> 01:21:10,600
When he saw that it worked,
he immediately sent his word for it...
1128
01:21:10,601 --> 01:21:12,561
...to be published in the
papers the next day...
1129
01:21:12,562 --> 01:21:14,510
...and played by military brass bands.
1130
01:21:18,680 --> 01:21:22,520
So he had come to the last item of the
list he had dictated to Mazhar Müfit...
1131
01:21:22,555 --> 01:21:24,035
...10 years ago on the way to Ankara.
1132
01:21:24,036 --> 01:21:26,997
Which would keep him busy
to the end of his life.
1133
01:21:28,120 --> 01:21:31,237
By adopting Latin characters, he
wanted to remove Arabic influence...
1134
01:21:31,360 --> 01:21:34,113
...from the Turkish language and
culture and make education...
1135
01:21:34,280 --> 01:21:37,590
...easily accessable in a society
that had only 10% literacy rate.
1136
01:21:50,880 --> 01:21:52,520
Now he was not the
Commander-in-chief...
1137
01:21:52,648 --> 01:21:55,128
...but he was the Teacher-in-chief,
with chalk in his hand...
1138
01:21:55,129 --> 01:21:58,169
...completing the transformation in
just three months, and not "5 years"...
1139
01:21:58,170 --> 01:21:59,832
...as the experts thought.
1140
01:22:01,240 --> 01:22:04,118
In Turkey where the literacy
rate barely reaching 10%...
1141
01:22:04,200 --> 01:22:07,795
...50 thousand teachers in 54 thousand
establishments taught 2.5 million...
1142
01:22:07,880 --> 01:22:11,759
...people how to read and write
by using the new alphabet.
1143
01:22:12,440 --> 01:22:14,317
When the national mobilization was over...
1144
01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:16,960
...one out of each four Turks
could read and write.
1145
01:22:17,560 --> 01:22:21,758
A history of old characters
had been erased.
1146
01:22:28,560 --> 01:22:34,112
He would write a new history and
describe the ideal citizen himself.
1147
01:22:34,760 --> 01:22:36,525
In "Notes for a Civilized Life"...
1148
01:22:36,560 --> 01:22:39,320
...which he personally wrote to be
used at schools as a text book...
1149
01:22:39,321 --> 01:22:40,721
...he pointed out that Turks had...
1150
01:22:40,722 --> 01:22:43,393
...always been a great nation
even before adopting Islam.
1151
01:22:43,480 --> 01:22:47,439
Islam, rather than uniting Turks
with the rest of the Islamic world...
1152
01:22:47,520 --> 01:22:51,040
...served the purpose of
slacking their nationalistic ties...
1153
01:22:51,075 --> 01:22:53,679
...and numbing their
nationalistic fervour.
1154
01:22:59,840 --> 01:23:02,880
We know that primitive people were
afraid of all natural events, such as...
1155
01:23:02,920 --> 01:23:07,914
...the thunder, night, a river that
burst its banks or wild animals...
1156
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:10,798
...and they were even
frightened of one another.
1157
01:23:11,000 --> 01:23:15,118
Fear of patriarch in groups of
primitive men, which was then...
1158
01:23:15,200 --> 01:23:17,839
...replaced by fear of God in
larger communities...
1159
01:23:17,960 --> 01:23:22,590
...resulted in incalculable prohibitions
in men's minds and activities.
1160
01:23:22,920 --> 01:23:25,360
"Men rising to the position of
a leader were able to lead...
1161
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:27,868
...communities on behalf of God.
1162
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:31,072
Individuals had no rights or liberties.
1163
01:23:31,160 --> 01:23:34,311
As man made progress in his
thinking, it became clearer that...
1164
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:38,837
...the nature was above all and
was everything, and then man...
1165
01:23:38,920 --> 01:23:42,310
...the child of that nature, started
to appreciate his own magnitude...
1166
01:23:42,440 --> 01:23:44,476
...and dignity.
1167
01:23:44,600 --> 01:23:47,990
Consequently, individuals
started to fight for their right...
1168
01:23:48,080 --> 01:23:51,516
...against rulers and states."
1169
01:23:58,080 --> 01:24:01,072
This young lady is the first Miss Turkey.
1170
01:24:01,920 --> 01:24:04,992
Feriha Tevfik was the winner of the
contest organized by Cumhuriyet...
1171
01:24:05,160 --> 01:24:07,435
...the daily newspaper, in 1929.
1172
01:24:08,160 --> 01:24:10,594
The pageant was probably Gazi's brainchild.
