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Spring 1942.
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While war raged across the
battlefields of Europe,
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North Africa and the Pacific,
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Adolf Hitler settled into his
newest bunker - The Wolf's Lair.
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People are dying across the
world because of Hitler.
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Rather than focus on that huge issue,
he's focusing on a microcosm.
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He's taking a little tiny detail of
control and practicing, practicing,
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practicing how perfectly can he get
his dogs to do what they're told.
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He's fiddling while Rome burns.
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Hitler,
who was the man behind the monster?
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There were just so many parts of
this story that didn't add up.
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Teenage loner turns national hero.
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He was the Messiah
for the German people.
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How was he able to achieve it?
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All of it was an act.
All of it was a show.
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This is the definitive guide to
the most hated man in history.
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HITLER
THE MONSTER
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For almost 10 years, Hitler had reveled
in his success as a leader of Germany.
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But the tides of war would
soon turn against him,
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resulting in millions of deaths and
marking the start of his downfall.
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Seven weeks after Hitler declared
war on the United States,
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a capacity crowd gathered at
Berlin Sportpalast Arena,
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eager to hear him speak.
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The Sportpalast speech represents
the restatement of Hitler's prophecy
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that the Americans have forced
the Germans into a World War
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and a World War will result in the
annihilation of the Jews of Europe.
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We can read it as an initiation into
this huge program of mass killing
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that is now about to really take off.
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So rather than a threat,
as it was in Hitler's 1939 prophecy,
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this is now something
that's actually happening.
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This speech was the closest Hitler ever came
to publicly acknowledging the Holocaust.
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Three years earlier, Hitler
endorsed a Nazi euthanasia program,
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which systematically murdered Germany's
physically and mentally disabled.
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The T4 program is one
of the most disturbing elements
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of the early years of the Third Reich, and
Hitler was directly associated with it,
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and it stained him irrevocably.
The German people reacted against it
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and they associated Hitler with it.
But he had learned his lesson.
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Hitler became scrupulous
when it came to keeping the blood
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of the Jewish slaughter off his hands.
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There is no paper trail linking
Adolf Hitler to the Holocaust,
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and this is an extraordinary thing in
such a highly bureaucratized state
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that kept meticulous records of
every single minor activity.
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Great lengths were taken to ensure
that there wouldn't be a written order
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to the effect of “OK,
murder all the Jews in Europe.”
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Hitler demanded his
world remain insulated.
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He never visited an extermination camp,
nor did he ever witness an execution.
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I think the most surprising thing
about Adolf Hitler is his inability
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to face up to his actions.
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He's someone who needs to be in a
closed society, almost a closed world.
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But also connected with that
is the fact that he believes
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that he may be killed and that his
destiny would not be fulfilled.
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He's like a kind of classic gangster.
They don't want to be reminded
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of the deep immorality that
absolutely mired in up to their necks.
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It is murder and it's blood soaked.
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When he's patting those
small children on the head,
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there are small children,
several hundred miles the East,
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having their heads smashed against
the side of railroad carriages,
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but it's a reality that
nobody wants to acknowledge.
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At his country headquarter's, the Berghof,
Hitler held forth on many subjects,
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but he never mentioned the Holocaust
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and his entourage were
careful never to bring it up.
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In her memoirs,
Henriette von Schirach,
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the daughter of Hitler's
personal photographer,
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recalled breaking the unspoken rule.
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She's seen Jewish women being
brutalized in Amsterdam,
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and she's determined
to raise it with Hitler
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under the almost
charmingly misguided belief
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that Hitler would be appalled
in the same way as she is.
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So she goes to the Berghof,
she had some tea, a slice of cake,
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and she mentions this horrible, horrible
thing that she's seen in Amsterdam
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and Hitler just snaps, “Jewish women in
Amsterdam. What they going to do with you?”
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Literally shout to her and just orders
her out and she leaves the room in tears.
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And she's never to be seen
at the Berghof ever again.
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On the 23rd of January 1942, Hitler
invited SS-Chief Heinrich Himmler
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and other senior aides
for a quiet meal.
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According to his staff's
official memos, private moments
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like this allowed the Fuhrer to
give the Holocaust his blessing
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without issuing a direct order.
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They're having a fine meal,
immaculate tablecloth,
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everything just so very civilized
encounter in which the conversation turns,
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as it often does with Hitler,
to the Jews.
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The talk is chilling. It's not bureaucratic,
but it's Hitler saying things like,
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“If I had to say to the Jews,
could you just go voluntarily?”
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And they said they didn't want to. "Then
I’d see no other option, but extermination."
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Notice here how Hitler doesn't tell
anyone to do something specific.
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He allows those around the table
to draw their own conclusions.
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Hitler didn't need to deal with the
practicalities of Jewish genocide.
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Because he knew Heinrich Himmler would
a process known as working towards the Fuhrer.
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Everyone knows how Hitler
feels about the Jews
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and the way to curry favor with
him is to anticipate his hatred.
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The more radical solution is the one likely to
be adopted in Nazi Germany as the war goes on.
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Different bodies and individuals
compete to have access to Hitler
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and to have their ideas authorized by him
and the SS is control over Jewish policy
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is because Himmler is,
at this point, Hitler's favorite.
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If you wants to know what Hitler is
thinking, you look at what Himmler is doing.
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Three days before
his meal with Hitler,
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Himmler's Nazi SS met at this
stately home in a Berlin suburb.
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On the agenda, the final
solution to the Jewish question.
