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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:03,490 [Music] 2 00:00:03,509 --> 00:00:08,370 for 14 years Francois Papa Doc Duvalier 3 00:00:08,370 --> 00:00:14,099 rules over Haiti using violence 4 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,770 and voodoo I have been elected for 5 00:00:18,770 --> 00:00:21,560 president for life it is the iron will 6 00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:25,400 of the Haitian people he's a tyrant who 7 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:28,130 forms his own private militia to kill 8 00:00:28,130 --> 00:00:31,789 some 30,000 of his people including 9 00:00:31,789 --> 00:00:45,670 anyone who challenges his power talk to 10 00:00:45,670 --> 00:00:49,159 psychology they would classify him as a 11 00:00:49,159 --> 00:00:52,370 psychopath this is the story of a 12 00:00:52,370 --> 00:00:54,680 ruthless dictators reign of terror over 13 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:58,820 the poorest of the poor from his 14 00:00:58,820 --> 00:01:01,909 manipulation of the national religion to 15 00:01:01,909 --> 00:01:04,790 the growth of his personality cult Papa 16 00:01:04,790 --> 00:01:07,310 Doc is a name that will forever bring 17 00:01:07,310 --> 00:01:08,049 Haitians 18 00:01:08,049 --> 00:01:10,860 nightmares 19 00:01:10,860 --> 00:01:14,030 [Music] 20 00:01:31,990 --> 00:01:35,099 [Music] 21 00:01:35,260 --> 00:01:42,320 April 1963 the sixth year of Haitian 22 00:01:42,320 --> 00:01:44,660 dictator Francois Duvalier's brutal 23 00:01:44,660 --> 00:01:49,840 reign is about to become the most bloody 24 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:53,079 at the presidential palace the man they 25 00:01:53,079 --> 00:01:57,869 called Papa dog gets shocking news 26 00:01:57,990 --> 00:02:00,250 someone has shot his children's 27 00:02:00,250 --> 00:02:03,539 bodyguard and chauffeur 28 00:02:03,539 --> 00:02:08,380 he absolutely raged devalued and sent 29 00:02:08,380 --> 00:02:10,920 him into overdrive 30 00:02:12,830 --> 00:02:16,190 blind with anger Papa Doc summons the 31 00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:18,290 head of his palace guard to whom his 32 00:02:18,290 --> 00:02:22,010 orders are clear find those responsible 33 00:02:22,010 --> 00:02:29,180 and kill them all the hunt starts with a 34 00:02:29,180 --> 00:02:31,670 man Papa dog wrongly accuses of being 35 00:02:31,670 --> 00:02:34,840 behind the attack former Army officer 36 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:36,880 Francoise Benoit 37 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:42,470 the event started I did a talk on April 38 00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:47,120 26 1963 at that time I already been 39 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:49,670 granted political asylum at the 40 00:02:49,670 --> 00:02:52,910 Dominican embassy though personally safe 41 00:02:52,910 --> 00:02:55,970 from Duvalier's goons benoit's family 42 00:02:55,970 --> 00:02:58,940 including his father who is a judge his 43 00:02:58,940 --> 00:03:02,600 wife and infant son remained in harm's 44 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:06,890 way when one is wife had just come back 45 00:03:06,890 --> 00:03:10,340 from church they were at the house with 46 00:03:10,340 --> 00:03:12,620 the baby and with the maid and with the 47 00:03:12,620 --> 00:03:16,630 visitors I saw the truck full of 48 00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:20,860 presidential guards run by 49 00:03:24,870 --> 00:03:28,159 [Music] 50 00:03:33,060 --> 00:03:42,879 everyone in the house is killed and then 51 00:03:42,879 --> 00:03:45,450 set ablaze 52 00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:49,380 with the terrible day the ashes of the 53 00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,630 Benoit's was there for years and years 54 00:03:55,330 --> 00:03:58,250 over the next few hours hundreds of 55 00:03:58,250 --> 00:04:00,620 people are murdered or disappeared 56 00:04:00,620 --> 00:04:03,699 [Music] 57 00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:10,800 but a horrific rumor starts to spread 58 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:13,349 that a different fate awaits Benoit's 59 00:04:13,349 --> 00:04:17,010 infant son who was reportedly taken to 60 00:04:17,010 --> 00:04:21,470 Duvalier Duvalier he said we have 61 00:04:21,470 --> 00:04:25,669 closeted himself with the boy 62 00:04:31,650 --> 00:04:35,310 nobody knows till this day what happened 63 00:04:35,310 --> 00:04:40,340 to Francois Ben was little boy 64 00:04:40,619 --> 00:04:43,019 some people said you were sacrificed by 65 00:04:43,019 --> 00:04:45,349 Diwali 66 00:04:53,030 --> 00:04:55,979 sheltered at the dominican embassy the 67 00:04:55,979 --> 00:05:01,349 awful news is delivered to benoit he 68 00:05:01,349 --> 00:05:03,419 sacrifice not only my family but my 69 00:05:03,419 --> 00:05:06,900 wife's family anybody who was close to 70 00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:09,180 me anybody who was a student associated 71 00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:13,169 with me was either arrested or killed if 72 00:05:13,169 --> 00:05:16,740 you talk to psychologists they would 73 00:05:16,740 --> 00:05:21,110 classify him as a psychopath was he 74 00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:22,909 crazy 75 00:05:22,909 --> 00:05:29,599 no but was he evil the answer is yes 76 00:05:31,340 --> 00:05:34,800 papa dog the man responsible for this 77 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:38,909 atrocity is born in 1907 in a beautiful 78 00:05:38,909 --> 00:05:42,930 Caribbean state of Haiti it's a proud 79 00:05:42,930 --> 00:05:46,379 nation the first slave colony to become 80 00:05:46,379 --> 00:05:48,850 independent 81 00:05:48,850 --> 00:05:51,980 in the 18th century it was called sand 82 00:05:51,980 --> 00:05:56,360 armor and belonged to the French it was 83 00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:59,630 the most prosperous colony in the world 84 00:05:59,630 --> 00:06:04,970 at the time turning out a huge number of 85 00:06:04,970 --> 00:06:09,950 crops which were keeping the perfumed 86 00:06:09,950 --> 00:06:15,530 elite in Paris very well-fed indeed it 87 00:06:15,530 --> 00:06:17,060 was estimated that one in eight people 88 00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:19,340 in metropolitan France out there living 89 00:06:19,340 --> 00:06:22,160 directly or indirectly to the produce of 90 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:25,070 Haiti roofs and among it was called the 91 00:06:25,070 --> 00:06:33,050 pearl of the Antilles in 1791 the slaves 92 00:06:33,050 --> 00:06:35,390 of Haiti rise up in revolution against 93 00:06:35,390 --> 00:06:38,960 the French colonial system under the 94 00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:40,660 leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture 95 00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:43,850 jean-jacques Dessalines they fight 96 00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:46,190 against all the odds to liberate their 97 00:06:46,190 --> 00:06:50,300 country they actually expelled the 98 00:06:50,300 --> 00:06:53,470 French army when it was at its height 99 00:06:53,470 --> 00:06:56,720 this was an absolutely incredible 100 00:06:56,720 --> 00:07:00,170 situation and yet the Haitian slaves 101 00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:04,640 rose up and defeated them expelled them 102 00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:08,540 the slave armies defeated not just the 103 00:07:08,540 --> 00:07:11,030 French plantation owners French armies 104 00:07:11,030 --> 00:07:14,030 but also the Spanish British the 105 00:07:14,030 --> 00:07:15,500 Americans who had all of the superpowers 106 00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:18,520 of the year 107 00:07:18,520 --> 00:07:22,840 in 1804 the slaves of sanderman finally 108 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:25,539 win their