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- Imagine a man who experiments
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By sticking monkey heads
somewhere they don't belong.
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00:00:25,234 --> 00:00:28,027
- He starts thinking,
can the brain still live
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00:00:28,029 --> 00:00:30,145
Outside of the body?
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00:00:30,147 --> 00:00:31,371
If so, for how long?
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00:00:32,742 --> 00:00:37,202
- Or a cia plan to
use a cat as a spy.
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00:00:37,204 --> 00:00:42,583
- The cia pumps $20 million into
training and preparing cats.
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00:00:43,468 --> 00:00:45,460
And they're looking for
that perfect cat agent.
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00:00:45,462 --> 00:00:47,187
- Or how about an
experiment that tests
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00:00:47,189 --> 00:00:49,940
If the average person
could be induced to hurt
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00:00:49,942 --> 00:00:51,759
Or kill total strangers?
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00:00:52,595 --> 00:00:53,718
wrong.
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00:00:54,947 --> 00:00:56,113
you have no
right to keep me here!
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00:00:56,115 --> 00:00:57,222
Let me out!
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00:00:57,224 --> 00:00:59,283
- These are the
experiments so surprising,
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00:00:59,285 --> 00:01:02,061
They are truly unbelievable.
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Humans have been searching
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For the key to eternal
youth for eons.
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00:01:19,479 --> 00:01:23,498
And that quest has led to
some extremely odd experiments
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00:01:23,500 --> 00:01:25,375
Trying to hold back time.
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00:01:25,377 --> 00:01:27,394
Perhaps the strangest
is one attempted
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00:01:27,396 --> 00:01:31,005
By a russian named
serge a century ago.
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00:01:33,843 --> 00:01:37,745
- Serge voronoff is a
surgeon of russian descent
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Living in paris.
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00:01:38,857 --> 00:01:41,791
And he sets his
sights on the question
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Of whether there
is a way to slow
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Or reverse the aging process.
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00:01:47,541 --> 00:01:49,199
- As a young medical
professional,
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00:01:49,201 --> 00:01:51,084
He seeks out guidance from
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A famous doctor of the time
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Known as alexis carrel.
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- Working under carrel,
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Serge learns a variety
of techniques,
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00:02:00,054 --> 00:02:01,452
Including transplant,
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00:02:01,454 --> 00:02:03,780
Which is a very new
surgical science
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00:02:03,782 --> 00:02:05,440
In the early 20th century.
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00:02:05,442 --> 00:02:10,354
And immediately, serge begins
to ponder possibilities.
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00:02:10,356 --> 00:02:12,622
serge also uncovers
something surprising
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00:02:12,624 --> 00:02:15,458
When he studies
egyptian eunuchs,
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00:02:15,460 --> 00:02:17,377
Men who've been castrated.
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00:02:17,379 --> 00:02:22,040
- He realizes that
eunuchs, after castration,
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00:02:22,042 --> 00:02:26,119
Are beset with a host
of medical maladies,
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00:02:26,121 --> 00:02:29,231
A stooping gait,
respiratory problems,
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00:02:29,233 --> 00:02:32,251
Skin problems,
cognitive problems.
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00:02:32,253 --> 00:02:33,410
- It almost seems like
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They're aging faster
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Than non-castrated males.
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00:02:37,925 --> 00:02:40,825
this gives serge
a crazy aha moment.
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00:02:40,827 --> 00:02:44,446
Is it possible he has just
found the fountain of youth?
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00:02:44,448 --> 00:02:45,980
- So serge recognizes that
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If a lack of testicles
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Makes you age more quickly,
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00:02:49,653 --> 00:02:52,880
Perhaps if you have
new, younger testicles,
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00:02:52,882 --> 00:02:54,064
You'd age more slowly
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00:02:54,066 --> 00:02:56,833
Or maybe even turn back
the clock on aging.
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00:02:56,835 --> 00:02:59,502
hoping to unlock
the key to virility,
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00:02:59,504 --> 00:03:03,356
Serge starts to
experiment with animals.
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00:03:03,358 --> 00:03:06,676
- He takes animals that are
older and he invigorates them
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00:03:06,678 --> 00:03:10,096
With the young testicles
of other animals.
60
00:03:10,098 --> 00:03:12,416
And it turns out
that it's working.
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00:03:12,418 --> 00:03:14,401
Their coat is glossy and shiny.
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00:03:14,403 --> 00:03:15,752
They have energy again.
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00:03:15,754 --> 00:03:17,011
They're running around.
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00:03:17,013 --> 00:03:19,773
They seem more sexually
vigorous as well.
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00:03:19,775 --> 00:03:22,533
- He knows that
there has to be a way
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00:03:22,535 --> 00:03:27,247
Of helping humans experience
this same rejuvenation.
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00:03:27,983 --> 00:03:31,334
The problem is human testicles
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00:03:31,336 --> 00:03:33,837
Really aren't readily available.
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00:03:33,839 --> 00:03:36,139
- He makes his
next natural leap.
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00:03:36,141 --> 00:03:39,259
And his wish is to
essentially transplant
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00:03:39,261 --> 00:03:43,346
A simian or monkey testicles
onto a human subject.
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00:03:44,283 --> 00:03:46,149
however, realizing
no man in his right mind
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00:03:46,151 --> 00:03:50,545
Will consider a full testicle
transplant with a monkey,
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00:03:50,547 --> 00:03:52,597
Serge needs a workaround.
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00:03:52,599 --> 00:03:55,943
- He intends to take
slivers of tissue
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00:03:56,861 --> 00:03:59,396
From the testicles of monkeys,
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00:03:59,398 --> 00:04:02,240
Just a few millimeters in size,
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00:04:02,242 --> 00:04:06,620
And interpose these
slivers onto the testicles
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00:04:06,622 --> 00:04:08,638
Of human subjects.
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00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,257
serge is certain
his experiment will work.
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00:04:11,259 --> 00:04:12,750
He just needs to find a subject.
82
00:04:12,752 --> 00:04:18,048
And in 1920, he finally finds
his man, his older brother.
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00:04:19,175 --> 00:04:20,250
And the results?
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00:04:20,252 --> 00:04:22,368
They surprise even serge.
85
00:04:22,370 --> 00:04:27,590
- His brother suddenly
has this full ruddy face,
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00:04:28,017 --> 00:04:29,109
Is stronger,
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00:04:29,111 --> 00:04:34,356
Is really seeming much
younger than his age.
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00:04:35,192 --> 00:04:38,368
- So serge moves to
monetize his procedure.
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00:04:38,370 --> 00:04:39,461
And so, he starts approaching
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00:04:39,463 --> 00:04:42,572
All these rich men
and showing them,
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00:04:42,574 --> 00:04:44,515
Here, here is the proof.
92
00:04:44,517 --> 00:04:47,018
I have before and
after photographs.
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00:04:47,020 --> 00:04:50,347
Serge just found the little
blue pills of the 1920s.
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00:04:50,349 --> 00:04:52,790
wealthy tycoons
from around the world
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00:04:52,792 --> 00:04:54,625
Sign up for the surgery,
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00:04:54,627 --> 00:04:56,127
And monkey glands for
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00:04:56,129 --> 00:04:58,255
Millionaires is born.
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00:05:02,343 --> 00:05:04,243
- Now he has a
huge customer base,
99
00:05:04,245 --> 00:05:06,846
And he needs a
supply of testicles.
100
00:05:06,848 --> 00:05:09,348
He buys a huge estate and park
101
00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:13,736
And names it voronoff castle,
where he can raise monkeys,
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00:05:13,738 --> 00:05:17,982
Specially produced for his
monkey gland surgeries.
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00:05:17,984 --> 00:05:20,602
two decades and
2,000 surgeries later,
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00:05:20,604 --> 00:05:24,214
Serge considers his testicle
procedure a success.
105
00:05:24,216 --> 00:05:27,200
Has he really unlocked
the secret to youth?
106
00:05:27,202 --> 00:05:29,586
- Men believed they
were gaining vitality
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00:05:29,588 --> 00:05:33,498
So they felt like they were
more vital and more vigorous,
108
00:05:33,500 --> 00:05:35,508
But it's a placebo effect.
109
00:05:35,510 --> 00:05:37,577
And eventually,
people figure out
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00:05:37,579 --> 00:05:39,729
That his procedure
does not work.
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00:05:39,731 --> 00:05:41,839
Serge's gig is up.
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00:05:41,841 --> 00:05:42,740
No one's buying it.
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He's a laughingstock.
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And he falls into obscurity.
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00:05:46,354 --> 00:05:48,905
- Meanwhile, another
doctor takes serge's work
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To the next level, in
an unlikely setting,
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00:05:52,001 --> 00:05:56,396
Death row at one of california's
most notorious prisons.
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00:05:57,708 --> 00:06:01,050
- In 1928, buck
kelly, a 23-year-old,
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00:06:01,052 --> 00:06:03,028
Is executed at san quentin.