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Ever since Hitler passed
antisemitic laws in 1933,
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Jews had been brutally persecuted and 1,2
million had been killed in the past year.
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Now, the Nazis aim to
deport every Jew in Europe.
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Their fate was industrialized murder in
new extermination camps with gas chambers.
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In Hitler's last will and testament,
he makes clear
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that he is very proud of
the way in which the people
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that have had to be killed for the greater
Germany have been killed in a humane way.
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He thinks the whole concept of gassing
is a good, clean way of killing people.
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He knows what's going on when
they arrive at Treblinka,
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Sobibor, Auschwitz, when they
are herded into the gas chambers.
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00:10:04,412 --> 00:10:08,393
But for Hitler the Holocaust is
something which is done by other people.
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Hitler had experienced unbridled success
as leader of Germany for nearly a decade.
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But the tide was starting to turn.
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The US and Soviet Union were
proving formidable enemies.
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Hitler was undeterred.
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For Hitler, this is to be a war of
annihilation is a clash of civilizations.
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It is a clash of races and
there will be no second place;
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either Germany or the Soviet Union
will be completely destroyed.
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Winter 1941.
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At his Wolf’s Liar HQ,
500 miles from the frontline,
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Adolf Hitler decided to take personal
control of a new eastern offensive.
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You've got a man who wants
to be the supreme warlord,
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but desperately also wants to be the person
right there in the middle of operations
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and you can't do all that.
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But when a devastating Soviet
counteroffensive let his generals
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to recommend tactical withdrawals, Hitler
overruled them and issued a halt order.
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His troops have to stand
and fight to the death.
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In human terms this is a very,
very expensive order.
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The number of men who are
lost hundreds of thousands,
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but that doesn't matter because
Hitler only thinks in the short term.
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As far as he's concerned,
the halt order is worked.
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The idea of strategic withdrawal,
which every military commander knows
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is necessary in certain circumstances;
for him, is irrational,
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it's going to lower morale,
and it certainly shouldn't happen.
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It draws attention in Hitler's mind
to the ability of his generals.
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There's always been a fragile
relationship between the two.
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While things are going well, he's
prepared to let them get on with it,
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but as soon as they don't go so well, he
begins to take a more hands on approach.
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On the 20th of April 1942,
Hitler celebrated his 53rd birthday.
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He was so determined to tighten
his grip on military command,
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he refused to leave the Wolf's Lair.
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His political and military leaders
were forced to come to him.
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Hitler is, what we would now call,
a control freak beyond all bounds.
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He needs to assert his
dominance over other people
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without exception at all times.
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We see somebody who as a child,
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had this overbearing father
beating him and humiliating him.
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So Hitler starts off from
a position of extreme weakness,
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and it's something he never
wants to experience again.
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What it looks like, everybody's smiling,
but there are some subtle non-verbal things
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that we can identify that suggest
that all is not going well here
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and there is an undertone of tension.
Let's stop right here.
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This man and Hitler are shaking hands.
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One thing that's very telling
here is there's personal distance
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that he wants to close because we tend
to draw closer to people we like.
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So he tries to pull them in,
but Hitler clearly is very reluctant.
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There it is, right there;
he's pulling them in and he steps in.
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He's trying to send
a non-verbal message to Hitler,
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“Let bygones be bygones,
whatever problems we had in the past."
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"They're over with,
let's be friends again.”
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This man was Nazi Foreign
Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop,
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who strongly opposed Hitler's
invasion of the Soviet Union.
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The gentleman in the back is
trying to read what's going on
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because he knows there's tension.
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This is not a happy birthday.
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There's some kind of undercurrent
going on there that lets us know
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that this may be the beginning of
a break with Hitler and his generals.
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Isolated at the Wolf's Lair,
Hitler's controlling nature worsened.
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His days were spent training
his German Shepherd, Blondie,
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and interfering in every military
decision, no matter how small.
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Hitler insists that any German soldier
wanting to marry a foreign woman
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submit photographs in a resume
of the foreign woman to him
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for his own personal review. This
was just the madness that drove him.
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His ability to obsess about
little details like that,
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even as this titanic war was raging.
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On the 28th of June 1942, Hitler
launched his new Eastern offensive,
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demanding the final say
on all military strategy.
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He decided to send over a million troops
towards the southern Soviet Union.
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Instead of heading for Moscow, which is
where most of his generals want to go,
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he now redirects the efforts south
of that, towards the Caucasus,
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the oilfields of the Caucasus,
but also this symbolic prize,
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which is Stalingrad on the Volga
River. The city, of course,
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named after his great foe
and the leader of Russia.
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He's going to capture that
city because if he does it,
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it's is going to be huge
humiliation for Stalin.
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These private photographs show Hitler
imposing his will on seasoned commanders.
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It's command by remote control.
There's Hitler sweeping his hand
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across vast maps of the USSR
and that's where the problems come,
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because the German generals
are consummate professionals.
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They would have done what was
militarily most effective.
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They would have withdrawn before
Moscow, regrouped in order
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to attack from a more favorable
position at a better time.
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They would not have
sidetracked themselves
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to fight for this symbolic city
that had no real significance.
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They know about logistics. They know about
the twin tyrannies of time and space.
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Hitler is not.
He goes with his intuition.
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Eleven days into the
new Eastern offensive,
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Hitler ignored the
objections of his Generals
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and split one of his army
group’s to attack Stalingrad.
