All language subtitles for The.Sixties.S01E09.720p.HMAX.WEBRip.x264-GalaxyTV_Subtitles01.ENG

We must open
opportunity to all our people.

Unidentified Female:
We feel that women

will work just
as good as men and better.

Jack Palance:
The husband is the guy

who is in charge and
should be all of the time.

The latest threat
to the status quo

is the women's revolt.

Cesar Chavez: It is a pleading
for social change.

Even the
fear of imprisonment

forces most homosexuals to
camouflage their identity.

Let's grow up, Conservatives.

The public did not
have the whole picture.

Gloria Steinem:
What we are talking about

is a revolution
and not a reform.

♪ (theme music) ♪

We agree that the sixties saw
explosive social change.

But the question is,
why in the sixties, Eric?

There are periods in history,
as far as I can see it,

when human energies,
both constructive

and destructive,
seem come to a boil.

You were living in a time of
incredible economic growth.

In theory, things had never,
ever, ever been better.

It was just a really American
Norman Rockwell vision.

Gloria Steinem:
But the trouble is there are

all kinds of tensions.

Dan Cater:
The Civil Rights Movement

is the seminal event
of the 1960s

that ignites so many
other changes in society.

The day has come
when racism must be banished.

Steinem:
The Civil Rights Movement

was incredibly inspiring.

But at the same time,
the women in it

were not recognized
as leaders

in the same way
that the men were.

It said to us
if these movements

we love still are not equal,

then there has to be an
autonomous women's movement.

Mr. President,
the democratic platform

promises to work
for equal rights

for women,
including equal pay.

What have you
done for the women?

I'm sure we haven't
done enough...

(laughter)

In 1961,
President Kennedy creates

the Commission on
the Status of Women.

That Commission
produced a report in 1963

that revealed things
like the fact that

women earned 59 cents for
every dollar that men earned.

That women were kept out of

the most lucrative
professional positions.

Cecille Richards:
Women couldn't open

a bank account
in their own name.

They couldn't get credit.

They certainly couldn't
open their own business.

Women couldn't serve
on juries in some states.

There was one, kind of,
disadvantage after another

that was revealed altogether
in this one report.

Perhaps you would be willing to
tell the people what you feel

is the real need for it.

We want to be sure that

women are used
as effectively as they can

to provide a better
life for our people,

in addition to meeting their
primary responsibility,

which is in the home.

Women's position,
as it had traditionally been,

was that they were
husband's help mates.

Jack, what is your
definition of a husband?

I think it's like driving
a horse.

He's got to hold the reins.

There are just
a couple of reins.

And if there were two
people holding these reins,

the horse is going to go
skitter-scatter everywhere,

you know.

The husband is the
guy who is in charge

and should be,
all of the time.

Well, by the 1960s, women's
position was changing.

There was a big change
going on in the country.

People were talking
about this book called

The Feminine Mystique.

A woman today
has been made to feel

freakish and alone and guilty

if simply she wants to be
more than her husband's wife.

Betty Friedan wrote

very much out of her own
personal experience.

Muncy:
The Feminine Mystique

said that women were
suffering from

a problem that has no name,

a vague sense of
dissatisfaction

with the lack of meaning,

the lack of opportunity
in their lives.

So many women
The Feminine Mystique

and said, "That's it.

That's why I'm so angry."

It was a huge, huge deal
at the time.

The middle class woman
up and down America is just

so wretchedly unhappy
that she is sick.

You could call it
by anything you like,

but it is wretchedly boring

to be with little
tiny children

one end of the
day to the other,

especially if you think

that you should
love it all the time.

Women who
were being educated

for one way of life,

which was one in
which they had brains,

and then they were
supposed to have

wombs and arms to
run vacuum cleaners.

And that was a mismatch.

O'Neill:
Betty Friedan called for

blowing up the rules.

You cannot be given equality.

You have to assume it.

And it had a hugely
profound impact.

Young women started to see
other women saying

that women had not gotten
enough out of life.

And the point was
you don't have to be this.

Choose what you want,

but you don't have
to be this one thing.