independence and the nation of 109 00:07:25,539 --> 00:07:29,379 Haiti is born the Malcolm X Martin 110 00:07:29,379 --> 00:07:32,740 Luther King referred repeatedly back to 111 00:07:32,740 --> 00:07:34,569 the Haitian Revolution as being a kind 112 00:07:34,569 --> 00:07:37,690 of an ideal and it was it was a 113 00:07:37,690 --> 00:07:43,270 fantastic achievement but when Francois 114 00:07:43,270 --> 00:07:45,639 Duvalier is just eight years old 115 00:07:45,639 --> 00:07:50,039 Haiti loses her independence 116 00:07:51,670 --> 00:07:56,060 in July 1915 with America's entrance 117 00:07:56,060 --> 00:07:59,870 into World War one on the horizon the 118 00:07:59,870 --> 00:08:02,710 United States occupies the country and 119 00:08:02,710 --> 00:08:06,290 for black Haitians like Duvalier it's a 120 00:08:06,290 --> 00:08:08,220 catastrophe 121 00:08:08,220 --> 00:08:11,370 the occupation was surprisingly severe 122 00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:15,720 harsh profoundly racist for young 123 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:17,730 Duvalier the lack of respect for the 124 00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:20,430 Haitian people molds a hatred of the 125 00:08:20,430 --> 00:08:24,780 United States and all it stands for he 126 00:08:24,780 --> 00:08:27,320 grew up in a in a very cultured 127 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:29,550 articulate black middle-class 128 00:08:29,550 --> 00:08:31,740 environment in class and this is 129 00:08:31,740 --> 00:08:33,750 precisely the class and the group that 130 00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:36,090 felt most aggrieved by the American 131 00:08:36,090 --> 00:08:42,120 occupation in 1934 the US military 132 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:44,370 leaves Haiti and the country becomes 133 00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:49,380 independent once again it is also the 134 00:08:49,380 --> 00:08:51,060 year in which Duvalier completes his 135 00:08:51,060 --> 00:08:53,820 degree in medicine and begins a 136 00:08:53,820 --> 00:08:55,760 promising career serving the people of 137 00:08:55,760 --> 00:09:00,380 port-au-prince but his real passion a 138 00:09:00,380 --> 00:09:03,450 legacy of the u.s. occupation is black 139 00:09:03,450 --> 00:09:06,180 nationalist politics and he throws 140 00:09:06,180 --> 00:09:09,340 himself into a movement called noir ism 141 00:09:09,340 --> 00:09:12,479 [Music] 142 00:09:12,589 --> 00:09:14,779 essentially what new evasion was was the 143 00:09:14,779 --> 00:09:18,009 reaffirmation with pride of the African 144 00:09:18,009 --> 00:09:19,990 roots 145 00:09:19,990 --> 00:09:24,039 [Music] 146 00:09:25,319 --> 00:09:27,999 following his fascination with African 147 00:09:27,999 --> 00:09:30,699 heritage Duvalier starts to study 148 00:09:30,699 --> 00:09:39,100 Haiti's Creole religion voodoo voodoo is 149 00:09:39,100 --> 00:09:41,519 an essentially animistic religion that 150 00:09:41,519 --> 00:09:45,389 originates in West Africa 151 00:09:47,550 --> 00:09:52,830 people say that Haiti is 70% Catholic 152 00:09:52,830 --> 00:09:56,050 30% Protestant but a hundred percent 153 00:09:56,050 --> 00:09:58,740 voodoo 154 00:10:04,170 --> 00:10:08,200 voodoo has a single creator deity bond 155 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:12,640 dear but the supreme deity does not get 156 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:20,700 involved with this world instead 157 00:10:20,700 --> 00:10:23,800 powerful demigods and spirits called 158 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:29,110 Noir interact with humanity who are the 159 00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:33,130 spirits or the gods that the patient's 160 00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:36,940 pray to just as a Catholic would pray to 161 00:10:36,940 --> 00:10:40,630 the saint as to valley a studies voodoo 162 00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:43,150 rituals he gains a better understanding 163 00:10:43,150 --> 00:10:45,280 of how the religion dominates the lives 164 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:51,010 of local people though he is never a 165 00:10:51,010 --> 00:10:53,470 true believer his fascination with the 166 00:10:53,470 --> 00:10:55,810 national religion will continuously grow 167 00:10:55,810 --> 00:11:00,450 on his rise to the pinnacle of power 168 00:11:00,450 --> 00:11:02,600 has always been an association in Haiti 169 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:06,390 between volume and power most Haitians 170 00:11:06,390 --> 00:11:08,820 believe to this day that to have become 171 00:11:08,820 --> 00:11:10,980 president in the first place you must 172 00:11:10,980 --> 00:11:12,210 have made some kind of pact with the 173 00:11:12,210 --> 00:11:15,480 devil or with a dark side of Vodun 174 00:11:15,480 --> 00:11:18,980 [Music] 175 00:11:18,980 --> 00:11:23,360 Duvalier is a man full of contradictions 176 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:26,570 he is fascinated by Haitian mysticism 177 00:11:26,570 --> 00:11:29,550 but he is also a modern medical man of 178 00:11:29,550 --> 00:11:35,070 science in 1944 he gets a scholarship to 179 00:11:35,070 --> 00:11:37,019 study public health medicine at the 180 00:11:37,019 --> 00:11:40,399 University of Michigan 181 00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:44,389 he will return as head of a program 182 00:11:44,389 --> 00:11:46,189 bringing modern medicine to the Haitian 183 00:11:46,189 --> 00:11:49,069 peasants afflicted by a crippling skin 184 00:11:49,069 --> 00:11:52,879 disease called yours up a dog came in 185 00:11:52,879 --> 00:11:55,850 and says I'm going to change that and 186 00:11:55,850 --> 00:12:00,100 using penicillin she changed her 187 00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:03,470 Duvalier becomes widely known traveling 188 00:12:03,470 --> 00:12:05,899 the country bringing his penicillin here 189 00:12:05,899 --> 00:12:10,670 to remote villages across Haiti Duvalier 190 00:12:10,670 --> 00:12:14,689 actually set out walking great distances 191 00:12:14,689 --> 00:12:16,910 on foot he had to subject himself to 192 00:12:16,910 --> 00:12:19,970 hardship to actually deliver his medical 193 00:12:19,970 --> 00:12:23,199 expertise to these people 194 00:12:25,350 --> 00:12:28,620 he established a reputation as a kind 195 00:12:28,620 --> 00:12:31,380 man a good man a man who could literally 196 00:12:31,380 --> 00:12:33,120 come into the community and make people 197 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:40,490 well that's how he garden in Papa Doc 198 00:12:40,490 --> 00:12:43,050 because throughout the country of Haiti 199 00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:47,160 Papa Doc penicillin remedies and wiped 200 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:49,760 out yours 201 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:52,300 to the largely illiterate and 202 00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:54,090 superstitious population 203 00:12:54,090 --> 00:12:56,980 Papa Doc isn't curing them with medicine 204 00:12:56,980 --> 00:12:59,220 alone 205 00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:02,620 they think he must have mysterious 206 00:13:02,620 --> 00:13:05,640 voodoo abilities 207 00:13:06,370 --> 00:13:09,880 people couldn't believe it was just the 208 00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:12,850 medicine doing it they believed that 209 00:13:12,850 --> 00:13:18,029 Papa Doc had a special power in him 210 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:23,450 it's a turning point for Duvalier he 211 00:13:23,450 --> 00:13:25,760 realizes that he can use his newly won 212 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:30,700 reputation to gain total power 213 00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,220 [Music] 214 00:13:33,220 --> 00:13:37,570 in 1946 dr. Francois Duvalier known 215 00:13:37,570 --> 00:13:40,390 affectionately as Papa Doc begins to 216 00:13:40,390 --> 00:13:44,160 climb