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The decision weakened his forces in the
South, and they struggled to gain ground.
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At a forward command based in the
Ukraine Hitler's frustration boiled over.
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“It's hot, it's humid. The news
from the front is increasingly bad.”
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He turns to his Chief of the
General Staff, General Franz Halder,
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and says, “You don't know
anything about making war."
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"I was a soldier on the front in World
War One. I know more than you do."
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"What did you do in World War One?
You sat there on that same stool
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in front of that same table, drawing on
your maps. You don't have a wound badge.”
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In an unprecedented move,
Hitler fired General Wilhelm List
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and took personal command
of his army group.
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Germany's supreme leader
was now micromanaging
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the day to day logistics
of 300.000 men.
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We have Hitler calling up
front commanders and saying,
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00:18:54,208 --> 00:18:57,306
"Where are your anti-tank guns in
placed," calling up the Air Force
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and saying, "Send three JU-52 transport
aircraft to such and such an airbase."
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00:19:02,609 --> 00:19:04,949
These are things that should be
done by the men on the spot,
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men who have the technical expertise.
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00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:11,985
The thing that made the Germans better
than anybody else in Europe at war
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was the clean,
crisp communications between all arms.
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Along comes Adolf Hitler, who throws
all that stuff in the dustbin.
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00:19:21,381 --> 00:19:26,409
Under Hitler's command, the eastern
offensive stuttered to a halt.
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As winter descended on Stalingrad,
exhausted German troops
220
00:19:35,558 --> 00:19:40,721
asked their Commander in Chief to let
them retreat for warmth and supplies.
221
00:19:46,623 --> 00:19:52,439
He's sitting in the Fuhrer-train, the
dining car, the rosewood paneled dining car.
222
00:19:53,151 --> 00:19:57,104
When another train pulls up alongside,
a boxcar,
223
00:19:57,168 --> 00:20:01,140
carrying German soldiers,
bedraggled, demoralized,
224
00:20:01,204 --> 00:20:05,619
some grievously wounded.
These are troops from Stalingrad
225
00:20:05,901 --> 00:20:09,554
as those ragged scarecrows peer
into the window of his dining car,
226
00:20:09,790 --> 00:20:13,617
he reaches across the table
and pulls down the shade.
227
00:20:18,996 --> 00:20:23,785
In January 1943,
news from the Eastern Front
228
00:20:23,849 --> 00:20:26,815
had gone from bad to worse for Hitler.
229
00:20:38,668 --> 00:20:42,962
After five months of bitter
fighting for control of Stalingrad,
230
00:20:44,033 --> 00:20:46,762
the Soviets had surrounded his troops.
231
00:20:49,184 --> 00:20:53,221
As the Battle of Stalingrad
begins to go badly
232
00:20:53,285 --> 00:20:56,884
and as the German army there
is cut off,
233
00:20:57,567 --> 00:21:01,115
Hitler begins to
think in terms of German honor,
234
00:21:01,179 --> 00:21:04,295
German strength,
German racial superiority.
235
00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:07,803
Germans wouldn't be taken by
mere Slavs, that sort of thing.
236
00:21:07,867 --> 00:21:10,652
As far as Hitler's concerned,
this is now ideological.
237
00:21:10,716 --> 00:21:14,651
This is an end game to deal with
Bolshevism and to deal with the Slavs.
238
00:21:14,715 --> 00:21:20,585
And so this racialist nonsense that forms
Hitler then comes to drive his decisions.
239
00:21:39,539 --> 00:21:45,160
So far, 50.000 soldiers had
died in the siege of Stalingrad.
240
00:21:47,313 --> 00:21:51,977
But Hitler once again refused
to let his army withdraw.
241
00:21:55,102 --> 00:21:59,096
There's a complete lack of reality
at the Fuhrer's headquarter.
242
00:21:59,938 --> 00:22:03,941
In Stalingrad, men are starving,
they've seen their comrades killed,
243
00:22:04,005 --> 00:22:08,185
the freezing subzero temperatures.
It's a cataclysmic scene,
244
00:22:08,249 --> 00:22:12,217
but Hitler doesn't want to face up
to the realities on the ground.
245
00:22:13,709 --> 00:22:16,724
The image of Hitler is
that he spent four years
246
00:22:16,788 --> 00:22:19,088
during the First World War in
the front line in the trenches,
247
00:22:19,152 --> 00:22:22,333
and this is partly because he gives
that impression in Mein Kampf.
248
00:22:22,397 --> 00:22:25,872
The truth is very different because
he's given the job dispatch runner,
249
00:22:25,936 --> 00:22:28,236
quite a long way
behind the front lines.
250
00:22:28,610 --> 00:22:31,796
He's not aware of the sacrifice of
the troops in quite the same way
251
00:22:31,860 --> 00:22:34,160
as if he was sharing the
experience with them.
252
00:22:34,761 --> 00:22:37,427
It's ironic because during
the siege of Stalingrad,
253
00:22:37,491 --> 00:22:40,919
Hitler berates his generals for
not having been frontline soldiers
254
00:22:40,983 --> 00:22:46,633
during the First World War and yet Hitler
didn't actually understand what it was like.
255
00:22:47,848 --> 00:22:52,062
He's created this kind of fantasy world,
I think about what German soldiers can do,
256
00:22:52,126 --> 00:22:55,033
which bears no reality, in fact,
to the extraordinary conditions
257
00:22:55,097 --> 00:22:57,397
they had to face on the Eastern Front.
