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ALBERT: Okay, here we go.
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Ready? Let's turn it on.
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OMAR: Yeah.
Wow! Oh, wow.
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00:00:13,847 --> 00:00:15,483
ALBERT: Look at that.
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00:00:15,583 --> 00:00:18,419
That is nuts!
What are those?
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Revealed.
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From deep within the jungle.
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Startling evidence
of the Maya at war.
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I'm Albert Lin. Engineer...
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There's a forgotten
world down there.
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00:00:35,703 --> 00:00:38,072
Lost cities
hidden in the jungle.
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00:00:38,172 --> 00:00:40,641
And National
Geographic explorer.
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The frontier of the
Maya world is actually
right under our feet.
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00:00:44,678 --> 00:00:47,215
I'm on a mission to uncover
the secrets of one of the
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00:00:47,315 --> 00:00:50,618
world's most mysterious
ancient civilizations,
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00:00:53,321 --> 00:00:55,256
the Maya.
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And right now, technology is
writing a whole new story.
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REPORTER (over TV): New
technology reveals that
ancient civilization
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in Central America may have
been much more complex than
archaeologists believed.
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ALBERT: In 2018, National
Geographic broke the news
of an incredible discovery.
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(speaking French).
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ALBERT: That
captivated the entire world.
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And I was right
there to see it.
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Wow!
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Revealed from the sky.
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TOM: This is the most
important development in Maya
archaeology in 100 years.
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ALBERT: And on the ground.
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Ah, it gives you like
chills up your back.
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Using 'LiDAR' technology that
can see through the dense
jungle like an X-ray.
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Okay.
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Are you ready to see
it without the trees?
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More than 60,000 man-made
structures brought to light
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in an incredible
new treasure map.
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ARCHAEOLOGIST: Very narrow.
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ALBERT: Now, armed
with the new map...
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(speaking Spanish)
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ALBERT: Some of the
world's most intrepid
archaeologists...
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LEILA: It's going
to be dangerous.
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ALBERT: Sure.
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Are taking on the jungle.
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FRANCISCO: Bhanny,
there is a painted pot.
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It's got an inscription.
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ALBERT: In search
of its secrets.
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FRANCISCO: We have a skeleton.
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ALBERT: All on a quest
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to rewrite the
astonishing story
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of the Maya.
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Alright!
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To me, the Maya have
always been one of
the most fascinating
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of all ancient civilizations.
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But so much of what we
thought we knew is wrong.
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Down there right now history
is being completely rewritten.
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Armed with this new
revolutionary treasure map,
archaeologists are on this
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journey of discovery,
but on a massive scale.
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This time I'm investigating
the Maya at war.
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Unearthing a rare
ritual altar...
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MARCELLO: This is the
moment we've been waiting
for for about a year.
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Efraim, Efraim, Efraim!
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ALBERT: With links to
one of the most ruthless
of all Maya dynasties.
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I'll be exploring an ancient
site that saw mass conflict.
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Something went
down like right here.
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Right here people died.
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And I'll be following one of
the most startling of all the
new discoveries.
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EDWIN: Wow!
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ALBERT: That's
completing overturning...
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EDWIN: Wow!
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ALBERT: Everything
experts thought they
knew about warfare...
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ALBERT: And the ancient Maya.
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Deep in the jungles
of Central America,
Guatemalan archaeologist,
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Edwin Roman-Ramirez
is on a mission.
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Heading for a remote mountain
ridge in search of the Maya.
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ALBERT: The Maya
emerged 3,000 years
ago in Central America,
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across a region of
what is now Guatemala,
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Southern Mexico and
adjoining countries.
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The Maya tamed the jungle,
creating cities of dazzling
scale and complexity.
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Forging a civilization
that lasted over 2,000 years.
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But as well as stunning glories,
there was a brutal side
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of blood and human sacrifice.
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But apart from inscriptions
and carvings little is known
about how they waged war.
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Edwin is on the hunt
for new evidence,
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exploring the deep jungle
outside an ancient city
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called El Zotz, in the
far north of Guatemala.
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He's working with
fellow archaeologist
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and National Geographic
explorer, Tom Garrison.
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TOM: I mean this LiDAR data
is incredible. You know...
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ALBERT: On the new high tech
map they can see evidence of
huge man-made structures.
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TOM: This looks like we have
a pretty serious causeway
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almost running up the
side of the cliff face.
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ALBERT: Before, these
buildings were completely
hidden beneath the jungle.
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Now, they're being laid bare.
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TOM: I'm thinking maybe if you
start down here and climb up,
check out what that looks like
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and then maybe see
what this earth work is.
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It looks like a
pretty big one.
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ALBERT: Tom and Edwin
think the newly identified
buildings could reveal some
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unique clues to Maya warfare.
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TOM: I mean you look at these
features here and, you know,
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this one's almost
eight meters tall.
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EDWIN: Eight meters, Tom?
TOM: Yeah.
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But, of course, we're not
going to know 'til you get
out there and check on it.
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Yeah, this'll be exciting.
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EDWIN: Okay, that
sounds perfect.
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TOM: Alright.
EDWIN: Thank you, Tom.
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TOM: Yeah.
EDWIN: We'll see you later.
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ALBERT: The new map
reveals a mysterious
series of buildings,
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running two and a half
miles along a steep ridge,
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all seemingly connected
to a whole complex of
structures at its base.
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Oppressive heat,
dense vegetation
and deadly wildlife
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make this one of the
most extreme frontiers
in archaeology.
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ALBERT: It's Edwin's 15th
season working in these
punishing conditions.
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ALBERT: But it's the
very first time with
the new treasure map.
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ALBERT: Then suddenly out
of the dense jungle...
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ALBERT: Edwin spots something.
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Perched at the very top
of the mountain ridge...
