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1
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[Music]
2
00:00:03,509 --> 00:00:08,370
for 14
years Francois Papa Doc Duvalier
3
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rules over Haiti using violence
4
00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,770
and
voodoo I have been elected for
5
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president
for life it is the iron will
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00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:25,400
of the Haitian people
he's a tyrant who
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forms his
own private militia to kill
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00:00:28,130 --> 00:00:31,789
some
30,000 of his people including
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anyone who challenges his power talk to
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psychology they would classify him as
a
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psychopath this is the story of a
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ruthless dictators reign of terror over
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the poorest of the poor from his
14
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manipulation
of the national religion to
15
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the growth of his personality cult
Papa
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Doc is a name that will forever bring
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Haitians
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nightmares
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[Music]
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[Music]
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April 1963 the sixth year of Haitian
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dictator Francois Duvalier's brutal
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reign is about to become the
most bloody
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at the presidential
palace the man they
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called
Papa dog gets shocking news
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someone has shot his children's
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bodyguard and chauffeur
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he absolutely
raged devalued and sent
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00:02:08,380 --> 00:02:10,920
him into
overdrive
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blind with anger Papa
Doc summons the
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head of his palace guard
to whom his
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orders
are clear find those responsible
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and kill them
all the hunt starts with a
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man
Papa dog wrongly accuses of being
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behind the
attack former Army officer
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Francoise Benoit
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the event started
I did a talk on April
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26 1963
at that time I already been
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granted political asylum at the
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Dominican embassy though personally safe
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from Duvalier's goons
benoit's family
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including his
father who is a judge his
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wife and infant son
remained in harm's
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00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:06,890
way
when one is wife had just come back
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00:03:06,890 --> 00:03:10,340
from church they were at the house with
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the baby and with the maid and with the
47
00:03:12,620 --> 00:03:16,630
visitors
I saw the truck full of
48
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presidential guards run by
49
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[Music]
50
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everyone in the house
is killed and then
51
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set ablaze
52
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with the terrible day the ashes of the
53
00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,630
Benoit's was there for years and years
54
00:03:55,330 --> 00:03:58,250
over the next few hours
hundreds of
55
00:03:58,250 --> 00:04:00,620
people are murdered or disappeared
56
00:04:00,620 --> 00:04:03,699
[Music]
57
00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:10,800
but a horrific
rumor starts to spread
58
00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:13,349
that
a different fate awaits Benoit's
59
00:04:13,349 --> 00:04:17,010
infant son who
was reportedly taken to
60
00:04:17,010 --> 00:04:21,470
Duvalier Duvalier he said we have
61
00:04:21,470 --> 00:04:25,669
closeted himself with the boy
62
00:04:31,650 --> 00:04:35,310
nobody knows till this
day what happened
63
00:04:35,310 --> 00:04:40,340
to Francois Ben was little boy
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00:04:40,619 --> 00:04:43,019
some people said
you were sacrificed by
65
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Diwali
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00:04:53,030 --> 00:04:55,979
sheltered at the
dominican embassy the
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00:04:55,979 --> 00:05:01,349
awful news is delivered
to benoit he
68
00:05:01,349 --> 00:05:03,419
sacrifice not only my family but my
69
00:05:03,419 --> 00:05:06,900
wife's family anybody who was close to
70
00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:09,180
me
anybody who was a student associated
71
00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:13,169
with me was either
arrested or killed if
72
00:05:13,169 --> 00:05:16,740
you talk to
psychologists they would
73
00:05:16,740 --> 00:05:21,110
classify him as a psychopath
was he
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00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:22,909
crazy
75
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no but was he evil
the answer is yes
76
00:05:31,340 --> 00:05:34,800
papa dog the man responsible for this
77
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atrocity
is born in 1907 in a beautiful
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00:05:38,909 --> 00:05:42,930
Caribbean state of Haiti
it's a proud
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00:05:42,930 --> 00:05:46,379
nation
the first slave colony to become
80
00:05:46,379 --> 00:05:48,850
independent
81
00:05:48,850 --> 00:05:51,980
in the 18th
century it was called sand
82
00:05:51,980 --> 00:05:56,360
armor and belonged to the French it was
83
00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:59,630
the most prosperous colony in the world
84
00:05:59,630 --> 00:06:04,970
at the time
turning out a huge number of
85
00:06:04,970 --> 00:06:09,950
crops which were keeping the perfumed
86
00:06:09,950 --> 00:06:15,530
elite in Paris very well-fed indeed it
87
00:06:15,530 --> 00:06:17,060
was estimated that
one in eight people
88
00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:19,340
in metropolitan France out there living
89
00:06:19,340 --> 00:06:22,160
directly or indirectly to
the produce of
90
00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:25,070
Haiti
roofs and among it was called the
91
00:06:25,070 --> 00:06:33,050
pearl of the
Antilles in 1791 the slaves
92
00:06:33,050 --> 00:06:35,390
of Haiti rise up in revolution against
93
00:06:35,390 --> 00:06:38,960
the French colonial
system under the
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leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture
95
00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:43,850
jean-jacques Dessalines they fight
96
00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:46,190
against all the odds to liberate their
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00:06:46,190 --> 00:06:50,300
country they actually expelled the