258
00:22:58,287 --> 00:23:01,679
On the 22nd of January 1943,
259
00:23:01,878 --> 00:23:06,877
Hitler received a desperate appeal from
the German commander inside Stalingrad.
260
00:23:09,737 --> 00:23:16,032
His men were surrounded, out of ammunition,
and forced to eat their horses to survive.
261
00:23:17,446 --> 00:23:21,442
General Friedrich Paulus
wanted permission to surrender.
262
00:23:23,398 --> 00:23:26,786
It's a completely logical request
from a military commander.
263
00:23:26,860 --> 00:23:30,187
Hitler won't allow it because he's
still fixated with this idea,
264
00:23:30,251 --> 00:23:34,295
“You're going to go down in history
if you make the Russians know
265
00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:36,659
that the Germans will never give in.”
266
00:23:36,833 --> 00:23:40,470
He insisted that the troops
would never surrender,
267
00:23:40,534 --> 00:23:45,313
however big a hole they were in and often
they would not withdraw from situations
268
00:23:45,852 --> 00:23:49,868
from which they could escape
simply as a matter of principle.
269
00:23:49,932 --> 00:23:54,590
And that's in more general terms and over
the course of the war was a disaster.
270
00:23:56,138 --> 00:23:59,655
He promotes Paulus to Generalfeldmarshall,
because he expects these generals
271
00:23:59,719 --> 00:24:03,183
and Feldmarshals to fight to the
last man and the last cartridge;
272
00:24:03,247 --> 00:24:05,911
if not,
he expects them to commit suicide.
273
00:24:06,286 --> 00:24:10,803
Hitler thinks of his soldiers are
ideological warriors for a great idea.
274
00:24:11,768 --> 00:24:15,415
But they're the ones stuck
out in a frozen waste
275
00:24:15,613 --> 00:24:18,968
thousand miles from home
trying to eat a frozen horse.
276
00:24:23,824 --> 00:24:29,380
A few days later, General Paulus and
the troops in Stalingrad surrendered.
277
00:24:32,205 --> 00:24:37,636
The German army had lost almost a quarter
of a million men during the battle.
278
00:24:38,365 --> 00:24:43,134
To Hitler, this is the ultimate betrayal,
the worst cowardice any of his generals
279
00:24:43,198 --> 00:24:48,480
could actually perpetrate is surrendering
to the arch enemy, the Bolsheviks.
280
00:24:48,819 --> 00:24:53,324
Hitler is distraught and shocked that he
didn't just put a bullet in his own brain.
281
00:24:53,865 --> 00:24:56,830
Hitler says that the remains of Sixth
Army should gather round in a circle
282
00:24:56,894 --> 00:24:59,302
and shot each other
with their last bullet.
283
00:25:03,956 --> 00:25:09,150
At the Wolf's Lair, Hitler struggled
to deal with the reality of defeat.
284
00:25:10,939 --> 00:25:14,157
Privately, Hitler is in a really,
really bad place.
285
00:25:15,294 --> 00:25:18,334
Anything he has a company
is one of his Alsatians.
286
00:25:20,169 --> 00:25:25,251
It's emotionally very, very dark
and gloomy places inhabiting.
287
00:25:27,490 --> 00:25:32,540
Up to that point during the war,
he has been having lunch every day
288
00:25:32,604 --> 00:25:38,513
with his adjutants and discussing
military progress and so on.
289
00:25:38,577 --> 00:25:43,769
But he can't bear
the reality of this defeat
290
00:25:43,833 --> 00:25:48,672
and so from then on,
he eats only with women,
291
00:25:48,736 --> 00:25:53,473
usually his secretaries
and those women are under orders
292
00:25:53,537 --> 00:25:58,937
to keep the conversation
light and cheerful.
293
00:25:59,340 --> 00:26:02,212
You couldn't bring him bad news.
If you brought him bad news,
294
00:26:02,276 --> 00:26:05,015
you'd be exiled, demoted, executed.
295
00:26:06,823 --> 00:26:10,642
Even when a brave subordinate
would give him the real estimates,
296
00:26:10,706 --> 00:26:15,541
Hitler would often respond, “Well, he'd write
in the margin. This just can't be true.”
297
00:26:15,847 --> 00:26:21,107
And so Hitler's defeat is written in
this inability to wrestle with reality.
298
00:26:33,780 --> 00:26:39,031
The extent of Hitler's self-delusion
was captured on a secret audiotape,
299
00:26:41,584 --> 00:26:44,762
made without his knowledge
by a sound engineer.
300
00:26:45,078 --> 00:26:50,273
It's the only known recording of him
speaking in private and off the record.
301
00:26:55,403 --> 00:27:00,324
Hitler can be heard explaining to
Finnish Marshal Carl Gustaf Mannerheim,
302
00:27:00,463 --> 00:27:03,645
why the assault on Russia
wasn't going to plan.
303
00:27:12,971 --> 00:27:15,876
Hitler admits he was
not properly prepared.
304
00:27:15,940 --> 00:27:19,486
He underestimated Russia,
but he can't admit he's wrong.
305
00:27:19,685 --> 00:27:24,220
So the way for him to kind of
justify or rationalize his mistake,
306
00:27:24,364 --> 00:27:27,105
he says,
“I would have done it anyway.”
307
00:27:30,453 --> 00:27:34,286
When Hitler says,
“The Russians had 35.000 tanks,”
308
00:27:37,418 --> 00:27:39,886
is clearly an exaggeration.