Here she is,
Mrs. Helen Gurley Brown.

(applause)

Collins:
Helen Gurley Brown

had lived without
being married

very happily,
you know, dating men,

having sex,
supporting herself.

And she wrote a book,
Sex And The Single Girl,

which was about her life.

And it became a huge hit.

Isn't this whole subject
of sex

being discussed and written
and talked about too much?

I can expect a reactionary

opinion like that from you.
I don't think so at all.

Steinem:
She openly talked about sex

and said, "You won't get struck

by a lightning bolt,
you know,

if you, have sex before
you're married."

For average
run-of-the-mill women,

it was a bigger deal than
The Feminine Mystique.

Now that it's all right
to discuss sex,

people are now talking
about it a great deal,

and I don't think
that's so bad.

Yes, Arthur?

I think that talking
about sex

-wastes such a lot of time.
-(laughter)

Collins:
Helen Gurley Brown

pointed out that
the guys had one standard,

the women had another.

And that was a revelation.

Rules that had existed
for a 1,000 years,

just overnight,
they were gone.

In a recent survey,

44 percent of the high school
and college girls questioned

said they approve
of sexual intercourse

before marriage, if they're
serious about the young man.

Do either of you
approve for yourselves

of intercourse
before marriage?

Yes, I do.

Yes, I would say.

Sexual revolution
or sexual renaissance?

The experts are
still trying to define it.

CBS reports
birth control and the law.

This is a very
personal program.

Sometimes the most
private matters

are also public matters.

It is about babies
that bless a home

and babies that
can haunt a home.

Steinem:
Reproductive freedom means

that it's a basic human right

to decide whether and
when to have children.

But reproductive freedom

had not been enunciated
in that way.

Sevareid:
The basic disagreement stems

from the differences
in the moral attitudes

towards birth control.

In 1957,
the pill was approved

by the FDA for
severe menstrual distress.

What became funny is then

everyone seemed
to be suffering from

severe menstrual distress.

Richards:
It wasn't until 1960

that the pill was
actually approved

by the FDA for
birth control.

The pill was
originally very hard to get.

It wasn't like you
just went down to the pharmacy

and picked it up.
That took quite a while.

Sevareid:
This woman asked her doctor

for birth control
information.

He said the best thing

for me to do was
not be close to my husband.

And if I didn't want to get
that way, it was up to me.

Well, I'm 100 percent

against birth control
because it's immoral.

It's the same as
prostitution or abortion.

There has always been pushback
against birth control.

Even when the FDA
approved the pill,

it was still illegal

for many women
across the country.

So Estelle Griswold,
who was the President of

Planned Parenthood
in Connecticut,

decided that she was
going to challenge this.

And she began handing
out birth control,

knowing full well that she
would probably be arrested,

which she was.

On the 24th of November,

we issued two warrants,

one against
Estelle Griswold,

and the other against
Dr. C. Lee Buxton

in violation of the
contraceptive statute.

The Griswold
versus Connecticut case

changed everything.

I think it's very evident
that the law is unenforceable.

I think if you had a
policeman under every bed

in the state of Connecticut,

they still could
not prove anything.

We are continuing,
maybe illegally,

but we are continuing
our program.

The case went to
the Supreme Court

and made birth control
legal finally,

for married couples only.

And it was several
years later

that, in fact, birth control
became legal for all women.

It was very, very important
because it both

decriminalized contraception

and established
the right to privacy.

How many states
repealed their law

against birth control
just in this past year?

Ten states changed or repealed
their laws against

birth control.
But if I can add

the end of 1964 to that,
it makes it 13.

So that's kind of
a national movement.

Nearly seven million
American women

are now taking
oral contraceptives,

and they're said to be almost
100 percent effective.

The birth control
pill meant suddenly

women could finish
their education.

They could go
in the workforce.

And that is
what radically changed

I think life for
women in America.

It was that ability to not only
plan their families,

but to plan their lives.

Reporter: What happened
when you went inside?

Well, when I went inside,
it said, "No women."