120
00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:05,555
They take him to the
gallows, he's hanged.
121
00:06:05,557 --> 00:06:08,575
After that's done,
they take down his body
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00:06:08,577 --> 00:06:10,535
And hand it over to the
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00:06:10,537 --> 00:06:12,412
Resident medical expert,
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00:06:12,414 --> 00:06:13,704
Leo stanley.
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00:06:13,706 --> 00:06:15,857
He performs the autopsy
as one would expect
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00:06:15,859 --> 00:06:19,461
And then does one
other little thing.
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00:06:20,213 --> 00:06:22,089
He removes buck's testicles.
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00:06:23,041 --> 00:06:24,925
just who is leo stanley
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00:06:24,927 --> 00:06:28,369
And why is he collecting
testicles from a dead inmate?
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00:06:28,371 --> 00:06:30,847
- Leo stanley is a guy
who goes to college
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00:06:30,849 --> 00:06:33,724
Originally at stanford,
but then he drops out.
132
00:06:33,726 --> 00:06:35,793
And later, he goes
to cooper college
133
00:06:35,795 --> 00:06:38,020
And actually gets
a medical degree.
134
00:06:38,022 --> 00:06:40,807
And he is looking forward
to being a doctor.
135
00:06:40,809 --> 00:06:42,317
- He thinks he's
gonna live a life
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00:06:42,319 --> 00:06:44,394
Of just a town
physician somewhere,
137
00:06:44,396 --> 00:06:47,747
And then an opening
appears at san quentin.
138
00:06:47,749 --> 00:06:50,659
And he applies for
it, and he gets it.
139
00:06:52,037 --> 00:06:55,771
but stanley's not
just there to treat criminals.
140
00:06:55,773 --> 00:06:59,317
He's also determined to
curb their bad behavior.
141
00:06:59,319 --> 00:07:03,296
And he has some odd
ideas on how to do it.
142
00:07:03,298 --> 00:07:05,690
- He feels that there
is a direct link
143
00:07:05,692 --> 00:07:10,094
Between the age of a
man's glands and gonads
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00:07:10,096 --> 00:07:14,691
And his tendency to commit
horrible and heinous crimes.
145
00:07:14,693 --> 00:07:17,327
He writes a book called
"men at their worst."
146
00:07:17,329 --> 00:07:21,665
And he even says things
like pedophilia only occurs
147
00:07:21,667 --> 00:07:25,868
When outworn glands
start looking for relief
148
00:07:25,870 --> 00:07:27,612
In the worst places.
149
00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,028
- Just like serge, leo
comes up with the idea
150
00:07:35,030 --> 00:07:37,497
Of doing testicle transplants.
151
00:07:37,499 --> 00:07:41,292
But unlike serge, he goes
straight human to human.
152
00:07:45,373 --> 00:07:48,074
But leo doesn't use slivers,
153
00:07:48,076 --> 00:07:51,811
He uses entire whole testicles.
154
00:07:53,998 --> 00:07:57,884
- Stanley believes that
his surgical process
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00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:02,463
Will actually be a floor
of social rehabilitation,
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00:08:02,465 --> 00:08:04,073
That these prisoners who had
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00:08:04,075 --> 00:08:05,299
Been stuck in san quentin,
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00:08:05,301 --> 00:08:07,318
Once they had a new
set of testicles,
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00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:11,138
Could go out, be productive
members of society,
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00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:13,533
And would not return
to san quentin.
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00:08:13,535 --> 00:08:15,810
- Ranging from voluntary
to involuntary,
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00:08:15,812 --> 00:08:18,688
Dr. Stanley carries
out this experiment
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At least a thousand times,
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00:08:20,358 --> 00:08:23,409
Taking them off of
freshly executed prisoners
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00:08:23,411 --> 00:08:26,896
And putting them onto those
who are still alive and well.
166
00:08:27,582 --> 00:08:29,824
eventually, the
mad testicle transplanter
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00:08:29,826 --> 00:08:30,926
Of san quentin
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00:08:31,862 --> 00:08:35,597
Runs into a bit of
a supply problem.
169
00:08:37,333 --> 00:08:40,927
- He doesn't have enough
source of young male testicles.
170
00:08:40,929 --> 00:08:42,896
They're not executing
a young inmate
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00:08:42,898 --> 00:08:44,430
Every day or every week even.
172
00:08:44,432 --> 00:08:45,598
So what does he do?
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00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,466
He turns to animals.
174
00:08:47,468 --> 00:08:50,444
Goats, deer, bears,
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00:08:50,446 --> 00:08:52,005
Water buffalo, you name it.
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00:08:52,007 --> 00:08:55,158
If it has balls, he's
putting it in an old dude.
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00:08:57,246 --> 00:09:01,114
when stanley's patients
don't respond as he hoped,
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00:09:01,116 --> 00:09:03,416
He comes up with a
different approach.
179
00:09:04,436 --> 00:09:06,853
- He does something
incredibly bizarre
180
00:09:06,855 --> 00:09:09,305
And, you know, kind of gross.
181
00:09:09,307 --> 00:09:12,475
He takes a bunch of testicles,
182
00:09:12,477 --> 00:09:16,388
And he blends them up
into kind of a paste,
183
00:09:18,875 --> 00:09:22,285
And he injects
this testicle paste
184
00:09:22,287 --> 00:09:25,896
Into the abdomen of prisoners.
185
00:09:29,444 --> 00:09:32,028
And, no! No!
186
00:09:34,449 --> 00:09:37,634
- Leo's testicle mash
paste injection idea
187
00:09:37,636 --> 00:09:41,078
Doesn't work either, so he
comes up with a new idea.
188
00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:43,081
Okay, if I can't
restore your vitality,
189
00:09:43,083 --> 00:09:45,658
I can at least
restore your looks.
190
00:09:45,660 --> 00:09:49,145
- And so, he starts
offering plastic surgeries
191
00:09:49,147 --> 00:09:52,332
To the inmates so they
can look more handsome,
192
00:09:52,334 --> 00:09:55,743
So that when they get out,
they could maybe find a wife,
193
00:09:55,745 --> 00:09:58,671
Or get a job, or
be somewhat normal.
194
00:09:58,673 --> 00:10:03,359
This guy, his chain of
reasoning is not exactly strong.
195
00:10:03,361 --> 00:10:07,438
Why he wasn't fired almost
immediately is a mystery.
196
00:10:12,454 --> 00:10:16,113
- after 40 years, dr.
- Leo stanley's experiments
197
00:10:16,115 --> 00:10:17,932
Finally come to an end.
198
00:10:17,934 --> 00:10:20,409
- He's kind of your
real dr. Frankenstein.
199
00:10:20,411 --> 00:10:24,939
He sees inmates as things
that he can experiment on,
200
00:10:24,941 --> 00:10:26,666
That he can play with.
201
00:10:26,668 --> 00:10:27,000
He's carving up human beings.
202
00:10:27,535 --> 00:10:28,501
He's carving up human beings.
203
00:10:28,670 --> 00:10:32,422
And he does this 10,000
times across his career.
204
00:10:36,995 --> 00:10:38,911
- Can the average
person be talked
205
00:10:38,913 --> 00:10:40,679
Into killing a total stranger?
206
00:10:40,681 --> 00:10:44,050
In 1961, a psychologist
named stanley milgram
207
00:10:44,052 --> 00:10:47,162
Goes to unbelievable
lengths to find out.
208
00:10:49,649 --> 00:10:52,550
- Dr. Stanley milgram
is born in the 1930s
209
00:10:52,552 --> 00:10:56,111
And grows up in new york
city in a jewish household,
210
00:10:56,113 --> 00:10:57,380
With the specter of
211
00:10:57,382 --> 00:10:59,114
Nazis lingering over him
212
00:10:59,116 --> 00:11:01,809
And really the specter
of the holocaust.
213
00:11:01,811 --> 00:11:02,993
And he devotes his career
214
00:11:02,995 --> 00:11:05,254
To trying to figure
out this problem.
215
00:11:05,256 --> 00:11:08,983
What makes people
do awful things?
216
00:11:12,021 --> 00:11:15,164
- Milgram puts an ad
in the local newspaper
217
00:11:15,166 --> 00:11:19,168
Looking for subjects,
specifically men.
218
00:11:19,170 --> 00:11:23,189
He offers subjects
$4 a pop to come in
219
00:11:23,191 --> 00:11:26,017
And participate
in an experiment.
220
00:11:26,987 --> 00:11:27,777
- Alright.
221
00:11:27,779 --> 00:11:28,686
Sit right here.
222
00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:30,112
- People answer the ad,
223
00:11:30,114 --> 00:11:32,899
And they're paired
with somebody else.
224
00:11:32,901 --> 00:11:36,193
Each is assigned a role,
teacher and learner.
225
00:11:36,195 --> 00:11:37,286
- Could you open
those and tell me
226
00:11:37,288 --> 00:11:40,514
Which of you is which please?