1173
01:24:10,880 --> 01:24:14,031
Turkish women, freshly
broken free of their veils...
1174
01:24:14,240 --> 01:24:16,879
...were now competing for the crown.
1175
01:24:17,040 --> 01:24:19,600
Keriman Halis, who was crowned
Miss Turkey three years later...
1176
01:24:19,601 --> 01:24:22,311
...won the title of
Miss World in Belgium.
1177
01:24:23,080 --> 01:24:26,675
Gazi had reached his goal and
as he stated in his celebratory note...
1178
01:24:26,760 --> 01:24:30,435
...he had made " The world to get
to know the beauty of a Turk".
1179
01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:33,920
On conclusion, he told the girls
competing for the crown to...
1180
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:38,198
"Strive for world championship in
high culture, more importantly."
1181
01:24:45,120 --> 01:24:53,120
"Against the difficulties of International
economics we are taking measures as...
1182
01:24:53,440 --> 01:25:00,437
...the situation warrants to defend
and improve ourselves.
1183
01:25:00,640 --> 01:25:08,640
We must carry on performing our
essential duties without interruption."
1184
01:25:13,640 --> 01:25:18,555
Gazi set out to see the state
of the nation in early 1930.
1185
01:25:19,160 --> 01:25:21,440
The world was going through
the great depression.
1186
01:25:21,475 --> 01:25:22,793
So was Turkey.
1187
01:25:23,360 --> 01:25:25,840
In his three-week trip, citizens
who saw him rushed to him...
1188
01:25:25,841 --> 01:25:28,272
...with petitions in their
hands to complain.
1189
01:25:28,480 --> 01:25:34,077
People were deeply troubled: Taxes
were high, officials were corrupt...
1190
01:25:34,160 --> 01:25:36,674
...and making a living was
nigh on impossible.
1191
01:25:37,120 --> 01:25:39,560
Gazi had believed the newspapers
with no negative reports...
1192
01:25:39,640 --> 01:25:42,154
...and the fair words of the
sycophants surrounding him.
1193
01:25:42,240 --> 01:25:44,400
He had been under the
impression that all was well...
1194
01:25:44,401 --> 01:25:45,633
...but he was sadly wrong.
1195
01:25:47,400 --> 01:25:51,188
He had run too fast and lost sight
of the people he left behind.
1196
01:25:52,080 --> 01:25:56,471
By the time he got around to seeing
them, complaints had replaced applauses.
1197
01:25:57,000 --> 01:25:59,275
His distress could clearly
be seen in his expression.
1198
01:26:02,480 --> 01:26:05,480
As soon as he arrived in Antalya, he
went to the house prepared for him...
1199
01:26:05,481 --> 01:26:06,877
...and shut the door.
1200
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:09,309
He sank into a chair.
1201
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:13,675
He was exhausted,
angry and deeply troubled.
1202
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:17,153
He told his personal assistant Hasan Rýza:
1203
01:26:17,680 --> 01:26:22,117
"I am distressed, lad,
I am distressed in great pain.
1204
01:26:22,560 --> 01:26:26,633
You see that everywhere we
go we hear people complaining.
1205
01:26:26,960 --> 01:26:31,590
They are destitute, they are miserable
both physically and emotionally.
1206
01:26:32,920 --> 01:26:35,718
Unfortunately this is the
real state of the nation.
1207
01:26:36,000 --> 01:26:38,275
Do you know what saddens me the most:
1208
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:41,917
The fact that they expect me to
solve all their problems when they...
1209
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:44,309
...themselves are resigned
and lethargic...
1210
01:26:45,240 --> 01:26:48,915
After all I am just a man,
I don't have divine powers..."
1211
01:26:50,760 --> 01:26:57,871
"Today we celebrate
the most important day...
1212
01:26:57,960 --> 01:27:02,238
...as our Republic completes its
10th year. Congratulations!
1213
01:27:08,520 --> 01:27:14,072
As a member of the great Turkish nation...
1214
01:27:15,360 --> 01:27:22,277
...I have the deepest satisfaction
and excitement of being here.
1215
01:27:22,840 --> 01:27:24,398
My fellow Turks!
1216
01:27:25,040 --> 01:27:29,716
We have been able to accomplish
great things in 10 years.
1217
01:27:30,320 --> 01:27:34,359
And the greatest of these
accomplishments is the...
1218
01:27:34,600 --> 01:27:41,756
...Turkish Republic, founded on Turkish
heroism and high Turkish culture."
1219
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:44,875
As proclaimed in the march
composed to commemorate...