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00:06:50,300 --> 00:06:53,470
French army
when it was at its height
99
00:06:53,470 --> 00:06:56,720
this was an absolutely incredible
100
00:06:56,720 --> 00:07:00,170
situation and yet the Haitian slaves
101
00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:04,640
rose up and defeated them expelled them
102
00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:08,540
the slave armies defeated
not just the
103
00:07:08,540 --> 00:07:11,030
French plantation owners French armies
104
00:07:11,030 --> 00:07:14,030
but also the Spanish
British the
105
00:07:14,030 --> 00:07:15,500
Americans
who had all of the superpowers
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00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:18,520
of the year
107
00:07:18,520 --> 00:07:22,840
in 1804
the slaves of sanderman finally
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00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:25,539
win their
independence and the nation of
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00:07:25,539 --> 00:07:29,379
Haiti
is born the Malcolm X Martin
110
00:07:29,379 --> 00:07:32,740
Luther King
referred repeatedly back to
111
00:07:32,740 --> 00:07:34,569
the Haitian
Revolution as being a kind
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00:07:34,569 --> 00:07:37,690
of an ideal and it was it was a
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00:07:37,690 --> 00:07:43,270
fantastic achievement but when Francois
114
00:07:43,270 --> 00:07:45,639
Duvalier is just
eight years old
115
00:07:45,639 --> 00:07:50,039
Haiti loses her independence
116
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in
July 1915 with America's entrance
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00:07:56,060 --> 00:07:59,870
into World
War one on the horizon the
118
00:07:59,870 --> 00:08:02,710
United
States occupies the country and
119
00:08:02,710 --> 00:08:06,290
for black Haitians like Duvalier
it's a
120
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catastrophe
121
00:08:08,220 --> 00:08:11,370
the occupation was surprisingly severe
122
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harsh
profoundly racist for young
123
00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:17,730
Duvalier the lack
of respect for the
124
00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:20,430
Haitian people molds a hatred of the
125
00:08:20,430 --> 00:08:24,780
United States and all it stands for he
126
00:08:24,780 --> 00:08:27,320
grew up
in a in a very cultured
127
00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:29,550
articulate black
middle-class
128
00:08:29,550 --> 00:08:31,740
environment in class and this is
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precisely
the class and the group that
130
00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:36,090
felt most aggrieved by the American
131
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occupation in 1934 the US military
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00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:44,370
leaves Haiti and the country becomes
133
00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:49,380
independent
once again it is also the
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00:08:49,380 --> 00:08:51,060
year in which Duvalier completes his
135
00:08:51,060 --> 00:08:53,820
degree in
medicine and begins a
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00:08:53,820 --> 00:08:55,760
promising career
serving the people of
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port-au-prince
but his real passion a
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00:09:00,380 --> 00:09:03,450
legacy
of the u.s. occupation is black
139
00:09:03,450 --> 00:09:06,180
nationalist politics
and he throws
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00:09:06,180 --> 00:09:09,340
himself
into a movement called noir ism
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00:09:09,340 --> 00:09:12,479
[Music]
142
00:09:12,589 --> 00:09:14,779
essentially what new evasion was was the
143
00:09:14,779 --> 00:09:18,009
reaffirmation with pride of the African
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roots
145
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[Music]
146
00:09:25,319 --> 00:09:27,999
following his fascination
with African
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00:09:27,999 --> 00:09:30,699
heritage
Duvalier starts to study
148
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Haiti's
Creole religion voodoo voodoo is
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00:09:39,100 --> 00:09:41,519
an essentially animistic religion
that
150
00:09:41,519 --> 00:09:45,389
originates
in West Africa
151
00:09:47,550 --> 00:09:52,830
people say that
Haiti is 70% Catholic
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30% Protestant but a hundred percent
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voodoo
154
00:10:04,170 --> 00:10:08,200
voodoo
has a single creator deity bond
155
00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:12,640
dear but the supreme deity does not get
156
00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:20,700
involved with this world instead
157
00:10:20,700 --> 00:10:23,800
powerful demigods and spirits called
158
00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:29,110
Noir interact with humanity who are the
159
00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:33,130
spirits or
the gods that the patient's
160
00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:36,940
pray to just as a Catholic would pray
to
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the saint as
to valley a studies voodoo
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00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:43,150
rituals
he gains a better understanding
163
00:10:43,150 --> 00:10:45,280
of how the religion dominates the lives
164
00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:51,010
of
local people though he is never a
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true believer
his fascination with the
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national religion will continuously grow
167
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on his rise to the pinnacle of power
168
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has always been an association in Haiti
169
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between volume and power most Haitians
170
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believe to this day that
to have become
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president in the first place you must
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have made
some kind of pact with the
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devil
or with a dark side of Vodun
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[Music]
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Duvalier
is a man full of contradictions
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he is fascinated by Haitian mysticism
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but he is also a modern medical man of
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science
in 1944 he gets a scholarship to
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study public health medicine at the
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00:11:37,019 --> 00:11:40,399
University of Michigan
181
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he will return
as head of a program
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bringing modern medicine to the Haitian
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peasants
afflicted by a crippling skin
184
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disease
called yours up a dog came in
185
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and says I'm going to change that
and
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using penicillin she changed her
187
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Duvalier becomes
widely known traveling
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the country bringing his penicillin here
189
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to remote villages across Haiti Duvalier
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actually set out walking
great distances
191
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on foot