227
00:11:40,516 --> 00:11:41,348
- Teacher.
228
00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:42,075
- Learner.
229
00:11:42,077 --> 00:11:43,243
with roles assigned,
230
00:11:43,245 --> 00:11:46,195
The unconventional
experiment begins.
231
00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:50,816
- The learner has to memorize
words, a pair of words.
232
00:11:50,818 --> 00:11:52,334
And throughout the experiment,
233
00:11:52,336 --> 00:11:53,736
The teacher will
give the first word,
234
00:11:53,738 --> 00:11:56,472
And the learner is supposed
to reply with the second word.
235
00:11:56,474 --> 00:11:59,158
- Cat, dog, high, low.
236
00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:02,429
It's a very simple
word association list.
237
00:12:03,206 --> 00:12:05,481
- The learner is
sat down in a chair
238
00:12:05,483 --> 00:12:07,784
That looks a lot like
an electric chair.
239
00:12:07,786 --> 00:12:11,438
- The teacher is then
brought into another room
240
00:12:11,440 --> 00:12:13,489
Alone with just dr. Milgram
241
00:12:13,491 --> 00:12:17,234
And shown an
electrical apparatus.
242
00:12:17,236 --> 00:12:18,494
when you
press one of the switches
243
00:12:18,496 --> 00:12:19,829
All the way down, the
learner gets a shock.
244
00:12:19,831 --> 00:12:21,906
so just how
far will someone go
245
00:12:21,908 --> 00:12:23,891
To obey an authority figure?
246
00:12:23,893 --> 00:12:26,168
- Attention,
learner, your teacher
247
00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:27,853
Is about to begin the test.
248
00:12:27,855 --> 00:12:30,457
Try and remember the word pairs.
249
00:12:30,459 --> 00:12:32,008
Ready?
250
00:12:32,010 --> 00:12:33,159
Begin.
251
00:12:33,161 --> 00:12:34,310
- Blue girl.
252
00:12:34,312 --> 00:12:36,178
- Teacher ask the
learner a question.
253
00:12:37,123 --> 00:12:37,997
incorrect.
254
00:12:37,999 --> 00:12:39,098
- Learner gets it wrong.
255
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:43,603
Milgram's in the room and
says shock the person.
256
00:12:44,680 --> 00:12:46,806
- Well, now, you'll get
a shock of 75 volts.
257
00:12:48,660 --> 00:12:49,492
Soft air.
258
00:12:49,494 --> 00:12:51,360
- With each successive
wrong answer,
259
00:12:51,362 --> 00:12:53,012
The voltage level is increased,
260
00:12:53,014 --> 00:12:57,400
From 15 volts initially all
the way up to 450 volts.
261
00:12:58,286 --> 00:12:59,602
to put it
in perspective,
262
00:12:59,604 --> 00:13:02,054
450 volts is enough to power
263
00:13:02,056 --> 00:13:05,616
Two single family
homes in north america.
264
00:13:05,618 --> 00:13:08,995
- As the teacher
is administering
265
00:13:08,997 --> 00:13:11,664
Increasingly severe shocks,
266
00:13:12,851 --> 00:13:16,902
He hears via speaker the
learner in the next room
267
00:13:16,904 --> 00:13:19,555
Emitting screams.
268
00:13:21,726 --> 00:13:24,285
- The teachers are
sweating it out.
269
00:13:24,287 --> 00:13:25,978
They are feeling terrible.
270
00:13:25,980 --> 00:13:29,165
Some of them dig their
fingernails into their palms.
271
00:13:29,167 --> 00:13:30,883
They're really, really upset.
272
00:13:30,885 --> 00:13:35,071
- They are inflicting injury
on another human being,
273
00:13:35,073 --> 00:13:37,406
But dr. Milgram is
there, assuring them
274
00:13:37,408 --> 00:13:39,526
That, you know, it's okay,
this is part of the experiment.
275
00:13:39,528 --> 00:13:41,894
This conflict is tremendous.
276
00:13:41,896 --> 00:13:42,970
let me out of here.
277
00:13:42,972 --> 00:13:44,047
You have no right
to keep me here.
278
00:13:44,049 --> 00:13:44,805
Let me out.
279
00:13:44,807 --> 00:13:46,991
but there's a twist.
280
00:13:46,993 --> 00:13:47,766
- It's all fake.
281
00:13:47,768 --> 00:13:48,784
It's all a setup.
282
00:13:48,786 --> 00:13:49,977
What the teacher doesn't know
283
00:13:49,979 --> 00:13:54,057
Is that the learner is an
actor hired by dr. Milgram.
284
00:13:54,059 --> 00:13:55,708
There are no electric shocks.
285
00:13:55,710 --> 00:13:58,761
The learner is simply
crying out in pain,
286
00:13:58,763 --> 00:13:59,579
Starting with like,
287
00:13:59,581 --> 00:14:00,563
That hurts,
288
00:14:00,565 --> 00:14:02,164
But going all the
way up to sobbing
289
00:14:02,166 --> 00:14:03,699
And saying, I don't feel right,
290
00:14:03,701 --> 00:14:04,834
Something's wrong
with my heart.
291
00:14:04,836 --> 00:14:06,752
Please stop, you have to stop.
292
00:14:08,773 --> 00:14:11,857
- Milgram does the
experiment up to 40 times.
293
00:14:11,859 --> 00:14:13,759
Some of the teachers
clearly hate it,
294
00:14:13,761 --> 00:14:15,945
But some of them
actually enjoy it.
295
00:14:15,947 --> 00:14:17,747
- 150 volts.
296
00:14:20,402 --> 00:14:21,508
- Next one.
- ,
297
00:14:21,510 --> 00:14:23,102
I refuse to answer.
298
00:14:23,104 --> 00:14:26,422
- You're gonna keep getting
a shock if you don't answer.
299
00:14:28,276 --> 00:14:31,110
- Over half of the participants
in the teacher role
300
00:14:31,112 --> 00:14:33,704
Make it up to the
450 volt level,
301
00:14:33,706 --> 00:14:36,132
Which is effectively
a fatal shock.
302
00:14:36,134 --> 00:14:37,858
- 450 volts.
303
00:14:39,362 --> 00:14:40,970
- What milgram captures
304
00:14:40,972 --> 00:14:45,382
Is that ordinary, everyday,
law-abiding people
305
00:14:45,384 --> 00:14:49,145
Can be induced to
acts of brutality
306
00:14:49,147 --> 00:14:52,281
Just because they're
obeying authority.
307
00:14:52,283 --> 00:14:54,058
but why
didn't you just stop?
308
00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:54,767
- He wouldn't let me.
309
00:14:54,769 --> 00:14:56,377
I wanted to stop.
310
00:14:56,379 --> 00:14:59,138
I kept insisting to
stop, but he says no.
311
00:14:59,140 --> 00:15:02,317
we'll have to
discontinue the experiment.
312
00:15:05,237 --> 00:15:07,163
- As the cold war
heats up in the 60s,
313
00:15:07,165 --> 00:15:08,948
Experiments get even stranger.
314
00:15:08,950 --> 00:15:10,633
From poisonous umbrellas
315
00:15:10,635 --> 00:15:13,369
To a plan to attack
fidel castro's beard,
316
00:15:13,371 --> 00:15:17,490
Nothing is off
limits, not even cats.
317
00:15:18,567 --> 00:15:21,168
- Cats are notoriously
difficult to train.
318
00:15:21,170 --> 00:15:23,229
They just kind of wanna
do their own thing,
319
00:15:23,231 --> 00:15:26,582
But they're also very curious.
320
00:15:26,584 --> 00:15:30,803
And so, in the 1960s,
the cia hatches a plan
321
00:15:30,805 --> 00:15:33,765
To train cats to become spies.
322
00:15:37,762 --> 00:15:40,546
- The idea behind
project acoustic kitty
323
00:15:40,548 --> 00:15:43,624
Is that cats are
pretty innocuous.
324
00:15:43,626 --> 00:15:47,045
And they can roam
around lots of places
325
00:15:47,047 --> 00:15:48,512
Without concerning anybody.
326
00:15:48,514 --> 00:15:51,190
So if the cats can get
themselves close enough
327
00:15:51,192 --> 00:15:52,808
To private conversations,
328
00:15:52,810 --> 00:15:56,054
They might be able to overhear
important information.
329
00:15:56,056 --> 00:15:59,131
- Now, the cat's not gonna
just go into a cia debrief
330
00:15:59,133 --> 00:16:00,607
And say the subject said this.
331
00:16:00,609 --> 00:16:01,884
The cat's not gonna do that.
332
00:16:01,886 --> 00:16:05,705
So the cat is turned into
a living listening device.
333
00:16:05,707 --> 00:16:07,924
fighting communism
is the top priority
334
00:16:07,926 --> 00:16:09,892
For us intelligence at the time,
335
00:16:09,894 --> 00:16:14,197
So creating a spy cat that
can take down the iron curtain
336
00:16:14,199 --> 00:16:15,622
Sounds reasonable.
