Original subtitles

(bird screeches)

(ominous music)

(woodpecker pecking)

Hidden from site is a kingdom

that rules all life on land

They're landing on me

We have this coding that's falling right now all around us

They're on your food, they're in your lungs,

they're on your skin, they're on each thing you touch

They're each place you go

They are a single interconnected network

Could be described as a third mode of life

It's an alien world

of powerful ancient life forms

This entire web of life is connected,

and it's connected through the fungi

Some of those will save us, some of those threaten us,

and we're just beginning to understand which are which

They shaped our world,

and hold the key for our future

This is the kingdom of fungi

(inspirational music)

(bright music) (birds chirping)

Fungi are not plants, they're not animals

They're a kingdom in their own right

Many people think of them as plants

perhaps because they don't move, they just sit there

But in fact, fungi are much more closely related to animals

than they are to plants, and like animals,

they have to eat other organisms

When we think of fungi at all,

we think of mushrooms

But these are just the fruit

A small part of the fungal life that's all around us

They're just the tip of the iceberg

They're the outward sign of a presence of a fungus

Ah, look at this

The main part of fungus is a whole mass of fine filaments,

which together form what is called the mycelium

The mycelium is the body of the fungus

It spreads through the soil eating everything in its path,

and even penetrates solid wood

They can get there by physical penetrative force,

but also by producing enzymes

which digest the materials that they're growing into

These enzymes are the teeth and claws of fungi

Well we're very familiar with single celled organisms,

could be bacteria

And and multicellular organisms, so plants and animals

The fungi are unusual

because they are a single interconnected network

So much is unknown

Almost every time we do an experiment,

we're seeing something

that nobody else has ever seen before

The whole of their growth and development

depends on what's going on in their environment,

whereas for animals and plants, for an animal

once you've got your arms and your legs,

you don't grow a new one

depending on whether you need it or not

Unlike animals,

the body of the fungus is constantly changing shape

in a relentless search for food

It can keep spreading

And it can recycle material that's not useful,

and use all of that material to grow somewhere else

So it can actually migrate in the environment

depending on whether it can find food or not

During a billion years of evolution,

fungi became the masters of survival

The fungi have been around so long,

it means they've had a long time

to figure out the best ways to do everything

The best ways to be lethal,

the best way to kill the things they fight

You know, they have a billion years of experience

in doing the hard work of living

We have much to learn

from this mysterious kingdom

Yet we know less than 1%

of the estimated five million fungi species

We're still incredibly ignorant

about these organisms

Every time you breathe in,

you're breathing in hundreds of species of fungi

And even those fungi we've studied for hundreds of years,

they're really basic things

we don't necessarily know about them

Microbial explorers Rob Dunn and Anne Madden

are out to discover how fungi can change our lives

We don't have to go to far off lands or distant places

because there's new species underneath our feet

With each new species is the promise of a new compound

that could be the next greatest antibiotic,

or a chemical that could cure cancer,

or something that we don't even know what it could do yet

Ah, we've become really interested recently

in trying to figure out

how do we find not just any new fungus,

but fungi that might be useful to people

And so in some cases that fungi we might use

for making new kinds of beer

In other cases though, we're looking fungi

that might be able to break down industrial waste,

human waste, we'll need fungi to help us deal with that

Most of the coolest stuff nature can do

we haven't discovered yet

And so we both systematically look,

and we bumble around a little bit

It's cool, bark's like a magical thing you lift

and any kind of drama can be playing out underneath it

It's a microscopic mystery inside a microscopic mystery

We need some way to guide us

toward understanding all of this mystery

And so I think evolutionary history

serves as the compass to guide us

It points us in a direction

This is the great untold story

of how fungi shaped all life on land

And to understand it,

we need to go way back in evolutionary time

(ominous boom)

(bright chime)