the Haitian political ladder 217 00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:49,040 he becomes Minister for health under a 218 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,590 fellow law arist president de marsay 219 00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:52,400 estimate 220 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:55,300 [Music] 221 00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:57,760 but just four years later the army 222 00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:00,610 overthrows president estimize regime and 223 00:14:00,610 --> 00:14:05,040 pass a dog leaves political office 224 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,110 Colonel Paul Magua is installed as the 225 00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:11,190 new president 226 00:14:12,639 --> 00:14:15,920 Duvalier goes into hiding where he 227 00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,440 secretly begins plotting his own path to 228 00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:22,339 power in a country where few are 229 00:14:22,339 --> 00:14:24,470 literate he takes the opportunity to 230 00:14:24,470 --> 00:14:28,459 study political writings from Marx to 231 00:14:28,459 --> 00:14:34,220 Machiavelli mycav le told him is better 232 00:14:34,220 --> 00:14:39,110 to be feared than to be loved he learnt 233 00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:42,790 that he practiced him 234 00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:47,810 it's a lesson that will reshape the 235 00:14:47,810 --> 00:14:50,630 peasant doctors identity transforming 236 00:14:50,630 --> 00:14:53,660 him into a force of evil primed to take 237 00:14:53,660 --> 00:14:57,470 power by any means necessary 238 00:14:57,470 --> 00:15:00,599 [Music] 239 00:15:02,510 --> 00:15:06,529 in 1956 Francois Duvalier's nemesis 240 00:15:06,529 --> 00:15:09,290 Haitian president Colonel Magua is 241 00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:11,779 himself overthrown by the army and flees 242 00:15:11,779 --> 00:15:14,019 the country 243 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:16,710 under an interim government the country 244 00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:19,470 trembles on the brink of Civil War what 245 00:15:19,470 --> 00:15:23,450 elections for president are called 246 00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:27,930 Duvalier emerges from hiding and goes to 247 00:15:27,930 --> 00:15:30,270 the newspaper office of Bernard I'd 248 00:15:30,270 --> 00:15:35,280 reach he was very quiet he was gentle in 249 00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:37,320 a way he announced that he was a 250 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:42,620 candidate for the presidency his initial 251 00:15:42,620 --> 00:15:47,570 objectives were entirely honorable 252 00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:50,940 and he probably was an idealist and he 253 00:15:50,940 --> 00:15:53,220 probably felt that he could do good 254 00:15:53,220 --> 00:15:54,710 things in power 255 00:15:54,710 --> 00:15:57,480 Duvalier is standing as a champion of 256 00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:00,240 the impoverished black majority against 257 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:02,550 Louis de Joie considered to be a 258 00:16:02,550 --> 00:16:04,140 representative of the country's 259 00:16:04,140 --> 00:16:07,680 lighter-skinned elite he made it the 260 00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:11,910 fight of black versus mulatto in a 261 00:16:11,910 --> 00:16:14,280 country where 90% of the people are 262 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:14,990 black 263 00:16:14,990 --> 00:16:18,030 Papa Doc was a shoo-in 264 00:16:18,030 --> 00:16:19,220 [Music] 265 00:16:19,220 --> 00:16:20,880 [Applause] 266 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:25,860 on September 22nd 1957 the kindly doctor 267 00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:28,880 Duvalier who cured so many sick people 268 00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:31,240 wins a landslide victory 269 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,409 [Music] 270 00:16:38,850 --> 00:16:43,230 I had no idea that there was two sides 271 00:16:43,230 --> 00:16:46,139 to this man I mean he really fooled us 272 00:16:46,139 --> 00:16:49,589 all it's the beginning of decades of 273 00:16:49,589 --> 00:16:52,640 dictatorship for Haiti 274 00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:55,010 [Music] 275 00:16:55,010 --> 00:16:58,340 Oh God we had no idea what it was going 276 00:16:58,340 --> 00:17:02,730 to be like it was murder 277 00:17:02,730 --> 00:17:06,009 [Music] 278 00:17:13,119 --> 00:17:15,490 as he takes his seat as president of 279 00:17:15,490 --> 00:17:18,069 Haiti Duvalier knows that it's not a 280 00:17:18,069 --> 00:17:21,790 secure position if you look at the track 281 00:17:21,790 --> 00:17:25,780 record of of presidents in Haiti it's 282 00:17:25,780 --> 00:17:27,520 not very good I mean most of them were 283 00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:29,770 short-term at least two of them were 284 00:17:29,770 --> 00:17:32,160 actually chopped pieces by the populace 285 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:36,250 out of 22 heads of state between 1843 286 00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:40,360 and 1915 only one completes his full 287 00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:44,740 term in office even the hero of the 288 00:17:44,740 --> 00:17:47,200 Haitian Revolution general jean-jacques 289 00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:51,640 Dessalines met a hideous fate des Lee 290 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:54,730 himself after two or three years in 291 00:17:54,730 --> 00:17:57,940 power was actually dismembered in the 292 00:17:57,940 --> 00:17:59,620 streets of port-au-prince and fed to the 293 00:17:59,620 --> 00:18:04,120 pigs Papa Doc is determined to be 294 00:18:04,120 --> 00:18:06,580 different it was very quick the 295 00:18:06,580 --> 00:18:08,679 transition from from bumbling country 296 00:18:08,679 --> 00:18:12,480 doctor to ruthless dictator 297 00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:16,210 the valet came to realize that the only 298 00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,289 way to exercise power in Haiti was to be 299 00:18:20,289 --> 00:18:23,529 utterly ruthless so I think that was a 300 00:18:23,529 --> 00:18:27,749 kind of pragmatic decision that he raged 301 00:18:32,279 --> 00:18:35,109 Duvalier quickly sets out to remove the 302 00:18:35,109 --> 00:18:38,820 obvious threats to his power 303 00:18:39,269 --> 00:18:43,840 first up the army he knew that the army 304 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,509 with the kingmakers and he needed to 305 00:18:46,509 --> 00:18:48,279 make sure that the people in the key 306 00:18:48,279 --> 00:18:51,929 position the army were his appointees 307 00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:55,900 he sacks the top officers but for now at 308 00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:59,669 least they get away with their lives 309 00:18:59,669 --> 00:19:02,110 that was the start of the way that he 310 00:19:02,110 --> 00:19:03,130 was going to operate throughout his 311 00:19:03,130 --> 00:19:05,409 presidency to have successive and 312 00:19:05,409 --> 00:19:07,870 unpredictable purges of those who 313 00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,150 thought they were secure you thought 314 00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:14,799 they were there in his favors just 315 00:19:14,799 --> 00:19:16,929 months after Papa Doc's inauguration 316 00:19:16,929 --> 00:19:21,970 shots ring out near the palace it looks 317 00:19:21,970 --> 00:19:25,120 like his insecurity is justified DeVoe 318 00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:29,010 was under threat almost from the start 319 00:19:29,010 --> 00:19:31,690 