337
00:16:15,624 --> 00:16:20,461
- The cia pumps $20
million into training
338
00:16:20,463 --> 00:16:23,823
And preparing cats that
can be these spies.
339
00:16:23,825 --> 00:16:25,449
And as they do this,
they're vetting.
340
00:16:25,451 --> 00:16:28,135
They're looking for
that perfect cat agent.
341
00:16:28,637 --> 00:16:30,896
- The cia ultimately determines
342
00:16:30,898 --> 00:16:32,473
That one particular kitty cat
343
00:16:32,475 --> 00:16:36,727
Is ready to conduct
its first operation.
344
00:16:37,572 --> 00:16:39,305
- In order to make this work,
345
00:16:39,307 --> 00:16:40,823
The cia has to figure out a way
346
00:16:40,825 --> 00:16:43,876
To implant this listening
device into the cat.
347
00:16:43,878 --> 00:16:47,680
And what they end up
having to do is do surgery.
348
00:16:47,682 --> 00:16:49,849
They put the listening
device in the ear,
349
00:16:49,851 --> 00:16:52,635
And put a transmitter at the
base of the animal's skull,
350
00:16:52,637 --> 00:16:56,639
And then run the antenna down
an incision on the cat's back
351
00:16:56,641 --> 00:16:58,607
So that it's hidden by the fur.
352
00:16:58,609 --> 00:17:00,768
Not really fun for
the cat, I'm sure.
353
00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:04,354
with the cat
wired up and trained,
354
00:17:04,356 --> 00:17:08,251
It's time for this secret
agent's first assignment.
355
00:17:08,253 --> 00:17:11,278
- The goal is for
the cat to eavesdrop
356
00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:13,038
On two men sitting
on a park bench
357
00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:14,741
Outside of the soviet embassy.
358
00:17:15,684 --> 00:17:19,211
So the cia agents drive up with
the cat in their white van.
359
00:17:19,873 --> 00:17:22,464
- The van pulls up across
the street from the park
360
00:17:22,466 --> 00:17:24,058
Where the two men are sitting.
361
00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:27,128
- It's time to deploy
the acoustic kitty.
362
00:17:27,939 --> 00:17:29,455
They get the cat ready.
363
00:17:29,457 --> 00:17:31,965
They issue the cat the command.
364
00:17:31,967 --> 00:17:33,009
It knows where to go.
365
00:17:33,011 --> 00:17:34,293
They open the van.
366
00:17:34,295 --> 00:17:35,536
The cat jumps out.
367
00:17:35,538 --> 00:17:38,580
- And it immediately
gets hit by a taxi.
368
00:17:39,901 --> 00:17:42,576
$20 million out the window.
369
00:17:42,578 --> 00:17:45,087
With all of this research,
they never think,
370
00:17:45,089 --> 00:17:46,622
Hey, you know what,
we should pull over
371
00:17:46,624 --> 00:17:48,048
On the same side of the street
372
00:17:48,050 --> 00:17:49,809
That the cat has to get out.
373
00:17:49,811 --> 00:17:52,819
and just what does
the cia after-action report
374
00:17:52,821 --> 00:17:57,492
Identify as the fatal flaw in
an otherwise excellent plan?
375
00:17:58,286 --> 00:18:00,336
- Quote, cats are not trainable
376
00:18:00,338 --> 00:18:04,207
And they don't have the same
deep-seated desire to please
377
00:18:04,209 --> 00:18:06,309
A human master as a dog does.
378
00:18:06,311 --> 00:18:07,001
A human master as a dog does.
379
00:18:08,129 --> 00:18:12,072
- We spent $20 million to
learn that cats don't care.
380
00:18:12,074 --> 00:18:13,257
Great use of money.
381
00:18:14,969 --> 00:18:17,837
We've all heard the saying
two heads are better than one.
382
00:18:17,839 --> 00:18:22,608
In 1954, a soviet scientist
and organ transplant pioneer
383
00:18:22,610 --> 00:18:25,645
Sets out to prove
that, literally.
384
00:18:30,919 --> 00:18:35,696
- It is the height of the
cold war, and a soviet surgeon
385
00:18:36,974 --> 00:18:39,926
Named vladimir demikhov
begins to probe questions
386
00:18:39,928 --> 00:18:44,831
Of how far you can go
with organ transplants.
387
00:18:44,833 --> 00:18:46,273
- Vladimir demikhov is
388
00:18:46,275 --> 00:18:48,292
Actually one of the pioneers
389
00:18:48,294 --> 00:18:49,443
Of transplant surgery.
390
00:18:49,445 --> 00:18:51,187
He's transplanting hearts
391
00:18:51,189 --> 00:18:52,796
And lungs between dogs.
392
00:18:52,798 --> 00:18:54,631
And he's doing it
as a good doctor,
393
00:18:54,633 --> 00:18:57,467
Doing really
meaningful, good work.
394
00:18:58,495 --> 00:19:01,013
vladimir
demikhov's next goal?
395
00:19:01,015 --> 00:19:04,224
A full head transplant on a dog.
396
00:19:04,226 --> 00:19:06,135
But since he's never
done it before,
397
00:19:06,137 --> 00:19:08,988
He needs to experiment
a little first.
398
00:19:08,990 --> 00:19:11,824
- Demikhov and his team
essentially do an experiment
399
00:19:11,826 --> 00:19:13,693
Of creating a two-headed dog.
400
00:19:13,695 --> 00:19:16,212
- He wants to be able to see
401
00:19:16,214 --> 00:19:19,031
If he is able to take one head
402
00:19:19,975 --> 00:19:21,734
And graft that onto another
403
00:19:21,736 --> 00:19:23,870
And if he can keep that alive.
404
00:19:24,663 --> 00:19:28,832
- He arranges to
experiment with this
405
00:19:28,834 --> 00:19:34,246
On two dogs, one smaller
9-year-old dog named shavka
406
00:19:35,233 --> 00:19:38,918
And one stray larger german
shepherd named brodyaga.
407
00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:41,420
- Vladimir detaches
shavka's head,
408
00:19:41,422 --> 00:19:44,606
And he attaches shavka's head
409
00:19:44,608 --> 00:19:47,560
To brodyaga's vertebrae.
410
00:19:48,663 --> 00:19:50,687
three and
a half hours later,
411
00:19:50,689 --> 00:19:53,524
The two-headed dog
experiment is complete.
412
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,152
But does it actually work?
413
00:19:56,938 --> 00:19:58,404
- It sounds awful.
414
00:19:58,406 --> 00:20:00,615
She's just a head
attached to this body,
415
00:20:00,617 --> 00:20:04,076
But she eats, she
drinks, she barks.
416
00:20:04,078 --> 00:20:08,130
vladimir's two-headed
dog only lives for four days,
417
00:20:08,132 --> 00:20:11,000
But that doesn't stop
him from trying again,
418
00:20:12,228 --> 00:20:13,436
And again.
419
00:20:13,438 --> 00:20:18,048
- He does these exact kinds
of experiments 23 more times
420
00:20:18,050 --> 00:20:20,909
Between 1954 and 1959.
421
00:20:21,887 --> 00:20:24,288
And even though none of
them are actually a success,
422
00:20:24,290 --> 00:20:27,407
He firmly believes that
he's proving to the world
423
00:20:27,409 --> 00:20:29,635
That head transplants
are possible.
424
00:20:29,637 --> 00:20:31,820
- He is not seen
as a hero for this.
425
00:20:31,822 --> 00:20:35,148
In fact, it swings hard
in the opposite direction.
426
00:20:35,150 --> 00:20:37,050
He is seen as a charlatan,
427
00:20:37,052 --> 00:20:39,362
And it basically
ruins his career.
428
00:20:40,882 --> 00:20:43,665
- While vladimir's
two-headed dog experiment
429
00:20:43,667 --> 00:20:45,575
Eventually gets shut down,
430
00:20:45,577 --> 00:20:49,288
It inspires another
surgeon in cleveland, ohio,
431
00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:50,915
Dr. Robert white.
432
00:20:54,069 --> 00:20:56,978
- When he looks at what's
happening in the soviet union,
433
00:20:56,980 --> 00:20:58,697
With them creating
a two-headed dog,
434
00:20:58,699 --> 00:21:01,984
He starts thinking, if
the brain is still alive
435
00:21:01,986 --> 00:21:04,470
Inside of this broken body,
436
00:21:04,472 --> 00:21:08,607
Can the brain still live
outside of the human body?
437
00:21:08,609 --> 00:21:09,758
Could he keep a brain alive?
438
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:11,527
And, if so, for how long?
439
00:21:11,529 --> 00:21:14,930
to find out, he
obviously can't use humans,
440
00:21:14,932 --> 00:21:18,042
So he turns to another species.