he had to subject himself to
192
00:12:16,910 --> 00:12:19,970
hardship to actually deliver his
medical
193
00:12:19,970 --> 00:12:23,199
expertise to these people
194
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he established a reputation as a kind
195
00:12:28,620 --> 00:12:31,380
man a good
man a man who could literally
196
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come into the community
and make people
197
00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:40,490
well that's how
he garden in Papa Doc
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because throughout the country of Haiti
199
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Papa Doc penicillin remedies and wiped
200
00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:49,760
out yours
201
00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:52,300
to the largely illiterate
and
202
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:54,090
superstitious population
203
00:12:54,090 --> 00:12:56,980
Papa Doc isn't curing them with medicine
204
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alone
205
00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:02,620
they think
he must have mysterious
206
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voodoo abilities
207
00:13:06,370 --> 00:13:09,880
people couldn't
believe it was just the
208
00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:12,850
medicine
doing it they believed that
209
00:13:12,850 --> 00:13:18,029
Papa Doc had a special power in him
210
00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:23,450
it's a turning point for Duvalier he
211
00:13:23,450 --> 00:13:25,760
realizes that he can use his
newly won
212
00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:30,700
reputation
to gain total power
213
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,220
[Music]
214
00:13:33,220 --> 00:13:37,570
in 1946
dr. Francois Duvalier known
215
00:13:37,570 --> 00:13:40,390
affectionately
as Papa Doc begins to
216
00:13:40,390 --> 00:13:44,160
climb the Haitian political ladder
217
00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:49,040
he becomes Minister for health
under a
218
00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,590
fellow
law arist president de marsay
219
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:52,400
estimate
220
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:55,300
[Music]
221
00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:57,760
but just four years later the army
222
00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:00,610
overthrows president estimize regime and
223
00:14:00,610 --> 00:14:05,040
pass a dog leaves political office
224
00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,110
Colonel Paul Magua is installed as the
225
00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:11,190
new
president
226
00:14:12,639 --> 00:14:15,920
Duvalier goes into hiding
where he
227
00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,440
secretly begins plotting
his own path to
228
00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:22,339
power in a country
where few are
229
00:14:22,339 --> 00:14:24,470
literate
he takes the opportunity to
230
00:14:24,470 --> 00:14:28,459
study political writings from Marx to
231
00:14:28,459 --> 00:14:34,220
Machiavelli
mycav le told him is better
232
00:14:34,220 --> 00:14:39,110
to be feared than to be loved
he learnt
233
00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:42,790
that he practiced
him
234
00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:47,810
it's a lesson
that will reshape the
235
00:14:47,810 --> 00:14:50,630
peasant doctors identity transforming
236
00:14:50,630 --> 00:14:53,660
him into a force of evil
primed to take
237
00:14:53,660 --> 00:14:57,470
power by any means necessary
238
00:14:57,470 --> 00:15:00,599
[Music]
239
00:15:02,510 --> 00:15:06,529
in 1956
Francois Duvalier's nemesis
240
00:15:06,529 --> 00:15:09,290
Haitian president
Colonel Magua is
241
00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:11,779
himself overthrown by the
army and flees
242
00:15:11,779 --> 00:15:14,019
the country
243
00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:16,710
under an interim government the country
244
00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:19,470
trembles on the brink of Civil
War what
245
00:15:19,470 --> 00:15:23,450
elections
for president are called
246
00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:27,930
Duvalier emerges from hiding and goes to
247
00:15:27,930 --> 00:15:30,270
the newspaper office of Bernard I'd
248
00:15:30,270 --> 00:15:35,280
reach he was very quiet he
was gentle in
249
00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:37,320
a way he announced that he was a
250
00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:42,620
candidate
for the presidency his initial
251
00:15:42,620 --> 00:15:47,570
objectives were entirely honorable
252
00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:50,940
and he probably was an idealist
and he
253
00:15:50,940 --> 00:15:53,220
probably felt that
he could do good
254
00:15:53,220 --> 00:15:54,710
things in
power
255
00:15:54,710 --> 00:15:57,480
Duvalier is standing as a champion of
256
00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:00,240
the impoverished
black majority against
257
00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:02,550
Louis de Joie considered to be a
258
00:16:02,550 --> 00:16:04,140
representative
of the country's
259
00:16:04,140 --> 00:16:07,680
lighter-skinned elite he made it the
260
00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:11,910
fight of black versus mulatto
in a
261
00:16:11,910 --> 00:16:14,280
country where 90% of the people are
262
00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:14,990
black
263
00:16:14,990 --> 00:16:18,030
Papa Doc was a
shoo-in
264
00:16:18,030 --> 00:16:19,220
[Music]
265
00:16:19,220 --> 00:16:20,880
[Applause]
266
00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:25,860
on September 22nd 1957 the kindly
doctor
267
00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:28,880
Duvalier who cured so many sick people
268
00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:31,240
wins a landslide victory
269
00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,409
[Music]
270
00:16:38,850 --> 00:16:43,230
I had no idea that there was two sides
271
00:16:43,230 --> 00:16:46,139
to this man I mean he really
fooled us
272
00:16:46,139 --> 00:16:49,589
all it's the
beginning of decades of
273
00:16:49,589 --> 00:16:52,640
dictatorship
for Haiti
274
00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:55,010
[Music]
275
00:16:55,010 --> 00:16:58,340
Oh God we had no idea what it was going
276
00:16:58,340 --> 00:17:02,730
to
be like it was murder
277
00:17:02,730 --> 00:17:06,009
[Music]
278
00:17:13,119 --> 00:17:15,490
as he takes his
seat as president of
279
00:17:15,490 --> 00:17:18,069
Haiti Duvalier knows that it's not a
280
00:17:18,069 --> 00:17:21,790
secure
position if you look at the track
281
00:17:21,790 --> 00:17:25,780
record
of of presidents in Haiti it's
282
00:17:25,780 --> 00:17:27,520
not very good
I mean most of them were
283
00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:29,770
short-term at least two of them were
284
00:17:29,770 --> 00:17:32,160
actually chopped pieces by the populace
285
00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:36,250
out of
22 heads of state between 1843
286
00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:40,360
and 1915 only one completes his full
287
00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:44,740
term
in office even the hero of the
288
00:17:44,740 --> 00:17:47,200
Haitian Revolution general jean-jacques
289
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:51,640
Dessalines
met a hideous fate des Lee
290
00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:54,730
himself
after two or three years in
291
00:17:54,730 --> 00:17:57,940
power was actually dismembered in the
292
00:17:57,940 --> 00:17:59,620
streets of port-au-prince and
fed to the
293
00:17:59,620 --> 00:18:04,120
pigs
Papa Doc is determined to be
294
00:18:04,120 --> 00:18:06,580
different it was very quick the
295
00:18:06,580 --> 00:18:08,679
transition from from bumbling country
296
00:18:08,679 --> 00:18:12,480
doctor to ruthless dictator
297
00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:16,210
the valet came to realize that the only