A billion years ago,

planet earth is waking from a prolonged ice age

Retreating glaciers reveal a barren landscape

And yet from this bleakness

will emerge all the abundance of terrestrial life

In the lava fields of Iceland,

we find evidence of the first colonizers

I'm really excited to see what's living here

that we're not seeing

On these rocks there are signs

that microscopic fungi were amongst the pioneers

About a billion years ago,

terrestrial earth started to be colonized by microbes

And those microbes included bacteria,

and eventually also fungi in crust like communities

The first terrestrial fungi survived

by mining minerals from rocks

They are literally carving out an existence

When we look at a volcanic landscape like this one,

it's hard to imagine that fungi

have anything to do with the story

Fungi are fragile, they're mushrooms,

and teeny little microscopic spores

And yet fungi are precisely at the center of this story

because fungi are what turn a rock like this into soil

Fungi eat rock

They produce spores that release acid,

breaking up the rock's surface

Fast growing fungal filaments, hyphae,

then drill into the rock to extract a meal of minerals

Using pressure a hundred times greater

than inside a car tire,

the tips of the hyphae can crush the rock

What we're looking at here

is a kind of molecular mining operation

It's this sort of process

through which fungi turn rock to life

By mineralizing rocks,

fungi will slowly lay the ground work

for the coming of the first plants

But that next step of colonizing earth was a big one

Around 500 million years ago,

a group of algae started to move from the ocean

to freshwater ponds on land

But to take a foothold on ground,

they'd need to make a deal with fungi

Organisms living in water

are bathed in a solution of nutrients

When they move to land it's a very different scenario

So it's very difficult then,

to be able to get ahold of the water

and the nutrients that they need to grow

One of the major strategies very early on

would've been to link up with this fungi

that were established on land

Fungi at the time are living on bacteria

and decaying seaweed washed up on the shore

The arrival of land plants offers fungi

an easier way to access food

By exploiting a living organism to get sugar out of them

rather than having to excrete their own digestive enzymes

and then assimilate all the nutrients,

that's energetically a lot less expensive for the fungus

So it makes economical sense

When algae emerge from lakes,

they're ready for a trade

They offer the fungi sugars,

and in return receive essential minerals

This mutually beneficial relationship

is a form of symbiosis

And it will become

one of the most powerful forces of evolution

And so when that first algal cell

hits the terrestrial ground,

it was already ready to say I'm here,

let's form a relationship

Microbiologist, Dr. Erik Hom,

has reignited the romance between fungi and algae

I'm always fascinated, even in human relationships,

who's gonna hit it off and why?

Dr. Hom's experiment shows

that even 500 million years later,

fungi and algae will work together again

So if I were to ask you

how long do you think these guys

could maybe form a symbiosis together,

what would you say?

It doesn't seem like a forgone conclusion

that they would form a partnership

Yes, so they can form a partnership,

and this is a result of just seven days

So not Wait, that's (mumbles)

So you put these together right,

that are both just hatin' life,

and in seven days you get this?

Yes, they find each other

And so the fact that these are together

means that the algae

are actually embedded somehow in the ivy?