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an ancient pyramid
hidden for centuries.
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And it seems the
pyramid is just one of
a group of structures
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all revealed by
new technology.
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EDWIN: Ooh-hoo, yeah.
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ALBERT: The new treasure
map is the result of a
massive survey,
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charting over 800
square miles of jungle.
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Called the Pacunam
LiDAR initiative it's
bringing together
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an international
consortium of experts.
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One of the engineers behind
the survey is Juan-Carlos
Fernandez Diaz.
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His team flies a plane
over the dense jungle canopy.
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Using high-tech scanning
equipment, billions of
laser pulses are
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00:09:12,252 --> 00:09:15,823
fired down and bounced back.
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The technique is called LiDAR.
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ALBERT: Only a tiny
fraction of the pulses
make it to the ground.
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ALBERT: Once all the unwanted
pulses reflected from the
trees are filtered out,
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00:10:01,034 --> 00:10:05,338
the data that's left
allows the engineers
to build a 3D map
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00:10:05,438 --> 00:10:08,642
of the hidden jungle floor.
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San Diego, California.
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This is where I research using
digital technologies to
explore the ancient world.
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And I've been given
very special access...
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Look at this.
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To explore the new
data on a giant scale.
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This is how the
jungle looks from above.
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But when LiDAR strips
away the trees...
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countless man-made
structures appear.
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In all, an incredible
60,000 hidden features
have been revealed.
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Two of the project leaders,
National Geographic explorers,
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Tom Garrison and Marcello
Canuto have come to join me.
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LiDAR.
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MARCELLO: Wow, look at that!
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TOM: Magic.
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00:11:10,003 --> 00:11:12,305
MARCELLO: Look at that.
Look at that. Wow.
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00:11:12,405 --> 00:11:15,909
It's almost like we're
flying over the ancient
Maya world in a helicopter.
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This is what is so exciting
about LiDAR, it's humbling.
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There are things that the
LiDAR data is teaching me
and teaching all of us.
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TOM: We're not just
talking about one new
city, it's dozens.
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It's a scale of discovery,
like you're saying, that it
just blows everyone's mind.
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MARCELLO: When I saw the
first LiDAR coming out I
said that's the future,
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you know, that's
what we have to do.
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ALBERT: Back near
the ancient Maya
city of El Zotz,
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the new map has led
Edwin Roman-Ramirez to
a spectacular discovery.
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On top of this high
mountain ridge hides
an ancient pyramid.
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ALBERT: Beyond the pyramid
Edwin spots more ruins.
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ALBERT: And surrounding
them all, giant walls.
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ALBERT: All
predicted by LiDAR.
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00:12:44,597 --> 00:12:50,337
But this new site, with banks
and ramparts, looks nothing
like a typical Maya city.
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EDWIN: Look at that.
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ALBERT: And its discovery
could solve a massive mystery
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about the Maya at war.
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EDWIN: Wow.
This is really amazing.
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ALBERT: Edwin Roman-Ramirez
has followed the new LiDAR
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treasure map to a
startling discovery.
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The ruins of what Edwin
believes was once a vast
fortified citadel,
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protected by the mountain
ridge and surrounded by
massive ramparts.
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Which makes it a
groundbreaking find.
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00:13:36,016 --> 00:13:40,420
Because in all the
Maya world, permanent
defenses on such a scale
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have barely ever been found.
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Before the LiDAR map
experts believed the
Maya settled conflict
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in a very unusual way.
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They thought it was highly
ritualized, involving only
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00:13:56,636 --> 00:13:59,639
the capture and
sacrifice of kings.
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00:13:59,739 --> 00:14:03,343
But now the new evidence
suggests something very
different.
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On the giant screen,
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Edwin's mountain
fortress is evidence of
war on a colossal scale.
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Wow. Look at that ridge.
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TOM: Yeah, this is amazing.
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00:14:19,826 --> 00:14:23,830
I mean you can't really
say this is anything other
than a Maya fortress.
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00:14:24,597 --> 00:14:27,734
You can see big ditch
and rampart systems.
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The one up there that's
eight meters high.
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00:14:31,538 --> 00:14:35,008
So, you know, it's
like 25 feet tall.
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This is a heavily
protected area.
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Now we're looking west,
and as we move up to the
next couple of ridges
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we start to see
lone stone structures,
and what this could be
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00:14:47,520 --> 00:14:50,890
would be a system
of watch-towers,
of surveillance.
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00:14:51,258 --> 00:14:52,525
ALBERT: Watchtowers?
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00:14:52,625 --> 00:14:53,860
TOM: See that one right there?
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00:14:53,961 --> 00:14:55,428
ALBERT: Yeah, yeah.
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00:14:55,528 --> 00:14:57,730
TOM: Yeah. They're
monitoring this landscape.
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00:14:57,830 --> 00:15:00,200
You see a feature like this
and you know that you're
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00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,869
looking at a landscape
of conflict.
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00:15:02,970 --> 00:15:06,739
This is a fortress, it's
a military installation,
people are at war.
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00:15:14,814 --> 00:15:18,618
ALBERT: Edwin returns
from the fortified ridge,
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00:15:19,052 --> 00:15:21,088
because down on
the valley floor
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00:15:21,188 --> 00:15:24,291
there are remains
of more buildings.
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00:15:26,426 --> 00:15:29,696
Here, excavations
have already begun.
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00:15:30,397 --> 00:15:33,466
And from one of the
first test pits...
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00:15:37,437 --> 00:15:39,406
FERNANDO: Awesome.
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00:15:40,807 --> 00:15:43,743
ALBERT: There's an
astonishing discovery.
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00:15:46,879 --> 00:15:50,517
ALBERT: An incredibly
rare and perfectly
preserved flint spearhead
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00:15:50,617 --> 00:15:53,553
well over 1,000 years old.