298
00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,289
way to exercise power in Haiti was to be
299
00:18:20,289 --> 00:18:23,529
utterly ruthless
so I think that was a
300
00:18:23,529 --> 00:18:27,749
kind of pragmatic
decision that he raged
301
00:18:32,279 --> 00:18:35,109
Duvalier quickly sets out to
remove the
302
00:18:35,109 --> 00:18:38,820
obvious threats to his power
303
00:18:39,269 --> 00:18:43,840
first up the army he knew that the army
304
00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,509
with the kingmakers
and he needed to
305
00:18:46,509 --> 00:18:48,279
make sure that the people in the key
306
00:18:48,279 --> 00:18:51,929
position the army were his appointees
307
00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:55,900
he
sacks the top officers but for now at
308
00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:59,669
least they get away with their lives
309
00:18:59,669 --> 00:19:02,110
that was the start of the way that he
310
00:19:02,110 --> 00:19:03,130
was going to operate throughout his
311
00:19:03,130 --> 00:19:05,409
presidency
to have successive and
312
00:19:05,409 --> 00:19:07,870
unpredictable purges
of those who
313
00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,150
thought they were secure you thought
314
00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:14,799
they
were there in his favors just
315
00:19:14,799 --> 00:19:16,929
months after Papa Doc's inauguration
316
00:19:16,929 --> 00:19:21,970
shots ring out near the palace it looks
317
00:19:21,970 --> 00:19:25,120
like his insecurity is justified
DeVoe
318
00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:29,010
was under threat almost from
the start
319
00:19:29,010 --> 00:19:31,690
former
army officers seized the barracks
320
00:19:31,690 --> 00:19:35,289
next to the palace
and attempt a coup it
321
00:19:35,289 --> 00:19:37,539
happened early in
the morning so I went
322
00:19:37,539 --> 00:19:40,419
down
to the palace and there was all
323
00:19:40,419 --> 00:19:42,669
hell breaking loose with
50 caliber
324
00:19:42,669 --> 00:19:45,779
machine
gun fire
325
00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:48,550
the word spread around that there were
326
00:19:48,550 --> 00:19:51,720
200 rebels
327
00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:53,350
fortunately for
the valley
328
00:19:53,350 --> 00:19:55,360
most of the coup attempts if you like
329
00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:59,140
work comic opera affairs it turns out
330
00:19:59,140 --> 00:20:01,660
the coup is not being launched by
200
331
00:20:01,660 --> 00:20:09,340
rebels but only 8 Duvalier crushes them
332
00:20:09,340 --> 00:20:11,850
easily
333
00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:17,110
it's a pivotal
moment he decides that he
334
00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:19,989
just cannot trust the
army and needs a
335
00:20:19,989 --> 00:20:24,320
new force of his own to secure his power
336
00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:28,070
he felt
extremely vulnerable and he felt
337
00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:31,630
he was
in need of a patrol Ian's guard
338
00:20:31,630 --> 00:20:33,919
Evalia decides the he needs his own gang
339
00:20:33,919 --> 00:20:37,789
and that gang has to be
meaner and
340
00:20:37,789 --> 00:20:41,330
bigger and tougher than the army
341
00:20:41,330 --> 00:20:44,640
Papa Doc
orders the creation of the
342
00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:49,679
volunteers
for national security the
343
00:20:49,679 --> 00:20:51,570
force will become
better known by the
344
00:20:51,570 --> 00:20:56,390
name of an ogre from Haitian folklore
345
00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,470
the tonton Macoutes
346
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,200
the first group of
Macoutes was taken
347
00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:06,720
out of
the National penitentiary there
348
00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,750
were murderers
these people who had were
349
00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:12,960
serving time and they were recruited
350
00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:16,020
from there and given weapons and a blank
351
00:21:16,020 --> 00:21:17,700
check to do whatever the value
asked
352
00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:22,020
them to do the signature
emblem of the
353
00:21:22,020 --> 00:21:24,930
tonton Macoutes
was a shades they always
354
00:21:24,930 --> 00:21:27,120
wore which gave them a particularly
355
00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,490
sinister
than here
356
00:21:29,490 --> 00:21:32,279
the tonton Macoutes
become a key pillar
357
00:21:32,279 --> 00:21:36,600
of Duvalier's regime
in time they will
358
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:43,080
outnumber the
regular army but running
359
00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:47,340
his militia is expensive now Duvalier
360
00:21:47,340 --> 00:21:51,059
needs money and he needs weapons
but the
361
00:21:51,059 --> 00:21:53,490
best source of cash
is the country he
362
00:21:53,490 --> 00:21:57,899
hates most
America the United States has
363
00:21:57,899 --> 00:22:05,880
no love
for his regime but then Duvalier
364
00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:08,900
gets unlucky
brittle
365
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:13,580
in January 1959 Fidel Castro
wins his
366
00:22:13,580 --> 00:22:18,410
revolution Cuba just 50 miles across the
367
00:22:18,410 --> 00:22:20,559
windward strengths from
Haiti shores
368
00:22:20,559 --> 00:22:24,170
becomes communist the rise of Castro and
369
00:22:24,170 --> 00:22:25,610
the Cuban Revolution was an absolute
370
00:22:25,610 --> 00:22:27,830
boon for Duvalier because it took the
371
00:22:27,830 --> 00:22:30,830
heat
off him in terms of the State
372
00:22:30,830 --> 00:22:33,070
Department worrying about the Caribbean
373
00:22:33,070 --> 00:22:36,110
Duvalier tells the Americans that
he is
374
00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:40,280
staunchly anti-communist but he might
375
00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:44,750
not
always stay that way we use it as
376
00:22:44,750 --> 00:22:46,940
constant threat hanging over
the
377
00:22:46,940 --> 00:22:50,450
Americans
to say oh well you know if you
378
00:22:50,450 --> 00:22:52,160
don't give me another sort of 50 million
379
00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,140
dollars in in aid I might just have to
380
00:22:54,140 --> 00:22:56,000
look elsewhere maybe East you know or
381
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,010
maybe to our friends
over the windward
382
00:22:58,010 --> 00:23:02,960
strings
Papa Doc's blackmail works the
383
00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:05,179
United
States sends millions in
384
00:23:05,179 --> 00:23:07,580
financial aid
and a detachment of
385
00:23:07,580 --> 00:23:10,820
Marines to
train his forces with the
386
00:23:10,820 --> 00:23:12,950
country he hates now bolstering
his
387
00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:13,700
regime
388
00:23:13,700 --> 00:23:17,270
it seems
that Duvalier is secure
389
00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:21,460
[Music]
390
00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:28,010
but he has an Achilles heel
Papa Doc is
391
00:23:28,010 --> 00:23:34,220
a diabetic
on May 24th 1959 he collapses
392
00:23:34,220 --> 00:23:36,480
and falls into a coma
393
00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:41,059
[Music]
394
00:23:48,130 --> 00:23:54,300
it lasts
for some nine hours eventually
395
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:56,320
Duvalier's right-hand man
396
00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:59,530
clémence babu administers a glucose
397
00:23:59,530 --> 00:24:00,480
injection
398
00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:05,440
Papa Doc regains consciousness
his life
399
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:07,060
was saved
in terms of the initial first
400
00:24:07,060 --> 00:24:10,140
aid
by kim babu and then by the
401
00:24:10,140 --> 00:24:12,370
Americans who treated him I believe at
402
00:24:12,370 --> 00:24:15,720
Guantanamo but the president wakes up a
403
00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:21,460