1220
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,515
...its 10th anniversary, the Republic
had produced 15 million youths...
1221
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:51,478
...in 10 years and clad the
country with a network of steel.
1222
01:27:52,080 --> 01:27:55,152
Turkey had been born again in 10 years.
1223
01:27:56,320 --> 01:27:59,915
Gazi had still not been able to bring
prosperity to that destitute nation...
1224
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:03,117
...he had taken over, but he had
managed to double per capita income.
1225
01:28:03,480 --> 01:28:06,916
He had managed to have a balanced
budget with no foreign aid.
1226
01:28:08,560 --> 01:28:10,800
He may not have been able
to establish the democracy...
1227
01:28:10,801 --> 01:28:12,395
...but its foundations had been laid.
1228
01:28:12,800 --> 01:28:16,076
There was a period when he had to
consent to the inclusion in the...
1229
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:19,440
...constitution the statement that said,
"the religion of the state is Islam"...
1230
01:28:19,441 --> 01:28:22,437
...but later he had that
statement removed...
1231
01:28:22,560 --> 01:28:24,835
...and made religion a
matter of personal worship.
1232
01:28:26,240 --> 01:28:28,920
He had ensured the emancipation
of women, removed their scarves...
1233
01:28:28,921 --> 01:28:30,791
...and offered modern education.
1234
01:28:31,480 --> 01:28:35,917
They had been given the vote
before many of their contemporaries...
1235
01:28:36,320 --> 01:28:38,600
...in the West and they were
about to become law makers.
1236
01:28:39,040 --> 01:28:41,349
Now, he ruled his country
with a different regime...
1237
01:28:41,440 --> 01:28:43,112
...and different set of laws.
1238
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:46,080
His people led their lives in different
clothes, read and wrote with...
1239
01:28:46,081 --> 01:28:49,912
...a different alphabet and listened to
a different sort of music on the radio.
1240
01:28:53,040 --> 01:28:55,920
Besides, he had managed to carry
out all those dramatic changes that...
1241
01:28:55,921 --> 01:28:58,481
...had taken centuries in Europe
in a matter of 10 years alone.
1242
01:28:58,482 --> 01:29:00,960
He would establish the peace
Anatolia longed for...
1243
01:29:01,040 --> 01:29:03,315
...extended a friendly
hand to yesterday's enemies...
1244
01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:07,996
...and be nominated for Nobel peace
award by the Greek leader of the day.
1245
01:29:08,640 --> 01:29:10,631
He had created new life in the wilderness.
1246
01:29:10,880 --> 01:29:13,792
He was about to be given the name Atatürk.
1247
01:29:18,400 --> 01:29:21,517
When Çankaya was getting ready
for the festivities to honour the 10th...
1248
01:29:21,640 --> 01:29:24,280
...anniversary of the republic,
he said, "I don't feel anything".
1249
01:29:34,440 --> 01:29:38,592
He put in the following two
sentences in his 10th year address:
1250
01:29:40,200 --> 01:29:42,760
"When all these things that
I have talked about come to pass...
1251
01:29:42,761 --> 01:29:46,115
...there is one thing I wish from you
and the rest of the civilized humanity:
1252
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:48,553
Remember me!"
1253
01:29:51,360 --> 01:29:53,715
This was a farewell message.
1254
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:57,272
The fear of being forgotten, which
could be seen in many letters...
1255
01:29:57,400 --> 01:29:59,470
...written to friends, was back again.
1256
01:30:00,360 --> 01:30:02,191
Those around him managed to persuade him...
1257
01:30:02,280 --> 01:30:04,635
...to cross out those two sentences.
1258
01:30:08,160 --> 01:30:10,200
When he complained about his life,
he would say...
1259
01:30:10,292 --> 01:30:11,972
"You chained me to the rocks in Çankaya...
1260
01:30:11,973 --> 01:30:14,391
and dark rooms in Dolmabahçe".
1261
01:30:15,240 --> 01:30:18,312
He was only 52 but he was leading
the life of a retired person.
1262
01:30:19,360 --> 01:30:22,352
He read history books all day
and edited stage plays...
1263
01:30:22,440 --> 01:30:25,512
...like "Mr Leader",
written to glorify him.
1264
01:30:26,760 --> 01:30:29,832
He spent his days working
on history and linguistics...
1265
01:30:29,960 --> 01:30:33,714
...coming up with Turkish equivalents
for foreign origin words.
1266
01:30:34,760 --> 01:30:37,560
He was trying to prove a thesis
that placed Turks in the centre of...