309
00:27:40,746 --> 00:27:47,348
In truth, that maximum strength the
Soviet Army only had around 23.000 tanks.
310
00:27:48,935 --> 00:27:53,889
Even in trusted private company
Hitler was manipulating the facts.
311
00:27:55,590 --> 00:27:59,403
These are bald faced lies.
He states them with such confidence
312
00:27:59,467 --> 00:28:03,787
that people in the background go:
“Yes, 35.000, yes, 35.000.”
313
00:28:06,801 --> 00:28:09,876
What he does then,
is he has the audacity to say,
314
00:28:09,940 --> 00:28:15,758
“Nonetheless, we knocked out 34.000
of those 35.000 thanks.”
315
00:28:20,145 --> 00:28:24,772
When in fact, that's a fantasy.
He's in a fantasy world.
316
00:28:35,213 --> 00:28:41,905
In summer 1943, Hitler's state of denial
was setting the tone for his entire regime.
317
00:28:44,244 --> 00:28:48,433
Propaganda Minister Joseph
Goebbels had released films,
318
00:28:48,497 --> 00:28:52,963
showing German women on the home
front enjoying the good life.
319
00:28:55,049 --> 00:29:00,551
But when Hamburg was carpet-bombed,
Hitler could no longer hide the truth.
320
00:29:13,212 --> 00:29:17,823
As the city burned Hitler was unmoved.
321
00:29:20,541 --> 00:29:24,435
On the one hand, he has feelings
for animals and children,
322
00:29:24,499 --> 00:29:29,589
but on the other, he has absolute
indifference to the suffering of human beings.
323
00:29:29,721 --> 00:29:31,928
He believes that these hardships are
324
00:29:31,992 --> 00:29:35,441
what the German people have to
go through for final victory.
325
00:29:36,301 --> 00:29:40,450
Hitler does not make a gesture
toward his public that,
326
00:29:40,514 --> 00:29:43,512
“I'm with you, still, I'm one of you.”
327
00:29:45,410 --> 00:29:52,089
Instead, he buys 3000 paintings that are
going to be housed in a new Museum of Art.
328
00:29:53,226 --> 00:29:56,662
In 1943-1944 the last
thing you want to do
329
00:29:56,726 --> 00:30:00,847
is spend an exorbitant amount of money
on artworks, and yet he does it.
330
00:30:00,911 --> 00:30:05,373
Not exactly a man who's staying
with his people to the bitter end
331
00:30:05,437 --> 00:30:08,032
in the most horrible of conditions.
332
00:30:08,121 --> 00:30:12,105
One of the funny things, well,
funny in a very sick way is
333
00:30:12,169 --> 00:30:17,761
that Hitler hopes that the allied bombs
will destroy the Berlin Town Hall,
334
00:30:17,825 --> 00:30:20,935
which he sees as an execrable
form of architecture.
335
00:30:20,999 --> 00:30:24,175
Had he been in charge, he would
have built a better Town Hall.
336
00:30:24,239 --> 00:30:27,792
And so he keeps looking, “Have they bombed
it yet? Have they destroyed it yet?"
337
00:30:27,856 --> 00:30:32,976
"And if they don't bomb it, I'll be really
disappointed. I might even bomb it myself.”
338
00:30:34,233 --> 00:30:39,320
Privately, Hitler was defiant,
but as the destruction mounted,
339
00:30:39,441 --> 00:30:42,469
he lost his appetite
for public appearances.
340
00:30:42,643 --> 00:30:46,280
The sense that Hitler has
retreated doesn't go unnoticed
341
00:30:46,344 --> 00:30:50,113
and you even find graffiti smeared
around parts of the cities
342
00:30:50,177 --> 00:30:53,921
that are critical of the government;
quickly erased, of course.
343
00:30:56,768 --> 00:30:59,068
Once a prolific orator,
344
00:31:01,299 --> 00:31:05,304
Hitler only made two speeches in 1943.
345
00:31:06,131 --> 00:31:10,020
One of them shortly after
the defeat at Stalingrad.
346
00:31:14,433 --> 00:31:18,494
It's really an issue for Goebbels
to try to coax Hitler to speak
347
00:31:18,558 --> 00:31:23,636
to his people when he does speak
Hitler is himself dejected.
348
00:31:47,262 --> 00:31:50,368
It's monotone compared
to his normal speeches.
349
00:31:50,432 --> 00:31:53,242
He no longer brings
people to that crescendo.
350
00:31:54,619 --> 00:32:00,517
Once Hitler loses his ability to move
the German people by his oratory,
351
00:32:03,490 --> 00:32:07,216
he's losing the very thing
that brought him to power.
352
00:32:18,143 --> 00:32:23,184
On the 9th of July 1943,
the allies invaded Sicily
353
00:32:24,618 --> 00:32:27,330
opening up a new Western Front.
354
00:32:29,978 --> 00:32:36,198
16 days later, Adolf Hitler's
closest axis ally, Benito Mussolini,
355
00:32:36,312 --> 00:32:39,449
was taken into custody
by his own government.
356
00:32:41,518 --> 00:32:45,201
The Fuhrer began to hatch
a daring rescue plan.
357
00:32:48,444 --> 00:32:52,361
The idea of rescuing Mussolini
terrifically exciting for Hitler.
358
00:32:52,425 --> 00:32:55,692
It's like a piece of boyish escapism
while the rest of the war is going badly
359
00:32:55,756 --> 00:32:58,056
he could prove himself.