changed man he was in
a coma for quite a
404
00:24:21,460 --> 00:24:23,500
long
period and there is some evidence
405
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:25,840
that this may have created some brain
406
00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,360
damage or some long-lasting change in
407
00:24:28,360 --> 00:24:32,110
his behavior
Papa Doc is about to go
408
00:24:32,110 --> 00:24:38,440
from ruthless to madly evil after that
409
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:41,940
illness he became a different
person
410
00:24:41,940 --> 00:24:45,370
Papa Doc begins to behave
as a powerful
411
00:24:45,370 --> 00:24:50,270
voodoo demigod or you are
Baron Samedi
412
00:24:50,270 --> 00:24:51,850
[Music]
413
00:24:51,850 --> 00:24:58,340
by
oMG is the head of the cemetery is
414
00:24:58,340 --> 00:25:02,950
one of the most powerful
voodoo gods
415
00:25:02,950 --> 00:25:06,260
down somebody in Haitian folklore is the
416
00:25:06,260 --> 00:25:09,740
ultimate terrifying
figure he he is the
417
00:25:09,740 --> 00:25:13,070
person who stalks the graveyard at
night
418
00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:16,280
he's
into Haitian Grim Reaper Papa Doc
419
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:20,210
used to dress himself
in black all the
420
00:25:20,210 --> 00:25:23,960
time officially and with a big humbug
421
00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:29,060
hat and he said just like
Bower Sundy is
422
00:25:29,060 --> 00:25:32,810
portrayed that when somebody himself was
423
00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:35,060
meant to
speak in a particular way it
424
00:25:35,060 --> 00:25:37,090
was a particular location
lisping
425
00:25:37,090 --> 00:25:40,640
suitable voice
Divali himself started to
426
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:47,440
affect precisely that voice oh man
427
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:55,120
Dhananjay wanna play at today's yes
428
00:25:55,559 --> 00:25:59,070
it becomes clear to
some near him that
429
00:25:59,070 --> 00:26:03,919
Duvalier
has gone mad he was clearly
430
00:26:03,919 --> 00:26:06,870
unbalanced I think he becomes paranoid
431
00:26:06,870 --> 00:26:10,429
about everything and everyone
432
00:26:12,570 --> 00:26:12,970
[Music]
433
00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:14,920
[Applause]
434
00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:18,320
the first sign
of his change comes when
435
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,390
Duvalier decides to overturn the
436
00:26:20,390 --> 00:26:23,450
Constitution which allows him only one
437
00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:25,710
term in office
438
00:26:25,710 --> 00:26:28,739
[Music]
439
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:33,770
he calls
elections in 1961 and there is
440
00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:35,179
only one name on the ballot for
441
00:26:35,179 --> 00:26:37,840
president
442
00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:41,700
Francois Duvalier
443
00:26:41,870 --> 00:26:46,309
our elections it's a farce it was a
444
00:26:46,309 --> 00:26:49,520
ritual to
celebrate France party value
445
00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:52,269
is
regime
446
00:26:52,269 --> 00:26:54,940
Papa Doc wins the election
by an
447
00:26:54,940 --> 00:27:00,929
incredible 1.3 million votes
to zero
448
00:27:01,649 --> 00:27:05,230
the New York
Times reports that Latin
449
00:27:05,230 --> 00:27:07,330
America has witnessed many fraudulent
450
00:27:07,330 --> 00:27:09,940
elections throughout its history
but
451
00:27:09,940 --> 00:27:12,340
none
more outrageous than the one which
452
00:27:12,340 --> 00:27:16,359
has
just taken place in Haiti it's a
453
00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:19,299
victory
that sets up his second term to
454
00:27:19,299 --> 00:27:23,619
be far
more evil than the first that's
455
00:27:23,619 --> 00:27:26,700
when the regime becomes totally brutal
456
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:30,340
absolutely
paranoid that is the
457
00:27:30,340 --> 00:27:35,549
beginning of utter violence
458
00:27:45,150 --> 00:27:48,130
using the
army and his private militia
459
00:27:48,130 --> 00:27:50,980
the tonton Macoutes Papa Doc establishes
460
00:27:50,980 --> 00:27:55,090
a reign of
terror brutality became
461
00:27:55,090 --> 00:27:57,160
institutionalized
and pervasive
462
00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:01,330
throughout the island Duvalier's tonton
463
00:28:01,330 --> 00:28:03,820
Macoutes
infiltrate every stratum of
464
00:28:03,820 --> 00:28:07,450
Haitian society
it was a system that
465
00:28:07,450 --> 00:28:11,020
probably similar
in terms of silencing
466
00:28:11,020 --> 00:28:13,360
the population as dasta's in East
467
00:28:13,360 --> 00:28:14,720
Germany
468
00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:16,330
[Music]
469
00:28:16,330 --> 00:28:19,400
the main purpose
of this terror is
470
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:22,300
simple greed
471
00:28:23,290 --> 00:28:25,890
even though Haiti is desperately poor
472
00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:29,170
Papa Doc and his cronies set about
473
00:28:29,170 --> 00:28:33,730
milking it dry
millions of dollars in
474
00:28:33,730 --> 00:28:36,940
taxes and aid
vanish into the pockets of
475
00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:42,010
his regime it is all about money I think
476
00:28:42,010 --> 00:28:45,490
it would be wrong
to dignify Diwali RISM
477
00:28:45,490 --> 00:28:47,230
with the name of an ideology it wasn't
478
00:28:47,230 --> 00:28:48,820
really
like knowledge it was generalized
479
00:28:48,820 --> 00:28:51,370
kleptocracy
it was the mob running a
480
00:28:51,370 --> 00:28:55,090
country
the people who suffer suffered
481
00:28:55,090 --> 00:28:58,350
most were really the poorest
patient
482
00:28:58,350 --> 00:29:00,610
there were thousands of anonymous
483
00:29:00,610 --> 00:29:01,570
victims
of Diwali
484
00:29:01,570 --> 00:29:03,490
people being tortured to death and shot
485
00:29:03,490 --> 00:29:04,900
and murdered
because they wouldn't give
486
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:06,640
their daughter to
the local markets or
487
00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:07,450
because they
wouldn't give their
488
00:29:07,450 --> 00:29:09,400
business of
noon tomorrow nobody knows
489
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,570
how many
people that the macaw is killed
490
00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:15,280
the dictator is now increasingly
491
00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,220
paranoid
lurking most of the time in his
492
00:29:18,220 --> 00:29:20,460
heavily
fortified palace
493
00:29:20,460 --> 00:29:22,360
[Music]
494
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:25,120
when he does venture out
it is under
495
00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:27,659
heavy guard
496
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,730
to show that
he cares for his people he
497
00:29:31,730 --> 00:29:33,760
hands out
petty cash
498
00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:37,280
it's his way of proving
to himself how
499
00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,410
much his people
love him
500
00:29:39,410 --> 00:29:42,080
I mean I remember
Diwali in his car
501
00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,160
throwing money at
people and people
502
00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:48,320
running
to get him you know the dollar
503
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:52,090
something like that to me that was utter
504
00:29:52,090 --> 00:29:53,690
indignity
505
00:29:53,690 --> 00:30:01,499
[Applause]
506
00:30:02,410 --> 00:30:04,550
Washington has
been providing millions
507
00:30:04,550 --> 00:30:08,000
of dollars a year in aid to Haiti but
508
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,250
it's clear that the money is being
509
00:30:10,250 --> 00:30:13,030
siphoned off
510
00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:15,730
President Kennedy decides he
has had
511
00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:17,409
enough
of the mad dictator
512
00:30:17,409 --> 00:30:21,880
Papa Doc Kennedy was really anti