1267
01:30:37,561 --> 01:30:39,841
...civilisation, which proposed
that Turkish language...
1268
01:30:39,960 --> 01:30:42,474
...was as old as humanity itself.
1269
01:31:09,360 --> 01:31:14,275
He tried to get over his loneliness
by being a child again on board a yacht...
1270
01:31:15,240 --> 01:31:17,834
...sometimes swimming
among the public...
1271
01:31:18,360 --> 01:31:21,397
...sometimes dancing at a ball
until the first lights of day...
1272
01:31:27,560 --> 01:31:30,080
One day people from his hometown
in Rumeli came to Istanbul...
1273
01:31:30,081 --> 01:31:31,830
...for the Balkan Festival.
1274
01:31:32,440 --> 01:31:37,116
He went to Beylerbeyi Palace half an
hour past midnight to join in the fun.
1275
01:31:38,240 --> 01:31:42,313
He was thrilled to hear the
tunes and songs of his youth.
1276
01:31:43,000 --> 01:31:44,831
He could hardly contain himself.
1277
01:31:44,920 --> 01:31:46,717
Soon, he found himself on the dance floor.
1278
01:31:47,240 --> 01:31:50,437
He was that old Macedonian once again.
1279
01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:42,472
As the records show, it was
eight thirty in the morning...
1280
01:32:42,560 --> 01:32:44,790
...when he came back
from the festival.
1281
01:32:49,440 --> 01:32:53,319
Now he slept all day long, woke up
in the late afternoon had a short walk...
1282
01:32:53,400 --> 01:32:55,356
...and then went to the dinner table...
1283
01:32:55,440 --> 01:32:57,160
...where he stayed
until the break of day.
1284
01:32:58,240 --> 01:33:01,000
The days spent between the bed
and the table were captivating him...
1285
01:33:01,001 --> 01:33:03,957
...ever so tightly in a trap
that he had set himself.
1286
01:33:05,440 --> 01:33:07,360
He had given all responsibility to
Ýsmet Pasha.
1287
01:33:07,480 --> 01:33:10,278
In that mansion among trees,
he had finally found the life...
1288
01:33:10,360 --> 01:33:14,035
...he had been longing for
since he was a little boy.
1289
01:33:15,240 --> 01:33:20,109
He was "lonely and independent"
as he had always been.
1290
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:21,758
But he was unhappy.
1291
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:25,040
As told in the memoirs of the
people serving at his table...
1292
01:33:25,120 --> 01:33:27,640
...as soon as he woke up in the
afternoon, he started smoking.
1293
01:33:27,760 --> 01:33:31,548
He consumed about 3 packs of
cigarettes, 15 cups of coffee...
1294
01:33:31,680 --> 01:33:34,831
...and a large bottle of raký with
his dinner every day.
1295
01:33:38,880 --> 01:33:43,396
"I drink because this body cannot
carry this head any more.
1296
01:33:43,680 --> 01:33:46,148
My head goes way ahead of my body.
1297
01:33:46,520 --> 01:33:50,752
I drink to find a little bit
of peace and quiet.
1298
01:33:52,040 --> 01:33:55,191
"I am leading the life of a prisoner here.
1299
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:57,197
I am alone most days.
1300
01:33:57,320 --> 01:33:59,072
Everybody is at work.
1301
01:33:59,160 --> 01:34:02,040
I, on the other hand, most of the
time do not have work to occupy me...
1302
01:34:02,041 --> 01:34:03,841
...even for an hour,
never mind a whole day!
1303
01:34:04,240 --> 01:34:07,755
All I can do is sleep if I can
manage to do so, or write.
1304
01:34:08,040 --> 01:34:11,316
Sometimes if I feel like a change
or get some fresh air...
1305
01:34:11,400 --> 01:34:13,550
I have to go out in a car.
1306
01:34:14,320 --> 01:34:15,833
But what then?
1307
01:34:15,960 --> 01:34:20,351
Then I come back to this prison,
where I play billiards by myself...
1308
01:34:20,480 --> 01:34:21,913
...as I wait for dinner.
1309
01:34:22,480 --> 01:34:25,438
Dinner does not bring variety, either!
1310
01:34:25,640 --> 01:34:31,510
Wherever they set this table, I see
the same people, the same faces...
1311
01:34:32,320 --> 01:34:34,914
More or less...
In short, I've had enough."
1312
01:34:53,680 --> 01:34:56,399
The dinner table sometimes
functioned as a parliament...
1313
01:34:56,520 --> 01:34:59,040
...where matters of the state
were discussed all night long...