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00:16:16,309 --> 00:16:18,545
ALBERT: A deadly spearhead.
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00:16:19,246 --> 00:16:21,514
Fortified ramparts.
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00:16:21,948 --> 00:16:25,085
And a line of watchtowers
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00:16:25,185 --> 00:16:28,355
leave the archaeologists
in no doubt.
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00:16:28,455 --> 00:16:31,458
TOM: You're looking at a
landscape of conflict.
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00:16:31,558 --> 00:16:35,262
ALBERT: This is compelling
evidence of all out war,
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00:16:35,862 --> 00:16:39,199
right at the heart
of the Maya world.
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00:16:44,003 --> 00:16:47,807
It's incredible for me to
think that all that jungle
wilderness down there
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00:16:47,907 --> 00:16:51,944
was once a landscape of
fear and of conflict.
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00:16:53,246 --> 00:16:58,951
On a scale that experts
had never imagined until
the LiDAR survey.
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00:17:01,020 --> 00:17:04,924
But I want to explore
evidence of war for myself.
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00:17:06,826 --> 00:17:10,963
Where I'm headed is so
remote the only way in
is by helicopter,
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00:17:11,198 --> 00:17:13,533
and then by river.
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00:17:15,735 --> 00:17:19,739
This is the age of discovery,
this is what it's all about.
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00:17:20,673 --> 00:17:22,809
Yeah!
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00:17:27,013 --> 00:17:31,218
I'm joining Puerto Rican
archaeologist Omar Alcover.
220
00:17:32,219 --> 00:17:35,755
Far beyond the Pacunam
survey area he's part
of a team that is taking
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00:17:35,855 --> 00:17:39,826
remote archaeology
to a whole new level.
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00:17:43,463 --> 00:17:45,665
Are we in no-man's land
right now, what is this?
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00:17:45,765 --> 00:17:47,534
OMAR: We're basically
in international waters.
224
00:17:47,634 --> 00:17:49,736
The river's shared by both
Mexico and Guatemala,
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00:17:49,836 --> 00:17:53,706
and it's one of the
natural borders between
the two countries.
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00:17:56,309 --> 00:18:00,880
ALBERT: 2,000 years ago
these banks were home to
two rival Maya kingdoms.
227
00:18:03,283 --> 00:18:06,919
An ancient Maya city
called Piedras Negras.
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00:18:08,621 --> 00:18:13,726
And Macabilero, a nearby group
of barely-explored ruins.
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00:18:15,928 --> 00:18:21,734
At both sites, cutting edge
technology is revealing
more startling evidence
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00:18:21,834 --> 00:18:24,437
of the Maya at war.
231
00:18:30,277 --> 00:18:35,415
The sun's now making its
way right overhead and the
temperatures have picked up.
232
00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:40,953
So it's going to
be a challenge.
233
00:18:41,654 --> 00:18:45,425
I'm going up a little
bit more bionic than most.
234
00:18:45,525 --> 00:18:47,860
But it's worth it.
235
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:54,234
This jungle has secrets
to reveal and we're going
to find them right now.
236
00:19:01,641 --> 00:19:06,746
ALBERT: I'm climbing through
isolated mountain jungle with
archaeologist Omar Alcover.
237
00:19:09,682 --> 00:19:13,620
For the Maya this would
have been just as tough.
238
00:19:20,527 --> 00:19:23,630
This is some of the
densest jungle I've ever been.
239
00:19:23,996 --> 00:19:25,932
I mean it's old
growth, you know.
240
00:19:26,032 --> 00:19:29,869
You can't see more than 50 or
a 100 feet in any direction,
then it's just green.
241
00:19:30,737 --> 00:19:34,106
The challenge is trying to
find anything in all this.
242
00:19:34,441 --> 00:19:38,010
Luckily for us,
we've got technology.
243
00:19:39,078 --> 00:19:41,013
Okay.
244
00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:43,483
Ready, let's turn it on.
245
00:19:43,583 --> 00:19:45,117
OMAR: Yeah.
ALBERT: Wow.
246
00:19:45,218 --> 00:19:48,955
OMAR: Oh, wow.
Nice. Yeah.
247
00:19:49,055 --> 00:19:50,957
ALBERT: Look at that.
248
00:19:51,057 --> 00:19:52,259
That is nuts.
249
00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:53,326
What are those?
250
00:19:53,426 --> 00:19:55,962
Is that just all masonry?
251
00:19:56,396 --> 00:20:01,033
I've built data gathered
by Omar into an augmented
reality platform.
252
00:20:01,801 --> 00:20:05,472
And suddenly I can strip
away the trees revealing
253
00:20:05,572 --> 00:20:10,610
a vast wall stretching over
100 yards across the hillside.
254
00:20:11,544 --> 00:20:13,346
It's like an x-ray right
through the trees, huh?
255
00:20:13,446 --> 00:20:16,416
That is crazy.
256
00:20:17,149 --> 00:20:18,485
Let's go check it out.
257
00:20:18,585 --> 00:20:20,820
OMAR: Yeah, let's go.
258
00:20:22,889 --> 00:20:27,660
ALBERT: It's amazing to
think each one of these
blocks would have been
259
00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:31,764
cut and hauled
up here by hand.
260
00:20:33,199 --> 00:20:36,869
But until Omar combined
thousands of close-up
photographs into a single
261
00:20:36,969 --> 00:20:42,609
model it was impossible
to see the entire line of
the wall from a distance.
262
00:20:45,878 --> 00:20:50,950
And what it reveals is
the incredible effort
made by the Maya here
263
00:20:51,050 --> 00:20:54,687
to defend themselves
from attack.
264
00:20:56,456 --> 00:21:01,060
OMAR: The fact that they
built over seven of these
on the top of a mountain
265
00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,831
means the threat of a violent
encounter was very real.