513
00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:23,860
Duvalier
and was doing everything
514
00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:26,850
possible
to get rid of him
515
00:30:26,850 --> 00:30:29,850
Kennedy cuts financial aid and looks for
516
00:30:29,850 --> 00:30:32,570
ways
to reintroduce democracy
517
00:30:32,570 --> 00:30:35,970
it seems that Papa Doc's time in
office
518
00:30:35,970 --> 00:30:41,750
may be running out but then
519
00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,140
the
unthinkable happens
520
00:30:54,980 --> 00:30:58,110
when
Kennedy was assassinated in the
521
00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:01,769
22nd of November Papa Doc Duvalier
had
522
00:31:01,769 --> 00:31:05,880
champagne
and his palace with his psycho
523
00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:07,020
fence
524
00:31:07,020 --> 00:31:10,190
[Music]
525
00:31:13,669 --> 00:31:16,710
incredibly Papa Doc claims the
526
00:31:16,710 --> 00:31:20,140
assassination is all down to
him
527
00:31:20,140 --> 00:31:21,660
[Music]
528
00:31:21,660 --> 00:31:23,820
he explains that he put a
voodoo curse
529
00:31:23,820 --> 00:31:27,240
on Kennedy and that it's no coincidence
530
00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:30,210
the president was
killed on November the
531
00:31:30,210 --> 00:31:35,790
22nd he did everything
on the 22nd the
532
00:31:35,790 --> 00:31:40,230
22nd was his lucky day
he got elected on
533
00:31:40,230 --> 00:31:43,860
September 22nd
he was nauseated October
534
00:31:43,860 --> 00:31:49,290
22nd
and he purported to have killed
535
00:31:49,290 --> 00:31:54,690
Kennedy on
November 22nd 1963 his
536
00:31:54,690 --> 00:31:56,670
boasting is designed to reinforce
the
537
00:31:56,670 --> 00:31:59,220
idea that no matter how powerful they
538
00:31:59,220 --> 00:32:01,860
may be the fate of
anyone who opposes
539
00:32:01,860 --> 00:32:06,480
Papa Doc is death if your president is
540
00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,030
in some sense
anonymous with this
541
00:32:09,030 --> 00:32:12,720
supernatural taker of lives
then he is
542
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:14,360
not to be messed
with
543
00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:17,430
with Kennedy gone
the pressure from the
544
00:32:17,430 --> 00:32:25,620
United
States is off Papa Doc Duvalier
545
00:32:25,620 --> 00:32:30,320
soon
realizes he has other problems
546
00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:34,480
13 young Haitians based in New York
547
00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:36,530
decide that now they have to take
548
00:32:36,530 --> 00:32:40,270
matters into their own
hands
549
00:32:40,810 --> 00:32:43,940
calling themselves
the gern Haiti or
550
00:32:43,940 --> 00:32:46,550
young Haiti
they set sail for their
551
00:32:46,550 --> 00:32:54,110
homeland
in summer 1964 June 8 see
552
00:32:54,110 --> 00:32:58,640
movement
felt that they had lost a great
553
00:32:58,640 --> 00:33:02,000
supporter
and they didn't feel that the
554
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,610
Johnson administration would push
555
00:33:04,610 --> 00:33:07,490
through with program that can
be had
556
00:33:07,490 --> 00:33:11,090
four hits most of the gern Haiti have
557
00:33:11,090 --> 00:33:15,490
lost
family to Papa Doc's brutal regime
558
00:33:15,550 --> 00:33:18,520
inspired by Castro's success in Cuba
559
00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:22,340
they land in Haiti
an attempt to start a
560
00:33:22,340 --> 00:33:29,680
revolution
13 of them left New York and
561
00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:34,250
went to Haiti to
carry out guerrilla
562
00:33:34,250 --> 00:33:37,280
movement just like Castro
did in the
563
00:33:37,280 --> 00:33:39,170
Sierra Maestra
they were going to dirt
564
00:33:39,170 --> 00:33:40,130
in the mountains
of Haiti
565
00:33:40,130 --> 00:33:43,439
[Music]
566
00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:45,600
but the rebels quickly discover that
the
567
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:48,090
geography of
Haiti is not well suited to
568
00:33:48,090 --> 00:33:51,390
guerrilla warfare with the mountains of
569
00:33:51,390 --> 00:33:57,720
Haiti
they were not as wooded Sierra
570
00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:02,070
Maestra and Papa Doc who had his goals
571
00:34:02,070 --> 00:34:06,630
throughout Haiti tracked them down one
572
00:34:06,630 --> 00:34:08,340
by
one the members of the journey Haiti
573
00:34:08,340 --> 00:34:13,860
are killed the
first to die is a van'll
574
00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:19,168
Iraq his body is returned to Papa dr. he
575
00:34:19,168 --> 00:34:22,350
actually left a stinking body in an
576
00:34:22,350 --> 00:34:25,320
armchair
outside the arrivals hall of
577
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,949
port-au-prince
International Airport so
578
00:34:28,949 --> 00:34:30,750
that the
few tourists that Haiti got at
579
00:34:30,750 --> 00:34:33,800
the time went
through passport control
580
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:37,440
went out to get
their taxi only to be
581
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:42,860
confronted by
this decaying rotting body
582
00:34:42,860 --> 00:34:46,440
for months the
gern haiti struggle on in
583
00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:48,580
the mountains
584
00:34:48,580 --> 00:34:51,679
eventually
11 of the group are killed in
585
00:34:51,679 --> 00:34:55,790
the remaining two captured they are
586
00:34:55,790 --> 00:34:58,040
returned
to Porto press where the
587
00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,750
execution is set for November 12th 1964
588
00:35:01,750 --> 00:35:06,780
[Music]
589
00:35:07,290 --> 00:35:11,110
Duvalier declared
a public holiday told
590
00:35:11,110 --> 00:35:12,790
schoolchildren schoolteachers that they
591
00:35:12,790 --> 00:35:14,110
had to bring
their school children to
592
00:35:14,110 --> 00:35:16,840
watch the executions
this is how we deal
593
00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:21,250
with the enemies
of Haiti the executions
594
00:35:21,250 --> 00:35:24,700
were filmed were played on television
595
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:27,390
for weeks afterwards
596
00:35:27,390 --> 00:35:30,340
Marcelle Numa a graduate of the Bronx
597
00:35:30,340 --> 00:35:33,520
Merchant Marine Academy
and Louie druwa
598
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:36,220
a finance graduate and
bank worker in
599
00:35:36,220 --> 00:35:40,690
New York are defiant to the bitter end
600
00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:43,180
the
executioner was typical of Duvalier
601
00:35:43,180 --> 00:35:45,670
since rather macabre sense of theater
602
00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:48,309
that if you could if you could stage an
603
00:35:48,309 --> 00:35:50,319
execution then televise
it and to make
604
00:35:50,319 --> 00:35:52,660
it even more grotesque bringing a group
605
00:35:52,660 --> 00:35:54,549
of school children to witness it because
606
00:35:54,549 --> 00:35:57,549
then the impact throughout Haiti would
607
00:35:57,549 --> 00:35:58,660
have been
immensely
608
00:35:58,660 --> 00:36:03,010
I remember watching on TV
the live
609
00:36:03,010 --> 00:36:07,329
execution of Marcela Numa and you see
610
00:36:07,329 --> 00:36:09,309
this way I mean here you have two guys
611
00:36:09,309 --> 00:36:13,000
who are
standing you know with their
612
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,250
hands in
their back and then all of a
613
00:36:15,250 --> 00:36:17,819
sudden they they should have demanded
614
00:36:17,819 --> 00:36:21,430
default that that that has never been
615
00:36:21,430 --> 00:36:24,579
able to be
erased from my mind it's like
616
00:36:24,579 --> 00:36:27,510
yesterday
I was seeing
617
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,520
the
tyrant discovers that most of the
618
00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:33,170
revolutionaries come from the town of
619
00:36:33,170 --> 00:36:39,859
Jeremy a stronghold of Opposition Papa
620
00:36:39,859 --> 00:36:42,290
dog unleashes his horrific vengeance on
621
00:36:42,290 --> 00:36:43,710
the town
622
00:36:43,710 --> 00:36:46,540
Suganya was someone who relished revenge
623