1314
01:34:59,041 --> 01:35:02,309
...and sometimes it was a court
for inquisition or making amends...
1315
01:35:02,840 --> 01:35:05,115
Sometimes it was the place
where stories were told...
1316
01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:07,160
...dance lessons were given
and songs were sung.
1317
01:35:07,161 --> 01:35:08,961
Sometimes it was
a place of entertainment...
1318
01:35:08,962 --> 01:35:11,162
...where they watched the
zeybek dance or wrestling...
1319
01:35:12,240 --> 01:35:15,277
It was both a shelter and a trap for him.
1320
01:35:21,600 --> 01:35:24,120
One of those evenings when
there was live music performance...
1321
01:35:24,121 --> 01:35:27,470
...the players started to sing
the song "Gel gitme kadýn"...
1322
01:35:27,560 --> 01:35:31,155
Atatürk's face clouded and
tears welled up in his eyes.
1323
01:35:32,880 --> 01:35:36,919
When his guests saw his
tears, they quietly retired.
1324
01:35:38,440 --> 01:35:41,750
The next morning his adopted
daughter Sabiha Gökçen came over.
1325
01:35:42,840 --> 01:35:45,479
"Why did that song make you cry?",
she enquired.
1326
01:35:46,720 --> 01:35:48,950
Atatürk responded in a sad voice:
1327
01:35:50,440 --> 01:35:54,433
"Gökçen, I love this land.
1328
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:58,549
I love my country's
land, mountains, rocks...
1329
01:35:58,680 --> 01:36:01,990
...air and people.
1330
01:36:03,680 --> 01:36:06,680
Some songs remind me that there
will be a day when I will have to break...
1331
01:36:06,681 --> 01:36:07,875
...away from those people.
1332
01:36:08,680 --> 01:36:11,353
Then a fire falls in my heart.
1333
01:36:11,560 --> 01:36:15,519
Later, that fire goes out as tears.
1334
01:36:16,960 --> 01:36:20,160
Never forget, people like
Mustafa Kemal are human too...
1335
01:36:20,195 --> 01:36:23,311
...and they want to
cry too, sometimes."
1336
01:36:33,480 --> 01:36:37,189
Atatürk suddenly decided to
leave Ýstanbul for Konya...
1337
01:36:37,280 --> 01:36:39,396
...on the night of 5 January 1937.
1338
01:36:41,028 --> 01:36:42,308
Hatay was the issue in question.
1339
01:36:42,440 --> 01:36:44,160
The French were withdrawing their forces...
1340
01:36:44,292 --> 01:36:46,092
...but Syrian Arabs
were taking their place.
1341
01:36:46,093 --> 01:36:49,268
But as far as Turkey was concerned,
Hatay had to be Turkish.
1342
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:59,434
Ýnönü, the prime minister, wanted
to find a solution through diplomacy.
1343
01:36:59,680 --> 01:37:01,432
But Atatürk was getting inpatient.
1344
01:37:01,880 --> 01:37:06,158
Hatay had become a personal issue
for him and it had enlivened him.
1345
01:37:07,040 --> 01:37:09,349
This would be his last great battle.
1346
01:37:10,120 --> 01:37:11,473
He told Fahrettin Altay...
1347
01:37:11,600 --> 01:37:15,115
"I'll resign from Presidency and
become a guerrilla leader for Hatay."
1348
01:37:16,080 --> 01:37:17,960
He asked Mustafa Muðlalý
to start forming a...
1349
01:37:17,961 --> 01:37:21,639
...5 thousand-strong force
in civilian clothes.
1350
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:26,630
Ýnönü was the one to stop him once again.
1351
01:37:26,760 --> 01:37:30,469
He asked for 15 days to
find a diplomatic solution.
1352
01:37:31,080 --> 01:37:33,400
But Atatürk was attacking
the government 15 days later...
1353
01:37:33,401 --> 01:37:37,118
...in an article he had written with
the pseudonym of Asým Us...
1354
01:37:37,280 --> 01:37:39,236
...in the daily Kurun:
1355
01:37:39,360 --> 01:37:44,718
"You asked us to wait for 15 days,
and we did. Today is the 16th day.
1356
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:45,710
What's happenning?
1357
01:37:45,840 --> 01:37:46,829
What's going to happen?
1358
01:37:46,920 --> 01:37:49,070
You have to inform the public."
1359
01:37:56,680 --> 01:38:00,309
The disease was gradually
taking hold of his body.
1360
01:38:00,720 --> 01:38:04,759
Sometimes he was emotional, at
other times he was very ill tempered.
