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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:18,394 --> 00:00:20,911 - Imagine a man who experiments 2 00:00:20,913 --> 00:00:25,232 By sticking monkey heads somewhere they don't belong. 3 00:00:25,234 --> 00:00:28,027 - He starts thinking, can the brain still live 4 00:00:28,029 --> 00:00:30,145 Outside of the body? 5 00:00:30,147 --> 00:00:31,371 If so, for how long? 6 00:00:32,742 --> 00:00:37,202 - Or a cia plan to use a cat as a spy. 7 00:00:37,204 --> 00:00:42,583 - The cia pumps $20 million into training and preparing cats. 8 00:00:43,468 --> 00:00:45,460 And they're looking for that perfect cat agent. 9 00:00:45,462 --> 00:00:47,187 - Or how about an experiment that tests 10 00:00:47,189 --> 00:00:49,940 If the average person could be induced to hurt 11 00:00:49,942 --> 00:00:51,759 Or kill total strangers? 12 00:00:52,595 --> 00:00:53,718 wrong. 13 00:00:54,947 --> 00:00:56,113 you have no right to keep me here! 14 00:00:56,115 --> 00:00:57,222 Let me out! 15 00:00:57,224 --> 00:00:59,283 - These are the experiments so surprising, 16 00:00:59,285 --> 00:01:02,061 They are truly unbelievable. 17 00:01:15,159 --> 00:01:16,499 Humans have been searching 18 00:01:16,501 --> 00:01:19,477 For the key to eternal youth for eons. 19 00:01:19,479 --> 00:01:23,498 And that quest has led to some extremely odd experiments 20 00:01:23,500 --> 00:01:25,375 Trying to hold back time. 21 00:01:25,377 --> 00:01:27,394 Perhaps the strangest is one attempted 22 00:01:27,396 --> 00:01:31,005 By a russian named serge a century ago. 23 00:01:33,843 --> 00:01:37,745 - Serge voronoff is a surgeon of russian descent 24 00:01:37,747 --> 00:01:38,855 Living in paris. 25 00:01:38,857 --> 00:01:41,791 And he sets his sights on the question 26 00:01:41,793 --> 00:01:44,277 Of whether there is a way to slow 27 00:01:44,279 --> 00:01:46,847 Or reverse the aging process. 28 00:01:47,541 --> 00:01:49,199 - As a young medical professional, 29 00:01:49,201 --> 00:01:51,084 He seeks out guidance from 30 00:01:51,086 --> 00:01:53,111 A famous doctor of the time 31 00:01:53,113 --> 00:01:55,672 Known as alexis carrel. 32 00:01:55,674 --> 00:01:57,298 - Working under carrel, 33 00:01:57,300 --> 00:02:00,052 Serge learns a variety of techniques, 34 00:02:00,054 --> 00:02:01,452 Including transplant, 35 00:02:01,454 --> 00:02:03,780 Which is a very new surgical science 36 00:02:03,782 --> 00:02:05,440 In the early 20th century. 37 00:02:05,442 --> 00:02:10,354 And immediately, serge begins to ponder possibilities. 38 00:02:10,356 --> 00:02:12,622 serge also uncovers something surprising 39 00:02:12,624 --> 00:02:15,458 When he studies egyptian eunuchs, 40 00:02:15,460 --> 00:02:17,377 Men who've been castrated. 41 00:02:17,379 --> 00:02:22,040 - He realizes that eunuchs, after castration, 42 00:02:22,042 --> 00:02:26,119 Are beset with a host of medical maladies, 43 00:02:26,121 --> 00:02:29,231 A stooping gait, respiratory problems, 44 00:02:29,233 --> 00:02:32,251 Skin problems, cognitive problems. 45 00:02:32,253 --> 00:02:33,410 - It almost seems like 46 00:02:33,412 --> 00:02:34,819 They're aging faster 47 00:02:34,821 --> 00:02:36,989 Than non-castrated males. 48 00:02:37,925 --> 00:02:40,825 this gives serge a crazy aha moment. 49 00:02:40,827 --> 00:02:44,446 Is it possible he has just found the fountain of youth? 50 00:02:44,448 --> 00:02:45,980 - So serge recognizes that 51 00:02:45,982 --> 00:02:47,841 If a lack of testicles 52 00:02:47,843 --> 00:02:49,651 Makes you age more quickly, 53 00:02:49,653 --> 00:02:52,880 Perhaps if you have new, younger testicles, 54 00:02:52,882 --> 00:02:54,064 You'd age more slowly 55 00:02:54,066 --> 00:02:56,833 Or maybe even turn back the clock on aging. 56 00:02:56,835 --> 00:02:59,502 hoping to unlock the key to virility, 57 00:02:59,504 --> 00:03:03,356 Serge starts to experiment with animals. 58 00:03:03,358 --> 00:03:06,676 - He takes animals that are older and he invigorates them 59 00:03:06,678 --> 00:03:10,096 With the young testicles of other animals. 60 00:03:10,098 --> 00:03:12,416 And it turns out that it's working. 61 00:03:12,418 --> 00:03:14,401 Their coat is glossy and shiny. 62 00:03:14,403 --> 00:03:15,752 They have energy again. 63 00:03:15,754 --> 00:03:17,011 They're running around. 64 00:03:17,013 --> 00:03:19,773 They seem more sexually vigorous as well. 65 00:03:19,775 --> 00:03:22,533 - He knows that there has to be a way 66 00:03:22,535 --> 00:03:27,247 Of helping humans experience this same rejuvenation. 67 00:03:27,983 --> 00:03:31,334 The problem is human testicles 68 00:03:31,336 --> 00:03:33,837 Really aren't readily available. 69 00:03:33,839 --> 00:03:36,139 - He makes his next natural leap. 70 00:03:36,141 --> 00:03:39,259 And his wish is to essentially transplant 71 00:03:39,261 --> 00:03:43,346 A simian or monkey testicles onto a human subject. 72 00:03:44,283 --> 00:03:46,149 however, realizing no man in his right mind 73 00:03:46,151 --> 00:03:50,545 Will consider a full testicle transplant with a monkey, 74 00:03:50,547 --> 00:03:52,597 Serge needs a workaround. 75 00:03:52,599 --> 00:03:55,943 - He intends to take slivers of tissue 76 00:03:56,861 --> 00:03:59,396 From the testicles of monkeys, 77 00:03:59,398 --> 00:04:02,240 Just a few millimeters in size, 78 00:04:02,242 --> 00:04:06,620 And interpose these slivers onto the testicles 79 00:04:06,622 --> 00:04:08,638 Of human subjects. 80 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,257 serge is certain his experiment will work. 81 00:04:11,259 --> 00:04:12,750 He just needs to find a subject. 82 00:04:12,752 --> 00:04:18,048 And in 1920, he finally finds his man, his older brother. 83 00:04:19,175 --> 00:04:20,250 And the results? 84 00:04:20,252 --> 00:04:22,368 They surprise even serge. 85 00:04:22,370 --> 00:04:27,590 - His brother suddenly has this full ruddy face, 86 00:04:28,017 --> 00:04:29,109 Is stronger, 87 00:04:29,111 --> 00:04:34,356 Is really seeming much younger than his age. 88 00:04:35,192 --> 00:04:38,368 - So serge moves to monetize his procedure. 89 00:04:38,370 --> 00:04:39,461 And so, he starts approaching 90 00:04:39,463 --> 00:04:42,572 All these rich men and showing them, 91 00:04:42,574 --> 00:04:44,515 Here, here is the proof. 92 00:04:44,517 --> 00:04:47,018 I have before and after photographs. 93 00:04:47,020 --> 00:04:50,347 Serge just found the little blue pills of the 1920s. 94 00:04:50,349 --> 00:04:52,790 wealthy tycoons from around the world 95 00:04:52,792 --> 00:04:54,625 Sign up for the surgery, 96 00:04:54,627 --> 00:04:56,127 And monkey glands for 97 00:04:56,129 --> 00:04:58,255 Millionaires is born. 98 00:05:02,343 --> 00:05:04,243 - Now he has a huge customer base, 99 00:05:04,245 --> 00:05:06,846 And he needs a supply of testicles. 100 00:05:06,848 --> 00:05:09,348 He buys a huge estate and park 101 00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:13,736 And names it voronoff castle, where he can raise monkeys, 102 00:05:13,738 --> 00:05:17,982 Specially produced for his monkey gland surgeries. 103 00:05:17,984 --> 00:05:20,602 two decades and 2,000 surgeries later, 104 00:05:20,604 --> 00:05:24,214 Serge considers his testicle procedure a success. 105 00:05:24,216 --> 00:05:27,200 Has he really unlocked the secret to youth? 106 00:05:27,202 --> 00:05:29,586 - Men believed they were gaining vitality 107 00:05:29,588 --> 00:05:33,498 So they felt like they were more vital and more vigorous, 108 00:05:33,500 --> 00:05:35,508 But it's a placebo effect. 109 00:05:35,510 --> 00:05:37,577 And eventually, people figure out 110 00:05:37,579 --> 00:05:39,729 That his procedure does not work. 111 00:05:39,731 --> 00:05:41,839 Serge's gig is up. 112 00:05:41,841 --> 00:05:42,740 No one's buying it. 113 00:05:42,742 --> 00:05:43,942 He's a laughingstock. 