former army officers seized the barracks 320 00:19:31,690 --> 00:19:35,289 next to the palace and attempt a coup it 321 00:19:35,289 --> 00:19:37,539 happened early in the morning so I went 322 00:19:37,539 --> 00:19:40,419 down to the palace and there was all 323 00:19:40,419 --> 00:19:42,669 hell breaking loose with 50 caliber 324 00:19:42,669 --> 00:19:45,779 machine gun fire 325 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:48,550 the word spread around that there were 326 00:19:48,550 --> 00:19:51,720 200 rebels 327 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:53,350 fortunately for the valley 328 00:19:53,350 --> 00:19:55,360 most of the coup attempts if you like 329 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:59,140 work comic opera affairs it turns out 330 00:19:59,140 --> 00:20:01,660 the coup is not being launched by 200 331 00:20:01,660 --> 00:20:09,340 rebels but only 8 Duvalier crushes them 332 00:20:09,340 --> 00:20:11,850 easily 333 00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:17,110 it's a pivotal moment he decides that he 334 00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:19,989 just cannot trust the army and needs a 335 00:20:19,989 --> 00:20:24,320 new force of his own to secure his power 336 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:28,070 he felt extremely vulnerable and he felt 337 00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:31,630 he was in need of a patrol Ian's guard 338 00:20:31,630 --> 00:20:33,919 Evalia decides the he needs his own gang 339 00:20:33,919 --> 00:20:37,789 and that gang has to be meaner and 340 00:20:37,789 --> 00:20:41,330 bigger and tougher than the army 341 00:20:41,330 --> 00:20:44,640 Papa Doc orders the creation of the 342 00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:49,679 volunteers for national security the 343 00:20:49,679 --> 00:20:51,570 force will become better known by the 344 00:20:51,570 --> 00:20:56,390 name of an ogre from Haitian folklore 345 00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,470 the tonton Macoutes 346 00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,200 the first group of Macoutes was taken 347 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:06,720 out of the National penitentiary there 348 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,750 were murderers these people who had were 349 00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:12,960 serving time and they were recruited 350 00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:16,020 from there and given weapons and a blank 351 00:21:16,020 --> 00:21:17,700 check to do whatever the value asked 352 00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:22,020 them to do the signature emblem of the 353 00:21:22,020 --> 00:21:24,930 tonton Macoutes was a shades they always 354 00:21:24,930 --> 00:21:27,120 wore which gave them a particularly 355 00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,490 sinister than here 356 00:21:29,490 --> 00:21:32,279 the tonton Macoutes become a key pillar 357 00:21:32,279 --> 00:21:36,600 of Duvalier's regime in time they will 358 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:43,080 outnumber the regular army but running 359 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:47,340 his militia is expensive now Duvalier 360 00:21:47,340 --> 00:21:51,059 needs money and he needs weapons but the 361 00:21:51,059 --> 00:21:53,490 best source of cash is the country he 362 00:21:53,490 --> 00:21:57,899 hates most America the United States has 363 00:21:57,899 --> 00:22:05,880 no love for his regime but then Duvalier 364 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:08,900 gets unlucky brittle 365 00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:13,580 in January 1959 Fidel Castro wins his 366 00:22:13,580 --> 00:22:18,410 revolution Cuba just 50 miles across the 367 00:22:18,410 --> 00:22:20,559 windward strengths from Haiti shores 368 00:22:20,559 --> 00:22:24,170 becomes communist the rise of Castro and 369 00:22:24,170 --> 00:22:25,610 the Cuban Revolution was an absolute 370 00:22:25,610 --> 00:22:27,830 boon for Duvalier because it took the 371 00:22:27,830 --> 00:22:30,830 heat off him in terms of the State 372 00:22:30,830 --> 00:22:33,070 Department worrying about the Caribbean 373 00:22:33,070 --> 00:22:36,110 Duvalier tells the Americans that he is 374 00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:40,280 staunchly anti-communist but he might 375 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:44,750 not always stay that way we use it as 376 00:22:44,750 --> 00:22:46,940 constant threat hanging over the 377 00:22:46,940 --> 00:22:50,450 Americans to say oh well you know if you 378 00:22:50,450 --> 00:22:52,160 don't give me another sort of 50 million 379 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,140 dollars in in aid I might just have to 380 00:22:54,140 --> 00:22:56,000 look elsewhere maybe East you know or 381 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,010 maybe to our friends over the windward 382 00:22:58,010 --> 00:23:02,960 strings Papa Doc's blackmail works the 383 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:05,179 United States sends millions in 384 00:23:05,179 --> 00:23:07,580 financial aid and a detachment of 385 00:23:07,580 --> 00:23:10,820 Marines to train his forces with the 386 00:23:10,820 --> 00:23:12,950 country he hates now bolstering his 387 00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:13,700 regime 388 00:23:13,700 --> 00:23:17,270 it seems that Duvalier is secure 389 00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:21,460 [Music] 390 00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:28,010 but he has an Achilles heel Papa Doc is 391 00:23:28,010 --> 00:23:34,220 a diabetic on May 24th 1959 he collapses 392 00:23:34,220 --> 00:23:36,480 and falls into a coma 393 00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:41,059 [Music] 394 00:23:48,130 --> 00:23:54,300 it lasts for some nine hours eventually 395 00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:56,320 Duvalier's right-hand man 396 00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:59,530 clémence babu administers a glucose 397 00:23:59,530 --> 00:24:00,480 injection 398 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:05,440 Papa Doc regains consciousness his life 399 00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:07,060 was saved in terms of the initial first 400 00:24:07,060 --> 00:24:10,140 aid by kim babu and then by the 401 00:24:10,140 --> 00:24:12,370 Americans who treated him I believe at 402 00:24:12,370 --> 00:24:15,720 Guantanamo but the president wakes up a 403 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:21,460 changed man he was in a coma for quite a 404 00:24:21,460 --> 00:24:23,500 long period and there is some evidence 405 00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:25,840 that this may have created some brain 406 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,360 damage or some long-lasting change in 407 00:24:28,360 --> 00:24:32,110 his behavior Papa Doc is about to go 408 00:24:32,110 --> 00:24:38,440 from ruthless to madly evil after that 409 00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:41,940 illness he became a different person 410 00:24:41,940 --> 00:24:45,370 Papa Doc begins to behave as a powerful 411 00:24:45,370 --> 00:24:50,270 voodoo demigod or you are Baron Samedi 412 00:24:50,270 --> 00:24:51,850 [Music] 413 00:24:51,850 --> 00:24:58,340 by oMG is the head of the cemetery is 414 00:24:58,340 --> 00:25:02,950 one of the most powerful voodoo gods 415 00:25:02,950 --> 00:25:06,260 down somebody in Haitian folklore is the 416 00:25:06,260 --> 00:25:09,740 ultimate terrifying figure he he is the 417 00:25:09,740 --> 00:25:13,070 person who stalks the graveyard at night 418 00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:16,280 he's into Haitian Grim Reaper Papa Doc 419 00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:20,210 used to dress himself in black all the 420 00:25:20,210 --> 00:25:23,960 time officially and with a big humbug 421 