441
00:21:18,044 --> 00:21:20,786
- What he does is
removes the brain
442
00:21:20,788 --> 00:21:23,489
Of one rhesus monkey
and puts it in a machine
443
00:21:23,491 --> 00:21:25,599
Where it's fed oxygenated blood
444
00:21:25,601 --> 00:21:27,951
Coming from the
body of another one.
445
00:21:27,953 --> 00:21:30,788
- So you have the
naked bulb of brain
446
00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:33,165
Flushed with blood, pink.
447
00:21:33,167 --> 00:21:35,300
He hooks it up to electrodes,
448
00:21:35,302 --> 00:21:37,961
And those electrodes
go peaking along,
449
00:21:37,963 --> 00:21:39,839
And there're peaks and
valleys showing you
450
00:21:39,841 --> 00:21:43,725
That that brain, without
any body attached at all,
451
00:21:43,727 --> 00:21:45,218
Is still thinking.
452
00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:47,287
the reaction from
the medical community
453
00:21:47,289 --> 00:21:49,882
Is a little disappointing.
454
00:21:49,884 --> 00:21:52,158
- He takes this
amazing experiment
455
00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,520
And all that it has
discovered to a conference,
456
00:21:54,522 --> 00:21:56,062
And he shows them the graphs,
457
00:21:56,064 --> 00:21:58,298
And none of his
colleagues believe him.
458
00:21:59,043 --> 00:22:01,902
- So he decides to
transplant a full head.
459
00:22:01,904 --> 00:22:04,179
So when you transplant
a full head,
460
00:22:04,181 --> 00:22:07,066
You can actually see the
new head doing stuff.
461
00:22:07,068 --> 00:22:08,975
So you don't have to question
462
00:22:08,977 --> 00:22:11,478
Whether or not there's
activity occurring.
463
00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:13,039
It's obvious to see.
464
00:22:14,650 --> 00:22:17,910
on March 14th, 1970,
465
00:22:17,912 --> 00:22:20,596
Dr. Robert white is
finally ready to perform
466
00:22:20,598 --> 00:22:23,549
The first ever head transplant.
467
00:22:23,551 --> 00:22:24,666
- It's kind of gruesome.
468
00:22:24,668 --> 00:22:28,587
He takes two monkeys,
monkey a and monkey b,
469
00:22:28,589 --> 00:22:29,830
And restrains them.
470
00:22:29,832 --> 00:22:35,335
He attaches a tube from monkey
a to the brain of monkey b,
471
00:22:35,980 --> 00:22:38,372
Then he severs the
heads of both monkeys,
472
00:22:38,374 --> 00:22:42,951
And attaches monkey b's head
onto the body of monkey a.
473
00:22:42,953 --> 00:22:46,530
about an hour later,
it's time for dr. White
474
00:22:46,532 --> 00:22:50,016
To wake up his hybrid
monkey and find out,
475
00:22:50,018 --> 00:22:52,444
Has he accomplished
the unbelievable?
476
00:22:53,081 --> 00:22:55,414
- Once he has
stimulated this brain
477
00:22:55,416 --> 00:22:59,860
With electrical activity,
the eyes do, in fact, open up.
478
00:22:59,862 --> 00:23:04,156
And it appears that there
is actually consciousness
479
00:23:04,158 --> 00:23:08,302
And awareness in
the monkey's brain.
480
00:23:09,388 --> 00:23:11,097
- Dr. White
approaches the monkey
481
00:23:11,099 --> 00:23:14,391
And it immediately tries
to hiss and bite him.
482
00:23:14,393 --> 00:23:17,186
So he recognizes dr. White.
483
00:23:18,139 --> 00:23:21,823
This monkey's head, which
is essentially just a head
484
00:23:21,825 --> 00:23:23,901
Plumbed into another
monkey's body,
485
00:23:23,903 --> 00:23:27,863
Is alive and still with us.
486
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:30,783
- Dr. White is thrilled.
487
00:23:30,785 --> 00:23:33,819
He starts to perform a
series of experiments.
488
00:23:33,821 --> 00:23:37,656
He moves a pen, and the
monkey is able to follow it.
489
00:23:38,659 --> 00:23:40,676
He makes sounds, and
the monkey reacts to it.
490
00:23:41,328 --> 00:23:42,645
This is it.
491
00:23:42,647 --> 00:23:43,679
He did it.
492
00:23:43,681 --> 00:23:46,181
He successfully transplanted
the head of one creature
493
00:23:46,183 --> 00:23:47,983
Onto the body of another.
494
00:23:47,985 --> 00:23:50,760
- Because the experiment
requires severing
495
00:23:50,762 --> 00:23:51,503
The spinal cord,
496
00:23:51,505 --> 00:23:53,639
The monkey actually can't move,
497
00:23:53,641 --> 00:23:55,841
And it can't feel
anything below the neck.
498
00:23:55,843 --> 00:24:01,330
But what it can do is see,
smell, hear, and taste.
499
00:24:01,849 --> 00:24:03,590
an immune
response causes the monkey
500
00:24:03,592 --> 00:24:05,484
To die nine days later.
501
00:24:06,370 --> 00:24:09,429
But there's still more
for dr. White to learn.
502
00:24:09,431 --> 00:24:13,025
- He does this procedure and
others like it 300 times,
503
00:24:13,027 --> 00:24:16,662
Severed monkey's heads, trying
to keep a monkey head alive,
504
00:24:16,664 --> 00:24:19,165
Because he wants to do
this on human beings.
505
00:24:19,167 --> 00:24:21,550
And as horrible as
that sounds to us,
506
00:24:21,552 --> 00:24:23,686
His reasons are very much tied
507
00:24:23,688 --> 00:24:28,207
To prolonging the life of
victims of horrible diseases.
508
00:24:28,951 --> 00:24:30,976
- It's different from
the two-headed dog
509
00:24:30,978 --> 00:24:33,578
Because in this case, he
really is trying to do
510
00:24:33,580 --> 00:24:34,180
A medical service.
511
00:24:45,542 --> 00:24:47,643
- What's stranger than
performing testicle transplants
512
00:24:47,645 --> 00:24:49,578
Or creating two-headed dogs?
513
00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:53,282
Perhaps it's insisting
that you be experimented on
514
00:24:53,284 --> 00:24:55,067
After you're dead.
515
00:24:55,069 --> 00:24:56,260
That's just
516
00:24:56,262 --> 00:25:00,997
What famed english philosopher
jeremy bentham does in 1832.
517
00:25:04,912 --> 00:25:06,745
- The year before his death,
518
00:25:06,747 --> 00:25:08,263
Jeremy writes a pamphlet,
519
00:25:08,265 --> 00:25:13,018
"auto-icon, farther uses
of the dead to the living."
520
00:25:13,020 --> 00:25:15,036
- An auto-icon is essentially
521
00:25:15,038 --> 00:25:17,422
A taxidermied
version of yourself,
522
00:25:17,424 --> 00:25:19,858
Where you are dressed
in your favorite clothes
523
00:25:19,860 --> 00:25:21,310
And you can still participate
524
00:25:21,312 --> 00:25:23,579
In the daily lives
525
00:25:23,581 --> 00:25:25,630
Of those you've left behind.
526
00:25:26,508 --> 00:25:29,275
the point of jeremy's
auto-icon experiment?
527
00:25:29,277 --> 00:25:31,953
To see if it's possible
to remain relevant
528
00:25:31,955 --> 00:25:33,455
After you're gone.
529
00:25:34,075 --> 00:25:37,017
- So he leaves very
specific details in his will
530
00:25:37,019 --> 00:25:38,702
As to how to treat his body,
531
00:25:38,704 --> 00:25:40,796
How to turn him
into an auto-icon.
532
00:25:40,798 --> 00:25:43,098
First step is to send his body
533
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:44,190
To the anatomy school at the
534
00:25:44,192 --> 00:25:45,267
University college london
535
00:25:45,269 --> 00:25:46,876
And allow it to be dissected.
536
00:25:49,531 --> 00:25:52,557
- After the dissection,
the body is taxidermied,
537
00:25:52,559 --> 00:25:57,996
And dressed in his suit, and
seated upright in a glass case.
538
00:25:58,632 --> 00:26:01,333
When they are
taxidermying the head,
539
00:26:01,335 --> 00:26:03,543
Something goes terribly wrong.
540
00:26:05,088 --> 00:26:07,213
- It comes out all
weird and grotesque.
541
00:26:07,215 --> 00:26:10,383
It's half melted, and
most of the hair is gone,
542
00:26:10,385 --> 00:26:13,128
And it doesn't look
like jeremy at all.
543
00:26:13,130 --> 00:26:15,781
It looks like a
strange creature.
544
00:26:16,750 --> 00:26:19,468
- So the head is
actually removed
545
00:26:19,470 --> 00:26:20,902
And replaced with a wax one.
546
00:26:20,904 --> 00:26:24,256
And so, it's a wax face that
still actually looks like him
547
00:26:24,258 --> 00:26:26,875
That's looking out on campus.
