All language subtitles for [Chinese Traditional] 共產主義者到底在信什麼？共產黨統治的國家都怎樣了？共產主義，到底是邪教，還是真理？ [DownSub.com]
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你有沒有幻想過這樣一種天堂般的社會呢
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衣食住行全都不需要花一分錢
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人們可以完全不用工作
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00:00:09,166 --> 00:00:11,300
一天到晚只做自己喜歡的事
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還要什麼有什麼
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00:00:13,066 --> 00:00:15,066
想住大別墅就住大別墅
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想吃大餐就吃大餐
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因為社會財富極大豐富
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完全能滿足所有人的需求
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聽到這裡
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估計大多數人都笑了
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覺得這簡直就是白日做夢
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00:00:26,866 --> 00:00:29,533
但有人卻對此深信不疑
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00:00:29,966 --> 00:00:31,866
他們就像宗教的先知一樣
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預言這種共產主義社會一定會到來
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並聲稱
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只要沿著他們指明的方向前進
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就能大步邁向共產主義
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但事實真的如此嗎
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今天我們就來一起揭開
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共產主義的真面目
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大家好我是小鳴
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訂閱我的頻道
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豐富你的精神世界
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18世紀末
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一個名叫瓦特的英國人
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將湯瑪斯·紐科門在1712年發明的蒸汽機進行了改良
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從而引發了一場改變世界的革命
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這就是第一次工業革命
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很快
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這場革命就從英國蔓延到了整個歐洲
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使歐洲一夜之間邁入了工業化
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實現工業化之後的歐洲
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生產力大幅增長
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社會財富的總量像騎著火箭一樣嗖嗖地往上長
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然而
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不斷增加的社會財富卻沒有得到合理的分配
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大多數財富都集中在了少數擁有生產資料的資本家手裡
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而辛勤勞作、創造出這些財富的工人
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卻完全沒有分享到社會進步的果實
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依舊過著貧苦的生活
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這顯然太不公平了
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於是
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隨著資本家和工人之間的貧富差距越來越大
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歐洲各國的階級矛盾也就變得越來越尖銳
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很顯然
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這一局面是社會進步速度太慢
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沒跟上科技進步的速度導致的
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所以
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要想改變這一局面
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就必須進行社會改革
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讓社會發展的速度跟上科技發展的速度才行
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這樣才能讓科技進步創造出的財富更合理地分配
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讓人們都過上好日子
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於是
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19世紀早期
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一些思想家便開始研究當時的各種社會問題
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嘗試提出新的社會制度和政治理念
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正是在這一歷史背景下
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德國思想家卡爾·馬克思和弗裡德里希·恩格斯的共產主義思想誕生了
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並用這一思想
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為社會指明了前進的方向