1361
01:38:06,320 --> 01:38:09,153
One of those evenings,
he had an unpleasant row...
1362
01:38:09,240 --> 01:38:11,800
...with one of his oldest friends,
Ýnönü, the prime minister...
1363
01:38:11,801 --> 01:38:13,841
...in the presence of
all the guests at his table.
1364
01:38:15,320 --> 01:38:17,360
The next day, they went to
the History Congress...
1365
01:38:17,400 --> 01:38:19,391
...at Dolmabahçe Palace together.
1366
01:38:20,160 --> 01:38:23,038
On the way, Atatürk dismissed
Ýnönü of his duties.
1367
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:28,675
You could tell that they were both upset.
1368
01:38:29,280 --> 01:38:32,360
As they sat in their box, Ýsmet Pasha
took a piece of paper and wrote on it:
1369
01:38:32,361 --> 01:38:35,031
"Would you be able to come
with me this evening?"
1370
01:38:35,760 --> 01:38:37,273
When Atatürk replied affirmatively...
1371
01:38:37,360 --> 01:38:39,200
...he wrote on the same
piece of paper again:
1372
01:38:39,201 --> 01:38:41,838
"So you are not
very angry with me?"
1373
01:38:42,720 --> 01:38:45,837
Then he treasured the answer that
came back from Atatürk for a lifetime:
1374
01:38:45,920 --> 01:38:48,559
"No...
I've already forgotten it all.
1375
01:38:48,640 --> 01:38:51,677
As you know, you are
my friend and brother."
1376
01:39:07,360 --> 01:39:11,017
"The main program we have for the
administration of...
1377
01:39:11,052 --> 01:39:14,675
...the State is that of
the Republican People's Party.
1378
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:21,600
The principles contained
in the program are our
1379
01:39:21,601 --> 01:39:25,600
guidelines both in
administration and politics.
1380
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:33,840
However, these principles should not be
confused with the dogma found in the books...
1381
01:39:33,875 --> 01:39:37,389
...that are thought to have
descended from the heavens.
1382
01:39:40,640 --> 01:39:47,120
We have not gotten our inspiration from
the heaven or from an unknown dimension...
1383
01:39:47,155 --> 01:39:49,634
...but directly from life itself."
1384
01:39:58,440 --> 01:40:01,716
He concluded his last address
to the Parliament.
1385
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,837
His last message was probably
his greatest victory:
1386
01:40:05,240 --> 01:40:08,869
Power to rule was brought
down from heaven to earth...
1387
01:40:13,560 --> 01:40:17,599
A French daily, L'ere Nouvelle,
inquired on 18 May 1938:
1388
01:40:17,680 --> 01:40:20,558
"Has Atatürk had a stroke?"
1389
01:40:20,960 --> 01:40:23,030
Atatürk was angry when he read it.
1390
01:40:23,680 --> 01:40:25,840
The news regarding his ill
health could compromise...
1391
01:40:25,841 --> 01:40:27,870
...the outcome of the Hatay issue.
1392
01:40:28,360 --> 01:40:30,999
"Get the train ready.
I am setting out tomorrow", he said:
1393
01:40:31,240 --> 01:40:34,596
"Let's show them
if I am dead or alive."
1394
01:40:35,840 --> 01:40:38,991
In fact, he had just been
diagnosed with a liver problem.
1395
01:40:39,080 --> 01:40:41,514
He had to stay in bed for 23 hours a day.
1396
01:40:44,080 --> 01:40:46,200
Despite all protests,
he set out for Mersin-Adana...
1397
01:40:46,240 --> 01:40:47,593
...for a crazy tour de force.
1398
01:40:47,680 --> 01:40:49,318
He could hardly stand up.
1399
01:40:49,880 --> 01:40:55,273
He was both defying and embracing death.
1400
01:40:56,160 --> 01:40:59,197
When he had returned, he was exhausted.
1401
01:40:59,520 --> 01:41:01,795
The next day he set out for Istanbul.
1402
01:41:02,320 --> 01:41:07,553
Ankara was seeing
him off for the last time.
1403
01:41:14,040 --> 01:41:17,032
The Savarona, 14 June 1938.
1404
01:41:18,000 --> 01:41:20,116
Afet, my condition is as follows:
1405
01:41:20,320 --> 01:41:23,073
I think because of the misdiagnosis
on the part of the doctors...
1406
01:41:23,160 --> 01:41:25,390
...the disease has progressed.
1407
01:41:25,680 --> 01:41:28,638
Getting up and walking when
I shouldn't have done so has...