What do you feel
about this-

this idea that they
won't hire women?

We feel that's it unfair.

Because we feel
that women will work

just as good
as men and better.

We're not hiring women
at this particular time

for the very simple reason

the jobs we have available

are jobs that only men
are able to do.

When the
1964 Civil Rights Act

was going through Congress,

an amendment was inserted

to make it illegal
to discriminate

on the basis of gender
as well as race.

No one took it seriously.

The National Organization
of Women

is founded to press forward
on that one issue.

What's the objective of the new
organization, NOW?

Full equality for women

in truly equal
partnership with men.

One of NOW's campaigns

is to make the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 really be enforced.

Suddenly the
Ivy League colleges

began to open their doors to
women for the first time.

The quotas against women

in the accounting field

and the legal field
and the medical field

began to drop away.

Betty Friedan
wanted results.

She wanted something to happen
and it started happening.

Basic
training for stewardesses

is meant to turn
a girl into a woman.

The airline gives
her beauty tips,

a sense of responsibility.

Stewardesses must
be slinky sex symbols.

Pilots can be
homely and bald.

They had hearings
on the airline industry

and the stewardess
situation,

because the stewardesses

were fired if
they got married.

And they had to have a
certain weight and height

and their hands had to be soft
and all this other stuff.

We have an issue here
the "32 year" age retirement

because, behind
that age retirement,

lies the future of
the whole profession.

The airline executives
are saying

that their clients are
not going to get

on board the plane unless
there is a beautiful

young unmarried woman
greeting them at the stairs.

Miss Boland,
what are you girls asking

the Congress to do for you?

We're asking them

to give us an equal chance
to continue in the job

that we have chosen
as a profession.

There is no bonafide reason

for terminating girls
because they reach 32

or 35 years of age.

Don't you girls know that

that's going to happen
when you take the job?

We know that the companies
have applied this policy.

We're hoping and are asking

to find a way
to change this policy.

Congress began
enforcing

the Title VII
job discrimination laws.

Things did begin to happen.

The barriers started
coming down,

and it was real results.

Hugh Hefner:
My name is Hugh Hefner,

and I'm editor
and publisher of

Playboy magazine.

In eight years, I've built
an empire worth 20 million.

Gloria Steinem was a
reporter and a very pretty one.

So she went undercover as
a bunny at the Playboy Club.

I remember
the young woman who

took my false bio.

I had said that
I was a secretary,

and thought being a bunny
would be more exciting.

And she leaned forward
and whispered to me.

She said,
"Honey, if you can type,

you don't want to work here.'
(chuckles)

Bunnies are forbidden
to wear jewelry, pale lipstick

or gold or green
nail varnish.

Provocative cottontail
must be clean and striking.

Gloria exposed how the
Playboy bunnies were treated.

What they were paid and
how they were running around

in a club with
their breasts exposed

and a tail on their butt.

And with men sort of
snapping the napkin at them

as they walked by.

And so, through her reporting,

she was showing sexism in
all its different flavors.

Steinem:
That assignment,

it was not a
great experience.

But in retrospect,
I'm glad I did it

because I got a notice
from Hugh Hefner.

And they did change
the working conditions

of those women
for the better.

Richards:
Gloria Steinem challenged

every stereotype
of a feminist.

She was
this fabulous looking

incredibly smart,
direct speaking woman.

Moses Znaimer: Forgive me,
but I always thought

that you had to be stacked,

absolutely stacked
to be a bunny girl.

How did you get the job?

Well, you don't have to be
stacked to be a bunny.

In fact...
all of that is usually

stuffed with gym socks
or something.

It's where the girls
keep their tips.

It's... sort of traveling a
cash depository that's all.

Gloria Steinem
could disarm

even her harshest critics with
humor and humility.

But she was willing
to challenge

patriarchy at every
step of the way.

Gloria Steinem became
a brilliant spokesperson for

the Women's
Liberation Movement.

We've been much too law-abiding
and too docile for too long.

But I think that
period is about over.

The latest threat to
the status quo in America

is the women's revolt.