114 00:05:43,944 --> 00:05:46,352 And he falls into obscurity. 115 00:05:46,354 --> 00:05:48,905 - Meanwhile, another doctor takes serge's work 116 00:05:48,907 --> 00:05:51,999 To the next level, in an unlikely setting, 117 00:05:52,001 --> 00:05:56,396 Death row at one of california's most notorious prisons. 118 00:05:57,708 --> 00:06:01,050 - In 1928, buck kelly, a 23-year-old, 119 00:06:01,052 --> 00:06:03,028 Is executed at san quentin. 120 00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:05,555 They take him to the gallows, he's hanged. 121 00:06:05,557 --> 00:06:08,575 After that's done, they take down his body 122 00:06:08,577 --> 00:06:10,535 And hand it over to the 123 00:06:10,537 --> 00:06:12,412 Resident medical expert, 124 00:06:12,414 --> 00:06:13,704 Leo stanley. 125 00:06:13,706 --> 00:06:15,857 He performs the autopsy as one would expect 126 00:06:15,859 --> 00:06:19,461 And then does one other little thing. 127 00:06:20,213 --> 00:06:22,089 He removes buck's testicles. 128 00:06:23,041 --> 00:06:24,925 just who is leo stanley 129 00:06:24,927 --> 00:06:28,369 And why is he collecting testicles from a dead inmate? 130 00:06:28,371 --> 00:06:30,847 - Leo stanley is a guy who goes to college 131 00:06:30,849 --> 00:06:33,724 Originally at stanford, but then he drops out. 132 00:06:33,726 --> 00:06:35,793 And later, he goes to cooper college 133 00:06:35,795 --> 00:06:38,020 And actually gets a medical degree. 134 00:06:38,022 --> 00:06:40,807 And he is looking forward to being a doctor. 135 00:06:40,809 --> 00:06:42,317 - He thinks he's gonna live a life 136 00:06:42,319 --> 00:06:44,394 Of just a town physician somewhere, 137 00:06:44,396 --> 00:06:47,747 And then an opening appears at san quentin. 138 00:06:47,749 --> 00:06:50,659 And he applies for it, and he gets it. 139 00:06:52,037 --> 00:06:55,771 but stanley's not just there to treat criminals. 140 00:06:55,773 --> 00:06:59,317 He's also determined to curb their bad behavior. 141 00:06:59,319 --> 00:07:03,296 And he has some odd ideas on how to do it. 142 00:07:03,298 --> 00:07:05,690 - He feels that there is a direct link 143 00:07:05,692 --> 00:07:10,094 Between the age of a man's glands and gonads 144 00:07:10,096 --> 00:07:14,691 And his tendency to commit horrible and heinous crimes. 145 00:07:14,693 --> 00:07:17,327 He writes a book called "men at their worst." 146 00:07:17,329 --> 00:07:21,665 And he even says things like pedophilia only occurs 147 00:07:21,667 --> 00:07:25,868 When outworn glands start looking for relief 148 00:07:25,870 --> 00:07:27,612 In the worst places. 149 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,028 - Just like serge, leo comes up with the idea 150 00:07:35,030 --> 00:07:37,497 Of doing testicle transplants. 151 00:07:37,499 --> 00:07:41,292 But unlike serge, he goes straight human to human. 152 00:07:45,373 --> 00:07:48,074 But leo doesn't use slivers, 153 00:07:48,076 --> 00:07:51,811 He uses entire whole testicles. 154 00:07:53,998 --> 00:07:57,884 - Stanley believes that his surgical process 155 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:02,463 Will actually be a floor of social rehabilitation, 156 00:08:02,465 --> 00:08:04,073 That these prisoners who had 157 00:08:04,075 --> 00:08:05,299 Been stuck in san quentin, 158 00:08:05,301 --> 00:08:07,318 Once they had a new set of testicles, 159 00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:11,138 Could go out, be productive members of society, 160 00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:13,533 And would not return to san quentin. 161 00:08:13,535 --> 00:08:15,810 - Ranging from voluntary to involuntary, 162 00:08:15,812 --> 00:08:18,688 Dr. Stanley carries out this experiment 163 00:08:18,690 --> 00:08:20,356 At least a thousand times, 164 00:08:20,358 --> 00:08:23,409 Taking them off of freshly executed prisoners 165 00:08:23,411 --> 00:08:26,896 And putting them onto those who are still alive and well. 166 00:08:27,582 --> 00:08:29,824 eventually, the mad testicle transplanter 167 00:08:29,826 --> 00:08:30,926 Of san quentin 168 00:08:31,862 --> 00:08:35,597 Runs into a bit of a supply problem. 169 00:08:37,333 --> 00:08:40,927 - He doesn't have enough source of young male testicles. 170 00:08:40,929 --> 00:08:42,896 They're not executing a young inmate 171 00:08:42,898 --> 00:08:44,430 Every day or every week even. 172 00:08:44,432 --> 00:08:45,598 So what does he do? 173 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,466 He turns to animals. 174 00:08:47,468 --> 00:08:50,444 Goats, deer, bears, 175 00:08:50,446 --> 00:08:52,005 Water buffalo, you name it. 176 00:08:52,007 --> 00:08:55,158 If it has balls, he's putting it in an old dude. 177 00:08:57,246 --> 00:09:01,114 when stanley's patients don't respond as he hoped, 178 00:09:01,116 --> 00:09:03,416 He comes up with a different approach. 179 00:09:04,436 --> 00:09:06,853 - He does something incredibly bizarre 180 00:09:06,855 --> 00:09:09,305 And, you know, kind of gross. 181 00:09:09,307 --> 00:09:12,475 He takes a bunch of testicles, 182 00:09:12,477 --> 00:09:16,388 And he blends them up into kind of a paste, 183 00:09:18,875 --> 00:09:22,285 And he injects this testicle paste 184 00:09:22,287 --> 00:09:25,896 Into the abdomen of prisoners. 185 00:09:29,444 --> 00:09:32,028 And, no! No! 186 00:09:34,449 --> 00:09:37,634 - Leo's testicle mash paste injection idea 187 00:09:37,636 --> 00:09:41,078 Doesn't work either, so he comes up with a new idea. 188 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:43,081 Okay, if I can't restore your vitality, 189 00:09:43,083 --> 00:09:45,658 I can at least restore your looks. 190 00:09:45,660 --> 00:09:49,145 - And so, he starts offering plastic surgeries 191 00:09:49,147 --> 00:09:52,332 To the inmates so they can look more handsome, 192 00:09:52,334 --> 00:09:55,743 So that when they get out, they could maybe find a wife, 193 00:09:55,745 --> 00:09:58,671 Or get a job, or be somewhat normal. 194 00:09:58,673 --> 00:10:03,359 This guy, his chain of reasoning is not exactly strong. 195 00:10:03,361 --> 00:10:07,438 Why he wasn't fired almost immediately is a mystery. 196 00:10:12,454 --> 00:10:16,113 - after 40 years, dr. - Leo stanley's experiments 197 00:10:16,115 --> 00:10:17,932 Finally come to an end. 198 00:10:17,934 --> 00:10:20,409 - He's kind of your real dr. Frankenstein. 199 00:10:20,411 --> 00:10:24,939 He sees inmates as things that he can experiment on, 200 00:10:24,941 --> 00:10:26,666 That he can play with. 201 00:10:26,668 --> 00:10:27,000 He's carving up human beings. 202 00:10:27,535 --> 00:10:28,501 He's carving up human beings. 203 00:10:28,670 --> 00:10:32,422 And he does this 10,000 times across his career. 204 00:10:36,995 --> 00:10:38,911 - Can the average person be talked 205 00:10:38,913 --> 00:10:40,679 Into killing a total stranger? 206 00:10:40,681 --> 00:10:44,050 In 1961, a psychologist named stanley milgram 207 00:10:44,052 --> 00:10:47,162 Goes to unbelievable lengths to find out. 208 00:10:49,649 --> 00:10:52,550 - Dr. Stanley milgram is born in the 1930s 209 00:10:52,552 --> 00:10:56,111 And grows up in new york city in a jewish household, 210 00:10:56,113 --> 00:10:57,380 With the specter of 211 00:10:57,382 --> 00:10:59,114 Nazis lingering over him 212 00:10:59,116 --> 00:11:01,809 And really the specter of the holocaust. 213 00:11:01,811 --> 00:11:02,993 And he devotes his career 214 00:11:02,995 --> 00:11:05,254 To trying to figure out this problem. 215 00:11:05,256 --> 00:11:08,983 What makes people do awful things? 