00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:49,390
he wasn't one to enjoy cold I mean he
624
00:36:49,390 --> 00:36:52,079
preferred it hot
625
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:56,230
families were
taking children and wives
626
00:36:56,230 --> 00:36:57,369
kill first
627
00:36:57,369 --> 00:37:00,040
with their husbands
watching and then
628
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,400
the husband's
cut it softly how many
629
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:07,300
people died
but it's probably in the
630
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:10,810
thousands
it tells you something about
631
00:37:10,810 --> 00:37:12,750
you
valuing that is that he wanted
632
00:37:12,750 --> 00:37:15,579
punishment to be
exemplary and therefore
633
00:37:15,579 --> 00:37:18,579
the more blood-curdling the more violent
634
00:37:18,579 --> 00:37:21,040
the
more indiscriminate the more
635
00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:23,730
effective it was
636
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:33,350
by the end of 1964 Duvalier has killed
637
00:37:33,350 --> 00:37:36,410
thousands
of people and has got what he
638
00:37:36,410 --> 00:37:39,600
always wanted total power
639
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,040
[Music]
640
00:37:41,040 --> 00:37:43,780
inside Haiti there is simply no
641
00:37:43,780 --> 00:37:47,140
opposition
left there is nothing that
642
00:37:47,140 --> 00:37:52,270
can stop his evil regime I think I think
643
00:37:52,270 --> 00:37:54,160
by
this period Duvalier could be defined
644
00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:56,800
as megalomania
power is is everything
645
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:58,630
there is no alternative he can't leave
646
00:37:58,630 --> 00:38:01,180
because retire he's got to stay there so
647
00:38:01,180 --> 00:38:04,960
whatever
it takes he will do yet total
648
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:08,619
power is not enough for Papa Doc he
649
00:38:08,619 --> 00:38:11,109
wants to be more
than a president he
650
00:38:11,109 --> 00:38:13,510
wants
to become a god
651
00:38:13,510 --> 00:38:16,480
[Music]
652
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:19,990
in
June 1964 the tyrannical president
653
00:38:19,990 --> 00:38:22,900
Francois Papa Doc Duvalier
moves to take
654
00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:25,690
total
and perpetual control of the
655
00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,470
country he's used
brutal violence to
656
00:38:29,470 --> 00:38:31,660
hold on to power
for almost seven years
657
00:38:31,660 --> 00:38:33,060
already
658
00:38:33,060 --> 00:38:35,829
even overturning the Constitution to
659
00:38:35,829 --> 00:38:38,840
allow himself a second term in office
660
00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:40,349
[Music]
661
00:38:40,349 --> 00:38:43,420
now he goes further holding a
662
00:38:43,420 --> 00:38:45,940
constitutional referendum
to make
663
00:38:45,940 --> 00:38:49,440
himself
president for life
664
00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:54,070
unsurprisingly he wins with 99.9 percent
665
00:38:54,070 --> 00:38:57,460
of the vote I have been elected for
666
00:38:57,460 --> 00:39:02,430
president for life it is not my desire
667
00:39:02,430 --> 00:39:05,589
but it is an eye on oil on the Haitian
668
00:39:05,589 --> 00:39:10,300
people paradox madness now goes to new
669
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:14,680
and truly extreme levels
addressing the
670
00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:18,000
nation he delivers a bombshell
671
00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:21,660
he declares that he is more
than human
672
00:39:21,660 --> 00:39:27,790
he is an immaterial being bullets cannot
673
00:39:27,790 --> 00:39:30,970
hurt him
he was essentially saying that
674
00:39:30,970 --> 00:39:36,030
he was eternal you are some sort of
675
00:39:36,030 --> 00:39:41,580
spirit overing over paid
676
00:39:43,640 --> 00:39:47,309
Papa Doc
is now stating openly what many
677
00:39:47,309 --> 00:39:50,910
Haitians already
believe that he is an
678
00:39:50,910 --> 00:39:53,249
incarnation of the dreaded voodoo Lua
679
00:39:53,249 --> 00:39:56,630
Baron Samedi
680
00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:04,470
guardian of the
graveyard violence may
681
00:40:04,470 --> 00:40:06,030
have won him his
position as president
682
00:40:06,030 --> 00:40:10,470
for life but what will keep him there is
683
00:40:10,470 --> 00:40:11,960
food ooh
684
00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:17,250
Duvalier has more power in Haiti than
685
00:40:17,250 --> 00:40:21,680
the
farms the weapons the man heaven
686
00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:28,040
Papa Doc
used voodoo to control a nation
687
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,200
ever since the yours campaign
and
688
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,160
dressing
up as Baron Samedi
689
00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:36,840
Papa Doc has played
on the perception
690
00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:40,740
that
he has supernatural powers
691
00:40:40,740 --> 00:40:45,000
the vision here for himself was full
692
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:49,410
control
of the society through mystical
693
00:40:49,410 --> 00:40:50,839
power
694
00:40:50,839 --> 00:40:53,970
Papa Doc starts creating myths about
695
00:40:53,970 --> 00:40:57,900
himself rumors circulate that Duvalier
696
00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:02,460
makes a journey into
the hills he goes
697
00:41:02,460 --> 00:41:07,260
to a cave known
as the true fubar it's a
698
00:41:07,260 --> 00:41:10,140
sacred voodoo site where he is believed
699
00:41:10,140 --> 00:41:12,809
to have found something terrifyingly
700
00:41:12,809 --> 00:41:15,480
useful
they brought back from pro
701
00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:17,640
football a bunch
of demons called baka
702
00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:21,390
and he had them installed they lived and
703
00:41:21,390 --> 00:41:22,710
what they did there but they lived in
704
00:41:22,710 --> 00:41:24,089
the in the cellars of the National
705
00:41:24,089 --> 00:41:26,760
Palace the idea that he's got these
706
00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,369
demons
ready to unleash is quite a
707
00:41:29,369 --> 00:41:33,589
disincentive
to revolt more rebellion
708
00:41:33,589 --> 00:41:36,270
Papa Doc needs to demonstrate
to his
709
00:41:36,270 --> 00:41:38,700
people that he really does have Budhu
710
00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:42,030
powers so he orders his men to hijack a
711
00:41:42,030 --> 00:41:44,940
funeral and steals the casket of his
712
00:41:44,940 --> 00:41:47,309
former friend
and sometime political
713
00:41:47,309 --> 00:41:52,559
rival Clemens
you man sooner story
714
00:41:52,559 --> 00:41:54,960
starts circulating
about how he closets
715
00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:56,880
himself in a room whose room
Elle's
716
00:41:56,880 --> 00:42:00,180
corpse
and appears to communicate with
717
00:42:00,180 --> 00:42:01,610
him
718
00:42:01,610 --> 00:42:04,340
Papa Doc
is letting people think he has
719
00:42:04,340 --> 00:42:09,170
power to even
talk to the dead death in
720
00:42:09,170 --> 00:42:13,300
Haiti
for many peoples is not natural so
721
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:15,920
people think that the valley had made a
722
00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:20,380
zombie
rog Mel
723
00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:21,980
[Music]
724
00:42:21,980 --> 00:42:24,950
for his
voodoo rituals Papa Doc often
725
00:42:24,950 --> 00:42:28,640
does not
need the whole body sometimes
726
00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:31,670
he demands that the decapitated heads of
727
00:42:31,670 --> 00:42:35,390
his enemies are brought to him again
728
00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:38,329
bizarre rumors circulate about what he
729
00:42:38,329 --> 00:42:39,610
does with them
730
00:42:39,610 --> 00:42:42,220
de Valley became convinced that you
731
00:42:42,220 --> 00:42:46,000
could actually extract
intelligence from
732
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,060