Yes, they're actually psychically attached

Like arm and arm That's awesome

To me this is pretty fantastic,

and I love the idea that you're remaking this dance

that must've happened, and yeah, there's a beauty in that

This symbiosis between fungi and algae

will open the way to the evolution of all land plants

It's the biological big bang

That first jump was a big one

in the greening of a dark, dark land

450 million years ago,

the earth is teeming with bizarre lifeforms

But nearly all of it is still in the ocean

The land is void of animals, trees, and flowering plants

Only mosses cushion the lava fields,

and simple plants cling to the edges of streams

They had no leaves, they had no roots,

and so they were limited to just staying around the water

because they had no way of storing it or transporting it

Like their algae ancestors,

these early plants will reach out fungi for help

Those fungi would've been already well established

in the earth at that time,

and they would've been able to go a lot deeper

and get into smaller crevices in the soil

and be able to sort of mine that soil

Martin Bidartondo studies the interaction

between fungi and the oldest land plants, liverworts

Imagine that the fungi were making contact

with this plant surfaces, this shallow growing plants

And they would be growing around them rather than into them

As fungi explore the liverworts,

they find their way in between plant cells

Some even manage to break inside

So the fungi were able to occupy the plants themselves

and form these beautiful tree like structures

which we call arbusculars,

and it's through these arbusculars that the plants

are able to take phosphorous from the fungus,

and in return the plant gives the fungus carbon

that its generated through photosynthesis

Katie Field can recreate the atmosphere

of 450 million years ago

when fungi and liverworts began cooperating

So what we've done is we've ramped the CO2 right up

to around three times its level in the current atmosphere

So I'll just have a quick look

and see how the liverworts are doing in there

So this is one of my favorite liverworts,

this is trabial lacunosa,

and it's actually the most ancient land plant

on earth today,

and it's probably really similar

to how the very first land plants were

back 400 million years ago

And as you can see, it's doing really well

under those high CO2 concentrations in this cabinet,

which suggest that the fungi is doing it's job

and it's supplying it with nutrients from the soil,

and the plant's doing really well because of that

By working with fungi,

liverworts not only survive, they thrive

Sucking up carbon dioxide and pumping out oxygen,

these tiny plants are giving the planet

its first breathe of fresh air, and over time,

they change the composition of the entire atmosphere,

paving the way for the emergence of complex plants

And so you end up with these much larger plants evolving

which have leaves,

stomata, which are able to control

the CO2 movement into the leaves

And roots,

which allow the plants to grow really big up above ground

And ever since,

nearly every plant has been nurtured

by their symbiotic fungi

I am still captivated by this whole idea

of a plant that is alive, that is healthy

and that it's allowing another organism

to grow in between its cells and into its cells,

and that not only is it allowing them to do that,

but it's actually deriving a benefit from it

Well ultimately, fungi help plants move away

from being these marginal,

tiny little things on the water's edge

into large forests and entire ecosystems

If fungi had not evolved, it would be a very,

very radically different looking kind of planet

We certainly wouldn't be here

Long before the first forests arrive,

it's fungi that rule the world

For 50 million years, giant organisms called prototaxites,

tower up to eight meters above the landscape

So strange and inexplicable

Scientists have argued about them for a century

Prototaxites is identified as a fossil wood

And I thought, I looked at the tissue myself,

I said that can't possibly be

So got intrigued, well let's find out what it is

And there was nothing that you could compare

to any modern wood

And so well, the other next thing, well

maybe it is a fungus, and I'll check that out

with present day woody fungi, bracket fungi

They are very woody and they're very hard

Material that's been weathered in the dessert

Dr. Francis Hueber has spent a lifetime

trying to make sense of these enigmatic fossils

Well you see this kind of structure,

it's definitely not wood

These are hyphae, these are tubes

And this is typical in what you see in the fungus today

when you make a section of a bracket fungus

You see very much a similar arrangement

of various size tube elements

These massive mushrooms

spread to every continent

They had no rivals until insects appeared

and begun eating them from the ground up

I just sort of jokingly say,

well prototaxites got tired of being fed upon on the ground,

and it climbed a tree, and became a bracket fungus

These strange fossils are all that's left

A reminder of evolution's bizarre experiments

(dinosaurs roaring)