216 00:11:12,021 --> 00:11:15,164 - Milgram puts an ad in the local newspaper 217 00:11:15,166 --> 00:11:19,168 Looking for subjects, specifically men. 218 00:11:19,170 --> 00:11:23,189 He offers subjects $4 a pop to come in 219 00:11:23,191 --> 00:11:26,017 And participate in an experiment. 220 00:11:26,987 --> 00:11:27,777 - Alright. 221 00:11:27,779 --> 00:11:28,686 Sit right here. 222 00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:30,112 - People answer the ad, 223 00:11:30,114 --> 00:11:32,899 And they're paired with somebody else. 224 00:11:32,901 --> 00:11:36,193 Each is assigned a role, teacher and learner. 225 00:11:36,195 --> 00:11:37,286 - Could you open those and tell me 226 00:11:37,288 --> 00:11:40,514 Which of you is which please? 227 00:11:40,516 --> 00:11:41,348 - Teacher. 228 00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:42,075 - Learner. 229 00:11:42,077 --> 00:11:43,243 with roles assigned, 230 00:11:43,245 --> 00:11:46,195 The unconventional experiment begins. 231 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:50,816 - The learner has to memorize words, a pair of words. 232 00:11:50,818 --> 00:11:52,334 And throughout the experiment, 233 00:11:52,336 --> 00:11:53,736 The teacher will give the first word, 234 00:11:53,738 --> 00:11:56,472 And the learner is supposed to reply with the second word. 235 00:11:56,474 --> 00:11:59,158 - Cat, dog, high, low. 236 00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:02,429 It's a very simple word association list. 237 00:12:03,206 --> 00:12:05,481 - The learner is sat down in a chair 238 00:12:05,483 --> 00:12:07,784 That looks a lot like an electric chair. 239 00:12:07,786 --> 00:12:11,438 - The teacher is then brought into another room 240 00:12:11,440 --> 00:12:13,489 Alone with just dr. Milgram 241 00:12:13,491 --> 00:12:17,234 And shown an electrical apparatus. 242 00:12:17,236 --> 00:12:18,494 when you press one of the switches 243 00:12:18,496 --> 00:12:19,829 All the way down, the learner gets a shock. 244 00:12:19,831 --> 00:12:21,906 so just how far will someone go 245 00:12:21,908 --> 00:12:23,891 To obey an authority figure? 246 00:12:23,893 --> 00:12:26,168 - Attention, learner, your teacher 247 00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:27,853 Is about to begin the test. 248 00:12:27,855 --> 00:12:30,457 Try and remember the word pairs. 249 00:12:30,459 --> 00:12:32,008 Ready? 250 00:12:32,010 --> 00:12:33,159 Begin. 251 00:12:33,161 --> 00:12:34,310 - Blue girl. 252 00:12:34,312 --> 00:12:36,178 - Teacher ask the learner a question. 253 00:12:37,123 --> 00:12:37,997 incorrect. 254 00:12:37,999 --> 00:12:39,098 - Learner gets it wrong. 255 00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:43,603 Milgram's in the room and says shock the person. 256 00:12:44,680 --> 00:12:46,806 - Well, now, you'll get a shock of 75 volts. 257 00:12:48,660 --> 00:12:49,492 Soft air. 258 00:12:49,494 --> 00:12:51,360 - With each successive wrong answer, 259 00:12:51,362 --> 00:12:53,012 The voltage level is increased, 260 00:12:53,014 --> 00:12:57,400 From 15 volts initially all the way up to 450 volts. 261 00:12:58,286 --> 00:12:59,602 to put it in perspective, 262 00:12:59,604 --> 00:13:02,054 450 volts is enough to power 263 00:13:02,056 --> 00:13:05,616 Two single family homes in north america. 264 00:13:05,618 --> 00:13:08,995 - As the teacher is administering 265 00:13:08,997 --> 00:13:11,664 Increasingly severe shocks, 266 00:13:12,851 --> 00:13:16,902 He hears via speaker the learner in the next room 267 00:13:16,904 --> 00:13:19,555 Emitting screams. 268 00:13:21,726 --> 00:13:24,285 - The teachers are sweating it out. 269 00:13:24,287 --> 00:13:25,978 They are feeling terrible. 270 00:13:25,980 --> 00:13:29,165 Some of them dig their fingernails into their palms. 271 00:13:29,167 --> 00:13:30,883 They're really, really upset. 272 00:13:30,885 --> 00:13:35,071 - They are inflicting injury on another human being, 273 00:13:35,073 --> 00:13:37,406 But dr. Milgram is there, assuring them 274 00:13:37,408 --> 00:13:39,526 That, you know, it's okay, this is part of the experiment. 275 00:13:39,528 --> 00:13:41,894 This conflict is tremendous. 276 00:13:41,896 --> 00:13:42,970 let me out of here. 277 00:13:42,972 --> 00:13:44,047 You have no right to keep me here. 278 00:13:44,049 --> 00:13:44,805 Let me out. 279 00:13:44,807 --> 00:13:46,991 but there's a twist. 280 00:13:46,993 --> 00:13:47,766 - It's all fake. 281 00:13:47,768 --> 00:13:48,784 It's all a setup. 282 00:13:48,786 --> 00:13:49,977 What the teacher doesn't know 283 00:13:49,979 --> 00:13:54,057 Is that the learner is an actor hired by dr. Milgram. 284 00:13:54,059 --> 00:13:55,708 There are no electric shocks. 285 00:13:55,710 --> 00:13:58,761 The learner is simply crying out in pain, 286 00:13:58,763 --> 00:13:59,579 Starting with like, 287 00:13:59,581 --> 00:14:00,563 That hurts, 288 00:14:00,565 --> 00:14:02,164 But going all the way up to sobbing 289 00:14:02,166 --> 00:14:03,699 And saying, I don't feel right, 290 00:14:03,701 --> 00:14:04,834 Something's wrong with my heart. 291 00:14:04,836 --> 00:14:06,752 Please stop, you have to stop. 292 00:14:08,773 --> 00:14:11,857 - Milgram does the experiment up to 40 times. 293 00:14:11,859 --> 00:14:13,759 Some of the teachers clearly hate it, 294 00:14:13,761 --> 00:14:15,945 But some of them actually enjoy it. 295 00:14:15,947 --> 00:14:17,747 - 150 volts. 296 00:14:20,402 --> 00:14:21,508 - Next one. - , 297 00:14:21,510 --> 00:14:23,102 I refuse to answer. 298 00:14:23,104 --> 00:14:26,422 - You're gonna keep getting a shock if you don't answer. 299 00:14:28,276 --> 00:14:31,110 - Over half of the participants in the teacher role 300 00:14:31,112 --> 00:14:33,704 Make it up to the 450 volt level, 301 00:14:33,706 --> 00:14:36,132 Which is effectively a fatal shock. 302 00:14:36,134 --> 00:14:37,858 - 450 volts. 303 00:14:39,362 --> 00:14:40,970 - What milgram captures 304 00:14:40,972 --> 00:14:45,382 Is that ordinary, everyday, law-abiding people 305 00:14:45,384 --> 00:14:49,145 Can be induced to acts of brutality 306 00:14:49,147 --> 00:14:52,281 Just because they're obeying authority. 307 00:14:52,283 --> 00:14:54,058 but why didn't you just stop? 308 00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:54,767 - He wouldn't let me. 309 00:14:54,769 --> 00:14:56,377 I wanted to stop. 310 00:14:56,379 --> 00:14:59,138 I kept insisting to stop, but he says no. 311 00:14:59,140 --> 00:15:02,317 we'll have to discontinue the experiment. 312 00:15:05,237 --> 00:15:07,163 - As the cold war heats up in the 60s, 313 00:15:07,165 --> 00:15:08,948 Experiments get even stranger. 314 00:15:08,950 --> 00:15:10,633 From poisonous umbrellas 315 00:15:10,635 --> 00:15:13,369 To a plan to attack fidel castro's beard, 316 00:15:13,371 --> 00:15:17,490 Nothing is off limits, not even cats. 317 00:15:18,567 --> 00:15:21,168 - Cats are notoriously difficult to train. 318 00:15:21,170 --> 00:15:23,229 They just kind of wanna do their own thing, 319 00:15:23,231 --> 00:15:26,582 But they're also very curious. 320 00:15:26,584 --> 00:15:30,803 And so, in the 1960s, the cia hatches a plan 321 00:15:30,805 --> 00:15:33,765 To train cats to become spies. 322 00:15:37,762 --> 00:15:40,546 - The idea behind project acoustic kitty 323 00:15:40,548 --> 00:15:43,624 Is that cats are pretty innocuous. 324 00:15:43,626 --> 00:15:47,045 And they can roam around lots of places 325 00:15:47,047 --> 00:15:48,512 Without concerning anybody. 326 00:15:48,514 --> 00:15:51,190 So if the cats can get themselves close enough 327 00:15:51,192 --> 00:15:52,808 To private conversations, 328 00:15:52,810 --> 00:15:56,054 They might be able to overhear important information. 