1408
01:41:28,720 --> 01:41:31,080
...neutralized all the positive
things that had been done.
1409
01:41:31,081 --> 01:41:33,761
Upon my arrival in Istanbul, the
government had doctor Fissenje...
1410
01:41:33,800 --> 01:41:36,456
...come here, without even consulting me.
1411
01:41:36,491 --> 01:41:39,112
The doctor thinks that rest is essential.
1412
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:41,960
And I need to have bed rest.
1413
01:41:42,360 --> 01:41:43,759
My general condition is good.
1414
01:41:44,080 --> 01:41:47,516
The hopes and promises for
complete recovery are strong."
1415
01:41:52,560 --> 01:41:59,159
The government had purchased the
yacht for 1 million 250 thousand dollars...
1416
01:41:59,320 --> 01:42:02,200
...for him and he had anxiously
waited for its arrival, like a child...
1417
01:42:02,201 --> 01:42:02,961
...expecting a toy.
1418
01:42:03,440 --> 01:42:06,989
But this palace at sea would be
nothing more than a hospital for him.
1419
01:42:08,880 --> 01:42:11,189
There were only few of
his old comrades with him...
1420
01:42:11,280 --> 01:42:14,909
...in the most distressful
stages of his illness.
1421
01:42:16,000 --> 01:42:19,436
He invited an old friend to the
yacht in that lonely period.
1422
01:42:19,520 --> 01:42:22,360
Ali Fuat had been with him in his
early years but later he had been...
1423
01:42:22,482 --> 01:42:24,922
...accused of being involved in
the attempted assassination.
1424
01:42:25,760 --> 01:42:27,716
He said, "I'll be in bed for a long time.
1425
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:30,234
Fuat Pasha, come
and keep me company."
1426
01:42:33,000 --> 01:42:35,833
His guest on 21 June was Sabiha Gökçen.
1427
01:42:36,151 --> 01:42:38,591
She had just completed a tour
of the Balkans on her plane...
1428
01:42:38,629 --> 01:42:41,509
...and also had the chance to visit the
house where Atatürk was born...
1429
01:42:41,634 --> 01:42:43,954
...in Salonica, which had been
given to him as a present.
1430
01:42:43,955 --> 01:42:46,715
Atatürk was excited about it and
made Gökçen talk about the house...
1431
01:42:46,716 --> 01:42:48,157
...and Salonica in detail.
1432
01:42:48,520 --> 01:42:50,078
He looked at the photographs.
1433
01:42:50,320 --> 01:42:52,390
He sighed, "Ah, Salonica!"
1434
01:42:53,600 --> 01:42:57,673
"When people die, they
leave behind houses...
1435
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:00,951
...rooms and photographs.
1436
01:43:01,840 --> 01:43:03,831
After you, they live on.
1437
01:43:04,120 --> 01:43:08,989
They get old a little, change a little,
and fade away a little.
1438
01:43:09,560 --> 01:43:11,869
Nevertheless, they live on...
1439
01:43:12,160 --> 01:43:17,871
Then, generations that come after
you hear memories about you."
1440
01:43:19,720 --> 01:43:23,713
"You should also write your memoirs"
ventured Sabiha Gökçen.
1441
01:43:24,120 --> 01:43:26,554
Atatürk gazed at his own hands
for a while and replied:
1442
01:43:27,040 --> 01:43:30,077
"I don't have time left to
write my memoirs, child."
1443
01:43:30,840 --> 01:43:32,637
"Now I want to sleep."
1444
01:43:41,320 --> 01:43:45,108
55 days later he left
the Savarona in a chair.
1445
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:48,590
He had said, " Let's go to our home,
to Ankara for the 29th of October"...
1446
01:43:48,680 --> 01:43:50,272
...but he couldn't.
1447
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:56,799
Instead, those who loved him
came to Dolmabahçe Palace.
1448
01:43:57,240 --> 01:44:01,392
They all sang a march,
which was an old favourite.
1449
01:44:01,720 --> 01:44:06,350
That was how Atatürk celebrated
the 15th anniversary of the Republic.
1450
01:44:27,640 --> 01:44:29,870
17 October 1938.
1451
01:44:30,440 --> 01:44:35,116
"Atatürk, one of the most powerful
and extraordinary men of our era...
1452
01:44:35,240 --> 01:44:38,789
...is suffering from a liver condition.
1453
01:44:39,280 --> 01:44:44,400
It has been reported that he cannot
tolerate any noise or commotion.