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:29,060 hat and he said just like Bower Sundy is 422 00:25:29,060 --> 00:25:32,810 portrayed that when somebody himself was 423 00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:35,060 meant to speak in a particular way it 424 00:25:35,060 --> 00:25:37,090 was a particular location lisping 425 00:25:37,090 --> 00:25:40,640 suitable voice Divali himself started to 426 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:47,440 affect precisely that voice oh man 427 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:55,120 Dhananjay wanna play at today's yes 428 00:25:55,559 --> 00:25:59,070 it becomes clear to some near him that 429 00:25:59,070 --> 00:26:03,919 Duvalier has gone mad he was clearly 430 00:26:03,919 --> 00:26:06,870 unbalanced I think he becomes paranoid 431 00:26:06,870 --> 00:26:10,429 about everything and everyone 432 00:26:12,570 --> 00:26:12,970 [Music] 433 00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:14,920 [Applause] 434 00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:18,320 the first sign of his change comes when 435 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,390 Duvalier decides to overturn the 436 00:26:20,390 --> 00:26:23,450 Constitution which allows him only one 437 00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:25,710 term in office 438 00:26:25,710 --> 00:26:28,739 [Music] 439 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:33,770 he calls elections in 1961 and there is 440 00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:35,179 only one name on the ballot for 441 00:26:35,179 --> 00:26:37,840 president 442 00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:41,700 Francois Duvalier 443 00:26:41,870 --> 00:26:46,309 our elections it's a farce it was a 444 00:26:46,309 --> 00:26:49,520 ritual to celebrate France party value 445 00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:52,269 is regime 446 00:26:52,269 --> 00:26:54,940 Papa Doc wins the election by an 447 00:26:54,940 --> 00:27:00,929 incredible 1.3 million votes to zero 448 00:27:01,649 --> 00:27:05,230 the New York Times reports that Latin 449 00:27:05,230 --> 00:27:07,330 America has witnessed many fraudulent 450 00:27:07,330 --> 00:27:09,940 elections throughout its history but 451 00:27:09,940 --> 00:27:12,340 none more outrageous than the one which 452 00:27:12,340 --> 00:27:16,359 has just taken place in Haiti it's a 453 00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:19,299 victory that sets up his second term to 454 00:27:19,299 --> 00:27:23,619 be far more evil than the first that's 455 00:27:23,619 --> 00:27:26,700 when the regime becomes totally brutal 456 00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:30,340 absolutely paranoid that is the 457 00:27:30,340 --> 00:27:35,549 beginning of utter violence 458 00:27:45,150 --> 00:27:48,130 using the army and his private militia 459 00:27:48,130 --> 00:27:50,980 the tonton Macoutes Papa Doc establishes 460 00:27:50,980 --> 00:27:55,090 a reign of terror brutality became 461 00:27:55,090 --> 00:27:57,160 institutionalized and pervasive 462 00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:01,330 throughout the island Duvalier's tonton 463 00:28:01,330 --> 00:28:03,820 Macoutes infiltrate every stratum of 464 00:28:03,820 --> 00:28:07,450 Haitian society it was a system that 465 00:28:07,450 --> 00:28:11,020 probably similar in terms of silencing 466 00:28:11,020 --> 00:28:13,360 the population as dasta's in East 467 00:28:13,360 --> 00:28:14,720 Germany 468 00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:16,330 [Music] 469 00:28:16,330 --> 00:28:19,400 the main purpose of this terror is 470 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:22,300 simple greed 471 00:28:23,290 --> 00:28:25,890 even though Haiti is desperately poor 472 00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:29,170 Papa Doc and his cronies set about 473 00:28:29,170 --> 00:28:33,730 milking it dry millions of dollars in 474 00:28:33,730 --> 00:28:36,940 taxes and aid vanish into the pockets of 475 00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:42,010 his regime it is all about money I think 476 00:28:42,010 --> 00:28:45,490 it would be wrong to dignify Diwali RISM 477 00:28:45,490 --> 00:28:47,230 with the name of an ideology it wasn't 478 00:28:47,230 --> 00:28:48,820 really like knowledge it was generalized 479 00:28:48,820 --> 00:28:51,370 kleptocracy it was the mob running a 480 00:28:51,370 --> 00:28:55,090 country the people who suffer suffered 481 00:28:55,090 --> 00:28:58,350 most were really the poorest patient 482 00:28:58,350 --> 00:29:00,610 there were thousands of anonymous 483 00:29:00,610 --> 00:29:01,570 victims of Diwali 484 00:29:01,570 --> 00:29:03,490 people being tortured to death and shot 485 00:29:03,490 --> 00:29:04,900 and murdered because they wouldn't give 486 00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:06,640 their daughter to the local markets or 487 00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:07,450 because they wouldn't give their 488 00:29:07,450 --> 00:29:09,400 business of noon tomorrow nobody knows 489 00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,570 how many people that the macaw is killed 490 00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:15,280 the dictator is now increasingly 491 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,220 paranoid lurking most of the time in his 492 00:29:18,220 --> 00:29:20,460 heavily fortified palace 493 00:29:20,460 --> 00:29:22,360 [Music] 494 00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:25,120 when he does venture out it is under 495 00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:27,659 heavy guard 496 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,730 to show that he cares for his people he 497 00:29:31,730 --> 00:29:33,760 hands out petty cash 498 00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:37,280 it's his way of proving to himself how 499 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,410 much his people love him 500 00:29:39,410 --> 00:29:42,080 I mean I remember Diwali in his car 501 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,160 throwing money at people and people 502 00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:48,320 running to get him you know the dollar 503 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:52,090 something like that to me that was utter 504 00:29:52,090 --> 00:29:53,690 indignity 505 00:29:53,690 --> 00:30:01,499 [Applause] 506 00:30:02,410 --> 00:30:04,550 Washington has been providing millions 507 00:30:04,550 --> 00:30:08,000 of dollars a year in aid to Haiti but 508 00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,250 it's clear that the money is being 509 00:30:10,250 --> 00:30:13,030 siphoned off 510 00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:15,730 President Kennedy decides he has had 511 00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:17,409 enough of the mad dictator 512 00:30:17,409 --> 00:30:21,880 Papa Doc Kennedy was really anti 513 00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:23,860 Duvalier and was doing everything 514 00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:26,850 possible to get rid of him 515 00:30:26,850 --> 00:30:29,850 Kennedy cuts financial aid and looks for 516 00:30:29,850 --> 00:30:32,570 ways to reintroduce democracy 517 00:30:32,570 --> 00:30:35,970 it seems that Papa Doc's time in office 518 00:30:35,970 --> 00:30:41,750 may be running out but then 519 00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,140 the unthinkable happens 520 00:30:54,980 --> 00:30:58,110 when Kennedy was assassinated in the 521 00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:01,769 22nd of November Papa Doc Duvalier had 522 00:31:01,769 --> 00:31:05,880 champagne and his palace with his psycho 523 00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:07,020 fence 524 00:31:07,020 --> 00:31:10,190 [Music] 525 00:31:13,669 --> 00:31:16,710 incredibly Papa Doc claims the 526 00:31:16,710 --> 00:31:20,140 assassination is all down to him 527 00:31:20,140 --> 00:31:21,660 [Music] 528 