329 00:15:56,056 --> 00:15:59,131 - Now, the cat's not gonna just go into a cia debrief 330 00:15:59,133 --> 00:16:00,607 And say the subject said this. 331 00:16:00,609 --> 00:16:01,884 The cat's not gonna do that. 332 00:16:01,886 --> 00:16:05,705 So the cat is turned into a living listening device. 333 00:16:05,707 --> 00:16:07,924 fighting communism is the top priority 334 00:16:07,926 --> 00:16:09,892 For us intelligence at the time, 335 00:16:09,894 --> 00:16:14,197 So creating a spy cat that can take down the iron curtain 336 00:16:14,199 --> 00:16:15,622 Sounds reasonable. 337 00:16:15,624 --> 00:16:20,461 - The cia pumps $20 million into training 338 00:16:20,463 --> 00:16:23,823 And preparing cats that can be these spies. 339 00:16:23,825 --> 00:16:25,449 And as they do this, they're vetting. 340 00:16:25,451 --> 00:16:28,135 They're looking for that perfect cat agent. 341 00:16:28,637 --> 00:16:30,896 - The cia ultimately determines 342 00:16:30,898 --> 00:16:32,473 That one particular kitty cat 343 00:16:32,475 --> 00:16:36,727 Is ready to conduct its first operation. 344 00:16:37,572 --> 00:16:39,305 - In order to make this work, 345 00:16:39,307 --> 00:16:40,823 The cia has to figure out a way 346 00:16:40,825 --> 00:16:43,876 To implant this listening device into the cat. 347 00:16:43,878 --> 00:16:47,680 And what they end up having to do is do surgery. 348 00:16:47,682 --> 00:16:49,849 They put the listening device in the ear, 349 00:16:49,851 --> 00:16:52,635 And put a transmitter at the base of the animal's skull, 350 00:16:52,637 --> 00:16:56,639 And then run the antenna down an incision on the cat's back 351 00:16:56,641 --> 00:16:58,607 So that it's hidden by the fur. 352 00:16:58,609 --> 00:17:00,768 Not really fun for the cat, I'm sure. 353 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:04,354 with the cat wired up and trained, 354 00:17:04,356 --> 00:17:08,251 It's time for this secret agent's first assignment. 355 00:17:08,253 --> 00:17:11,278 - The goal is for the cat to eavesdrop 356 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:13,038 On two men sitting on a park bench 357 00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:14,741 Outside of the soviet embassy. 358 00:17:15,684 --> 00:17:19,211 So the cia agents drive up with the cat in their white van. 359 00:17:19,873 --> 00:17:22,464 - The van pulls up across the street from the park 360 00:17:22,466 --> 00:17:24,058 Where the two men are sitting. 361 00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:27,128 - It's time to deploy the acoustic kitty. 362 00:17:27,939 --> 00:17:29,455 They get the cat ready. 363 00:17:29,457 --> 00:17:31,965 They issue the cat the command. 364 00:17:31,967 --> 00:17:33,009 It knows where to go. 365 00:17:33,011 --> 00:17:34,293 They open the van. 366 00:17:34,295 --> 00:17:35,536 The cat jumps out. 367 00:17:35,538 --> 00:17:38,580 - And it immediately gets hit by a taxi. 368 00:17:39,901 --> 00:17:42,576 $20 million out the window. 369 00:17:42,578 --> 00:17:45,087 With all of this research, they never think, 370 00:17:45,089 --> 00:17:46,622 Hey, you know what, we should pull over 371 00:17:46,624 --> 00:17:48,048 On the same side of the street 372 00:17:48,050 --> 00:17:49,809 That the cat has to get out. 373 00:17:49,811 --> 00:17:52,819 and just what does the cia after-action report 374 00:17:52,821 --> 00:17:57,492 Identify as the fatal flaw in an otherwise excellent plan? 375 00:17:58,286 --> 00:18:00,336 - Quote, cats are not trainable 376 00:18:00,338 --> 00:18:04,207 And they don't have the same deep-seated desire to please 377 00:18:04,209 --> 00:18:06,309 A human master as a dog does. 378 00:18:06,311 --> 00:18:07,001 A human master as a dog does. 379 00:18:08,129 --> 00:18:12,072 - We spent $20 million to learn that cats don't care. 380 00:18:12,074 --> 00:18:13,257 Great use of money. 381 00:18:14,969 --> 00:18:17,837 We've all heard the saying two heads are better than one. 382 00:18:17,839 --> 00:18:22,608 In 1954, a soviet scientist and organ transplant pioneer 383 00:18:22,610 --> 00:18:25,645 Sets out to prove that, literally. 384 00:18:30,919 --> 00:18:35,696 - It is the height of the cold war, and a soviet surgeon 385 00:18:36,974 --> 00:18:39,926 Named vladimir demikhov begins to probe questions 386 00:18:39,928 --> 00:18:44,831 Of how far you can go with organ transplants. 387 00:18:44,833 --> 00:18:46,273 - Vladimir demikhov is 388 00:18:46,275 --> 00:18:48,292 Actually one of the pioneers 389 00:18:48,294 --> 00:18:49,443 Of transplant surgery. 390 00:18:49,445 --> 00:18:51,187 He's transplanting hearts 391 00:18:51,189 --> 00:18:52,796 And lungs between dogs. 392 00:18:52,798 --> 00:18:54,631 And he's doing it as a good doctor, 393 00:18:54,633 --> 00:18:57,467 Doing really meaningful, good work. 394 00:18:58,495 --> 00:19:01,013 vladimir demikhov's next goal? 395 00:19:01,015 --> 00:19:04,224 A full head transplant on a dog. 396 00:19:04,226 --> 00:19:06,135 But since he's never done it before, 397 00:19:06,137 --> 00:19:08,988 He needs to experiment a little first. 398 00:19:08,990 --> 00:19:11,824 - Demikhov and his team essentially do an experiment 399 00:19:11,826 --> 00:19:13,693 Of creating a two-headed dog. 400 00:19:13,695 --> 00:19:16,212 - He wants to be able to see 401 00:19:16,214 --> 00:19:19,031 If he is able to take one head 402 00:19:19,975 --> 00:19:21,734 And graft that onto another 403 00:19:21,736 --> 00:19:23,870 And if he can keep that alive. 404 00:19:24,663 --> 00:19:28,832 - He arranges to experiment with this 405 00:19:28,834 --> 00:19:34,246 On two dogs, one smaller 9-year-old dog named shavka 406 00:19:35,233 --> 00:19:38,918 And one stray larger german shepherd named brodyaga. 407 00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:41,420 - Vladimir detaches shavka's head, 408 00:19:41,422 --> 00:19:44,606 And he attaches shavka's head 409 00:19:44,608 --> 00:19:47,560 To brodyaga's vertebrae. 410 00:19:48,663 --> 00:19:50,687 three and a half hours later, 411 00:19:50,689 --> 00:19:53,524 The two-headed dog experiment is complete. 412 00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,152 But does it actually work? 413 00:19:56,938 --> 00:19:58,404 - It sounds awful. 414 00:19:58,406 --> 00:20:00,615 She's just a head attached to this body, 415 00:20:00,617 --> 00:20:04,076 But she eats, she drinks, she barks. 416 00:20:04,078 --> 00:20:08,130 vladimir's two-headed dog only lives for four days, 417 00:20:08,132 --> 00:20:11,000 But that doesn't stop him from trying again, 418 00:20:12,228 --> 00:20:13,436 And again. 419 00:20:13,438 --> 00:20:18,048 - He does these exact kinds of experiments 23 more times 420 00:20:18,050 --> 00:20:20,909 Between 1954 and 1959. 421 00:20:21,887 --> 00:20:24,288 And even though none of them are actually a success, 422 00:20:24,290 --> 00:20:27,407 He firmly believes that he's proving to the world 423 00:20:27,409 --> 00:20:29,635 That head transplants are possible. 424 00:20:29,637 --> 00:20:31,820 - He is not seen as a hero for this. 425 00:20:31,822 --> 00:20:35,148 In fact, it swings hard in the opposite direction. 426 00:20:35,150 --> 00:20:37,050 He is seen as a charlatan, 427 00:20:37,052 --> 00:20:39,362 And it basically ruins his career. 428 00:20:40,882 --> 00:20:43,665 - While vladimir's two-headed dog experiment 429 00:20:43,667 --> 00:20:45,575 Eventually gets shut down, 430 00:20:45,577 --> 00:20:49,288 It inspires another surgeon in cleveland, ohio, 431 00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:50,915 Dr. Robert white. 432 00:20:54,069 --> 00:20:56,978 - When he looks at what's happening in the soviet union, 433 00:20:56,980 --> 00:20:58,697 With them creating a two-headed dog, 434 00:20:58,699 --> 00:21:01,984 He starts thinking, if the brain is still alive 435 00:21:01,986 --> 00:21:04,470 Inside of this broken body, 436 00:21:04,472 --> 00:21:08,607 Can the brain still live outside of the human body? 437 00:21:08,609 --> 00:21:09,758 Could he keep a brain alive? 