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那麼問題來了
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共產主義的主義
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具體是什麼呢
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不看不知道
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一看嚇一跳
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共產主義的主義
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著實有點驚世駭俗
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首先
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共產主義主張將生產資料社會化
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也就是說
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所有生產資料都必須由社會組織來管理和控制
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任何人都不得擁有土地、工廠、機械等等
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這些能夠用來創造財富的東西
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為什麼呢
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因為一旦一個人擁有了這些能夠用來創造財富的工具
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他就有了剝削別人的機會
79
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就可以佔有通過這些工具創造出來的財富
80
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只要分一點零頭給那些沒有生產資料、只能出賣勞動力的人就行了
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所以
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生產資料絕不可以私有
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你以為這就完了嗎
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NO NO NO,在共產主義社會中
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除了生產資料之外的一切財富也都是公有的
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任何人都不得擁有私人財產
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也就是說
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無論你創造出了多少財富
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你都沒法把它轉變為個人資產
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這又是為什麼呢
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因為一旦允許人們擁有個人資產
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肯定就會出現貧富差距
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就會出現有的人財產多、有的人財產少的狀況
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要知道
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共產主義可是要實現人人平等、
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消滅階級分化、消除貧富差距的啊
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有的人財產多
98
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有的人財產少
99
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這怎麼能行呢
100
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所以絕對不允許擁有私人財產
101
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不過
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私人財產雖然沒有了
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但是在共產主義社會中
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每個人都共享著全社會的財富
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只要一個人有需要
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這些資源就都會為他服務
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所以總的來說
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共產主義信仰的核心就是
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消滅私有制
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通過消滅私有制
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建立一個人人平等的
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沒有階級分化和貧富差距的
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社會財富極大豐富的
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按需分配的社會
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聽起來可真是太美好了
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可是問題又來了
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怎麼樣才能實現共產主義呢
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1848年
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馬克思和恩格斯發表了著名的《共產黨宣言》
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這篇文章就相當於共產教的“摩西十誡”
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成為了全世界共產主義者信仰的基礎
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正是在這篇文章中
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兩位“先知”為人類指明了方向
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要全世界無產階級團結起來
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進行階級鬥爭
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也就是說
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共產主義是要通過階級鬥爭的方式來實現的
128
00:05:12,666 --> 00:05:14,900