00:31:21,660 --> 00:31:23,820 he explains that he put a voodoo curse 529 00:31:23,820 --> 00:31:27,240 on Kennedy and that it's no coincidence 530 00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:30,210 the president was killed on November the 531 00:31:30,210 --> 00:31:35,790 22nd he did everything on the 22nd the 532 00:31:35,790 --> 00:31:40,230 22nd was his lucky day he got elected on 533 00:31:40,230 --> 00:31:43,860 September 22nd he was nauseated October 534 00:31:43,860 --> 00:31:49,290 22nd and he purported to have killed 535 00:31:49,290 --> 00:31:54,690 Kennedy on November 22nd 1963 his 536 00:31:54,690 --> 00:31:56,670 boasting is designed to reinforce the 537 00:31:56,670 --> 00:31:59,220 idea that no matter how powerful they 538 00:31:59,220 --> 00:32:01,860 may be the fate of anyone who opposes 539 00:32:01,860 --> 00:32:06,480 Papa Doc is death if your president is 540 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,030 in some sense anonymous with this 541 00:32:09,030 --> 00:32:12,720 supernatural taker of lives then he is 542 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:14,360 not to be messed with 543 00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:17,430 with Kennedy gone the pressure from the 544 00:32:17,430 --> 00:32:25,620 United States is off Papa Doc Duvalier 545 00:32:25,620 --> 00:32:30,320 soon realizes he has other problems 546 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:34,480 13 young Haitians based in New York 547 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:36,530 decide that now they have to take 548 00:32:36,530 --> 00:32:40,270 matters into their own hands 549 00:32:40,810 --> 00:32:43,940 calling themselves the gern Haiti or 550 00:32:43,940 --> 00:32:46,550 young Haiti they set sail for their 551 00:32:46,550 --> 00:32:54,110 homeland in summer 1964 June 8 see 552 00:32:54,110 --> 00:32:58,640 movement felt that they had lost a great 553 00:32:58,640 --> 00:33:02,000 supporter and they didn't feel that the 554 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,610 Johnson administration would push 555 00:33:04,610 --> 00:33:07,490 through with program that can be had 556 00:33:07,490 --> 00:33:11,090 four hits most of the gern Haiti have 557 00:33:11,090 --> 00:33:15,490 lost family to Papa Doc's brutal regime 558 00:33:15,550 --> 00:33:18,520 inspired by Castro's success in Cuba 559 00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:22,340 they land in Haiti an attempt to start a 560 00:33:22,340 --> 00:33:29,680 revolution 13 of them left New York and 561 00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:34,250 went to Haiti to carry out guerrilla 562 00:33:34,250 --> 00:33:37,280 movement just like Castro did in the 563 00:33:37,280 --> 00:33:39,170 Sierra Maestra they were going to dirt 564 00:33:39,170 --> 00:33:40,130 in the mountains of Haiti 565 00:33:40,130 --> 00:33:43,439 [Music] 566 00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:45,600 but the rebels quickly discover that the 567 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:48,090 geography of Haiti is not well suited to 568 00:33:48,090 --> 00:33:51,390 guerrilla warfare with the mountains of 569 00:33:51,390 --> 00:33:57,720 Haiti they were not as wooded Sierra 570 00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:02,070 Maestra and Papa Doc who had his goals 571 00:34:02,070 --> 00:34:06,630 throughout Haiti tracked them down one 572 00:34:06,630 --> 00:34:08,340 by one the members of the journey Haiti 573 00:34:08,340 --> 00:34:13,860 are killed the first to die is a van'll 574 00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:19,168 Iraq his body is returned to Papa dr. he 575 00:34:19,168 --> 00:34:22,350 actually left a stinking body in an 576 00:34:22,350 --> 00:34:25,320 armchair outside the arrivals hall of 577 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,949 port-au-prince International Airport so 578 00:34:28,949 --> 00:34:30,750 that the few tourists that Haiti got at 579 00:34:30,750 --> 00:34:33,800 the time went through passport control 580 00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:37,440 went out to get their taxi only to be 581 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:42,860 confronted by this decaying rotting body 582 00:34:42,860 --> 00:34:46,440 for months the gern haiti struggle on in 583 00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:48,580 the mountains 584 00:34:48,580 --> 00:34:51,679 eventually 11 of the group are killed in 585 00:34:51,679 --> 00:34:55,790 the remaining two captured they are 586 00:34:55,790 --> 00:34:58,040 returned to Porto press where the 587 00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,750 execution is set for November 12th 1964 588 00:35:01,750 --> 00:35:06,780 [Music] 589 00:35:07,290 --> 00:35:11,110 Duvalier declared a public holiday told 590 00:35:11,110 --> 00:35:12,790 schoolchildren schoolteachers that they 591 00:35:12,790 --> 00:35:14,110 had to bring their school children to 592 00:35:14,110 --> 00:35:16,840 watch the executions this is how we deal 593 00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:21,250 with the enemies of Haiti the executions 594 00:35:21,250 --> 00:35:24,700 were filmed were played on television 595 00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:27,390 for weeks afterwards 596 00:35:27,390 --> 00:35:30,340 Marcelle Numa a graduate of the Bronx 597 00:35:30,340 --> 00:35:33,520 Merchant Marine Academy and Louie druwa 598 00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:36,220 a finance graduate and bank worker in 599 00:35:36,220 --> 00:35:40,690 New York are defiant to the bitter end 600 00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:43,180 the executioner was typical of Duvalier 601 00:35:43,180 --> 00:35:45,670 since rather macabre sense of theater 602 00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:48,309 that if you could if you could stage an 603 00:35:48,309 --> 00:35:50,319 execution then televise it and to make 604 00:35:50,319 --> 00:35:52,660 it even more grotesque bringing a group 605 00:35:52,660 --> 00:35:54,549 of school children to witness it because 606 00:35:54,549 --> 00:35:57,549 then the impact throughout Haiti would 607 00:35:57,549 --> 00:35:58,660 have been immensely 608 00:35:58,660 --> 00:36:03,010 I remember watching on TV the live 609 00:36:03,010 --> 00:36:07,329 execution of Marcela Numa and you see 610 00:36:07,329 --> 00:36:09,309 this way I mean here you have two guys 611 00:36:09,309 --> 00:36:13,000 who are standing you know with their 612 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,250 hands in their back and then all of a 613 00:36:15,250 --> 00:36:17,819 sudden they they should have demanded 614 00:36:17,819 --> 00:36:21,430 default that that that has never been 615 00:36:21,430 --> 00:36:24,579 able to be erased from my mind it's like 616 00:36:24,579 --> 00:36:27,510 yesterday I was seeing 617 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,520 the tyrant discovers that most of the 618 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:33,170 revolutionaries come from the town of 619 00:36:33,170 --> 00:36:39,859 Jeremy a stronghold of Opposition Papa 620 00:36:39,859 --> 00:36:42,290 dog unleashes his horrific vengeance on 621 00:36:42,290 --> 00:36:43,710 the town 622 00:36:43,710 --> 00:36:46,540 Suganya was someone who relished revenge 623 00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:49,390 he wasn't one to enjoy cold I mean he 624 00:36:49,390 --> 00:36:52,079 preferred it hot 625 00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:56,230 families were taking children and wives 626 00:36:56,230 --> 00:36:57,369 kill first 627 00:36:57,369 --> 00:37:00,040 with their husbands watching and then 628 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,400 the husband's cut it softly how many 629 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:07,300 people died but it's probably in the 630 00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:10,810 thousands it tells you something about 631 00:37:10,810 --> 00:37:12,750 you valuing that is that he wanted 632 00:37:12,750 --> 00:37:15,579 