438 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:11,527 And, if so, for how long? 439 00:21:11,529 --> 00:21:14,930 to find out, he obviously can't use humans, 440 00:21:14,932 --> 00:21:18,042 So he turns to another species. 441 00:21:18,044 --> 00:21:20,786 - What he does is removes the brain 442 00:21:20,788 --> 00:21:23,489 Of one rhesus monkey and puts it in a machine 443 00:21:23,491 --> 00:21:25,599 Where it's fed oxygenated blood 444 00:21:25,601 --> 00:21:27,951 Coming from the body of another one. 445 00:21:27,953 --> 00:21:30,788 - So you have the naked bulb of brain 446 00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:33,165 Flushed with blood, pink. 447 00:21:33,167 --> 00:21:35,300 He hooks it up to electrodes, 448 00:21:35,302 --> 00:21:37,961 And those electrodes go peaking along, 449 00:21:37,963 --> 00:21:39,839 And there're peaks and valleys showing you 450 00:21:39,841 --> 00:21:43,725 That that brain, without any body attached at all, 451 00:21:43,727 --> 00:21:45,218 Is still thinking. 452 00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:47,287 the reaction from the medical community 453 00:21:47,289 --> 00:21:49,882 Is a little disappointing. 454 00:21:49,884 --> 00:21:52,158 - He takes this amazing experiment 455 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,520 And all that it has discovered to a conference, 456 00:21:54,522 --> 00:21:56,062 And he shows them the graphs, 457 00:21:56,064 --> 00:21:58,298 And none of his colleagues believe him. 458 00:21:59,043 --> 00:22:01,902 - So he decides to transplant a full head. 459 00:22:01,904 --> 00:22:04,179 So when you transplant a full head, 460 00:22:04,181 --> 00:22:07,066 You can actually see the new head doing stuff. 461 00:22:07,068 --> 00:22:08,975 So you don't have to question 462 00:22:08,977 --> 00:22:11,478 Whether or not there's activity occurring. 463 00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:13,039 It's obvious to see. 464 00:22:14,650 --> 00:22:17,910 on March 14th, 1970, 465 00:22:17,912 --> 00:22:20,596 Dr. Robert white is finally ready to perform 466 00:22:20,598 --> 00:22:23,549 The first ever head transplant. 467 00:22:23,551 --> 00:22:24,666 - It's kind of gruesome. 468 00:22:24,668 --> 00:22:28,587 He takes two monkeys, monkey a and monkey b, 469 00:22:28,589 --> 00:22:29,830 And restrains them. 470 00:22:29,832 --> 00:22:35,335 He attaches a tube from monkey a to the brain of monkey b, 471 00:22:35,980 --> 00:22:38,372 Then he severs the heads of both monkeys, 472 00:22:38,374 --> 00:22:42,951 And attaches monkey b's head onto the body of monkey a. 473 00:22:42,953 --> 00:22:46,530 about an hour later, it's time for dr. White 474 00:22:46,532 --> 00:22:50,016 To wake up his hybrid monkey and find out, 475 00:22:50,018 --> 00:22:52,444 Has he accomplished the unbelievable? 476 00:22:53,081 --> 00:22:55,414 - Once he has stimulated this brain 477 00:22:55,416 --> 00:22:59,860 With electrical activity, the eyes do, in fact, open up. 478 00:22:59,862 --> 00:23:04,156 And it appears that there is actually consciousness 479 00:23:04,158 --> 00:23:08,302 And awareness in the monkey's brain. 480 00:23:09,388 --> 00:23:11,097 - Dr. White approaches the monkey 481 00:23:11,099 --> 00:23:14,391 And it immediately tries to hiss and bite him. 482 00:23:14,393 --> 00:23:17,186 So he recognizes dr. White. 483 00:23:18,139 --> 00:23:21,823 This monkey's head, which is essentially just a head 484 00:23:21,825 --> 00:23:23,901 Plumbed into another monkey's body, 485 00:23:23,903 --> 00:23:27,863 Is alive and still with us. 486 00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:30,783 - Dr. White is thrilled. 487 00:23:30,785 --> 00:23:33,819 He starts to perform a series of experiments. 488 00:23:33,821 --> 00:23:37,656 He moves a pen, and the monkey is able to follow it. 489 00:23:38,659 --> 00:23:40,676 He makes sounds, and the monkey reacts to it. 490 00:23:41,328 --> 00:23:42,645 This is it. 491 00:23:42,647 --> 00:23:43,679 He did it. 492 00:23:43,681 --> 00:23:46,181 He successfully transplanted the head of one creature 493 00:23:46,183 --> 00:23:47,983 Onto the body of another. 494 00:23:47,985 --> 00:23:50,760 - Because the experiment requires severing 495 00:23:50,762 --> 00:23:51,503 The spinal cord, 496 00:23:51,505 --> 00:23:53,639 The monkey actually can't move, 497 00:23:53,641 --> 00:23:55,841 And it can't feel anything below the neck. 498 00:23:55,843 --> 00:24:01,330 But what it can do is see, smell, hear, and taste. 499 00:24:01,849 --> 00:24:03,590 an immune response causes the monkey 500 00:24:03,592 --> 00:24:05,484 To die nine days later. 501 00:24:06,370 --> 00:24:09,429 But there's still more for dr. White to learn. 502 00:24:09,431 --> 00:24:13,025 - He does this procedure and others like it 300 times, 503 00:24:13,027 --> 00:24:16,662 Severed monkey's heads, trying to keep a monkey head alive, 504 00:24:16,664 --> 00:24:19,165 Because he wants to do this on human beings. 505 00:24:19,167 --> 00:24:21,550 And as horrible as that sounds to us, 506 00:24:21,552 --> 00:24:23,686 His reasons are very much tied 507 00:24:23,688 --> 00:24:28,207 To prolonging the life of victims of horrible diseases. 508 00:24:28,951 --> 00:24:30,976 - It's different from the two-headed dog 509 00:24:30,978 --> 00:24:33,578 Because in this case, he really is trying to do 510 00:24:33,580 --> 00:24:34,180 A medical service. 511 00:24:45,542 --> 00:24:47,643 - What's stranger than performing testicle transplants 512 00:24:47,645 --> 00:24:49,578 Or creating two-headed dogs? 513 00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:53,282 Perhaps it's insisting that you be experimented on 514 00:24:53,284 --> 00:24:55,067 After you're dead. 515 00:24:55,069 --> 00:24:56,260 That's just 516 00:24:56,262 --> 00:25:00,997 What famed english philosopher jeremy bentham does in 1832. 517 00:25:04,912 --> 00:25:06,745 - The year before his death, 518 00:25:06,747 --> 00:25:08,263 Jeremy writes a pamphlet, 519 00:25:08,265 --> 00:25:13,018 "auto-icon, farther uses of the dead to the living." 520 00:25:13,020 --> 00:25:15,036 - An auto-icon is essentially 521 00:25:15,038 --> 00:25:17,422 A taxidermied version of yourself, 522 00:25:17,424 --> 00:25:19,858 Where you are dressed in your favorite clothes 523 00:25:19,860 --> 00:25:21,310 And you can still participate 524 00:25:21,312 --> 00:25:23,579 In the daily lives 525 00:25:23,581 --> 00:25:25,630 Of those you've left behind. 526 00:25:26,508 --> 00:25:29,275 the point of jeremy's auto-icon experiment? 527 00:25:29,277 --> 00:25:31,953 To see if it's possible to remain relevant 528 00:25:31,955 --> 00:25:33,455 After you're gone. 529 00:25:34,075 --> 00:25:37,017 - So he leaves very specific details in his will 530 00:25:37,019 --> 00:25:38,702 As to how to treat his body, 531 00:25:38,704 --> 00:25:40,796 How to turn him into an auto-icon. 532 00:25:40,798 --> 00:25:43,098 First step is to send his body 533 00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:44,190 To the anatomy school at the 534 00:25:44,192 --> 00:25:45,267 University college london 535 00:25:45,269 --> 00:25:46,876 And allow it to be dissected. 536 00:25:49,531 --> 00:25:52,557 - After the dissection, the body is taxidermied, 537 00:25:52,559 --> 00:25:57,996 And dressed in his suit, and seated upright in a glass case. 538 00:25:58,632 --> 00:26:01,333 When they are taxidermying the head, 539 00:26:01,335 --> 00:26:03,543 Something goes terribly wrong. 540 00:26:05,088 --> 00:26:07,213 - It comes out all weird and grotesque. 