548
00:26:26,877 --> 00:26:29,177
so what happens
to his real head?
549
00:26:29,179 --> 00:26:31,246
- They realized that
they can't toss it
550
00:26:31,248 --> 00:26:33,907
Because that goes
against bentham's will.
551
00:26:33,909 --> 00:26:34,824
So what do they do?
552
00:26:34,826 --> 00:26:37,269
They put that
hideous looking head
553
00:26:37,271 --> 00:26:40,264
Between the philosopher's feet.
554
00:26:41,391 --> 00:26:44,693
in the end, is
jeremy's experiment a success?
555
00:26:44,695 --> 00:26:47,605
Well, he has been
sitting in the same spot
556
00:26:47,607 --> 00:26:50,149
For almost 200 years.
557
00:26:50,151 --> 00:26:53,152
- His body is still on
display to this day at ucl.
558
00:26:53,154 --> 00:26:55,821
He's seen by people coming
and going across campus.
559
00:26:55,823 --> 00:26:58,357
In many ways, him being
on display like this
560
00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:01,201
Has helped keep him as
even more central figure
561
00:27:01,203 --> 00:27:03,621
Than he otherwise
would have been anyhow.
562
00:27:05,081 --> 00:27:10,544
- Clearly, jeremy is as present
in death as he was in life.
563
00:27:11,288 --> 00:27:13,589
Up next, a different
kind of experiment
564
00:27:13,591 --> 00:27:17,843
Performed by a doctor
known as the lobotomy king.
565
00:27:19,971 --> 00:27:23,064
- The us experiences
a mental health crisis
566
00:27:23,066 --> 00:27:25,976
During the 1930s and '40s.
567
00:27:27,295 --> 00:27:29,221
Lobotomy is,
at the time,
568
00:27:29,223 --> 00:27:32,240
Considered a very
humane procedure
569
00:27:32,985 --> 00:27:36,428
And a very legitimate treatment
of severe mental illness.
570
00:27:37,848 --> 00:27:40,674
- The procedure consists of
drilling two holes in the skull
571
00:27:42,118 --> 00:27:44,953
And then inserting
implements into those holes
572
00:27:44,955 --> 00:27:48,474
To cut off the frontal
lobe of the brain
573
00:27:48,476 --> 00:27:53,462
To disconnect a person from
reality, to calm them down.
574
00:27:54,581 --> 00:27:56,899
and there's one
man who has just performed
575
00:27:56,901 --> 00:27:59,418
The most famous
lobotomy of all time.
576
00:28:00,512 --> 00:28:04,773
- In 1941, rosemary kennedy,
john kennedy's oldest sister,
577
00:28:04,775 --> 00:28:06,166
Has been battling for years
578
00:28:06,168 --> 00:28:08,911
A whole host of
mental health issues.
579
00:28:08,913 --> 00:28:11,947
Joseph kennedy reaches
out to walter freeman,
580
00:28:11,949 --> 00:28:15,633
A doctor who had been
experimenting with lobotomies.
581
00:28:15,635 --> 00:28:20,297
And joseph kennedy submits
rosemary to a lobotomy.
582
00:28:21,033 --> 00:28:25,326
- Dr. Freeman's lobotomy
doesn't go exactly as planned,
583
00:28:25,328 --> 00:28:29,348
And she is permanently disabled
for the rest of her life.
584
00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:33,368
But despite that, the lobotomy
is considered a miracle
585
00:28:33,370 --> 00:28:36,112
Of modern science and medicine.
586
00:28:36,114 --> 00:28:39,591
suddenly, dr. Freeman
finds himself in high demand.
587
00:28:40,385 --> 00:28:42,928
But lobotomies are
time consuming.
588
00:28:44,014 --> 00:28:45,455
- Walter freeman keeps thinking
589
00:28:45,457 --> 00:28:48,434
There's gotta be a way to
make this more expedient.
590
00:28:48,436 --> 00:28:50,059
And one day, while he's at home,
591
00:28:50,061 --> 00:28:51,653
He opens up a drawer
in the kitchen
592
00:28:51,655 --> 00:28:54,906
And he sees something
kind of interesting.
593
00:28:54,908 --> 00:28:56,074
It's an ice pick.
594
00:28:56,076 --> 00:28:59,995
And he thinks, what
if we were able to do
595
00:28:59,997 --> 00:29:01,913
A quickie lobotomy?
596
00:29:03,308 --> 00:29:05,567
- He is basically
gonna put an ice pick
597
00:29:05,569 --> 00:29:07,227
In the back of the eye socket
598
00:29:07,229 --> 00:29:09,121
And swish it around in
the front of the brain,
599
00:29:09,123 --> 00:29:11,874
So basically an ice
pick to the brain.
600
00:29:13,601 --> 00:29:17,128
freeman calls it
the transorbital lobotomy.
601
00:29:17,130 --> 00:29:20,048
Because it takes just
10 minutes to perform,
602
00:29:20,050 --> 00:29:24,636
He decides to hop in his van
and take this show on the road.
603
00:29:25,522 --> 00:29:29,508
- Freeman becomes a kind
of surgical troubadour
604
00:29:29,510 --> 00:29:34,913
And travels around to
asylums across the country.
605
00:29:35,599 --> 00:29:38,150
first, there was
the planters nutmobile,
606
00:29:38,152 --> 00:29:41,594
Then the oscar mayer
wienermobile, and now...
607
00:29:41,596 --> 00:29:43,906
- The vehicle that he
uses to drive around
608
00:29:43,908 --> 00:29:48,160
Is dubbed by onlookers
as the lobotomobile.
609
00:29:48,828 --> 00:29:51,179
- This is the era of route 66
610
00:29:51,181 --> 00:29:54,624
And detroit manufacturing
at its peak.
611
00:29:54,626 --> 00:29:57,853
We have fast food, we
have drive-in restaurants,
612
00:29:57,855 --> 00:30:01,882
And now we have mobile
fast lobotomies.
613
00:30:02,818 --> 00:30:05,585
- Freeman drives
his lobotomobile
614
00:30:05,587 --> 00:30:07,462
Across the united
states and canada,
615
00:30:07,464 --> 00:30:11,600
Doing as many as 25
lobotomies in a day, 25.
616
00:30:12,302 --> 00:30:15,871
but by 1967,
after 21 years,
617
00:30:15,873 --> 00:30:19,132
Dr. Freeman's road trip
hits some speed bumps.
618
00:30:19,926 --> 00:30:23,211
- Freeman performs about
4,000 of these lobotomies.
619
00:30:23,213 --> 00:30:25,313
It's partly performance.
620
00:30:25,315 --> 00:30:27,199
It's a little
snake oil salesman.
621
00:30:27,201 --> 00:30:30,886
And unfortunately, about
a hundred of his patients
622
00:30:30,888 --> 00:30:33,539
Die from the treatment.
623
00:30:33,541 --> 00:30:35,231
- He finds himself
getting banned
624
00:30:35,233 --> 00:30:38,334
From hospital after
hospital after hospital.
625
00:30:38,336 --> 00:30:40,003
And he ends his career as a
pariah of the medical community.
626
00:30:40,005 --> 00:30:42,548
And he ends his career as a
pariah of the medical community.
627
00:30:43,750 --> 00:30:46,918
- Luckily, the lobotomobile
hits a dead end,
628
00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:50,389
And walter freeman's
strange road trip is over.
629
00:30:53,093 --> 00:30:55,084
- Do you believe
that you have a soul?
630
00:30:55,086 --> 00:30:58,246
And if so, can you
scientifically prove it?
631
00:30:58,248 --> 00:31:00,273
In the beginning of
the 20th century,
632
00:31:00,275 --> 00:31:03,852
One ambitious physician
intends to find out.
633
00:31:06,181 --> 00:31:08,723
- In 1901, dr. Duncan
macdougall,
634
00:31:08,725 --> 00:31:10,458
A massachusetts physician,
635
00:31:10,460 --> 00:31:13,436
Decides to test the
premise of the soul.
636
00:31:13,438 --> 00:31:15,196
He said, if there's
a human soul,
637
00:31:15,198 --> 00:31:18,875
It has to have some kind
of physical presence.
638
00:31:18,877 --> 00:31:20,301
It has to have a weight.
639
00:31:20,303 --> 00:31:22,771
- He's so convinced of
this that he decides
640
00:31:22,773 --> 00:31:24,256
To conduct some experiments.
641
00:31:24,258 --> 00:31:26,608
He wants to weigh human bodies
642
00:31:26,610 --> 00:31:28,427
Just at the moment of death
643
00:31:28,429 --> 00:31:31,371
So that he can see if
there's a perceptible shift
644
00:31:31,373 --> 00:31:32,639
In their body weight.
645
00:31:33,267 --> 00:31:35,601
- He proceeds to select patients
646
00:31:35,603 --> 00:31:39,605
From among nursing homes
or old folks' homes.