《共產黨宣言》不僅指明了方向
129
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還提出了一些具體的階級鬥爭方法
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雖然在共產主義社會裡
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國家、政府、民族、貨幣等等都將不復存在
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天下大同
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但那是共產主義終極階段才能達到的
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要想實現共產主義
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得一步一步地來
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絕不能一上來就先消滅國家
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相反
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在初級階段
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不但不能消滅國家
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還要充分利用國家機器來進行階級鬥爭
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那麼
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具體是怎麼利個利用法呢
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我們都知道
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軍隊、員警、法庭、監獄等等這些國家機器
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是用來維護國家秩序、捍衛社會的公平和正義的
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但如果你成了這個國家統治者
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就可以用這些國家機器來實行專政了
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所謂專政
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其實就是我們常說的“鐵拳”
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就是利用軍隊、員警、法庭、監獄等國家暴力機器
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鎮壓敵對階級的反抗
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就比如
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什葉派穆斯林奪取伊朗政權之後
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就可以利用國家機器來鎮壓反宗教化的群體
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如果有人發出世俗化的呼聲
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政府就可以用軍隊鎮壓他們
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如果有女人不戴頭巾
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政府就可以用警察將其逮捕、投入監獄
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所以
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為了實現共產主義
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共產主義者也必須成立政黨
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奪取國家政權
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成為國家的統治者
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只有這樣
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才能利用國家機器來進行階級鬥爭
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剝奪資產階級的財產
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鎮壓資產積極的反抗
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讓反對共產主義的聲音全部消失
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《共產黨宣言》還提出了10條具體的政策
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1．剝奪地產
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把地租用於國家支出
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2．徵收高額累進稅
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3．廢除繼承權
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4．沒收一切流亡分子和叛亂分子的財產
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5．通過持有國家資本和享有壟斷權的國家銀行
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把信貸全部集中在國家手裡
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6．把全部運輸業集中在國家手裡
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7．按照共同的計畫增加國家工廠和生產工具
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開墾荒地和改良土壤
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8．實行普遍勞動義務制
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成立產業軍
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特別是在農業方面
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9．把農業和工業結合起來
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促使城鄉對立逐步消失
185
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10．對所有兒童實行公共的和免費的教育
186
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取消兒童的工廠勞動
187
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把教育同生產結合起來
188
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一部《共產黨宣言》
189
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既指明了方向
190
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又提供了具體的方法論
191
00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:41,800
但是問題又來了
192
00:07:41,833 --> 00:07:43,900
共產主義真的能實現嗎
193
00:07:47,166 --> 00:07:49,400
雖然共產主義無法一蹴而就