541 00:26:07,215 --> 00:26:10,383 It's half melted, and most of the hair is gone, 542 00:26:10,385 --> 00:26:13,128 And it doesn't look like jeremy at all. 543 00:26:13,130 --> 00:26:15,781 It looks like a strange creature. 544 00:26:16,750 --> 00:26:19,468 - So the head is actually removed 545 00:26:19,470 --> 00:26:20,902 And replaced with a wax one. 546 00:26:20,904 --> 00:26:24,256 And so, it's a wax face that still actually looks like him 547 00:26:24,258 --> 00:26:26,875 That's looking out on campus. 548 00:26:26,877 --> 00:26:29,177 so what happens to his real head? 549 00:26:29,179 --> 00:26:31,246 - They realized that they can't toss it 550 00:26:31,248 --> 00:26:33,907 Because that goes against bentham's will. 551 00:26:33,909 --> 00:26:34,824 So what do they do? 552 00:26:34,826 --> 00:26:37,269 They put that hideous looking head 553 00:26:37,271 --> 00:26:40,264 Between the philosopher's feet. 554 00:26:41,391 --> 00:26:44,693 in the end, is jeremy's experiment a success? 555 00:26:44,695 --> 00:26:47,605 Well, he has been sitting in the same spot 556 00:26:47,607 --> 00:26:50,149 For almost 200 years. 557 00:26:50,151 --> 00:26:53,152 - His body is still on display to this day at ucl. 558 00:26:53,154 --> 00:26:55,821 He's seen by people coming and going across campus. 559 00:26:55,823 --> 00:26:58,357 In many ways, him being on display like this 560 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:01,201 Has helped keep him as even more central figure 561 00:27:01,203 --> 00:27:03,621 Than he otherwise would have been anyhow. 562 00:27:05,081 --> 00:27:10,544 - Clearly, jeremy is as present in death as he was in life. 563 00:27:11,288 --> 00:27:13,589 Up next, a different kind of experiment 564 00:27:13,591 --> 00:27:17,843 Performed by a doctor known as the lobotomy king. 565 00:27:19,971 --> 00:27:23,064 - The us experiences a mental health crisis 566 00:27:23,066 --> 00:27:25,976 During the 1930s and '40s. 567 00:27:27,295 --> 00:27:29,221 Lobotomy is, at the time, 568 00:27:29,223 --> 00:27:32,240 Considered a very humane procedure 569 00:27:32,985 --> 00:27:36,428 And a very legitimate treatment of severe mental illness. 570 00:27:37,848 --> 00:27:40,674 - The procedure consists of drilling two holes in the skull 571 00:27:42,118 --> 00:27:44,953 And then inserting implements into those holes 572 00:27:44,955 --> 00:27:48,474 To cut off the frontal lobe of the brain 573 00:27:48,476 --> 00:27:53,462 To disconnect a person from reality, to calm them down. 574 00:27:54,581 --> 00:27:56,899 and there's one man who has just performed 575 00:27:56,901 --> 00:27:59,418 The most famous lobotomy of all time. 576 00:28:00,512 --> 00:28:04,773 - In 1941, rosemary kennedy, john kennedy's oldest sister, 577 00:28:04,775 --> 00:28:06,166 Has been battling for years 578 00:28:06,168 --> 00:28:08,911 A whole host of mental health issues. 579 00:28:08,913 --> 00:28:11,947 Joseph kennedy reaches out to walter freeman, 580 00:28:11,949 --> 00:28:15,633 A doctor who had been experimenting with lobotomies. 581 00:28:15,635 --> 00:28:20,297 And joseph kennedy submits rosemary to a lobotomy. 582 00:28:21,033 --> 00:28:25,326 - Dr. Freeman's lobotomy doesn't go exactly as planned, 583 00:28:25,328 --> 00:28:29,348 And she is permanently disabled for the rest of her life. 584 00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:33,368 But despite that, the lobotomy is considered a miracle 585 00:28:33,370 --> 00:28:36,112 Of modern science and medicine. 586 00:28:36,114 --> 00:28:39,591 suddenly, dr. Freeman finds himself in high demand. 587 00:28:40,385 --> 00:28:42,928 But lobotomies are time consuming. 588 00:28:44,014 --> 00:28:45,455 - Walter freeman keeps thinking 589 00:28:45,457 --> 00:28:48,434 There's gotta be a way to make this more expedient. 590 00:28:48,436 --> 00:28:50,059 And one day, while he's at home, 591 00:28:50,061 --> 00:28:51,653 He opens up a drawer in the kitchen 592 00:28:51,655 --> 00:28:54,906 And he sees something kind of interesting. 593 00:28:54,908 --> 00:28:56,074 It's an ice pick. 594 00:28:56,076 --> 00:28:59,995 And he thinks, what if we were able to do 595 00:28:59,997 --> 00:29:01,913 A quickie lobotomy? 596 00:29:03,308 --> 00:29:05,567 - He is basically gonna put an ice pick 597 00:29:05,569 --> 00:29:07,227 In the back of the eye socket 598 00:29:07,229 --> 00:29:09,121 And swish it around in the front of the brain, 599 00:29:09,123 --> 00:29:11,874 So basically an ice pick to the brain. 600 00:29:13,601 --> 00:29:17,128 freeman calls it the transorbital lobotomy. 601 00:29:17,130 --> 00:29:20,048 Because it takes just 10 minutes to perform, 602 00:29:20,050 --> 00:29:24,636 He decides to hop in his van and take this show on the road. 603 00:29:25,522 --> 00:29:29,508 - Freeman becomes a kind of surgical troubadour 604 00:29:29,510 --> 00:29:34,913 And travels around to asylums across the country. 605 00:29:35,599 --> 00:29:38,150 first, there was the planters nutmobile, 606 00:29:38,152 --> 00:29:41,594 Then the oscar mayer wienermobile, and now... 607 00:29:41,596 --> 00:29:43,906 - The vehicle that he uses to drive around 608 00:29:43,908 --> 00:29:48,160 Is dubbed by onlookers as the lobotomobile. 609 00:29:48,828 --> 00:29:51,179 - This is the era of route 66 610 00:29:51,181 --> 00:29:54,624 And detroit manufacturing at its peak. 611 00:29:54,626 --> 00:29:57,853 We have fast food, we have drive-in restaurants, 612 00:29:57,855 --> 00:30:01,882 And now we have mobile fast lobotomies. 613 00:30:02,818 --> 00:30:05,585 - Freeman drives his lobotomobile 614 00:30:05,587 --> 00:30:07,462 Across the united states and canada, 615 00:30:07,464 --> 00:30:11,600 Doing as many as 25 lobotomies in a day, 25. 616 00:30:12,302 --> 00:30:15,871 but by 1967, after 21 years, 617 00:30:15,873 --> 00:30:19,132 Dr. Freeman's road trip hits some speed bumps. 618 00:30:19,926 --> 00:30:23,211 - Freeman performs about 4,000 of these lobotomies. 619 00:30:23,213 --> 00:30:25,313 It's partly performance. 620 00:30:25,315 --> 00:30:27,199 It's a little snake oil salesman. 621 00:30:27,201 --> 00:30:30,886 And unfortunately, about a hundred of his patients 622 00:30:30,888 --> 00:30:33,539 Die from the treatment. 623 00:30:33,541 --> 00:30:35,231 - He finds himself getting banned 624 00:30:35,233 --> 00:30:38,334 From hospital after hospital after hospital. 625 00:30:38,336 --> 00:30:40,003 And he ends his career as a pariah of the medical community. 626 00:30:40,005 --> 00:30:42,548 And he ends his career as a pariah of the medical community. 627 00:30:43,750 --> 00:30:46,918 - Luckily, the lobotomobile hits a dead end, 628 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:50,389 And walter freeman's strange road trip is over. 629 00:30:53,093 --> 00:30:55,084 - Do you believe that you have a soul? 630 00:30:55,086 --> 00:30:58,246 And if so, can you scientifically prove it? 631 00:30:58,248 --> 00:31:00,273 In the beginning of the 20th century, 632 00:31:00,275 --> 00:31:03,852 One ambitious physician intends to find out. 633 00:31:06,181 --> 00:31:08,723 - In 1901, dr. Duncan macdougall, 634 00:31:08,725 --> 00:31:10,458 A massachusetts physician, 635 00:31:10,460 --> 00:31:13,436 Decides to test the premise of the soul. 636 00:31:13,438 --> 00:31:15,196 He said, if there's a human soul, 637 00:31:15,198 --> 00:31:18,875 It has to have some kind of physical presence. 638 00:31:18,877 --> 00:31:20,301 It has to have a weight. 639 00:31:20,303 --> 00:31:22,771 - He's so convinced of this that he decides 640 00:31:22,773 --> 00:31:24,256 To conduct some experiments. 641 00:31:24,258 --> 00:31:26,608 He wants to weigh human bodies 642 00:31:26,610 --> 00:31:28,427 Just at the moment of death 643 00:31:28,429 --> 00:31:31,371 So that he can see if there's a perceptible shift 644 00:31:31,373 --> 00:31:32,639 In their body weight. 