the heads of political enemies he would
733
00:42:49,060 --> 00:42:51,700
actually
sit in the bath sometimes
734
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:55,390
complete with top hat and consult the
735
00:42:55,390 --> 00:43:00,280
head of this opponent
the purpose of
736
00:43:00,280 --> 00:43:02,650
these
rituals is to scare his uneducated
737
00:43:02,650 --> 00:43:07,240
and superstitious nation his Duvalier so
738
00:43:07,240 --> 00:43:11,220
mad that he
actually believes in them to
739
00:43:11,220 --> 00:43:15,100
some who knew him say he does not
but
740
00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:17,050
what is beyond doubt
is that he knows
741
00:43:17,050 --> 00:43:20,010
how to
use voodoo
742
00:43:20,010 --> 00:43:23,130
the very used to
smile because he was an
743
00:43:23,130 --> 00:43:25,740
atheist
he didn't believe in guru he
744
00:43:25,740 --> 00:43:28,410
didn't believe
in anything just power to
745
00:43:28,410 --> 00:43:32,940
have peace and stability
you soon have a
746
00:43:32,940 --> 00:43:38,250
strong man in every country by the end
747
00:43:38,250 --> 00:43:41,220
of the 1960s Papa Doc is more than
748
00:43:41,220 --> 00:43:44,880
president for
life he has his people
749
00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:48,420
thinking he
is almost a god but there is
750
00:43:48,420 --> 00:43:51,450
one force he cannot evade his own
751
00:43:51,450 --> 00:43:52,970
mortality
752
00:43:52,970 --> 00:43:58,290
he's
as so terrified murdered how the
753
00:43:58,290 --> 00:44:02,130
opposition that the only enemy really
754
00:44:02,130 --> 00:44:04,859
left is the grim reaper in his own
755
00:44:04,859 --> 00:44:06,680
failing health
756
00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:10,230
unlike most dictators Duvalier may get
757
00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:12,840
to rule
until the end of his natural
758
00:44:12,840 --> 00:44:14,869
life
759
00:44:15,730 --> 00:44:19,030
the trouble is he's now in his
early 60s
760
00:44:19,030 --> 00:44:22,089
Riven with diabetes congestive heart
761
00:44:22,089 --> 00:44:24,099
failure
and brain damage
762
00:44:24,099 --> 00:44:29,170
from his coma in 1959 so now he sets
763
00:44:29,170 --> 00:44:31,750
about securing a legacy for himself and
764
00:44:31,750 --> 00:44:40,060
his brutally corrupt regime by the
765
00:44:40,060 --> 00:44:43,270
beginning of the 1970s Papa Doc's voodoo
766
00:44:43,270 --> 00:44:49,480
persona dominates Haiti people believe
767
00:44:49,480 --> 00:44:50,950
but he really is
768
00:44:50,950 --> 00:44:54,609
Baron Samedi the whole of you
fellas it
769
00:44:54,609 --> 00:44:56,190
was
about the establishment of terror
770
00:44:56,190 --> 00:44:58,210
and it was a terror that was inside
771
00:44:58,210 --> 00:45:00,310
people's heads
people were even afraid
772
00:45:00,310 --> 00:45:03,430
to
think that thoughts about value
773
00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:06,560
[Music]
774
00:45:08,720 --> 00:45:11,900
Papa Doc's brutal regime
may have killed
775
00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:16,320
30,000 Haitians
but the official line is
776
00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:20,820
that Duvalier
is a living God across
777
00:45:20,820 --> 00:45:23,760
Haiti
amonia Muntz to the ego of the
778
00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:28,740
tyrant his name is spelled
out in lights
779
00:45:28,740 --> 00:45:32,850
of the National Palace
although the
780
00:45:32,850 --> 00:45:36,570
president
for life move comes the cult
781
00:45:36,570 --> 00:45:40,200
of personality where Duvalier wants to
782
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:42,540
project
himself as almost synonymous
783
00:45:42,540 --> 00:45:45,990
with the country
no praise is too great
784
00:45:45,990 --> 00:45:49,980
for the supreme Papa Doc they fell over
785
00:45:49,980 --> 00:45:53,760
each other
to to invent new superlatives
786
00:45:53,760 --> 00:45:56,109
to describe him
787
00:45:56,109 --> 00:46:01,760
master of
the crossroads the Haitian
788
00:46:01,760 --> 00:46:07,700
flag floating and the man who sees
789
00:46:07,700 --> 00:46:10,299
forever
790
00:46:12,190 --> 00:46:15,010
the Lord's Prayer is rewritten as a
791
00:46:15,010 --> 00:46:18,099
prayer
to Papa Doc so our doc who art in
792
00:46:18,099 --> 00:46:23,319
the National Palace all the while that
793
00:46:23,319 --> 00:46:25,900
people are being made to
worship Him the
794
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:28,200
tyrant is sucking
the nation dry
795
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:30,640
stealing
millions of dollars a year from
796
00:46:30,640 --> 00:46:35,109
the
Haitian people this basically took
797
00:46:35,109 --> 00:46:37,210
the form of
extortion of taxes on
798
00:46:37,210 --> 00:46:39,789
everybody
the businessmen on peanut
799
00:46:39,789 --> 00:46:43,150
vendors
anybody who get money even a few
800
00:46:43,150 --> 00:46:46,539
cents it all mounted up one of the most
801
00:46:46,539 --> 00:46:49,630
grandiose excuses for extra taxation is
802
00:46:49,630 --> 00:46:54,760
a whole new town
Duvalier Ville it's
803
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:57,309
intended to
be a show of modernity and
804
00:46:57,309 --> 00:47:02,180
hope for
Haiti but never gets finished
805
00:47:02,180 --> 00:47:03,800
this money went pretty
much directly
806
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:06,440
into the pockets of Ali and his family
807
00:47:06,440 --> 00:47:09,940
and
his and his cronies
808
00:47:10,630 --> 00:47:13,559
but Duvalier
is still a trained doctor
809
00:47:13,559 --> 00:47:16,269
he knows that his own death is around
810
00:47:16,269 --> 00:47:19,359
the corner
so he sets about securing his
811
00:47:19,359 --> 00:47:23,229
legacy it was something that happened
812
00:47:23,229 --> 00:47:27,369
fairly quickly
but systematically Papa
813
00:47:27,369 --> 00:47:29,920
Doc's
eldest son jean-claude is still a
814
00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:32,319
teenager
brought up in the palace living
815
00:47:32,319 --> 00:47:34,839
a life of luxury
and cut off from the
816
00:47:34,839 --> 00:47:39,059
concerns of normal Haitians nevertheless
817
00:47:39,059 --> 00:47:41,890
his father decides that he will inherit
818
00:47:41,890 --> 00:47:45,880
the presidency prior to dr. John food
819
00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:48,640
was
one simply as a kind of a fat
820
00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:49,720
Playboy
821
00:47:49,720 --> 00:47:52,630
he appears in
public with his son and
822
00:47:52,630 --> 00:47:55,180
anoints him
officially as the next
823
00:47:55,180 --> 00:47:57,050
president for
life
824
00:47:57,050 --> 00:48:04,239
[Music]
825
00:48:08,059 --> 00:48:12,650
on April 21st
1971 the tyrant
826
00:48:12,650 --> 00:48:18,049
Papa Doc
dies peacefully in his bed his
827
00:48:18,049 --> 00:48:21,229
son jean claude becomes baby doc and
828
00:48:21,229 --> 00:48:22,999
will continue the corrupt Duvalier
829
00:48:22,999 --> 00:48:29,689
regime for another 15
years ultimately
830
00:48:29,689 --> 00:48:32,479
he is overthrown
and dies of a heart
831
00:48:32,479 --> 00:48:36,829
attack aged 63 while awaiting trial for
832
00:48:36,829 --> 00:48:38,979
his crimes
833
00:48:40,520 --> 00:48:43,770
Papa Doc's
true legacy is that he
834
00:48:43,770 --> 00:48:46,200
destroyed a dream and unleashed a
835
00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:50,520
nightmare his crimes
haunt Haiti to this
836
00:48:50,520 --> 00:48:53,400
day I think Haiti was was permanently
837
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,320
scarred and disfigured by Giovanni
838
00:48:56,320 --> 00:48:58,660
Haiti
is now the poorest country in the
839
00:48:58,660 --> 00:49:02,170
Western Hemisphere crippled by a lack of
840
00:49:02,170 --> 00:49:05,760
education and
wracked by political chaos
841
00:49:05,760 --> 00:49:08,350
these solutions were destroyed the
842
00:49:08,350 --> 00:49:11,290
families were
destroyed the country now
843
00:49:11,290 --> 00:49:14,820
all was destroyed
844
00:49:15,230 --> 00:49:18,230
the
only one from the benefit from those
845
00:49:18,230 --> 00:49:21,610
atrocities
was himself
846
00:49:21,920 --> 00:49:26,089
how
evil was Papa Doc I think divine he
847
00:49:26,089 --> 00:49:30,430
was evil incarnate
848
00:49:47,290 --> 00:00:00,000
you
90314