In the golden age of the dinosaurs,

the planet is exploding with life

Tree ferns and conifers dot the landscape,

but it's fungi beneath the ground

that's making this all possible

Fungi are the kind of classic

out of sight out of mind type of organisms,

but if you take a step back,

the fungi are really the organisms

that are putting those plants there

With the coming of trees,

new type of fungi evolve

They'll forge partnerships with the roots of trees,

and give rise to entire forests

(mumbles) is a fungi that are able to do something

quite different in the soil than what the early fungi

that were involved in allowing plants

to colonize land could do

Above ground, these new fungi

are marked by their fruiting bodies, mushrooms

Beneath the surface they form complex networks

Scientists call it the wood wide web

In fact, there are two sorts of wood wide web

One sort is formed by the decompose of fungi,

the rotters that break down dead plant material,

and they interconnect

between lots of different dead resources

Without these decomposers,

life in the forest would soon be buried under dead stuff

Fungi eat death, and in doing so, they create life

They're the garbage disposal agents of the natural world

They break down dead, organic matter,

and by doing that they release nutrients,

and those nutrients then made available

for plants to carry on growing

Otherwise all the nutrients on the planet

would be locked up in dead stuff

Fungi are taking all of that dead stuff

and giving it back to life

It's how everything is reborn,

so that this entire web of life is connected,

and it's connected through the fungi

The second type of wood wide web

is formed between living plants, especially trees

Hungry for food, fungal filaments called hyphae

are searching for tree roots

They envelope the root, and some find their way inside

Here, they'll provide water and minerals

in exchange for sugars

But this is more than a trade

The entire forest is now connected through the fungi

If you summed up the distance traveled by the hyphae

just beneath a single foot,

it would be more than 500 kilometers of hyphae

A vast network that traffics

in everything that forests need

This is nature's internet

An information highway that allows trees to communicate

and even send out danger signals to each other

It's as if the forest isn't made of individual trees,

but is operating as a super organism

Connected by the fungal network,

a lush and vibrant planet emerges

But hundreds of millions of years of evolution

is about to be swept away in a single moment

(explosion)

This asteroid strike will wipe out 70% of all species

Yet fungi, nature's ultimate survivor,

will turn the cataclysm to it's advantage

The earth became a fungal compost

Think about it

Overnight you have this catastrophe

Dust is kicked up, there is no sunlight

And you have all this decaying plant matter

The fungi then can reproduce very rapidly

In this expansive death,

fungi inherit the earth

And incredibly, without this catastrophe,

we wouldn't be here

An otherwise insignificant animal group,

the mammals from whom we will evolve, survive

They are immune to fungi's lethal embrace

Mammals have one built in advantage

relative to the reptiles

They're hot

The reptiles are quite susceptible to fungal diseases,

but your typical mammal,

which maintains a temperature in the mid 30s or so,

creates a thermal exclusionary zone for fungi

It's an intriguing theory, and if correct

the temperatures of warm blooded animals

would be above the temperature tolerated by most fungi

Casadevall's team set out to test the hypothesis

So after two days in culture at either 25 degrees,

which is ambient room temperature,

or 37, degrees which is human body temperature,

we can see that there are differences in growth

So on the 25 degree plate,

we can see all four of these strains grew

But on our 37 degree plate,

we can see two of those fungi haven't grown at all

And that's because they don't survive at 37,

and it happens to be that those are the same ones

that cannot infect people

The narrow margin

protecting us from fungal pathogens

is the difference between life and death

In America, millions of little bats are dying

from a newly arrived fungus

Bats are like us, warm blooded

However, the bats hibernate in the winter,

and when their temperature drops,

they become selectable to this fungal disease

Here is the interesting thing

If you take the bats when they're infected,

and you feed them, wake them up,

and let their temperatures go up,

they're able to control the fungal disease

But when they're cold,

their immune system cannot do it by itself

The warm bloodedness of mammals, including ourselves

has evolved in part as a response

to the pressure from fungus

And so we seem to have cooked out the fungal pathogens

Protected by their high temperature,

mammals were free to roam the fungi dominated world

10 million years ago, the climate became warm and dry

Forests gave way to grasslands,

and our ancestors began to explore life on the ground

Their fate would be altered by the simplest of fungi, yeast

In the trees you find lots of fruit that is unfermented

But when it gets old and falls to the ground,

it can get damaged, yeast can get into the fruit,

and then they can start fighting a war with the bacteria,

and how do they fight that?