645 00:31:33,267 --> 00:31:35,601 - He proceeds to select patients 646 00:31:35,603 --> 00:31:39,605 From among nursing homes or old folks' homes. 647 00:31:40,457 --> 00:31:43,125 - Macdougall gets six volunteers, 648 00:31:43,127 --> 00:31:46,886 People who are dying from tuberculosis and diabetes, 649 00:31:46,888 --> 00:31:48,738 To be his test subjects. 650 00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:50,741 when the test subject seems close to death, 651 00:31:50,743 --> 00:31:54,402 Their bed is placed onto a precisely calibrated scale 652 00:31:54,404 --> 00:31:56,813 Built for livestock. 653 00:31:56,815 --> 00:31:59,841 - Dr. Macdougall is at the ready with his stethoscope 654 00:31:59,843 --> 00:32:03,921 And other means of measuring vital bodily functions. 655 00:32:03,923 --> 00:32:05,697 And he takes a measurement 656 00:32:05,699 --> 00:32:08,675 Immediately before and after death. 657 00:32:09,436 --> 00:32:12,971 - The results are inconclusive. 658 00:32:12,973 --> 00:32:17,842 Two of the volunteers show no difference in weight 659 00:32:17,844 --> 00:32:19,728 Before and after death. 660 00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:23,606 Two others, the results have to be discarded 661 00:32:23,608 --> 00:32:25,484 Because of technical difficulties. 662 00:32:25,486 --> 00:32:27,944 - He has one, however, 663 00:32:27,946 --> 00:32:31,764 That drops 21.3 grams 664 00:32:31,766 --> 00:32:33,283 At the moment of death. 665 00:32:34,436 --> 00:32:37,245 He just sets aside all of the data 666 00:32:37,247 --> 00:32:38,938 That doesn't fit his hypothesis 667 00:32:38,940 --> 00:32:41,600 And he latches onto this one death 668 00:32:41,602 --> 00:32:43,443 That does fit his hypothesis. 669 00:32:43,445 --> 00:32:45,504 And this gives him the idea that the soul, 670 00:32:45,506 --> 00:32:48,456 The human soul, weighs 21 grams. 671 00:32:48,458 --> 00:32:51,392 - The experiment is widely regarded as flawed 672 00:32:51,394 --> 00:32:53,545 Because of the small sample size, 673 00:32:53,547 --> 00:32:57,232 Because of the unscientific results. 674 00:32:57,234 --> 00:32:58,383 dr. Macdougall is 675 00:32:58,385 --> 00:33:00,126 Determined to prove his theory, 676 00:33:00,128 --> 00:33:01,377 But there's a problem. 677 00:33:01,379 --> 00:33:02,871 The nursing home where 678 00:33:02,873 --> 00:33:04,230 He's experimenting 679 00:33:04,232 --> 00:33:05,440 Is no longer on board 680 00:33:05,442 --> 00:33:07,042 With his shenanigans. 681 00:33:07,044 --> 00:33:09,844 - So he decides to turn to dogs. 682 00:33:09,846 --> 00:33:13,907 And he weighs 15 dogs at the moment of death. 683 00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:18,570 - Now, here, he's not finding any sort of drop in weight. 684 00:33:18,572 --> 00:33:20,146 And so, this leads him to conclude 685 00:33:20,148 --> 00:33:23,066 That dogs do not have souls. 686 00:33:23,777 --> 00:33:25,109 And of course we all know that's ridiculous 687 00:33:25,111 --> 00:33:27,045 'cause we've seen the movie "all dogs go to heaven." 688 00:33:27,047 --> 00:33:30,716 - Scientifically, the whole experiment fails, 689 00:33:30,718 --> 00:33:34,160 But that doesn't mean that people didn't start to believe 690 00:33:34,162 --> 00:33:37,514 That, yes, the human soul weighs 21 grams. 691 00:33:39,475 --> 00:33:41,809 what if I told you that you don't need to die 692 00:33:41,811 --> 00:33:43,428 To lose 21 grams? 693 00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:47,857 Just try a popular experiment from the 19th century. 694 00:33:47,859 --> 00:33:49,442 - In the victorian period, 695 00:33:49,444 --> 00:33:50,569 You have a strange fad 696 00:33:50,571 --> 00:33:52,028 For looking a bit like 697 00:33:52,030 --> 00:33:53,088 A tuberculosis patient, 698 00:33:53,090 --> 00:33:58,410 Pale, and fragile, and very, very thin. 699 00:33:59,112 --> 00:34:00,679 - We have all sorts of different ideas 700 00:34:00,681 --> 00:34:02,781 To try and achieve that look, whether it's wearing a corset, 701 00:34:02,783 --> 00:34:05,533 Whether it's actually taking poison. 702 00:34:05,535 --> 00:34:07,702 however, there's an even stranger method 703 00:34:07,704 --> 00:34:11,055 Used to achieve that tuberculosis look. 704 00:34:11,057 --> 00:34:14,375 And it involves a little help from a friend. 705 00:34:14,377 --> 00:34:16,477 - You just swallow a little pill 706 00:34:16,479 --> 00:34:18,797 That has a tapeworm egg inside of it. 707 00:34:18,799 --> 00:34:23,142 And if all goes right, that tapeworm egg will hatch 708 00:34:23,144 --> 00:34:26,237 And start to grow inside of your intestines 709 00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:29,524 And consume a portion of everything you eat. 710 00:34:29,526 --> 00:34:32,961 - You're not just eating for one, you're eating for two. 711 00:34:32,963 --> 00:34:34,570 - You have no restrictions. 712 00:34:34,572 --> 00:34:36,464 You don't have to watch your calories. 713 00:34:36,466 --> 00:34:39,725 You don't have to avoid any particular type of foods. 714 00:34:39,727 --> 00:34:41,336 You can eat as much, 715 00:34:41,338 --> 00:34:42,837 Eat what you want, 716 00:34:42,839 --> 00:34:45,081 And the tapeworm is going 717 00:34:45,083 --> 00:34:47,158 To do all the work for you. 718 00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:49,293 but once you hit your goal weight, 719 00:34:49,295 --> 00:34:50,319 There's a problem. 720 00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:54,365 How do you now get that pesky parasite out of you? 721 00:34:54,367 --> 00:34:58,761 - They recommend patients not eat for a few days 722 00:34:58,763 --> 00:35:00,555 So that the tapeworm is very hungry. 723 00:35:00,557 --> 00:35:04,417 Then they take food and put it in a capsule 724 00:35:04,419 --> 00:35:07,412 That they swallow, with the idea that the capsule 725 00:35:07,414 --> 00:35:10,123 Will travel all the way through your system 726 00:35:10,125 --> 00:35:11,424 And out the other side, 727 00:35:11,426 --> 00:35:13,710 And the tapeworm, so hungry, 728 00:35:13,712 --> 00:35:16,530 Will follow it right out of your body. 729 00:35:16,532 --> 00:35:19,241 - Another more homespun way to do this 730 00:35:19,243 --> 00:35:22,935 Is a belief that tapeworms really like milk. 731 00:35:22,937 --> 00:35:27,732 - So the woman would place a glass of milk 732 00:35:27,734 --> 00:35:30,502 On either side of her body where it opens up, 733 00:35:30,504 --> 00:35:32,036 At those orifices, 734 00:35:32,038 --> 00:35:35,023 And wait for the worm to be attracted, 735 00:35:35,025 --> 00:35:39,285 One way or the other, to then wiggle its way up or down 736 00:35:39,287 --> 00:35:41,346 And out of the body. 737 00:35:42,148 --> 00:35:43,556 experimenting with tapeworms 738 00:35:43,558 --> 00:35:47,059 Is not just a diet fad of victorian times. 739 00:35:47,061 --> 00:35:50,104 It makes a comeback in the 21st century. 740 00:35:50,106 --> 00:35:53,316 - In 2013, a woman in iowa purchases 741 00:35:53,318 --> 00:35:56,194 A tapeworm egg off the internet and swallowed it, 742 00:35:56,196 --> 00:35:58,471 But she immediately regrets it. 743 00:35:58,473 --> 00:36:00,090 And she goes to her doctor, 744 00:36:00,092 --> 00:36:04,069 Who prescribes antiparasitics to get rid of it. 745 00:36:04,071 --> 00:36:06,955 - At least now there's modern methods 746 00:36:06,957 --> 00:36:08,823 For properly deworming somebody 747 00:36:08,825 --> 00:36:11,092 Who has tried to use the tapeworm remedy 748 00:36:11,094 --> 00:36:12,001 Who has tried to use the tapeworm remedy 749 00:36:12,396 --> 00:36:15,005 That doesn't involve a glass of milk under your bum. 750 00:36:18,568 --> 00:36:20,509 - It's a hot summer day in 1963 751 00:36:20,511 --> 00:36:22,828 At a bull ring outside of cordoba, Spain. 