punishment to be exemplary and therefore 633 00:37:15,579 --> 00:37:18,579 the more blood-curdling the more violent 634 00:37:18,579 --> 00:37:21,040 the more indiscriminate the more 635 00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:23,730 effective it was 636 00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:33,350 by the end of 1964 Duvalier has killed 637 00:37:33,350 --> 00:37:36,410 thousands of people and has got what he 638 00:37:36,410 --> 00:37:39,600 always wanted total power 639 00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,040 [Music] 640 00:37:41,040 --> 00:37:43,780 inside Haiti there is simply no 641 00:37:43,780 --> 00:37:47,140 opposition left there is nothing that 642 00:37:47,140 --> 00:37:52,270 can stop his evil regime I think I think 643 00:37:52,270 --> 00:37:54,160 by this period Duvalier could be defined 644 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:56,800 as megalomania power is is everything 645 00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:58,630 there is no alternative he can't leave 646 00:37:58,630 --> 00:38:01,180 because retire he's got to stay there so 647 00:38:01,180 --> 00:38:04,960 whatever it takes he will do yet total 648 00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:08,619 power is not enough for Papa Doc he 649 00:38:08,619 --> 00:38:11,109 wants to be more than a president he 650 00:38:11,109 --> 00:38:13,510 wants to become a god 651 00:38:13,510 --> 00:38:16,480 [Music] 652 00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:19,990 in June 1964 the tyrannical president 653 00:38:19,990 --> 00:38:22,900 Francois Papa Doc Duvalier moves to take 654 00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:25,690 total and perpetual control of the 655 00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,470 country he's used brutal violence to 656 00:38:29,470 --> 00:38:31,660 hold on to power for almost seven years 657 00:38:31,660 --> 00:38:33,060 already 658 00:38:33,060 --> 00:38:35,829 even overturning the Constitution to 659 00:38:35,829 --> 00:38:38,840 allow himself a second term in office 660 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:40,349 [Music] 661 00:38:40,349 --> 00:38:43,420 now he goes further holding a 662 00:38:43,420 --> 00:38:45,940 constitutional referendum to make 663 00:38:45,940 --> 00:38:49,440 himself president for life 664 00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:54,070 unsurprisingly he wins with 99.9 percent 665 00:38:54,070 --> 00:38:57,460 of the vote I have been elected for 666 00:38:57,460 --> 00:39:02,430 president for life it is not my desire 667 00:39:02,430 --> 00:39:05,589 but it is an eye on oil on the Haitian 668 00:39:05,589 --> 00:39:10,300 people paradox madness now goes to new 669 00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:14,680 and truly extreme levels addressing the 670 00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:18,000 nation he delivers a bombshell 671 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:21,660 he declares that he is more than human 672 00:39:21,660 --> 00:39:27,790 he is an immaterial being bullets cannot 673 00:39:27,790 --> 00:39:30,970 hurt him he was essentially saying that 674 00:39:30,970 --> 00:39:36,030 he was eternal you are some sort of 675 00:39:36,030 --> 00:39:41,580 spirit overing over paid 676 00:39:43,640 --> 00:39:47,309 Papa Doc is now stating openly what many 677 00:39:47,309 --> 00:39:50,910 Haitians already believe that he is an 678 00:39:50,910 --> 00:39:53,249 incarnation of the dreaded voodoo Lua 679 00:39:53,249 --> 00:39:56,630 Baron Samedi 680 00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:04,470 guardian of the graveyard violence may 681 00:40:04,470 --> 00:40:06,030 have won him his position as president 682 00:40:06,030 --> 00:40:10,470 for life but what will keep him there is 683 00:40:10,470 --> 00:40:11,960 food ooh 684 00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:17,250 Duvalier has more power in Haiti than 685 00:40:17,250 --> 00:40:21,680 the farms the weapons the man heaven 686 00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:28,040 Papa Doc used voodoo to control a nation 687 00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,200 ever since the yours campaign and 688 00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,160 dressing up as Baron Samedi 689 00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:36,840 Papa Doc has played on the perception 690 00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:40,740 that he has supernatural powers 691 00:40:40,740 --> 00:40:45,000 the vision here for himself was full 692 00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:49,410 control of the society through mystical 693 00:40:49,410 --> 00:40:50,839 power 694 00:40:50,839 --> 00:40:53,970 Papa Doc starts creating myths about 695 00:40:53,970 --> 00:40:57,900 himself rumors circulate that Duvalier 696 00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:02,460 makes a journey into the hills he goes 697 00:41:02,460 --> 00:41:07,260 to a cave known as the true fubar it's a 698 00:41:07,260 --> 00:41:10,140 sacred voodoo site where he is believed 699 00:41:10,140 --> 00:41:12,809 to have found something terrifyingly 700 00:41:12,809 --> 00:41:15,480 useful they brought back from pro 701 00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:17,640 football a bunch of demons called baka 702 00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:21,390 and he had them installed they lived and 703 00:41:21,390 --> 00:41:22,710 what they did there but they lived in 704 00:41:22,710 --> 00:41:24,089 the in the cellars of the National 705 00:41:24,089 --> 00:41:26,760 Palace the idea that he's got these 706 00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,369 demons ready to unleash is quite a 707 00:41:29,369 --> 00:41:33,589 disincentive to revolt more rebellion 708 00:41:33,589 --> 00:41:36,270 Papa Doc needs to demonstrate to his 709 00:41:36,270 --> 00:41:38,700 people that he really does have Budhu 710 00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:42,030 powers so he orders his men to hijack a 711 00:41:42,030 --> 00:41:44,940 funeral and steals the casket of his 712 00:41:44,940 --> 00:41:47,309 former friend and sometime political 713 00:41:47,309 --> 00:41:52,559 rival Clemens you man sooner story 714 00:41:52,559 --> 00:41:54,960 starts circulating about how he closets 715 00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:56,880 himself in a room whose room Elle's 716 00:41:56,880 --> 00:42:00,180 corpse and appears to communicate with 717 00:42:00,180 --> 00:42:01,610 him 718 00:42:01,610 --> 00:42:04,340 Papa Doc is letting people think he has 719 00:42:04,340 --> 00:42:09,170 power to even talk to the dead death in 720 00:42:09,170 --> 00:42:13,300 Haiti for many peoples is not natural so 721 00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:15,920 people think that the valley had made a 722 00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:20,380 zombie rog Mel 723 00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:21,980 [Music] 724 00:42:21,980 --> 00:42:24,950 for his voodoo rituals Papa Doc often 725 00:42:24,950 --> 00:42:28,640 does not need the whole body sometimes 726 00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:31,670 he demands that the decapitated heads of 727 00:42:31,670 --> 00:42:35,390 his enemies are brought to him again 728 00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:38,329 bizarre rumors circulate about what he 729 00:42:38,329 --> 00:42:39,610 does with them 730 00:42:39,610 --> 00:42:42,220 de Valley became convinced that you 731 00:42:42,220 --> 00:42:46,000 could actually extract intelligence from 732 00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,060 the heads of political enemies he would 733 00:42:49,060 --> 00:42:51,700 actually sit in the bath sometimes 734 00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:55,390 complete with top hat and consult the 735 00:42:55,390 --> 00:43:00,280 head of this opponent the purpose of 736 00:43:00,280 --> 00:43:02,650 these rituals is to scare his uneducated 737 00:43:02,650 --> 