They make ethanol

So if you're adapting to life on the ground,

you're more likely to encounter fermented fruit

than you are unfermented fruit

But eating alcohol laden fruit

when you are surrounded by predators,

isn't a great idea

If you do eat that fermented fruit,

and you cannot metabolism the ethanol,

you get inebriated, you get intoxicated,

and is this a good survival strategy

when you're wandering around the forests

surrounded by predators or competing with other animals?

Probably not

Biologist Matthew Carrigan discovered

that our early ancestors were able to break down alcohol

What we know from some of the enzyme's that we've studied

is that our ancestors with these guys and with gorillas,

we got a mutation that allowed us

to metabolize ethanol really well

And in a world where food is scarce,

that can be difference between life and death

If there's no other things to eat,

then having ethanol in fruit is better than starving

And those ancestors that could tolerate alcohol

had a better chance to survive,

and eventually to evolve into us

What we've evolved is to consume ethanol

and not get intoxicated, not get legally drunk

Cheers!

Yeah, yeast, gotta love 'em

A single mutation

in our deep evolutionary past

paved the way to one of our favorite pastimes

And since that moment,

our history has been intertwined with yeast

If you think about the transition in human history

from being a hunter gatherer

to being an agricultural society to being an empire,

and so key to that transition would be fungi

Farming sowed the seeds for modern society

Civilization began because of agriculture

We thought these grains were grown to bake bread,

but what if they were harvested to brew beer?

There's actually evidence suggesting that yes,

the very grains that were chosen in those early days

included grains that were really the very best

not for bread but instead for beer

Both baking and brewing

rely on yeast for fermentation,

but brewing beer has the added advantage

of sterilizing against bacteria

In those early gatherings of humans,

we pooped on everything

The danger of getting infected and sick was very high,

and it was especially higher

from the liquids that you would drink

And so in that context,

fermented drinks might've actually increased

our ability to survive ourselves

We've built our civilization

around a single, microscopic fungus

For 10 thousand years,

every glass of beer and every loaf of bread

has been made with the very same yeast

Anne Madden and Rob Dunn set out to change that

There are many more yeast species that exist in our world

And so our idea was, maybe we could go to these wild yeasts

and see if they produced different, new, and valuable beers

In one of the places we decided to first search

were the bodies of social wasps

As wasps pollinate flowers,

they incidentally pick up yeast

that are feasting on the nectar

So we knew that wasps are a reservoir

of yeast in the environment,

and we went to explore and wrangle yeast from these wasps

We grabbed a species of yeast

that hasn't ever been worked with for brewing

So here we have four different yeasts

that came from the different arthropods we were looking at

And you can see that the yeasts look quite different

They've got different pigments produced

And they all have a different smell

So you get kind of a fruity note in that one

Whoa

Yeah, and that's likely gonna come through in the beer,

so we wanna keep that in mind when you look through them

Now most yeasts can't produce alcohol,

and if they can produce alcohol,

they produce horrible flavors

So not that one?

!That wasn't fair, that was a trick

So we had very low chances of success,

but we found a few yeasts

with this remarkable ability to produce alcohol

So I sent them off to our brewer

and didn't really expect to hear much back

This was a long shot of a chance in science

But then a few weeks later I get an email, and it's John

And he says, the yeast made beer

That's right,

the yeast that was originated from the wasp body

is now making our beer for us, and you're about to drink it

I don't know how I feel about that

Should I feel good? Well, try it

All right, here we go

Well that's quite good

You like that? Yeah!

Wasp being delicious and a little bit fungal too,

I like it

Fungi have given us more than beer and bread

Our ancestors long recognized them as life savers

5,000 years ago this beautiful area here

in the Italian Alps was already settled by people

And this man was going on his journey,

packed with a lot of equipment,

but he would never return home, unfortunately

This is Ötzi, the Iceman

A victim of a neolithic murder

His body was perfectly preserved in the ice

for thousands of years,

and amongst his belongings were some intriguing items

There were two objects

which were a big mystery in the beginning

They've turned later out to be fungi, polypores

We were thinking, could it be food?