1454
01:44:44,800 --> 01:44:47,951
What a strange and unbearable
twist of fate for a man of action...
1455
01:44:48,080 --> 01:44:51,356
...whose life has been
spent in activity.
1456
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:54,717
And Kemal Atatürk is not even 60.
1457
01:44:55,040 --> 01:44:58,589
He loved dancing, drinking and nightlife.
1458
01:44:58,720 --> 01:45:02,713
But his love for pleasure could not
stop him from creating...
1459
01:45:02,840 --> 01:45:05,600
...a colossal masterpiece and realise
an extraordinary revolution...
1460
01:45:05,601 --> 01:45:08,716
...and create a nation
that commands respect."
1461
01:45:12,960 --> 01:45:16,839
Dolmabahçe Palace was waiting
for the inevitable conclusion.
1462
01:45:17,240 --> 01:45:21,916
Few of the characters he shared
a life with were at Atatürk's bedside.
1463
01:45:22,920 --> 01:45:25,320
Hasan Rýza was writing Atatürk's
last will and testament...
1464
01:45:25,321 --> 01:45:26,710
...following his dictation.
1465
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:29,840
Kýlýç Ali was rubbing his wrists and
forehead with the special rose...
1466
01:45:29,841 --> 01:45:31,870
...vinegar that his mother had sent.
1467
01:45:32,480 --> 01:45:34,880
Salih was in the bathroom
marking the place on his heart...
1468
01:45:34,881 --> 01:45:37,361
...where he planned to put a
bullet through, if Atatürk died.
1469
01:45:38,160 --> 01:45:41,357
Ýsmet was in Ankara, trying to
get the latest news from Salih.
1470
01:45:41,560 --> 01:45:43,596
Latife, in hospital in Switzerland...
1471
01:45:43,680 --> 01:45:46,592
...was looking for news about
him in the papers.
1472
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:51,076
He, on the other hand, was
lying in his bed, unconscious.
1473
01:45:52,480 --> 01:45:53,959
He opened his eyes for an instant...
1474
01:45:54,040 --> 01:45:57,476
...and his gaze stopped on the
painting on the wall.
1475
01:45:58,680 --> 01:46:01,478
The painting called "The Four Seasons"
reminded him of Rumeli...
1476
01:46:01,560 --> 01:46:03,516
...where he had spent his childhood.
1477
01:46:04,960 --> 01:46:07,120
He whispered to Afet Ýnan
keeping watch by his bed...
1478
01:46:07,121 --> 01:46:08,751
"Let's go there, Afet."
1479
01:46:09,240 --> 01:46:13,631
"Let's leave everything behind,
set up a simple house, with a fireplace."
1480
01:46:14,520 --> 01:46:19,548
"Once I get better,
let's go into the woods..."
1481
01:46:21,000 --> 01:46:23,600
Lonely child
1482
01:46:35,920 --> 01:46:43,920
Remember me. Remember me.
1483
01:46:52,440 --> 01:46:57,753
If you are alone, desperate and
orphaned, remember me.
1484
01:47:00,440 --> 01:47:08,440
If you are feeble, unsure, impatient
impossible, all alone and desolate
1485
01:47:13,240 --> 01:47:19,793
Think about me!
1486
01:47:20,160 --> 01:47:28,160
Stand your ground, like a proud flag...
1487
01:47:41,400 --> 01:47:44,000
Lonely child
1488
01:47:56,240 --> 01:47:59,357
Remember me
1489
01:47:59,920 --> 01:48:02,520
Remember me.
1490
01:48:11,080 --> 01:48:13,600
If you are null and void, defenseless
and exiled, remember me.
1491
01:48:13,601 --> 01:48:20,880
Hopeless, strengthless, drained
besieged and silent
1492
01:48:32,880 --> 01:48:39,956
Come on now!
1493
01:48:40,360 --> 01:48:48,360
This is a home for the homeless.
1494
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:59,400
I, too, was alone I had
no home to call my own
1495
01:49:03,520 --> 01:49:07,195
I believed in man
1496
01:49:11,718 --> 01:49:12,478
I did not surrender
1497
01:49:12,680 --> 01:49:19,074
You, too, can do the same
1498
01:49:20,080 --> 01:49:27,077
You, too, can do the same...
1499
01:50:05,760 --> 01:50:10,640
After Atatürk's death, of the hundreds
of personal effects in Dolmabahçe...
1500
01:50:10,675 --> 01:50:13,359
only three were registered as "His Own"...
1501
01:50:13,600 --> 01:50:16,034
One was the painting on the
wall, "The Four Seasons".
138456
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