194
00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:52,566
但建立無產階級專政似乎並不難
195
00:07:52,966 --> 00:07:56,900
因為18-19世紀本身就是一個新舊交替的時代
196
00:07:57,166 --> 00:08:00,366
很多國家的舊政權原本就已經搖搖欲墜了
197
00:08:00,866 --> 00:08:03,766
那麼只要把這個國家的無產階級團結起來
198
00:08:03,766 --> 00:08:05,966
再給它臨門一腳不就行了嗎
199
00:08:06,466 --> 00:08:08,500
俄國就抓准了這個時機
200
00:08:08,866 --> 00:08:09,966
1917年
201
00:08:09,966 --> 00:08:13,600
由於第一次世界大戰造成的巨大的傷亡和經濟危機
202
00:08:13,633 --> 00:08:15,766
俄國各地紛紛爆發起義
203
00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:19,666
沙皇尼古拉斯二世眼看收拾不了爛攤子了
204
00:08:19,666 --> 00:08:21,466
乾脆於3月2日退位
205
00:08:21,466 --> 00:08:23,733
把政權交到了臨時政府手裡
206
00:08:24,266 --> 00:08:25,033
此時
207
00:08:25,033 --> 00:08:26,766
舊政權已經垮臺
208
00:08:27,233 --> 00:08:29,100
臨時政府又根基不穩
209
00:08:29,233 --> 00:08:31,266
正是奪權的好時機
210
00:08:31,666 --> 00:08:32,400
於是
211
00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:35,533
布爾什維克黨便按照《共產黨宣言》指明的方向
212
00:08:35,533 --> 00:08:37,166
發起了十月革命
213
00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,166
成功奪取了俄國政權
214
00:08:39,700 --> 00:08:40,866
奪取政權後
215
00:08:40,966 --> 00:08:44,400
布爾什維克黨便在俄國便建立起了無產階級專政
216
00:08:44,700 --> 00:08:46,300
剝奪地產和生產資料
217
00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:50,600
把俄國變成了一個社會共用生產資料的社會主義國家
218
00:08:51,066 --> 00:08:52,066
在這一過程中
219
00:08:52,066 --> 00:08:55,500
俄國不但出現了列寧、史達林等新的“先知”
220
00:08:55,566 --> 00:08:58,466
對“共產教”的“教義”進行了完善和補充
221
00:08:58,966 --> 00:09:01,066
還吸納了一些東歐國家加盟
222
00:09:01,066 --> 00:09:03,966
建立了蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟
223
00:09:03,966 --> 00:09:04,733
也就是蘇聯
224
00:09:05,533 --> 00:09:08,566
然而結局想必大家已經都知道了
225
00:09:08,833 --> 00:09:12,866
一党專政、權力高度集中導致政治嚴重腐敗
226
00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:18,400
低效的計劃經濟和不合理的生產分配則導致全國陷入經濟崩潰
227
00:09:18,966 --> 00:09:19,900
到最後
228
00:09:19,900 --> 00:09:21,566
別說實現共產主義了
229
00:09:21,566 --> 00:09:24,100
蘇聯這個政權連一個世紀都沒苟住
230
00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:25,866
就在1991年解體
231
00:09:25,966 --> 00:09:27,866
被掃進了歷史的故紙堆
232
00:09:28,533 --> 00:09:29,300
無獨有偶
233
00:09:29,300 --> 00:09:31,100
第二次世界大戰結束後
234
00:09:31,233 --> 00:09:34,000
由蘇聯扶持的另一個社會主義國家
235
00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:35,800
德意志民主共和國
236
00:09:35,900 --> 00:09:37,900
也僅僅苟了半個世紀
237
00:09:37,900 --> 00:09:41,700
就在1990年併入了今天的德意志聯邦共和國裡
238
00:09:41,866 --> 00:09:43,700
拋棄了社會主義制度
239
00:09:44,066 --> 00:09:44,666
然而
240
00:09:44,666 --> 00:09:46,866
共產主義者們雖屢戰屢敗
241
00:09:47,033 --> 00:09:47,833
卻屢敗屢戰
242
00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:49,633
所以我們看到
243
00:09:49,633 --> 00:09:50,666
直到今天
244
00:09:50,666 --> 00:09:52,966
世界上還是有很多社會主義國家
245
00:09:52,966 --> 00:09:53,833
比如中國
246
00:09:53,833 --> 00:09:54,400
朝鮮
247
00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:54,866
古巴
248
00:09:54,866 --> 00:09:56,000
越南等等
249
00:09:56,266 --> 00:09:58,400
還是有許許多多的人堅信
250
00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:00,600
只要相信領袖、跟隨領袖
251
00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:02,466
就一定能實現共產主義
252
00:10:03,066 --> 00:10:04,566
那麼對於這種信仰
253
00:10:04,566 --> 00:10:06,366
我們該如何評價呢
254
00:10:09,266 --> 00:10:10,300
基督教許諾
255
00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:11,800
只要信上帝
256
00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:15,566
真心懺悔自身的罪惡、積極行善、遵守教義
257
00:10:15,633 --> 00:10:17,200
死後就能上天堂
258
00:10:17,433 --> 00:10:20,900
在沒有痛苦、只有喜樂的天堂裡獲得永生
259
00:10:21,366 --> 00:10:22,600
伊斯蘭教許諾
260
00:10:22,833 --> 00:10:24,300
只要為真主而戰
261
00:10:24,300 --> 00:10:26,933
死後就能升至奶蜜河流的天堂
262
00:10:27,066 --> 00:10:28,866
住在恩澤的樂園中
263
00:10:29,066 --> 00:10:31,066
擁有白晢的、美目的
264
00:10:31,066 --> 00:10:34,066
能不斷重新生長為處女的妻子
265
00:10:34,566 --> 00:10:36,200
共產主義則許諾
266
00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:38,633
只要通過階級鬥爭消滅私有制
267
00:10:38,633 --> 00:10:41,800
就可以建立一個沒有階級和貧富差距的
268
00:10:41,833 --> 00:10:43,666
社會財富極大豐富的
269
00:10:43,666 --> 00:10:46,366
按需分配的天堂般的社會
270
00:10:47,100 --> 00:10:48,166
不難看出
271
00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:49,500
共產主義的許諾
272
00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,900
其實和宗教的許諾沒有什麼本質上的差別
273
00:10:52,900 --> 00:10:55,900