360
00:32:58,401 --> 00:33:00,701
Ultimately, Hitler is a child.
361
00:33:01,266 --> 00:33:04,514
He's someone who thinks
that getting Mussolini back
362
00:33:04,578 --> 00:33:10,227
and putting him back atop a fascist state
will somehow turn things around for the axis,
363
00:33:10,291 --> 00:33:13,416
and Hitler has a very curious
relationship with Mussolini.
364
00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:17,132
1930s Hitler is very much an
acolyte of Benito Mussolini
365
00:33:17,196 --> 00:33:21,534
and admirer his prized possessions
as signed photograph from the Il Duce.
366
00:33:23,193 --> 00:33:26,806
I think there's a genuine fondness
that Hitler feels for Mussolini.
367
00:33:26,880 --> 00:33:30,957
Why? Because he's the only
other man on the planet
368
00:33:31,021 --> 00:33:35,803
who has any idea of what it's
like to be a jackbooted dictator
369
00:33:35,867 --> 00:33:39,808
of a European fascist state, but
of course, the relationship falters
370
00:33:39,872 --> 00:33:43,471
as Mussolini's political and
military campaigns falter.
371
00:33:43,535 --> 00:33:47,550
And so therefore it's Hitler who
has to end up bailing them out.
372
00:33:51,115 --> 00:33:56,284
German intelligence informed Hitler,
intercepted messages had revealed Mussolini
373
00:33:56,348 --> 00:33:59,046
was being held in the Italian Alps.
374
00:34:04,827 --> 00:34:08,858
SS-Commander Unit Crash Land, a load
of gliders on the side of a mountain
375
00:34:08,922 --> 00:34:15,209
and storm a hotel, rescue Mussolini in a
tiny, little featureless stork aircraft
376
00:34:15,273 --> 00:34:18,447
and back in time for tea and medals.
377
00:34:19,745 --> 00:34:24,248
Hitler is completely delighted
because it's a great coup.
378
00:34:24,599 --> 00:34:27,731
It's done under great cloak
and dagger and daring do.
379
00:34:27,795 --> 00:34:30,393
It's a fantastic story. He's ecstatic.
380
00:34:30,457 --> 00:34:35,357
He wants the details repeated again and
again, over and over again, savoring them.
381
00:34:35,433 --> 00:34:39,365
Perhaps it is a reminder to him
of the sweetness of victory,
382
00:34:39,429 --> 00:34:41,673
but of course it is far from that.
383
00:34:41,737 --> 00:34:44,007
It's the rescue of one man and one man
384
00:34:44,071 --> 00:34:46,446
who can no longer play an
active role in the war.
385
00:34:47,936 --> 00:34:51,406
When Mussolini is brought before
Hitler, the Fuhrer is distraught
386
00:34:51,470 --> 00:34:53,875
to see the state he is.
387
00:34:54,575 --> 00:34:56,893
He is no longer the once
great warlord of Italy.
388
00:34:56,957 --> 00:35:00,670
He is an old man in a shabby coat.
He's broken.
389
00:35:01,168 --> 00:35:03,870
The glow of Mussolini's
rescue quickly wears off
390
00:35:03,934 --> 00:35:07,897
and within hours he is treating
Mussolini as a nobody.
391
00:35:12,039 --> 00:35:17,328
In September 1943, Hitler's
forces occupied most of Italy,
392
00:35:17,392 --> 00:35:22,243
and despite Mussolini's condition, put
him in charge of a puppet government.
393
00:35:26,065 --> 00:35:31,736
Meanwhile, on the Eastern front, German
troops were being overwhelmed by the Red Army.
394
00:35:34,799 --> 00:35:39,171
Two months earlier, a German
offensive called Operation Citadel
395
00:35:39,235 --> 00:35:42,195
was smashed by a Soviet counterattack.
396
00:35:44,268 --> 00:35:47,597
50.000 troops were killed or injured.
397
00:35:51,463 --> 00:35:55,233
When German army units, army groups,
generals, countenance withdrawal,
398
00:35:55,297 --> 00:35:57,680
he believes that they're not worthy.
And he said,
399
00:35:57,744 --> 00:36:01,048
“Those men with their purple stripes
down the trousers make me sick."
400
00:36:01,112 --> 00:36:03,357
"They're worse than Jews.”
401
00:36:03,421 --> 00:36:06,809
That is how strong Hitler feels
about the German General Staff.
402
00:36:10,908 --> 00:36:15,271
For one of Hitler's most senior
commanders, the feeling was mutual.
403
00:36:16,889 --> 00:36:23,166
Field Marshal Eric von Manstein was openly
critical of the Fuhrer’s aggressive tactics,
404
00:36:27,598 --> 00:36:30,917
earning him several visits
from Hitler himself.
405
00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:37,071
This is a rich piece of footage,
historical context.
406
00:36:37,135 --> 00:36:43,105
Hitler, after winning so many battles, now
is losing, and his general von Manstein,
407
00:36:43,169 --> 00:36:47,150
is trying to get this message across
to Hitler, and he's trying to say,
408
00:36:47,214 --> 00:36:49,561
“Hey, occasionally we need
to do a tactical retreat.”
409
00:36:49,625 --> 00:36:53,406
But Hitler is not about retreat at all.
He's forward, forward, forward thinking.
410
00:36:53,470 --> 00:36:56,210
And so,
you know the relationship here -
411
00:36:56,274 --> 00:36:59,912
the General is not pleased,
"I don't like what's happening here."