266
00:21:05,465 --> 00:21:09,336
ALBERT: Something went
down like right here,
right here people died.
267
00:21:09,436 --> 00:21:11,103
OMAR: Yeah,
probably, probably.
268
00:21:11,203 --> 00:21:13,673
ALBERT: You're running up,
you're trying to attack,
you're running up,
269
00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:15,742
you hit these bricks and
then all of a sudden...
270
00:21:15,842 --> 00:21:18,811
OMAR: They come at you
with sling stones or
just loose rocks even
271
00:21:18,911 --> 00:21:21,314
that they throw down.
272
00:21:22,415 --> 00:21:27,320
ALBERT: This is another
fortress built by a
community under threat
273
00:21:28,087 --> 00:21:33,960
over 2,000 years ago,
right at the extremes
of the Maya world.
274
00:21:36,028 --> 00:21:39,932
Along with Edwin's
citadel near El Zotz,
these discoveries
275
00:21:40,032 --> 00:21:43,870
are changing our whole
understanding of Maya warfare.
276
00:21:57,216 --> 00:22:00,820
It's been a really
hard day, really hard.
277
00:22:01,421 --> 00:22:04,457
But there's a lot more to
see in this whole jungle,
278
00:22:04,557 --> 00:22:07,326
and it's just going to have
to wait until tomorrow.
279
00:22:33,420 --> 00:22:38,925
64 miles east of Omar's
fortress and back inside
the LiDAR survey area
280
00:22:39,025 --> 00:22:43,430
it's morning, and here
they've got better weather.
281
00:22:45,465 --> 00:22:49,235
That's good news
for archaeologist
Marcella Canuto.
282
00:22:51,904 --> 00:22:57,644
He's on a mission to explore
another totally new discovery
revealed by the LiDAR map.
283
00:22:59,278 --> 00:23:01,047
MARCELLO: The site
is relatively large.
284
00:23:01,147 --> 00:23:03,282
You know, you can see
several buildings, one,
two, three, four, five,
285
00:23:03,483 --> 00:23:07,053
and there's sort of maybe
three buildings here and
perhaps a little platform.
286
00:23:07,420 --> 00:23:10,289
So it's a relatively
substantial site.
287
00:23:10,657 --> 00:23:13,059
ALBERT: Marcello
has spent more than a
decade investigating
288
00:23:13,159 --> 00:23:16,729
an ancient Maya site
called La Corona.
289
00:23:18,998 --> 00:23:22,802
It's his first field
season since the results
of the Pacunam survey.
290
00:23:24,437 --> 00:23:27,206
And on this giant screen
Marcello is going to see
291
00:23:27,306 --> 00:23:31,143
La Corona as he's
never seen it before.
292
00:23:31,511 --> 00:23:33,680
So hidden inside
these trees...
293
00:23:33,780 --> 00:23:34,647
MARCELLO: Yeah.
294
00:23:34,747 --> 00:23:35,715
ALBERT: Is the
site of La Corona.
295
00:23:35,815 --> 00:23:37,416
MARCELLO: Yes.
296
00:23:37,517 --> 00:23:39,351
So nestled in amongst
all of these swamps and
hidden under those trees
297
00:23:39,452 --> 00:23:42,021
is the main part of La
Corona right there.
298
00:23:42,121 --> 00:23:44,290
ALBERT: Let's
take a look, ready?
299
00:23:45,324 --> 00:23:48,227
MARCELLO: Yeah.
Wow, look at that.
300
00:23:48,327 --> 00:23:50,463
That looks great.
301
00:23:50,563 --> 00:23:53,966
Look at that,
look at that, wow.
302
00:23:54,066 --> 00:23:55,134
ALBERT: That's your site.
303
00:23:55,234 --> 00:23:56,703
MARCELLO: That's it,
that's it. That's it.
304
00:23:56,803 --> 00:23:57,804
ALBERT: Wow.
305
00:23:57,904 --> 00:23:59,706
MARCELLO: Yeah, that
is so cool to see.
306
00:23:59,806 --> 00:24:01,508
ALBERT: It just all of a
sudden pops out of the trees.
307
00:24:01,608 --> 00:24:02,842
MARCELLO: Yes, exactly.
308
00:24:02,942 --> 00:24:04,410
ALBERT: How long have
you been working here?
309
00:24:04,511 --> 00:24:06,145
MARCELLO: We have been
working here since 2005.
310
00:24:06,245 --> 00:24:07,614
ALBERT: 2005.
MARCELLO: 2005.
311
00:24:07,714 --> 00:24:09,549
ALBERT: And then only this
year you see this LiDAR data.
312
00:24:09,649 --> 00:24:11,417
MARCELLO: Yes, exactly.
313
00:24:11,518 --> 00:24:14,554
This is the first time we're
actually seeing the entire
site in one shot.
314
00:24:15,421 --> 00:24:18,257
ALBERT: No-one knows La
Corona better than Marcello.
315
00:24:18,891 --> 00:24:22,228
But the LiDAR map is
even surprising him.
316
00:24:23,362 --> 00:24:25,264
MARCELLO: Look at that, okay.
317
00:24:25,364 --> 00:24:30,937
There is a causeway that
I had not seen before
318
00:24:31,037 --> 00:24:33,940
right there, coming through that
central group, right there.
319
00:24:36,208 --> 00:24:38,277
See those two
little parallel lines.
320
00:24:38,377 --> 00:24:39,746
ALBERT: Oh, yeah, I see
they sort of run together...
321
00:24:39,846 --> 00:24:41,113
MARCELLO: That's right.
That's right.
322
00:24:41,213 --> 00:24:42,949
And what it's doing
is it's actually...
323
00:24:43,049 --> 00:24:44,551
Oh, that's amazing.