This is the symbol
for the female.

The Women's
Liberation Movement

has added the equal signs.

As a lot of women know,
including this one,

equality is often missing.

You have this,
sort of, bubbling up

of a desire for real equality.

And then you get
women beginning to

gel from
community-based activism

to real solid organizing.

The Women's
Liberation Movement

was a parallel movement to
Betty Friedan's

the National Organization
for Women.

So almost as soon as NOW
has formed in 1966,

women's liberation groups are
emerging around the country.

This younger generation
moves in and very much broadens

the perspective
of the women's movement.

All of these things
build on one another.

And this younger
group not only believed

that you needed
economic power,

but that you
needed a revolution

in the relationship
between the sexes.

(chanting)

There was a revolution
going on outside.

But on television,
there wasn't a real live girl.

And that's what
I wanted to do.

That Girl.

Now that is
an incredibly subversive

television show,
absolutely amazing.

theme) ♪

Daddy was just giving me
a lecture on sex education.

Why would you need
a lecture on sex?

What I meant was

Ann certainly knows all
there is to know about sex.

I wasn't married
to Donald, my boyfriend.

I was doing a television
series about a single girl

who didn't want
to get married

and wanted to
live on her own.

I mean, this was like, you
know, completely unheard of.

The character
that Marlo Thomas played

was a fantastic alternative
model of womanhood itself.

Steinem:
That Girl was the first time

ever on television that
a woman was allowed

to have an independent
autonomous life

and adventures of her own.

It's amazing
we waited until

the sixties to break
the walls down,

but it was time.

Everything to do
in any movement

is how do you
get the spotlight

and focus it on the issue.

We decided
for at least one week,

starting yesterday,
to do everything we can

to fight pollution.
And Donald, that means

all kinds of pollution.
There is air pollution,

food pollution.
There's waste.

Thomas:
I felt strongly about

the fact that
we could not ignore

what the issues of
the day were, for everything.

Reporter:
There appears to be growing

concern among scientists...

Robert F Kennedy, Jr:
Rachel Carson

wrote this book about
pesticides called

in 1962.

And it talked about the
long-term impacts,

the concept of latency

and bioaccumulation
which were all new terms.

Farm animals were dying

with phenomenal regularity
because of pesticides.

People didn't
have any awareness

that if a fish ate the bug

that was poisoned
by pesticides,

then that was going to end
up in our bodies.

It touched a raw nerve
upon the American public.

The public
was being asked to

accept these chemicals

and did not have the
whole picture.

So I set about to remedy
the balance there.

The major claims

in Ms. Rachel Carson's book
Silent Spring

are gross distortions
of the actual facts.

Douglas Brinkley:
We talk about big oil.

Well,
there was big chemical.

And Rachel Carson
got under their skin

because she was going to cut
into their profits terribly.

She was attacked
really viciously

by Monsanto,
and she was condemned

pretty regularly as
a spinster and a communist.

She got
called off into this battle

at a time
when she was already

in a fairly advanced
stage of cancer.

The US
government went into

a review of all of her data,

and months later
came out with a report

basically backing
Rachel Carson.

She dies in 1964,

just shortly after,
with cancer.

But if you have to make
a hall of fame

of people in the
environmental movement,

Rachel Carson is
the game-changer.

She is number one.

Lyndon Johnson:
By closing loopholes

which permitted
pesticides to be sold

before they were
fully tested,

this bill safeguards the
health of all Americans.

I'm sorry the voice of
Rachel Carson is still today.

She would have been proud of
this bill and this moment.

There
were all of these things

that were beginning
to affect human health.

We had cities in America

increasingly having
to call smog alerts.

We had rivers
catching on fire.

In the Santa Barbara
oil spill,

it became clear that even

the very richest cities
were going to be exposed

to massive
environmental threats.

Bill Stout:
The drilling continues

and so do the leaks.

And the question here is not
whether it will happen again

but when and how
bad will it be.

Issue after issue
kept piling up.

Timothy Naftali:
There is a building sense

that we are stakeholders in
the environment.

That it is something that we
humans can ruin.