412
00:37:00,365 --> 00:37:04,441
And Hitler is not interested at all.
In fact, for most of this footage,
413
00:37:04,505 --> 00:37:09,696
he's actually disengaged. You can see
that he’s not even really listening.
414
00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:13,201
He doesn't really even care about
all these passionate details
415
00:37:13,265 --> 00:37:18,419
that the general is giving him. Instead,
he wants to gain power over the situation.
416
00:37:18,483 --> 00:37:22,707
He's trying his hands on his hips to
look powerful, but the hands go up high,
417
00:37:22,771 --> 00:37:26,796
so he looks like he has little chicken wings
and he's clucking about this situation.
418
00:37:27,492 --> 00:37:33,420
Then there's the big reveal, the handshake.
This is the not “let go” handshake.
419
00:37:33,484 --> 00:37:36,322
In this handshake is not the
normal three to five seconds.
420
00:37:36,386 --> 00:37:39,624
In fact, it last for over 30 seconds.
421
00:37:39,688 --> 00:37:43,976
It goes on and finally,
finally, it disengages,
422
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:49,367
but it tells me, Hitler is saying,
“I am done with you."
423
00:37:49,477 --> 00:37:52,815
"You have no power.
I am the one with the power.”
424
00:37:57,715 --> 00:38:00,444
Hitler later fired Manstein.
425
00:38:02,487 --> 00:38:06,802
He was determined to cleanse the army
of anyone who disagreed with him,
426
00:38:06,932 --> 00:38:09,232
even his best men.
427
00:38:09,790 --> 00:38:13,381
Generals Halder,
Guderian and Runstedt,
428
00:38:13,450 --> 00:38:17,317
heroes from the French campaign,
were also dismissed.
429
00:38:19,218 --> 00:38:24,049
Hitler replaced them with inexperienced
men, who would do as they were told.
430
00:38:25,618 --> 00:38:29,489
There are generals who are being
paid by Hitler under the table
431
00:38:29,580 --> 00:38:33,251
outside of their normal salaries,
large sums of money to supporting him.
432
00:38:34,224 --> 00:38:36,524
He's paying them for loyalty.
433
00:38:36,708 --> 00:38:39,068
He's paying them just
shut up and do their job.
434
00:38:42,538 --> 00:38:47,552
In May 1944,
enemy forces converged on the Reich.
435
00:38:50,522 --> 00:38:54,396
The Red Army was less than
400 miles from Vienna.
436
00:38:55,090 --> 00:39:01,390
The allies were closing in on Rome and
preparing a huge invasion force in England.
437
00:39:05,650 --> 00:39:10,007
But Hitler was back at his Alpine HQ,
the Berghof
438
00:39:12,353 --> 00:39:15,979
and relaxing with his mistress,
Eva Braun.
439
00:39:18,838 --> 00:39:23,499
Eva Braun says,
"It reminds her of the good old days.”
440
00:39:23,733 --> 00:39:28,889
"Short walks with the dogs, films in
the evening, sitting by the fire,
441
00:39:28,953 --> 00:39:32,594
cake in the tea house, guests staying,
442
00:39:32,658 --> 00:39:35,564
people out on the terrace, on the lounges."
443
00:39:35,662 --> 00:39:41,049
However, we know that in his
relationship with Eva Braun,
444
00:39:41,113 --> 00:39:45,175
as in so many other areas of his life,
Hitler resorted to drugs.
445
00:39:45,866 --> 00:39:50,745
He was injected with testosterone,
cocaine eye drops, everything.
446
00:39:53,368 --> 00:39:58,120
As his health worsened, Hitler's
leg was shaking uncontrollably.
447
00:39:59,699 --> 00:40:04,937
His personal physician, Dr. Theodore
Morrell, noted in his diary,
448
00:40:05,001 --> 00:40:07,393
“It was probably stress related.”
449
00:40:08,404 --> 00:40:13,103
The treatment was an injection,
believed to contain methamphetamine.
450
00:40:17,747 --> 00:40:20,200
One of the things that
we know more about today
451
00:40:20,264 --> 00:40:23,582
than we did in the past
is Hitler's drug use.
452
00:40:25,119 --> 00:40:31,240
He was on a cocktail of something like 74
drugs and so this clearly clouds the mind.
453
00:40:33,356 --> 00:40:36,742
It'll keep you up, It'll keep you going,
but it really robs you
454
00:40:36,806 --> 00:40:39,106
of a great deal of perspective.
455
00:40:40,180 --> 00:40:44,540
He’s an addicted leader and so all of
the flaws that he brings to the table
456
00:40:44,604 --> 00:40:49,746
before he gets into drugs become very
much amplified by that drug use.
457
00:40:53,831 --> 00:40:57,081
Eva took advantage of
Hitler's detached mood
458
00:40:59,349 --> 00:41:04,034
and hosted her sister's wedding
reception at the Eagle's Nest teahouse
459
00:41:04,098 --> 00:41:06,398
above the Berghof.
460
00:41:07,928 --> 00:41:11,085
At weddings and formal occasions,
he's wheeled out
461
00:41:11,149 --> 00:41:13,528
as the kind of slightly
embarrassing relative,
462
00:41:13,763 --> 00:41:17,716
who's a bit creepy and
austere and detached.
463
00:41:18,066 --> 00:41:22,351
He's kind of glassy eyed,
and he's just not there anymore.