00:43:07,240 and superstitious nation his Duvalier so 738 00:43:07,240 --> 00:43:11,220 mad that he actually believes in them to 739 00:43:11,220 --> 00:43:15,100 some who knew him say he does not but 740 00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:17,050 what is beyond doubt is that he knows 741 00:43:17,050 --> 00:43:20,010 how to use voodoo 742 00:43:20,010 --> 00:43:23,130 the very used to smile because he was an 743 00:43:23,130 --> 00:43:25,740 atheist he didn't believe in guru he 744 00:43:25,740 --> 00:43:28,410 didn't believe in anything just power to 745 00:43:28,410 --> 00:43:32,940 have peace and stability you soon have a 746 00:43:32,940 --> 00:43:38,250 strong man in every country by the end 747 00:43:38,250 --> 00:43:41,220 of the 1960s Papa Doc is more than 748 00:43:41,220 --> 00:43:44,880 president for life he has his people 749 00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:48,420 thinking he is almost a god but there is 750 00:43:48,420 --> 00:43:51,450 one force he cannot evade his own 751 00:43:51,450 --> 00:43:52,970 mortality 752 00:43:52,970 --> 00:43:58,290 he's as so terrified murdered how the 753 00:43:58,290 --> 00:44:02,130 opposition that the only enemy really 754 00:44:02,130 --> 00:44:04,859 left is the grim reaper in his own 755 00:44:04,859 --> 00:44:06,680 failing health 756 00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:10,230 unlike most dictators Duvalier may get 757 00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:12,840 to rule until the end of his natural 758 00:44:12,840 --> 00:44:14,869 life 759 00:44:15,730 --> 00:44:19,030 the trouble is he's now in his early 60s 760 00:44:19,030 --> 00:44:22,089 Riven with diabetes congestive heart 761 00:44:22,089 --> 00:44:24,099 failure and brain damage 762 00:44:24,099 --> 00:44:29,170 from his coma in 1959 so now he sets 763 00:44:29,170 --> 00:44:31,750 about securing a legacy for himself and 764 00:44:31,750 --> 00:44:40,060 his brutally corrupt regime by the 765 00:44:40,060 --> 00:44:43,270 beginning of the 1970s Papa Doc's voodoo 766 00:44:43,270 --> 00:44:49,480 persona dominates Haiti people believe 767 00:44:49,480 --> 00:44:50,950 but he really is 768 00:44:50,950 --> 00:44:54,609 Baron Samedi the whole of you fellas it 769 00:44:54,609 --> 00:44:56,190 was about the establishment of terror 770 00:44:56,190 --> 00:44:58,210 and it was a terror that was inside 771 00:44:58,210 --> 00:45:00,310 people's heads people were even afraid 772 00:45:00,310 --> 00:45:03,430 to think that thoughts about value 773 00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:06,560 [Music] 774 00:45:08,720 --> 00:45:11,900 Papa Doc's brutal regime may have killed 775 00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:16,320 30,000 Haitians but the official line is 776 00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:20,820 that Duvalier is a living God across 777 00:45:20,820 --> 00:45:23,760 Haiti amonia Muntz to the ego of the 778 00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:28,740 tyrant his name is spelled out in lights 779 00:45:28,740 --> 00:45:32,850 of the National Palace although the 780 00:45:32,850 --> 00:45:36,570 president for life move comes the cult 781 00:45:36,570 --> 00:45:40,200 of personality where Duvalier wants to 782 00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:42,540 project himself as almost synonymous 783 00:45:42,540 --> 00:45:45,990 with the country no praise is too great 784 00:45:45,990 --> 00:45:49,980 for the supreme Papa Doc they fell over 785 00:45:49,980 --> 00:45:53,760 each other to to invent new superlatives 786 00:45:53,760 --> 00:45:56,109 to describe him 787 00:45:56,109 --> 00:46:01,760 master of the crossroads the Haitian 788 00:46:01,760 --> 00:46:07,700 flag floating and the man who sees 789 00:46:07,700 --> 00:46:10,299 forever 790 00:46:12,190 --> 00:46:15,010 the Lord's Prayer is rewritten as a 791 00:46:15,010 --> 00:46:18,099 prayer to Papa Doc so our doc who art in 792 00:46:18,099 --> 00:46:23,319 the National Palace all the while that 793 00:46:23,319 --> 00:46:25,900 people are being made to worship Him the 794 00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:28,200 tyrant is sucking the nation dry 795 00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:30,640 stealing millions of dollars a year from 796 00:46:30,640 --> 00:46:35,109 the Haitian people this basically took 797 00:46:35,109 --> 00:46:37,210 the form of extortion of taxes on 798 00:46:37,210 --> 00:46:39,789 everybody the businessmen on peanut 799 00:46:39,789 --> 00:46:43,150 vendors anybody who get money even a few 800 00:46:43,150 --> 00:46:46,539 cents it all mounted up one of the most 801 00:46:46,539 --> 00:46:49,630 grandiose excuses for extra taxation is 802 00:46:49,630 --> 00:46:54,760 a whole new town Duvalier Ville it's 803 00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:57,309 intended to be a show of modernity and 804 00:46:57,309 --> 00:47:02,180 hope for Haiti but never gets finished 805 00:47:02,180 --> 00:47:03,800 this money went pretty much directly 806 00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:06,440 into the pockets of Ali and his family 807 00:47:06,440 --> 00:47:09,940 and his and his cronies 808 00:47:10,630 --> 00:47:13,559 but Duvalier is still a trained doctor 809 00:47:13,559 --> 00:47:16,269 he knows that his own death is around 810 00:47:16,269 --> 00:47:19,359 the corner so he sets about securing his 811 00:47:19,359 --> 00:47:23,229 legacy it was something that happened 812 00:47:23,229 --> 00:47:27,369 fairly quickly but systematically Papa 813 00:47:27,369 --> 00:47:29,920 Doc's eldest son jean-claude is still a 814 00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:32,319 teenager brought up in the palace living 815 00:47:32,319 --> 00:47:34,839 a life of luxury and cut off from the 816 00:47:34,839 --> 00:47:39,059 concerns of normal Haitians nevertheless 817 00:47:39,059 --> 00:47:41,890 his father decides that he will inherit 818 00:47:41,890 --> 00:47:45,880 the presidency prior to dr. John food 819 00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:48,640 was one simply as a kind of a fat 820 00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:49,720 Playboy 821 00:47:49,720 --> 00:47:52,630 he appears in public with his son and 822 00:47:52,630 --> 00:47:55,180 anoints him officially as the next 823 00:47:55,180 --> 00:47:57,050 president for life 824 00:47:57,050 --> 00:48:04,239 [Music] 825 00:48:08,059 --> 00:48:12,650 on April 21st 1971 the tyrant 826 00:48:12,650 --> 00:48:18,049 Papa Doc dies peacefully in his bed his 827 00:48:18,049 --> 00:48:21,229 son jean claude becomes baby doc and 828 00:48:21,229 --> 00:48:22,999 will continue the corrupt Duvalier 829 00:48:22,999 --> 00:48:29,689 regime for another 15 years ultimately 830 00:48:29,689 --> 00:48:32,479 he is overthrown and dies of a heart 831 00:48:32,479 --> 00:48:36,829 attack aged 63 while awaiting trial for 832 00:48:36,829 --> 00:48:38,979 his crimes 833 00:48:40,520 --> 00:48:43,770 Papa Doc's true legacy is that he 834 00:48:43,770 --> 00:48:46,200 destroyed a dream and unleashed a 835 00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:50,520 nightmare his crimes haunt Haiti to this 836 00:48:50,520 --> 00:48:53,400 day I think Haiti was was permanently 837 00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,320 scarred and disfigured by Giovanni 838 00:48:56,320 --> 00:48:58,660 Haiti is now the poorest country in the 839 00:48:58,660 --> 00:49:02,170 Western Hemisphere crippled by a lack of 840 00:49:02,170 --> 00:49:05,760 education and wracked by political chaos 841 00:49:05,760 --> 00:49:08,350 these solutions were destroyed the 842 00:49:08,350 --> 00:49:11,290 families were destroyed the country now 843 00:49:11,290 --> 00:49:14,820 all was destroyed 844 00:49:15,230 --> 00:49:18,230 the only one from the benefit from those 845 00:49:18,230 --> 00:49:21,610 atrocities was himself 846 00:49:21,920 --> 00:49:26,089 how evil was Papa Doc I think divine he 847 00:49:26,089 --> 00:49:30,430 was evil incarnate 848 00:49:47,290 --> 00:00:00,000 you 90314

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