But he would not put a lot of work in food

to make it so nicely ramented

Dr. Ursula Peintner is one of the scientists

who studied these mushrooms

The evidence suggests they were much more than decoration

Now we know that it's enhancing your immune system

and it will help you also against cancer,

against inflammations, antiviral, it's antibacterial

so it has a huge array of medicinal properties

Ötzi's bracket fungi are the first recorded use

of mushrooms as medicine,

but for the Iceman it meant even more

It was a talisman, it was spiritual

Like bringing the spirit of God with you

to protect you on your journey

(church bells ringing)

In western culture,

the power of mushrooms will soon be forgotten

And it's only an accident that revives it

In 1928, fungal spores blow through the window

of a London hospital

They land in a Petri dish

in the laboratory of Alexander Fleming

This fungus, called penicillium, will change human history

He looked at one of these unusual Petri dishes,

and at that interface between the bacteria and the fungi

was a zone where nothing was growing

What he would come to realize was

that was the zone where the fungi were producing enzymes,

chemicals, that were outside of the body of the fungus

and killing the bacteria

And that's the germ of the discovery of antibiotics

For most of history,

humanity was decimated by bacterial epidemics

But since the first penicillin pill,

world population has tripled

and allowed us to build vast cities

changing the face of the planet

We're expected to add another two billion people

to the planet, we'll need more food

With that number of people we'll need more antibiotics

And so we're going to need to depend on fungi

more than we do today

The life saving power of antibiotics

is the outcome of an ancient war

Fungi and bacteria are sworn enemies

Wherever fungi grow and they encounter bacteria,

and over millions and millions of years,

they've evolved mechanisms to kill those bacteria

Fungi are absolutely remarkable chemists

They make molecules that are almost impossible,

frankly are impossible,

for us to replicate in the lab right now

But bacteria are constantly evolving

And as a result, we are now facing a global crisis

of antibiotic resistance

Unless we find a solution,

hundreds of millions will die

The challenge is we don't have any new drugs

And what we need to do

is find new ways to overcome this problem

Microbiologist Gerry Wright wondered

if fungi had evolved ways of beating bacterial resistance

And that meant returning to the soil

looking for a compound

that might help to safeguard our antibiotics

Hey guys, got some more dirt for you

It came from the back of the university

Thank you

See if you can't get anything cool out of it

Okay, sounds good

We screened 10.000 extracts that we had collected

from microorganisms around various environments,

and from that 10.000 extracts,

we found one that had excellent activity

at overcoming resistance

We call it AMA for short,

cause aspergillomycosis is too much to say every day

Incredibly, this compound produced

by a common soil fungus, aspergillus,

restored the power of our antibiotics

When I saw the result, I honestly didn't believe it

It just seemed relatively too easy to do

But it turned out to be real, so every week, every month,

as we continue to work on this compound and kept saying,

well, can it be used for pneumonia,

or can it be used for this kind of an infection,

every time we did an experiment like this

it was proving to be really effective

When these fungal molecules

were added to antibiotics,

even the most resistant superbugs were defeated