752 00:36:23,557 --> 00:36:26,499 A battle is about to occur between a giant beast 753 00:36:26,501 --> 00:36:29,861 And Spain's top neurologist. 754 00:36:34,484 --> 00:36:36,984 a bull ring in his native Spain 755 00:36:36,986 --> 00:36:38,019 Provides the setting 756 00:36:38,021 --> 00:36:40,605 For delgado's most spectacular demonstration. 757 00:36:40,607 --> 00:36:44,301 - He's this little guy, he's wearing a sweater and a tie, 758 00:36:44,303 --> 00:36:46,461 And he comes out with a traditional cape, 759 00:36:46,463 --> 00:36:49,297 But also holding a radio transmitter. 760 00:36:49,299 --> 00:36:51,132 certainly, this tiny scientist 761 00:36:51,134 --> 00:36:52,666 Is no match for the bull. 762 00:36:52,668 --> 00:36:57,171 Luckily for dr. Jose delgado, he has a secret weapon, 763 00:36:57,173 --> 00:36:58,506 Mind control. 764 00:36:58,508 --> 00:37:00,700 - The scene is set up to be a bloodbath. 765 00:37:00,702 --> 00:37:03,628 The bull begins to charge at dr. Delgado. 766 00:37:07,284 --> 00:37:08,391 And he presses a button 767 00:37:08,393 --> 00:37:10,410 On a little transmitter he's holding, 768 00:37:10,412 --> 00:37:13,229 And the bull immediately stops in its tracks, 769 00:37:13,231 --> 00:37:16,733 Shakes its head in confusion, and then calmly walks away. 770 00:37:18,069 --> 00:37:20,979 we've all heard of a remote-controlled car, 771 00:37:20,981 --> 00:37:22,981 But a remote-controlled bull? 772 00:37:23,650 --> 00:37:26,200 - He has previously implanted electrodes 773 00:37:26,202 --> 00:37:29,812 In this particular bull's head, in its caudate nucleus, 774 00:37:29,814 --> 00:37:33,124 That are intended to cut the bull's natural aggression. 775 00:37:34,110 --> 00:37:35,568 however, the area of the brain 776 00:37:35,570 --> 00:37:38,830 That delgado is targeting has another function. 777 00:37:38,832 --> 00:37:41,090 - The reality here is that the caudate nucleus 778 00:37:41,092 --> 00:37:43,635 Is partially responsible for motor control. 779 00:37:43,637 --> 00:37:46,220 And so, what dr. Delgado is actually doing 780 00:37:46,222 --> 00:37:48,473 Is causing the bull to freeze in place. 781 00:37:49,617 --> 00:37:51,209 - When delgado presses the button, 782 00:37:51,211 --> 00:37:54,287 A signal short circuits that area in the bull's brain, 783 00:37:54,289 --> 00:37:58,533 Just momentarily, but just enough to stop the charge. 784 00:38:03,097 --> 00:38:05,448 - That freeze button might sound like a dream 785 00:38:05,450 --> 00:38:06,932 To some married people. 786 00:38:06,934 --> 00:38:09,952 But for one couple, it's a reality. 787 00:38:13,199 --> 00:38:16,250 - Kevin warwick is a professor of cybernetics 788 00:38:16,252 --> 00:38:17,751 At redding university in England. 789 00:38:17,753 --> 00:38:23,216 And in 1998, he decides to go from lecturing about a subject 790 00:38:24,786 --> 00:38:26,678 To being part of it. 791 00:38:27,730 --> 00:38:29,472 - Dr. Warwick transplants 792 00:38:29,474 --> 00:38:30,806 A hundred electrodes 793 00:38:30,808 --> 00:38:32,467 Into his left forearm. 794 00:38:32,469 --> 00:38:35,453 The electrodes are connected to a smart building, 795 00:38:35,455 --> 00:38:38,981 And so his arm can communicate via radio signals 796 00:38:38,983 --> 00:38:41,017 To the technology in the building. 797 00:38:41,019 --> 00:38:44,487 - So when he enters the building, 798 00:38:44,489 --> 00:38:47,139 The doors will open, the lights turn on, 799 00:38:47,141 --> 00:38:50,118 His computer goes to his favorite website. 800 00:38:50,987 --> 00:38:54,155 remarkable, sure, but in 2002, 801 00:38:54,157 --> 00:38:56,407 Dr. Warwick kicks it up a notch. 802 00:38:57,502 --> 00:39:00,669 - Professor warwick has a more advanced micro-electrode 803 00:39:00,671 --> 00:39:03,005 Surgically implanted into his body, 804 00:39:03,007 --> 00:39:04,740 And this now allows him 805 00:39:04,742 --> 00:39:07,260 To directly communicate with his computer 806 00:39:07,262 --> 00:39:09,303 Just by thinking about it. 807 00:39:09,305 --> 00:39:11,347 - So try and think of something. 808 00:39:11,349 --> 00:39:13,099 Think of moving your hand. 809 00:39:14,335 --> 00:39:15,643 That is your brain working. 810 00:39:15,645 --> 00:39:17,445 - The connection is so good 811 00:39:17,447 --> 00:39:20,431 Between the human mind and technology 812 00:39:20,433 --> 00:39:23,008 That he is able to send commands 813 00:39:23,010 --> 00:39:27,538 To open and close a robotic hand in new york. 814 00:39:27,540 --> 00:39:32,768 So the power of his mind is jumping the atlantic 815 00:39:33,555 --> 00:39:37,206 And moving a piece of cybernetic technology. 816 00:39:37,208 --> 00:39:38,950 - This is the beginning. 817 00:39:38,952 --> 00:39:41,436 But he wants this terminal 818 00:39:41,438 --> 00:39:43,171 Not to be hooked up to some machine 819 00:39:43,173 --> 00:39:45,965 But to be connected to another human being, 820 00:39:46,868 --> 00:39:48,793 not just any human being. 821 00:39:48,795 --> 00:39:52,847 Dr. Warwick, or captain cyborg, as he's dubbed by his peers, 822 00:39:52,849 --> 00:39:55,558 Has the perfect person in mind. 823 00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:59,545 - Captain cyborg does something that most married men 824 00:39:59,547 --> 00:40:00,730 Are reluctant to do. 825 00:40:00,732 --> 00:40:05,443 He has a processor inserted into his wife irena. 826 00:40:05,445 --> 00:40:09,047 - He and his wife are literally in communication 827 00:40:09,049 --> 00:40:12,233 At the level that you only ever get with your own body. 828 00:40:13,019 --> 00:40:15,653 - The communication that happens is when his wife 829 00:40:15,655 --> 00:40:18,973 Thinks about opening or closing her hand, 830 00:40:18,975 --> 00:40:22,794 Which then sends a signal back into warwick's arm, 831 00:40:22,796 --> 00:40:25,338 Causing his hand to open and close. 832 00:40:26,149 --> 00:40:29,567 - His wife has control over his body. 833 00:40:29,569 --> 00:40:31,970 I don't like giving anyone that I'm dating 834 00:40:31,972 --> 00:40:34,097 Control of the remote control. 835 00:40:34,991 --> 00:40:36,599 kevin warwick's experiments 836 00:40:36,601 --> 00:40:39,360 Give us a glimpse into a future where cyborg technology, 837 00:40:39,362 --> 00:40:43,373 As strange as it may seem, is part of our everyday lives. 838 00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:47,426 - We are moving toward a cyborg future for humanity, 839 00:40:47,428 --> 00:40:49,671 Where we have chips implanted in our bodies 840 00:40:49,673 --> 00:40:52,173 And we communicate with the world around us. 841 00:40:52,175 --> 00:40:54,241 Imagine if you can actually just think 842 00:40:54,243 --> 00:40:57,787 And turn on the lights, run your bath, make your coffee. 843 00:40:57,789 --> 00:40:59,622 We have the old commercial, 844 00:40:59,624 --> 00:41:00,715 Help me, I've fallen 845 00:41:00,717 --> 00:41:01,499 And can't get up. 846 00:41:01,501 --> 00:41:03,776 Imagine if you could just think that 847 00:41:03,778 --> 00:41:06,187 And rescuers come for you. 848 00:41:06,189 --> 00:41:09,040 The future of humanity is unlimited 849 00:41:09,042 --> 00:41:12,886 'cause humans are so smart and amazing. 850 00:41:15,198 --> 00:41:18,165 - We've seen experiments that are weird and disturbing, 851 00:41:18,167 --> 00:41:22,069 Some that can control minds, some that even do good. 852 00:41:22,071 --> 00:41:24,229 But no matter what their original intent, 853 00:41:24,231 --> 00:41:27,358 These experiments all share one thing in common. 854 00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:30,278 They're truly unbelievable. 855 00:41:30,358 --> 00:41:32,358 >>>>oakislandtk<<<<< www.opensubtitles.org 61942

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