324
00:24:44,651 --> 00:24:46,619
And that causeway
is connecting up
to another group
325
00:24:46,719 --> 00:24:49,556
that we've never
investigated before.
326
00:24:49,656 --> 00:24:50,923
ALBERT: Did you know
about this before?
327
00:24:51,023 --> 00:24:53,159
MARCELLO: No, no, I did
not know about this at all.
328
00:24:53,259 --> 00:24:54,861
I really did not
know about this.
329
00:24:54,961 --> 00:24:58,230
Until I saw this data
I had never seen that
causeway before.
330
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,204
ALBERT: And it's not
the only discovery
revealed by the LiDAR.
331
00:25:06,706 --> 00:25:11,477
Further, beyond the new
causeway there's another
previously unknown site.
332
00:25:13,279 --> 00:25:17,216
Heading into the field
outside La Corona,
Marcello investigates.
333
00:25:18,150 --> 00:25:20,086
MARCELLO: This is it.
334
00:25:20,186 --> 00:25:21,954
Okay.
335
00:25:28,828 --> 00:25:31,964
ALBERT: Before the
LiDAR survey, Marcello
would never have found
336
00:25:32,064 --> 00:25:34,634
anything hidden in this jungle.
337
00:25:38,237 --> 00:25:40,539
MARCELLO: Oh, yeah, yeah.
338
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:42,041
ALBERT: But right on cue.
339
00:25:42,141 --> 00:25:43,810
MARCELLO: There it is!
340
00:25:49,649 --> 00:25:52,118
MARCELLO: There's
the main structure.
341
00:25:52,218 --> 00:25:55,822
How cool is this?
Yep, this is the big one.
342
00:25:56,322 --> 00:25:58,257
This is the main structure.
343
00:25:58,357 --> 00:26:01,460
ALBERT: The LiDAR map
has led Marcello to
some ancient remains
344
00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:04,631
completely new
to archaeology.
345
00:26:05,497 --> 00:26:07,834
MARCELLO: And
there's the other one,
there's the other one.
346
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:11,604
These are the two main
structures in the site
that we were looking for.
347
00:26:12,872 --> 00:26:15,307
ALBERT: It's a massive find.
348
00:26:16,609 --> 00:26:20,913
An entire settlement
less than a day's march
north of La Corona.
349
00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:32,725
Future excavations will seek
to reveal more about this site
and La Corona itself.
350
00:26:36,095 --> 00:26:39,866
MARCELLO: In the
simplest way possible we
found a new site today,
351
00:26:40,266 --> 00:26:41,500
that's a good day.
352
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:43,803
That's a really good day.
353
00:26:46,272 --> 00:26:48,641
ALBERT: Back at the
main site in La Corona
354
00:26:48,741 --> 00:26:52,444
excavations have been
underway for over a decade,
355
00:26:52,544 --> 00:26:56,315
and it still continues
to yield treasures.
356
00:27:00,219 --> 00:27:04,857
MARCELLO: Working in a
place like La Corona is
almost a full time job.
357
00:27:06,893 --> 00:27:11,530
So after 12 years it becomes
just part of your life.
358
00:27:12,164 --> 00:27:15,868
So of course it holds
that kind of special
place for all of us,
359
00:27:15,968 --> 00:27:19,706
because this is something
that we've dedicated our
professional lives to.
360
00:27:22,341 --> 00:27:26,946
ALBERT: One of the biggest
finds of all is being dug
from the ground this season.
361
00:27:29,415 --> 00:27:32,885
A lavishly carved
stone monument.
362
00:27:35,822 --> 00:27:40,459
Marcello made the discovery
beneath a collapsed temple
363
00:27:40,659 --> 00:27:44,330
in one of La Corona's
grand plazas
364
00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,234
right at the heart
of the ancient city.
365
00:27:49,668 --> 00:27:55,041
Carvings on the monument
contain clues to one of the
most powerful royal dynasties
366
00:27:55,141 --> 00:27:57,844
the Maya ever knew.
367
00:27:58,277 --> 00:28:01,213
The Snake Kings.
368
00:28:02,815 --> 00:28:06,853
For over a century
experts have worked to
decode Maya writing,
369
00:28:08,755 --> 00:28:12,224
and much of it still
remains a mystery.
370
00:28:13,092 --> 00:28:17,263
But they have been able
to decipher the story
of the Snake Kings,
371
00:28:18,064 --> 00:28:24,236
who rose in the north and
conquered city after city,
including La Corona.
372
00:28:28,875 --> 00:28:33,412
Morning, the beginning of a
crucial day at La Corona.
373
00:28:35,915 --> 00:28:39,151
Marcello and his team
are preparing to lift
the precious monument
374
00:28:39,251 --> 00:28:45,291
and transport it to safety,
at Guatemala's National
Museum of Archaeology.
375
00:28:47,626 --> 00:28:51,163
Its shape and location leave
the team in no doubt that
376
00:28:51,263 --> 00:28:55,501
this is a sacred ritual altar.
377
00:28:56,903 --> 00:29:02,041
MARCELLO: We have evidence
on the very surface of this
altar of some burning,
378
00:29:02,341 --> 00:29:05,945
some kind of ritual
that involves fire.
379
00:29:06,813 --> 00:29:10,716
The kinds of rituals that
were involved here are
difficult to imagine.
380
00:29:11,417 --> 00:29:14,120
Rituals that in other sites
involve burning would have
381
00:29:14,220 --> 00:29:16,889
involved some form
of blood-letting.
382
00:29:17,623 --> 00:29:21,427
ALBERT: Torture and death were
fundamental to Maya belief.
383
00:29:22,061 --> 00:29:28,234
On sacred altars ceremonies
would be held to appease the
gods with human sacrifice.