I've been working in this field for 25 years,

we've never had any molecule that's shown to be that potent

and that's insanely exciting

The kingdom of fungi

is nature's chemical factory

offering immense benefits to humanity

Already, half of our 20 most valuable medicines

are derived from fungi, including immunosuppressants

and cholesterol lowering statins

Many of the new drugs we're thinking about

are coming from fungi, and so in your every day life,

they're this magic set of compounds that we rely on

Scientists are now investigating the benefits

of a wide range of mushrooms for their antiinflammatory,

anticancer, antioxidant, and immune stimulant properties

A challenging thing as a scientist

is trying to understand why they're doing it

and we do tap into that

and actually enhance our chances of finding what we want

With millions of potential candidates,

the search for beneficial fungi needs clever detective work

The great thing is they're a bunch of insects

that we know probably have useful fungi,

but then there are lots of other insects

that nobody's ever studied in the context of fungi

And so what we've started to do

is to look to social insects, who like us

have many challenges with microbial pathogens

that would like nothing other

than to destroy their entire society

Holy moly

One promising candidate

is nature's worst housekeeper, the winnow ant

Seemingly oblivious to hygiene,

the ants live surrounded by waste and decaying bodies

Right next to the larvae and the eggs

we found a whole bunch of ant poop

and ant skeletons, dead ants,

and so almost certainly that means

the ants are doing something interesting

Think about it in the context of your own life

If you had in your bedroom a bunch of poop and dead bodies,

you'd immediately worry about, well how did they get there,

but also about pathogens, right?

How do you prevent the pathogens

associated with those things from killing you?

What we're doing here is collecting the ants,

but also collecting some of their garbage,

and what we wanna do is figure out

if in that garbage there's a fungus

which could be as useful as an antibiotic,

but also that the ants might be using

to break down what's the waste in their colony

In the lab,

Anne Madden recovers the fungi found on the ants,

opening the window to a previously unseen world

So this is my favorite part,

because you never really know what's going to grow

from these insects on a Petri plate

It's crazy diversity for one insect

That's awesome

We're seeing different fungi here,

but it's likely that there are more species here

than we can even see

My biggest hope is that this

has got antibiotic producing fungi in it,

this has got fungi we can use to clean up human waste,

yeah I guess we don't know what these are yet, right?

Right, so we have to do further genetic sequencing

to find out who they are

so that afterwards we can find out what they do

It makes me antsy not to know

Is that too much?

Yeah, sorry

We've barely begun our journey

into the mysterious fungal kingdom

There are wonders to be discovered wherever we search

So if we look to many of our problems,

and we think about what the challenge is,

fungi offer a vast reservoir of possibilities

Both because of their mastery of chemistry,

and because of their diversity

Fungi are nature's great survivors

This makes them both powerful allies,

and given the chance, formidable foes

An unfolding epidemic on Canada's west coast

is a warning of fungi's lethal power

In 2001, vets on Vancouver Island noticed something unusual

Many cats and dogs developed lumps under their skin,

and were having trouble breathing

(phone rings)