只不過是把天堂從天上搬到了地上
274
00:10:55,900 --> 00:10:58,733
從彼岸世界搬到了此岸世界而已
275
00:10:59,166 --> 00:11:03,133
基督教的經文是由被稱為“先知”的宗教領袖書寫的
276
00:11:03,433 --> 00:11:06,733
最初的先知蒙神感應寫下基本教義
277
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:10,900
後世的先知再蒙神感應不斷添加新的章節
278
00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:12,900
逐步豐富和完善教義
279
00:11:13,266 --> 00:11:15,100
而共產主義也是如此
280
00:11:15,233 --> 00:11:17,666
由最初的領袖提出基本教義
281
00:11:17,666 --> 00:11:21,000
然後再由後世的領袖不斷添加新的內容
282
00:11:21,033 --> 00:11:23,700
逐漸形成一個完整的信仰體系
283
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:24,966
所以
284
00:11:24,966 --> 00:11:27,933
共產主義實際上就是一種宗教信仰
285
00:11:28,166 --> 00:11:29,666
而社會主義國家
286
00:11:30,033 --> 00:11:34,933
實際上就是把共產主義信仰與國家政權相結合的宗教國家
287
00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:38,700
就像其他那些把宗教寫進憲法的國家一樣
288
00:11:39,300 --> 00:11:42,766
而當我們明白共產主義本質上是一種宗教之後
289
00:11:42,766 --> 00:11:46,500
也就能更理性地看待這一宗教和它的信徒了
290
00:11:46,966 --> 00:11:50,100
馬克思說人類社會的最終形態是共產主義
291
00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:53,100
這就像好人死了之後能上天堂一樣
292
00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:55,066
都是沒辦法證偽的事情
293
00:11:55,566 --> 00:11:57,233
死了之後能不能上天堂
294
00:11:57,233 --> 00:11:59,000
只有死了之後才能知道
295
00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:01,600
社會最終形態是不是共產主義
296
00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:03,733
只有到了世界末日才能知道
297
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,066
既然沒有辦法證偽
298
00:12:06,166 --> 00:12:08,033
那麼有人相信它是真的
299
00:12:08,033 --> 00:12:10,066
並且想讓別人也都信
300
00:12:10,066 --> 00:12:11,600
也就不足為怪了
301
00:12:11,866 --> 00:12:14,100
至於傳播信仰的方式
302
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:15,366
在人類歷史上
303
00:12:15,366 --> 00:12:19,533
伊斯蘭教、天主教等宗教也都有過暴力擴張的階段
304
00:12:19,966 --> 00:12:23,933
伊斯蘭教最初就是隨著阿拉伯帝國的擴張而傳播的
305
00:12:24,466 --> 00:12:27,000
查理曼大帝也曾經通過軍事勝利
306
00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:29,566
強迫被征服的部落皈依天主教
307
00:12:30,033 --> 00:12:33,066
所以共產教通過革命手段奪取政權、
308
00:12:33,066 --> 00:12:35,600
利用國家暴力機器強迫人民信奉
309
00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:36,866
也不足為奇
310
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:38,833
也正因如此
311
00:12:38,833 --> 00:12:41,433
我們不能因為一個人來自社會主義國家
312
00:12:41,433 --> 00:12:43,600
就判定他一定信奉共產教
313
00:12:44,066 --> 00:12:46,066
宗教國家的人遵循教義
314
00:12:46,066 --> 00:12:47,800
很可能不是出於信仰
315
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:49,800
只是出於對鐵拳的恐懼
316
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:53,100
崇拜領袖的人也未必就是真心崇拜
317
00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:55,900
有可能只是希望得到權力的庇護
318
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:58,000
由此我們也能看出
319
00:12:58,066 --> 00:13:00,900
宗教國家其實有一個共同缺陷
320
00:13:00,966 --> 00:13:01,766
那就是
321
00:13:01,766 --> 00:13:03,800
利用恐怖來進行統治
322
00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:05,800
依靠鐵拳來維護教義
323
00:13:05,833 --> 00:13:07,866
從而極其容易滑向獨裁
324
00:13:08,266 --> 00:13:10,666
就比如在蘇聯這樣的社會主義國家中
325
00:13:10,666 --> 00:13:14,400
你真的很難分清無產階級專政和獨裁之間的區別
326
00:13:14,766 --> 00:13:19,066
因為任何一個獨裁者都可以用無產階級專政來包裝自己
327
00:13:19,233 --> 00:13:22,000
把一切異議人士都打為階級敵人
328
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,633
然後利用國家機器去迫害他們
329
00:13:24,633 --> 00:13:27,000
以維護自己反動的獨裁統治
330
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:28,366
的確
331
00:13:28,366 --> 00:13:30,400
社會雖然沒有絕對的完美
332
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,733
但是卻有相對的文明
333
00:13:33,366 --> 00:13:36,866
世俗國家和宗教國家哪個相對更文明一些
334
00:13:36,866 --> 00:13:38,566
我想已經無需多言了
335
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:39,666
不過
336
00:13:39,666 --> 00:13:42,333
無論你生活在世俗國家還是宗教國家
337
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:43,266
本質上
338
00:13:43,266 --> 00:13:46,600
我們都不過是這世界上痛苦的芸芸眾生之一
339
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:48,600
因為不幸福
340
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:50,400
所以才渴望著幸福
341
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:52,733
因為沒有生活在天堂
342
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:54,900
所以才以各種各樣的姿勢
343
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:56,966
渴望著各式各樣的天堂
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