384
00:29:32,504 --> 00:29:35,607
Guatemalan archaeologist,
Alejandro Gonzalez began
385
00:29:35,707 --> 00:29:38,677
excavating the altar
over a year ago.
386
00:30:00,066 --> 00:30:03,302
MARCELLO: So right now
we're finally setting
up the scaffolding
387
00:30:03,402 --> 00:30:07,539
that's going to be required
to lift the altar.
388
00:30:09,275 --> 00:30:14,613
ALBERT: Made from solid
limestone, it's twice the
weight of a grand piano.
389
00:30:15,814 --> 00:30:19,018
MARCELLO: This is the
moment we've been waiting
for for about a year.
390
00:30:19,118 --> 00:30:21,954
So we'll see how this works.
391
00:30:34,233 --> 00:30:36,702
So this is it.
392
00:30:48,847 --> 00:30:50,950
MARCELLO: Minutes ago like the
whole altar slightly moved,
393
00:30:51,050 --> 00:30:53,886
and I was thinking to myself,
you know, that's the first
time this altar has moved in
394
00:30:53,986 --> 00:30:57,423
the last 1500 years.
395
00:31:01,693 --> 00:31:05,932
Everything is starting to
tense up, both my nerves
as well as the ropes.
396
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:13,239
ALBERT: For archaeologists
it's the altar's inscriptions
that are most important,
397
00:31:13,639 --> 00:31:17,243
with clues to the epic rise
of the Maya Snake Kings
398
00:31:18,610 --> 00:31:22,548
hidden in its delicate
and intricate carvings.
399
00:31:24,083 --> 00:31:29,121
The altar depicts a
powerful King of La Corona
and it reveals his name,
400
00:31:29,755 --> 00:31:34,961
Chak Took Ich'aak, a known
ally of the Snake Kings.
401
00:31:37,829 --> 00:31:41,567
And a longer inscription
even tells us when it was
dedicated,
402
00:31:41,667 --> 00:31:45,871
May 12th 544 AD.
403
00:31:48,807 --> 00:31:53,145
Until this discovery,
no-one knew that the
powerful Chak Took Ich'aak
404
00:31:53,245 --> 00:31:56,615
had anything to do
with La Corona at all.
405
00:31:59,818 --> 00:32:04,290
But the altar's Snake King
inscriptions fit with the
406
00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:08,660
new discoveries revealed
in the LiDAR map.
407
00:32:09,628 --> 00:32:12,931
MARCELLO: From La Corona
this is exactly in the
direction that one would
408
00:32:13,032 --> 00:32:17,769
walk to go to Calakmul, the
capital of the Snake Kings.
409
00:32:20,106 --> 00:32:23,675
ALBERT: It turns out that
Marcello's newly revealed
causeway and settlements
410
00:32:23,775 --> 00:32:28,247
went directly to the
Snake's capital city,
far to the north.
411
00:32:31,950 --> 00:32:35,354
MARCELLO: What we think is
going on is that for the Snake
Kings to do everything they
412
00:32:35,454 --> 00:32:39,758
wanted to do in the rest of
the Maya world they needed
to go through La Corona.
413
00:32:43,229 --> 00:32:47,966
(speaking Spanish).
414
00:32:48,067 --> 00:32:51,937
ALBERT: Back in La
Corona's ancient plaza,
Marcello and his team
415
00:32:52,038 --> 00:32:56,442
have been working
in scorching heat
for eight hours,
416
00:32:58,277 --> 00:33:02,014
gradually inching the
altar from the ground.
417
00:33:03,082 --> 00:33:04,550
MARCELLO: It's lifted.
418
00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:07,419
We're holding its weight
and we're now just
trying to guide it.
419
00:33:10,889 --> 00:33:14,293
ALBERT: Time is running out.
420
00:33:16,028 --> 00:33:18,864
MARCELLO: It's going to be
our last shot because we're
going to lose the light
421
00:33:18,964 --> 00:33:23,269
in about half an hour, in
less than an hour we'll
lose the light for sure.
422
00:33:24,203 --> 00:33:27,739
ALBERT: After more than a
1,000 years in the ground
the precious altar hangs
423
00:33:27,839 --> 00:33:30,909
precariously in the air.
424
00:33:31,143 --> 00:33:35,514
(shouting)
425
00:33:35,614 --> 00:33:37,916
MARCELLO: Efraim,
Efraim, Efraim, Efraim.
426
00:33:48,494 --> 00:33:51,530
ALBERT: The
point of no return.
427
00:33:51,930 --> 00:33:56,335
A ton of ancient Maya
altar is hanging from a
fragile jungle scaffold.
428
00:33:59,438 --> 00:34:03,609
Night is fast approaching and
the altar is still not safe.
429
00:34:20,126 --> 00:34:22,828
MARCELLO: Oh, my
god, it's on the truck.
430
00:34:22,928 --> 00:34:23,962
-It's on the truck.
431
00:34:24,062 --> 00:34:26,332
MARCELLO: It's on the truck.
432
00:34:26,698 --> 00:34:30,236
I'm never finding another
monument in my life!
433
00:34:38,076 --> 00:34:41,447
ALBERT: At last
they've done it.
434
00:34:49,421 --> 00:34:52,924
MARCELLO: I'm ecstatic, I'm
exhausted, but I'm ecstatic.
435
00:35:07,339 --> 00:35:11,743
ALBERT: Back on Guatemala's
border with Mexico the rain's
finally cleared and
436
00:35:11,843 --> 00:35:17,416
I'm with archaeologist
Omar Alcover on the trail
of another ancient city.
437
00:35:26,458 --> 00:35:30,929
We just made it another
10 miles down the river
in this wilderness,
438
00:35:31,029 --> 00:35:32,964
this thick, deep jungle.
439
00:35:33,064 --> 00:35:36,768
And we're now at one of the
most important archaeological
sites in all of the Maya
440
00:35:36,868 --> 00:35:41,006
world, and yet we're still in
the most remote part of the
Guatemalan jungle.