Good afternoon, Dr. Ghesquiere's office

Soon, people began complaining

of stubborn coughs, headaches, and night sweats

X-rays showed shadows on their lungs

They thought they had cancer,

they were told that by their surgeons,

and so they'd cut it out,

and lo and behold it was not a cancer,

it was a fungal infection

The culprit turned out

to be cryptococcus gattii, a relatively harmless fungi,

previously only seen

in tropical environments like Australia

The question was how did it get here, we did not know

And this is where we've bit of a detective story

to sort that out

What we are really looking at when we are looking at fungi

is evolution itself

Professor Bartlett is a microbe hunter

When c. gattii emerged,

it was her job to locate it in the wild

There was no time to lose

C. gattii had already infected hundreds of people,

killing nearly one in 10

Once we knew that it was gattii,

then we contacted our Australian colleagues

where it's endemic,

and primarily associated with eucalyptus trees

It gave us at least something to go on, the trees

And that was our initial starting point,

but I was also taking air samples,

and that was actually the big break through

All you really need is to get the spores airborne,

and there's no way of controlling them

With an infection rate

of 10 times higher than in Australia,

Vancouver Island was declared a hot zone

Standing in the middle of these trees,

in the middle of literally a forest,

and not knowing whether it was going to be epidemic curve,

it was pretty sobering

The second thing that crossed my mind at that point

was that because I was the one there taking the samples,

was if I had a risk of coming down

with cryptococcal disease or not

What made gattii scary

was that it infected healthy people

It's very, very unusual

Left undetected, the infection can be lethal

Ken James, a former mill worker from Duncan, was lucky

His life was saved by coincidence

...Center for Disease Control

is issuing a health warning

Here are the symptoms to watch out for

They were doing a report on this cryptococcus disease

on Channel 6 News out of Victoria

They started going through the symptoms,

and I was like, yup, check, check, check,

and basically I had pretty much all

of the symptoms that it described

...undiagnosed fever, night sweats,

neck stiffness, and severe

Dr. Ghesquiere got a sample, took it and cultured it,

and came back and said that I did in fact have cryptococcus

Invasive fungal infections

are difficult to treat,

and early diagnosis is essential

It's very hard to treat them

To give you an example, if you have bacterial pneumonia,

you can often be treated for two weeks and you get better

When you have a fungal disease,

you often have to treat for many months

I was on the medication for a year

Had I not seen that TV show,

I might not be here talkin' to ya today, right?

I mean, people have died from it

Not everybody is as lucky as Ken

The infection can get lethal

when the fungus finds its way from the lung to the brain

You've got this fungal infection

that would surround your brain,

and in some people would actually invade the brain tissue

And so we can see small lesions that would look like holes,

Swiss cheese in their brain

But how can a harmless yeast

that enjoys a simple life in soil,

find a way to invade and kill healthy humans?

It's because the ecology of the soil

There are other organisms there,

including amoeba, soil amoeba

Now, they are animals, they do move around,

and they eat other organisms for their food source

In this evolutionary arms race,

c. gattii built a protective shield to avoid being eaten

Now, shift that whole concept to the human body

As humans, we have a primary defense system

that it's called white blood cells

And if you were naively looking at them

under the microscope,

they don't look a whole bunch different than soil amoeba do

Much like amoebas in the soil,

our white blood cells, the macrophages,

engulf invading microbes

But c. gattii is equipped to deal with such a challenge

The same traits that allow them to survive amoeba,

allow them to survive macrophages in the lung

Long before the first human,

this fungus had evolved the means to kill us

should we cross paths

Probably would have lived out his happy little life

without our even knowing it was here

Cryptococcus gattii lay dormant in the environment

until conditions changed,

and the change was global warming

We know that over the last 40 years,

the average mean temperature has gone up

by a degree or two in this particular area

We have longer dry spells,

and so as soon as you get that dust stirred up,

the possibility of people inhaling the (mumbles) goes up,

and so the possibly of people coming down

with cryptococcal disease goes up

C. gattii is on the move

It was localized to Australia, then in a blink of an eye,

this becomes a world wide problem

It's spreading to United States,

and we think that this

has established itself in this continent,

and we're gonna be seeing a lot more of it

The Vancouver outbreak

is a cautionary tale in a warming world

Given the opportunity,

fungi are always ready to invade new territory,

including us

It has only been by very good fortune

that humans in general have only a few pathogenic fungi

because there are only a few pathogenic fungi

that can grow at 37 degrees, IE, human body temperature

That's been our savior

But as the planet warms,

more and more fungi are forced to adapt to new conditions

Therefore, organisms are out there,

but are not capable of causing disease today

because our temperatures keep 'em out

could become new pathogens

Fungi will continue

to evolve in unpredictable ways

To ignore them is both a lost opportunity,

and a dangerous mistake

And so I think it's more important than ever

to understand what this relationship we have is with fungi

because we don't have control over them

and we're hoping that we can keep

this mostly peaceful relationship going

Since the dawn of life,

fungi have been the driver of evolution on land

They ate the rocks that created the soils

and nurtured plants, turning the planet green

To have the planet that we have today,

we had to have fungi

It was fungi that brought back life

after each global catastrophe

If there were no fungi there would be no other life

They're a keystone in our world

It was fungi

that paved the way for civilization

They have made us who we are

All around here are these fungi that are falling on you

that are going to alter our fate as humans,

and we're just starting to figure it out

And as we begin to explore the kingdom of fungi

our most exciting discoveries are still to come

(birds chirping) (wings flapping)