647
00:31:40,457 --> 00:31:43,125
- Macdougall gets
six volunteers,
648
00:31:43,127 --> 00:31:46,886
People who are dying from
tuberculosis and diabetes,
649
00:31:46,888 --> 00:31:48,738
To be his test subjects.
650
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:50,741
when the test
subject seems close to death,
651
00:31:50,743 --> 00:31:54,402
Their bed is placed onto a
precisely calibrated scale
652
00:31:54,404 --> 00:31:56,813
Built for livestock.
653
00:31:56,815 --> 00:31:59,841
- Dr. Macdougall is at the
ready with his stethoscope
654
00:31:59,843 --> 00:32:03,921
And other means of measuring
vital bodily functions.
655
00:32:03,923 --> 00:32:05,697
And he takes a measurement
656
00:32:05,699 --> 00:32:08,675
Immediately before
and after death.
657
00:32:09,436 --> 00:32:12,971
- The results are inconclusive.
658
00:32:12,973 --> 00:32:17,842
Two of the volunteers show
no difference in weight
659
00:32:17,844 --> 00:32:19,728
Before and after death.
660
00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:23,606
Two others, the results
have to be discarded
661
00:32:23,608 --> 00:32:25,484
Because of technical
difficulties.
662
00:32:25,486 --> 00:32:27,944
- He has one, however,
663
00:32:27,946 --> 00:32:31,764
That drops 21.3 grams
664
00:32:31,766 --> 00:32:33,283
At the moment of death.
665
00:32:34,436 --> 00:32:37,245
He just sets aside
all of the data
666
00:32:37,247 --> 00:32:38,938
That doesn't fit his hypothesis
667
00:32:38,940 --> 00:32:41,600
And he latches
onto this one death
668
00:32:41,602 --> 00:32:43,443
That does fit his hypothesis.
669
00:32:43,445 --> 00:32:45,504
And this gives him the
idea that the soul,
670
00:32:45,506 --> 00:32:48,456
The human soul, weighs 21 grams.
671
00:32:48,458 --> 00:32:51,392
- The experiment is
widely regarded as flawed
672
00:32:51,394 --> 00:32:53,545
Because of the
small sample size,
673
00:32:53,547 --> 00:32:57,232
Because of the
unscientific results.
674
00:32:57,234 --> 00:32:58,383
dr. Macdougall is
675
00:32:58,385 --> 00:33:00,126
Determined to prove his theory,
676
00:33:00,128 --> 00:33:01,377
But there's a problem.
677
00:33:01,379 --> 00:33:02,871
The nursing home where
678
00:33:02,873 --> 00:33:04,230
He's experimenting
679
00:33:04,232 --> 00:33:05,440
Is no longer on board
680
00:33:05,442 --> 00:33:07,042
With his shenanigans.
681
00:33:07,044 --> 00:33:09,844
- So he decides to turn to dogs.
682
00:33:09,846 --> 00:33:13,907
And he weighs 15 dogs
at the moment of death.
683
00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:18,570
- Now, here, he's not finding
any sort of drop in weight.
684
00:33:18,572 --> 00:33:20,146
And so, this leads
him to conclude
685
00:33:20,148 --> 00:33:23,066
That dogs do not have souls.
686
00:33:23,777 --> 00:33:25,109
And of course we all
know that's ridiculous
687
00:33:25,111 --> 00:33:27,045
'cause we've seen the movie
"all dogs go to heaven."
688
00:33:27,047 --> 00:33:30,716
- Scientifically, the
whole experiment fails,
689
00:33:30,718 --> 00:33:34,160
But that doesn't mean that
people didn't start to believe
690
00:33:34,162 --> 00:33:37,514
That, yes, the human
soul weighs 21 grams.
691
00:33:39,475 --> 00:33:41,809
what if I told you
that you don't need to die
692
00:33:41,811 --> 00:33:43,428
To lose 21 grams?
693
00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:47,857
Just try a popular experiment
from the 19th century.
694
00:33:47,859 --> 00:33:49,442
- In the victorian period,
695
00:33:49,444 --> 00:33:50,569
You have a strange fad
696
00:33:50,571 --> 00:33:52,028
For looking a bit like
697
00:33:52,030 --> 00:33:53,088
A tuberculosis patient,
698
00:33:53,090 --> 00:33:58,410
Pale, and fragile,
and very, very thin.
699
00:33:59,112 --> 00:34:00,679
- We have all sorts
of different ideas
700
00:34:00,681 --> 00:34:02,781
To try and achieve that look,
whether it's wearing a corset,
701
00:34:02,783 --> 00:34:05,533
Whether it's actually
taking poison.
702
00:34:05,535 --> 00:34:07,702
however, there's
an even stranger method
703
00:34:07,704 --> 00:34:11,055
Used to achieve that
tuberculosis look.
704
00:34:11,057 --> 00:34:14,375
And it involves a little
help from a friend.
705
00:34:14,377 --> 00:34:16,477
- You just swallow a little pill
706
00:34:16,479 --> 00:34:18,797
That has a tapeworm
egg inside of it.
707
00:34:18,799 --> 00:34:23,142
And if all goes right, that
tapeworm egg will hatch
708
00:34:23,144 --> 00:34:26,237
And start to grow inside
of your intestines
709
00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:29,524
And consume a portion
of everything you eat.
710
00:34:29,526 --> 00:34:32,961
- You're not just eating for
one, you're eating for two.
711
00:34:32,963 --> 00:34:34,570
- You have no restrictions.
712
00:34:34,572 --> 00:34:36,464
You don't have to
watch your calories.
713
00:34:36,466 --> 00:34:39,725
You don't have to avoid any
particular type of foods.
714
00:34:39,727 --> 00:34:41,336
You can eat as much,
715
00:34:41,338 --> 00:34:42,837
Eat what you want,
716
00:34:42,839 --> 00:34:45,081
And the tapeworm is going
717
00:34:45,083 --> 00:34:47,158
To do all the work for you.
718
00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:49,293
but once you
hit your goal weight,
719
00:34:49,295 --> 00:34:50,319
There's a problem.
720
00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:54,365
How do you now get that
pesky parasite out of you?
721
00:34:54,367 --> 00:34:58,761
- They recommend patients
not eat for a few days
722
00:34:58,763 --> 00:35:00,555
So that the tapeworm
is very hungry.
723
00:35:00,557 --> 00:35:04,417
Then they take food
and put it in a capsule
724
00:35:04,419 --> 00:35:07,412
That they swallow, with
the idea that the capsule
725
00:35:07,414 --> 00:35:10,123
Will travel all the
way through your system
726
00:35:10,125 --> 00:35:11,424
And out the other side,
727
00:35:11,426 --> 00:35:13,710
And the tapeworm, so hungry,
728
00:35:13,712 --> 00:35:16,530
Will follow it right
out of your body.
729
00:35:16,532 --> 00:35:19,241
- Another more
homespun way to do this
730
00:35:19,243 --> 00:35:22,935
Is a belief that tapeworms
really like milk.
731
00:35:22,937 --> 00:35:27,732
- So the woman would
place a glass of milk
732
00:35:27,734 --> 00:35:30,502
On either side of her
body where it opens up,
733
00:35:30,504 --> 00:35:32,036
At those orifices,
734
00:35:32,038 --> 00:35:35,023
And wait for the
worm to be attracted,
735
00:35:35,025 --> 00:35:39,285
One way or the other, to then
wiggle its way up or down
736
00:35:39,287 --> 00:35:41,346
And out of the body.
737
00:35:42,148 --> 00:35:43,556
experimenting
with tapeworms
738
00:35:43,558 --> 00:35:47,059
Is not just a diet fad
of victorian times.
739
00:35:47,061 --> 00:35:50,104
It makes a comeback
in the 21st century.
740
00:35:50,106 --> 00:35:53,316
- In 2013, a woman
in iowa purchases
741
00:35:53,318 --> 00:35:56,194
A tapeworm egg off the
internet and swallowed it,
742
00:35:56,196 --> 00:35:58,471
But she immediately regrets it.
743
00:35:58,473 --> 00:36:00,090
And she goes to her doctor,
744
00:36:00,092 --> 00:36:04,069
Who prescribes antiparasitics
to get rid of it.
745
00:36:04,071 --> 00:36:06,955
- At least now
there's modern methods
746
00:36:06,957 --> 00:36:08,823
For properly deworming somebody
747
00:36:08,825 --> 00:36:11,092
Who has tried to use
the tapeworm remedy
748
00:36:11,094 --> 00:36:12,001
Who has tried to use
the tapeworm remedy
749
00:36:12,396 --> 00:36:15,005
That doesn't involve a glass
of milk under your bum.
750
00:36:18,568 --> 00:36:20,509
- It's a hot summer day in 1963
751
00:36:20,511 --> 00:36:22,828
At a bull ring outside
of cordoba, Spain.