441
00:35:43,609 --> 00:35:46,745
I've already explored a mighty
fortress at Macabilero,
442
00:35:46,845 --> 00:35:52,218
now I'm heading for an
ancient city called
Piedras Negras.
443
00:35:56,222 --> 00:36:00,125
Far beyond the Pacunam
survey area, Omar is a
part of a team using a
444
00:36:00,226 --> 00:36:04,496
new technology that
could be another game
changer in archaeology.
445
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:12,638
Here they've been
doing LiDAR using drones.
446
00:36:14,906 --> 00:36:19,811
It's more flexible than using
conventional aircraft, and
much more affordable.
447
00:36:22,914 --> 00:36:27,919
Right now this technology
is experimental, but the
potential is massive.
448
00:36:30,356 --> 00:36:32,658
The trees are so thick here.
449
00:36:32,758 --> 00:36:34,560
OMAR: Yeah.
450
00:36:35,561 --> 00:36:38,764
ALBERT: I've built the very
first data map of Piedras Negras
451
00:36:38,864 --> 00:36:41,967
into my augmented
reality platform,
452
00:36:42,934 --> 00:36:46,938
and I'm hoping it will let me
see through this dense jungle.
453
00:36:47,038 --> 00:36:49,908
Trees... no trees.
454
00:36:50,942 --> 00:36:53,679
That is awesome.
455
00:36:54,145 --> 00:36:55,347
Wow.
456
00:36:55,447 --> 00:36:56,648
OMAR: Oh, wow.
457
00:36:56,748 --> 00:36:59,285
ALBERT: So that's a building?
OMAR: Yeah.
458
00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:03,054
ALBERT: Whoa, look at that.
What is that?
459
00:37:03,154 --> 00:37:05,123
OMAR: Yeah, that's a pyramid.
460
00:37:05,223 --> 00:37:08,960
ALBERT: That is so
awesome, it's like a
window into the past.
461
00:37:09,060 --> 00:37:10,362
This is incredible.
462
00:37:10,462 --> 00:37:11,897
I mean this is just...
463
00:37:11,997 --> 00:37:13,932
It's almost like magic,
you know, all of a sudden
464
00:37:14,032 --> 00:37:16,735
you can just delete the
trees and there you go.
465
00:37:18,304 --> 00:37:21,239
For the very first time,
thanks to drone LiDAR,
466
00:37:21,340 --> 00:37:24,643
I can see the ancient
remains of what were once
467
00:37:24,743 --> 00:37:28,947
the giant pyramids of
a lavish royal court.
468
00:37:31,650 --> 00:37:36,355
Excavations are even helping
to predict how many of the
buildings might have looked.
469
00:37:41,927 --> 00:37:46,097
They're so different from the
first fortress at Macabilero.
470
00:37:46,197 --> 00:37:51,870
Omar's in no doubt, this royal
court was built by a different
group of Maya people.
471
00:37:53,204 --> 00:37:59,411
And he believes that the
two groups were at war.
472
00:38:01,313 --> 00:38:03,415
Did something happen
between here and Macabilero?
473
00:38:03,515 --> 00:38:07,653
OMAR: Yeah. I mean
Macabilero gets abandoned,
but Piedras Negras rose,
474
00:38:07,753 --> 00:38:11,256
not only in power,
but in population and
size immediately after
475
00:38:11,357 --> 00:38:13,559
Macabilero was abandoned.
476
00:38:13,659 --> 00:38:14,960
ALBERT: So something
must have gone down?
477
00:38:15,060 --> 00:38:16,762
OMAR: Mmhmm.
478
00:38:23,502 --> 00:38:28,907
ALBERT: It's intriguing to
think that 2,000 years ago
479
00:38:29,007 --> 00:38:32,010
this lavish royal
court of Piedras Negras
480
00:38:32,110 --> 00:38:36,648
could have been at war with the
nearby settlement of Macabilero.
481
00:38:38,817 --> 00:38:44,523
And Omar believes that
conflict might have continued
for more than 600 years,
482
00:38:45,724 --> 00:38:50,261
until around 350 AD, when the
fortress of Macabilero fell
483
00:38:50,362 --> 00:38:54,299
and its settlement
was abandoned.
484
00:38:56,868 --> 00:39:03,442
Piedras Negras was
victorious and flourished
into a mighty Maya kingdom.
485
00:39:07,345 --> 00:39:09,147
OMAR: Its name in
ancient Mayan...
486
00:39:09,247 --> 00:39:10,315
ALBERT: Would have been what?
487
00:39:10,416 --> 00:39:11,450
OMAR: Would have been Yo'k'ib.
488
00:39:11,550 --> 00:39:12,918
ALBERT: Yo'k'ib.
What does that mean?
489
00:39:13,018 --> 00:39:15,454
OMAR: It's like the
home of the turtle lords.
490
00:39:15,554 --> 00:39:17,288
ALBERT: The turtle lords?
OMAR: Mmhmm.
491
00:39:17,389 --> 00:39:20,626
So that's how the royal
court identified themselves,
as the turtle lords.
492
00:39:21,126 --> 00:39:23,161
ALBERT: We're standing on
the hallowed grounds of the
493
00:39:23,261 --> 00:39:25,030
ancient turtle lords right now?
494
00:39:25,130 --> 00:39:26,465
OMAR: Yeah.
495
00:39:26,565 --> 00:39:29,868
ALBERT: With a
window into their world.
496
00:39:31,336 --> 00:39:35,240
In Maya mythology,
turtles were important.
497
00:39:36,274 --> 00:39:40,846
Their shells were
associated with earth
gods and represented
498
00:39:40,946 --> 00:39:44,816
the cracked soil that
crops grew from.