464
00:41:23,497 --> 00:41:27,354
He's, of course, dealing with his
own health issues, his own insomnia,
465
00:41:27,418 --> 00:41:31,473
his own worries about
where this is all leading.
466
00:41:31,537 --> 00:41:36,575
From a propaganda perspective, this is
powerful because the whole Hitler myth
467
00:41:36,639 --> 00:41:41,796
is built upon sort of accessibility to
Hitler; hearing his voice, seeing his face.
468
00:41:41,860 --> 00:41:45,912
When all those things were absolutely
needed to convince the German people
469
00:41:45,976 --> 00:41:49,282
that Hitler was still the
leader of the country,
470
00:41:49,346 --> 00:41:51,646
he doesn't show himself at all.
471
00:41:53,424 --> 00:41:57,095
Hitler now based his military
command at the Berghof.
472
00:41:57,782 --> 00:42:02,948
Each day, a few hours was set aside
for strategy meetings with his Generals
473
00:42:03,214 --> 00:42:06,193
in what was an otherwise
leisurely routine.
474
00:42:09,922 --> 00:42:13,687
The whole kind of schedule of
the day is teenagerly
475
00:42:14,471 --> 00:42:19,853
and Hitler talks about the four years
between the death of his father
476
00:42:19,917 --> 00:42:23,911
and the death of his mother as one
of the happiest periods in his life
477
00:42:23,975 --> 00:42:28,220
and he is absolutely
indulged by his mother.
478
00:42:28,284 --> 00:42:33,514
He has to do nothing except
lie-in and enjoy himself,
479
00:42:33,819 --> 00:42:37,128
and with the help of drugs,
and the mountains,
480
00:42:37,290 --> 00:42:40,369
and that's what he
recreates in the Berghof.
481
00:42:41,673 --> 00:42:45,453
So the long lie-in, the late breakfast,
482
00:42:45,789 --> 00:42:49,917
the medical treatments, the injections
483
00:42:51,084 --> 00:42:57,300
and the pills before lunch.
484
00:43:00,557 --> 00:43:06,428
And then he will walk down
to the teahouse, eat cake,
485
00:43:06,492 --> 00:43:12,956
and he gets driven back up hill because he
never likes to physically exert himself.
486
00:43:13,394 --> 00:43:18,702
Supper, another vegetarian meal, and
then it's a very strong expectation.
487
00:43:18,766 --> 00:43:24,421
Everyone gathers around the fire
and he starts talking and he talks
488
00:43:24,485 --> 00:43:29,921
and talks and talks
about art, about race,
489
00:43:29,985 --> 00:43:33,831
music, vegetarianism,
our history, differences about people.
490
00:43:33,895 --> 00:43:37,963
You'll have to sit there and listen to
it and we have many memoir accounts
491
00:43:38,027 --> 00:43:42,030
where people say, “My God, I was ready to
shoot myself. I thought he would never stop.”
492
00:43:42,094 --> 00:43:45,860
More cake is served and he
bangs on and on and on,
493
00:43:45,924 --> 00:43:52,023
and nobody can go to bed until he stops
and it can be two, three in the morning.
494
00:43:54,677 --> 00:43:57,244
5th of June 1944.
495
00:43:59,017 --> 00:44:02,547
True to his routine,
Hitler stayed up late, chatting
496
00:44:02,611 --> 00:44:06,939
and watching movies with Eva before
going to bed around 3:00 a.m..
497
00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:22,207
600 miles away in Normandy, American
paratroopers began the first phase
498
00:44:22,271 --> 00:44:24,571
of the allied invasion.
499
00:44:28,687 --> 00:44:34,917
At 6:30 a.m., massed allied forces began
landing on the beaches of Normandy.
500
00:44:38,627 --> 00:44:40,927
D-Day was underway.
501
00:44:45,714 --> 00:44:48,598
And the Fuhrer couldn't be woken.
502
00:44:51,669 --> 00:44:54,403
Hitler was the only guy that could
release divisions, reserve divisions
503
00:44:54,467 --> 00:44:57,062
to repel the invasion,
and yet nobody would wake it.
504
00:44:57,284 --> 00:45:00,101
Hitler is literally asleep
at the wheel; landing craft
505
00:45:00,165 --> 00:45:04,991
are bringing the troops to the various
beaches - Gold, Sword, Juna, Omaha, Utah.
506
00:45:05,291 --> 00:45:09,075
The allies are ashore at Normandy while
Hitler is rubbing the sleep from his eyes.
507
00:45:10,153 --> 00:45:14,013
And it's not until about 10 o'clock
that his staff dared to wake him up.
508
00:45:14,077 --> 00:45:16,672
When he does awake,
this response is curious.
509
00:45:16,736 --> 00:45:19,343
“Gentlemen,” he says,
“it's finally happened."
510
00:45:19,407 --> 00:45:23,600
"They're finally here as I expected them
to come. Now let's see what happens.”
511
00:45:23,664 --> 00:45:25,901
We hit the seizes as the moment,
this is a moment where the Germans
512
00:45:25,965 --> 00:45:28,201
are going to show the British,
Americans a proper war.
513
00:45:28,265 --> 00:45:30,969
He's facing disaster with open arms.
514
00:45:31,265 --> 00:45:33,824
He's standing on a precipice
with the German people.
515
00:45:34,648 --> 00:45:37,955
He's going to take them
with him to Apocalypse.
516
00:45:41,955 --> 00:45:57,955
Transcribed danel32.
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