752
00:36:23,557 --> 00:36:26,499
A battle is about to occur
between a giant beast
753
00:36:26,501 --> 00:36:29,861
And Spain's top neurologist.
754
00:36:34,484 --> 00:36:36,984
a bull
ring in his native Spain
755
00:36:36,986 --> 00:36:38,019
Provides the setting
756
00:36:38,021 --> 00:36:40,605
For delgado's most
spectacular demonstration.
757
00:36:40,607 --> 00:36:44,301
- He's this little guy, he's
wearing a sweater and a tie,
758
00:36:44,303 --> 00:36:46,461
And he comes out with
a traditional cape,
759
00:36:46,463 --> 00:36:49,297
But also holding a
radio transmitter.
760
00:36:49,299 --> 00:36:51,132
certainly,
this tiny scientist
761
00:36:51,134 --> 00:36:52,666
Is no match for the bull.
762
00:36:52,668 --> 00:36:57,171
Luckily for dr. Jose delgado,
he has a secret weapon,
763
00:36:57,173 --> 00:36:58,506
Mind control.
764
00:36:58,508 --> 00:37:00,700
- The scene is set
up to be a bloodbath.
765
00:37:00,702 --> 00:37:03,628
The bull begins to
charge at dr. Delgado.
766
00:37:07,284 --> 00:37:08,391
And he presses a button
767
00:37:08,393 --> 00:37:10,410
On a little transmitter
he's holding,
768
00:37:10,412 --> 00:37:13,229
And the bull immediately
stops in its tracks,
769
00:37:13,231 --> 00:37:16,733
Shakes its head in confusion,
and then calmly walks away.
770
00:37:18,069 --> 00:37:20,979
we've all heard of
a remote-controlled car,
771
00:37:20,981 --> 00:37:22,981
But a remote-controlled bull?
772
00:37:23,650 --> 00:37:26,200
- He has previously
implanted electrodes
773
00:37:26,202 --> 00:37:29,812
In this particular bull's
head, in its caudate nucleus,
774
00:37:29,814 --> 00:37:33,124
That are intended to cut the
bull's natural aggression.
775
00:37:34,110 --> 00:37:35,568
however, the
area of the brain
776
00:37:35,570 --> 00:37:38,830
That delgado is targeting
has another function.
777
00:37:38,832 --> 00:37:41,090
- The reality here is
that the caudate nucleus
778
00:37:41,092 --> 00:37:43,635
Is partially responsible
for motor control.
779
00:37:43,637 --> 00:37:46,220
And so, what dr. Delgado
is actually doing
780
00:37:46,222 --> 00:37:48,473
Is causing the bull
to freeze in place.
781
00:37:49,617 --> 00:37:51,209
- When delgado
presses the button,
782
00:37:51,211 --> 00:37:54,287
A signal short circuits that
area in the bull's brain,
783
00:37:54,289 --> 00:37:58,533
Just momentarily, but just
enough to stop the charge.
784
00:38:03,097 --> 00:38:05,448
- That freeze button
might sound like a dream
785
00:38:05,450 --> 00:38:06,932
To some married people.
786
00:38:06,934 --> 00:38:09,952
But for one couple,
it's a reality.
787
00:38:13,199 --> 00:38:16,250
- Kevin warwick is a
professor of cybernetics
788
00:38:16,252 --> 00:38:17,751
At redding university
in England.
789
00:38:17,753 --> 00:38:23,216
And in 1998, he decides to go
from lecturing about a subject
790
00:38:24,786 --> 00:38:26,678
To being part of it.
791
00:38:27,730 --> 00:38:29,472
- Dr. Warwick transplants
792
00:38:29,474 --> 00:38:30,806
A hundred electrodes
793
00:38:30,808 --> 00:38:32,467
Into his left forearm.
794
00:38:32,469 --> 00:38:35,453
The electrodes are connected
to a smart building,
795
00:38:35,455 --> 00:38:38,981
And so his arm can
communicate via radio signals
796
00:38:38,983 --> 00:38:41,017
To the technology
in the building.
797
00:38:41,019 --> 00:38:44,487
- So when he enters
the building,
798
00:38:44,489 --> 00:38:47,139
The doors will open,
the lights turn on,
799
00:38:47,141 --> 00:38:50,118
His computer goes to
his favorite website.
800
00:38:50,987 --> 00:38:54,155
remarkable,
sure, but in 2002,
801
00:38:54,157 --> 00:38:56,407
Dr. Warwick kicks it up a notch.
802
00:38:57,502 --> 00:39:00,669
- Professor warwick has a
more advanced micro-electrode
803
00:39:00,671 --> 00:39:03,005
Surgically implanted
into his body,
804
00:39:03,007 --> 00:39:04,740
And this now allows him
805
00:39:04,742 --> 00:39:07,260
To directly communicate
with his computer
806
00:39:07,262 --> 00:39:09,303
Just by thinking about it.
807
00:39:09,305 --> 00:39:11,347
- So try and think of something.
808
00:39:11,349 --> 00:39:13,099
Think of moving your hand.
809
00:39:14,335 --> 00:39:15,643
That is your brain working.
810
00:39:15,645 --> 00:39:17,445
- The connection is so good
811
00:39:17,447 --> 00:39:20,431
Between the human
mind and technology
812
00:39:20,433 --> 00:39:23,008
That he is able to send commands
813
00:39:23,010 --> 00:39:27,538
To open and close a
robotic hand in new york.
814
00:39:27,540 --> 00:39:32,768
So the power of his mind
is jumping the atlantic
815
00:39:33,555 --> 00:39:37,206
And moving a piece of
cybernetic technology.
816
00:39:37,208 --> 00:39:38,950
- This is the beginning.
817
00:39:38,952 --> 00:39:41,436
But he wants this terminal
818
00:39:41,438 --> 00:39:43,171
Not to be hooked
up to some machine
819
00:39:43,173 --> 00:39:45,965
But to be connected to
another human being,
820
00:39:46,868 --> 00:39:48,793
not just
any human being.
821
00:39:48,795 --> 00:39:52,847
Dr. Warwick, or captain cyborg,
as he's dubbed by his peers,
822
00:39:52,849 --> 00:39:55,558
Has the perfect person in mind.
823
00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:59,545
- Captain cyborg does
something that most married men
824
00:39:59,547 --> 00:40:00,730
Are reluctant to do.
825
00:40:00,732 --> 00:40:05,443
He has a processor inserted
into his wife irena.
826
00:40:05,445 --> 00:40:09,047
- He and his wife are
literally in communication
827
00:40:09,049 --> 00:40:12,233
At the level that you only
ever get with your own body.
828
00:40:13,019 --> 00:40:15,653
- The communication that
happens is when his wife
829
00:40:15,655 --> 00:40:18,973
Thinks about opening
or closing her hand,
830
00:40:18,975 --> 00:40:22,794
Which then sends a signal
back into warwick's arm,
831
00:40:22,796 --> 00:40:25,338
Causing his hand
to open and close.
832
00:40:26,149 --> 00:40:29,567
- His wife has
control over his body.
833
00:40:29,569 --> 00:40:31,970
I don't like giving
anyone that I'm dating
834
00:40:31,972 --> 00:40:34,097
Control of the remote control.
835
00:40:34,991 --> 00:40:36,599
kevin
warwick's experiments
836
00:40:36,601 --> 00:40:39,360
Give us a glimpse into a
future where cyborg technology,
837
00:40:39,362 --> 00:40:43,373
As strange as it may seem, is
part of our everyday lives.
838
00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:47,426
- We are moving toward a
cyborg future for humanity,
839
00:40:47,428 --> 00:40:49,671
Where we have chips
implanted in our bodies
840
00:40:49,673 --> 00:40:52,173
And we communicate with
the world around us.
841
00:40:52,175 --> 00:40:54,241
Imagine if you can
actually just think
842
00:40:54,243 --> 00:40:57,787
And turn on the lights, run
your bath, make your coffee.
843
00:40:57,789 --> 00:40:59,622
We have the old commercial,
844
00:40:59,624 --> 00:41:00,715
Help me, I've fallen
845
00:41:00,717 --> 00:41:01,499
And can't get up.
846
00:41:01,501 --> 00:41:03,776
Imagine if you could
just think that
847
00:41:03,778 --> 00:41:06,187
And rescuers come for you.
848
00:41:06,189 --> 00:41:09,040
The future of
humanity is unlimited
849
00:41:09,042 --> 00:41:12,886
'cause humans are so
smart and amazing.
850
00:41:15,198 --> 00:41:18,165
- We've seen experiments that
are weird and disturbing,
851
00:41:18,167 --> 00:41:22,069
Some that can control minds,
some that even do good.
852
00:41:22,071 --> 00:41:24,229
But no matter what
their original intent,
853
00:41:24,231 --> 00:41:27,358
These experiments all
share one thing in common.
854
00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:30,278
They're truly unbelievable.
855
00:41:30,358 --> 00:41:32,358
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