499
00:39:45,651 --> 00:39:48,454
The turtle lord of Piedras
Negras were the self-styled
500
00:39:48,554 --> 00:39:52,257
lords of the life-giving
earth itself.
501
00:39:54,493 --> 00:39:57,829
Oh, look at this, this
is an actual room, huh?
502
00:39:57,929 --> 00:39:59,898
OMAR: Yeah, so this is the
entrance to one of them.
503
00:39:59,998 --> 00:40:02,133
ALBERT: Wow.
504
00:40:02,233 --> 00:40:07,739
Exploring the grand royal
court of Piedras Negras I can
still sense their power.
505
00:40:11,009 --> 00:40:15,213
Look at these massive stairs
and these terraced mounds.
506
00:40:15,413 --> 00:40:19,284
You're basically looking at
the blood, sweat and tears of
hundreds and hundreds of
507
00:40:19,384 --> 00:40:21,853
people over many generations.
508
00:40:21,953 --> 00:40:25,957
OMAR: Yeah, so that's what
basically highlights the
power these Kings had,
509
00:40:26,257 --> 00:40:30,261
able to mobilize all of
the resources and people
that would have been
510
00:40:30,361 --> 00:40:32,964
necessary to build
a space like this.
511
00:40:33,064 --> 00:40:37,268
It really accentuates
the power of the turtle
lords here.
512
00:40:39,104 --> 00:40:42,741
ALBERT: And now, after
centuries of decay,
modern archaeology and
513
00:40:42,841 --> 00:40:46,612
cutting-edge LiDAR from
drones can fully reveal this
514
00:40:46,712 --> 00:40:50,916
incredible ancient palace
for the very first time.
515
00:40:54,219 --> 00:40:59,024
Before LiDAR most of
what we knew of Maya
war came from drawings
516
00:40:59,124 --> 00:41:03,361
depicting ritual conflict
and the capture of kings.
517
00:41:04,362 --> 00:41:08,433
But now that's
completely changing.
518
00:41:10,702 --> 00:41:13,872
Revealed by new technology...
519
00:41:19,044 --> 00:41:22,548
ALBERT: A fortified citadel at
the heart of the Maya world,
520
00:41:23,214 --> 00:41:25,684
with ramparts, watch-towers,
521
00:41:25,784 --> 00:41:29,220
and even the incredibly rare
evidence of a weapon of war.
522
00:41:31,156 --> 00:41:33,525
EDWIN: That's a
really cool find.
523
00:41:34,225 --> 00:41:38,163
ALBERT: A ritual altar
connecting the city of
La Corona to the powerful
524
00:41:38,263 --> 00:41:41,232
warring dynasty of
the Snake Kings.
525
00:41:42,133 --> 00:41:46,104
MARCELLO: That's the first
time this altar has moved
in the last 1500 years.
526
00:41:46,271 --> 00:41:50,475
ALBERT: And a settlement
pointing towards their
capital far to the north.
527
00:41:51,710 --> 00:41:55,013
MARCELLO: There it is.
There's the main structure.
528
00:41:55,313 --> 00:41:57,949
How cool is this?
529
00:41:58,817 --> 00:42:03,622
ALBERT: All newly discovered
evidence of conflict being
made by technology.
530
00:42:05,423 --> 00:42:10,228
TOM: It's a much more
sophisticated idea of conflict
and war than you think of when
531
00:42:10,328 --> 00:42:14,566
you see pictures of
Maya Kings capturing
a single person by the
532
00:42:14,666 --> 00:42:16,968
hair in battle, you know.
533
00:42:17,068 --> 00:42:18,737
That's a single event.
534
00:42:18,837 --> 00:42:20,939
MARCELLO: This tells you
this is not small scale.
535
00:42:21,039 --> 00:42:22,874
These are, this is a landscape
536
00:42:22,974 --> 00:42:27,312
that is riddled with conflict
and was for centuries,
537
00:42:27,646 --> 00:42:31,249
and this is something that we
would never have been able to
tell without the LiDAR.
538
00:42:33,952 --> 00:42:38,624
ALBERT: With tens of thousands
of new LiDAR discoveries still
waiting to be explored...
539
00:42:39,524 --> 00:42:40,659
TOM: It's incredible.
540
00:42:40,759 --> 00:42:42,427
It's a revolution
in our field.
541
00:42:42,527 --> 00:42:45,496
It is changing the way
that we do Maya archaeology.
542
00:42:46,231 --> 00:42:50,368
ALBERT: The jungles of Central
America can only have more
secrets to give up.
543
00:42:51,870 --> 00:42:54,840
TOM: We're definitely
talking about a period
that is pre-LiDAR and
544
00:42:54,940 --> 00:43:00,211
post-LiDAR in Maya archaeology,
and everything that we know now
545
00:43:00,311 --> 00:43:03,248
is going to be different
from what we knew before.
546
00:43:03,348 --> 00:43:04,950
It's that big of a change.
547
00:43:05,050 --> 00:43:07,753
ALBERT: It almost feels
like the invention of the
CAT scan or the x-ray,
548
00:43:07,853 --> 00:43:10,488
but for archaeology.
549
00:43:13,692 --> 00:43:18,029
From high in the sky
to beneath the trees,
550
00:43:18,463 --> 00:43:21,499
into the very depths
of the Maya world,
551
00:43:21,599 --> 00:43:25,904
archaeologists are still
just beginning to reveal
552
00:43:26,004 --> 00:43:30,141
the extraordinary world
of one of our planet's
553
00:43:30,241 --> 00:43:33,244
greatest ancient
civilizations,
554
00:43:33,611 --> 00:43:38,016
the mysterious jungle
kingdoms of the Maya.
555
00:43:42,253 --> 00:43:43,689
Captioned by Cotter
Captioning Services.
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