This is a
real shift in our thinking.

Schabecoff:
People were really worried.

And the
political establishment

started to respond.

Without
the environmental movement

coming out of the sixties,

we would not have
the Clean Air Act,

the Clean Water Act.

I mean, there was
a wave of legislation

that emerged in the
immediate aftermath.

We have not been inactive
these last four years.

We have saved more.

We have preserved more

than ever before
in our history.

I'm convinced

that beauty and order

in our environment

are not frills.

I am convinced that they are
urgent necessities.

I think that
all of us are looking

for a place under the sun.

By that, I mean for a union

that we can belong as
farm workers.

We think
as the Civil Rights Movement

as generally being about
blacks in the South,

but there was a Latino
Civil Rights Movement as well.

How much are you
getting for a day's work?

Only $2.

$2 a day?

Yes.

Leonard Steinhorn:
Migrant farm workers

were getting paid
pennies to feed America

and were being sent
from farm to farm

with barely livable
housing conditions.

There are no bathrooms
in the fields.

Often no clean
drinking water.

Workers would be forced
to use the short handled hoe

which is a backbreaking
18 inches from the ground.

But it's also an instrument
of psychological oppression

because the supervisors
could look down the row.

And if someone
stood up to stretch,

they could order them
back to work.

Essentially, there
were no labor laws,

no health and safety laws
that applied to farm workers.

We have a
real tough combination

pitted against us.

Charles Kuralt:
In 1966

it has occurred to
a few of them

that they ought to
have a union.

This is the union
they formed,

the United Farm Workers
Organizing Committee.

Their leader, Cesar Chavez,

started out as a
migrant field worker

with a seventh grade
education.

Cesar Chavez
was largely self-taught

and becomes this
great student of history.

He studies Gandhi
and Martin Luther King.

Chavez:
You've got to get out

there with a picket sign and
get some action going.

When you put all
those things together,

then nonviolence works.

he
United Farm Workers realized

very early on you have to
move people.

You have to inspire them.

So they set upon a march
from Delano to Sacramento.

It's a march
to get the strike

and the farm workers' story

outside of California.

Not just Delano.
We're fighting for everybody.

Pawel:
You get scenes that

resemble some of the things
that happened in the South,

workers just
being nonviolent

in the face of provocation
from the police.

It's a pleading
for social change,

for social justice to the
farm worker and his cause.

(chanting)

Saturday afternoon,
a light rain was falling

as the marchers arrived
outside Sacramento.

So when they
start in Delano

there are about 75 marchers.

By the time they
get to Sacramento,

there are 10,000 people
rallying

on the steps
of the State Capitol.

The workers are on the rise.

Delano has shown
what can be done

and the workers know that
they are no longer alone.

(applause)

One of the things
that Chavez does that

really catapults
the movement

into the national
consciousness,

is to ask the Americans
to stop buying grapes.

(cheering)

At its height,
15 to 20 million Americans

were participating
in the great boycott.

That is almost one out of
every ten Americans.

We have, I think,
a similar problem that

the people in the
Civil Rights Movement had.

It wasn't until
they really went out

and started organizing

that the government came across
with meaningful legislation.

The boycott,
ultimately,

forces California's
most powerful industry

to sign contracts
with its poorest workers.

The revolution in
California agriculture

has moved far more rapidly
than anyone expected.

This much now is clear.

California agriculture
has been changed.

Will you join in the battle
to build the great society,

to give every citizen
the full equality

which God enjoins
and the law requires?

(applause)

When Lyndon Johnson
is pushing through

the great society,

he is riding the wave
of the Civil Rights Movement

and the Reform Movement.

But there are
a lot of Americans

who are not at
all happy about this.

Johnson
is a man whom I've known

for a long time and
I like him personally.

But I've watched him change
from a conservative democrat

to an extreme
liberal democrat.

Too often the sixties
is simply seen

from a liberal perspective.

But the conservative movement
had its fans.

Barry Goldwater:
I told my wife,

I said honey,

"What do you think about my
running for the presidency?"

Barry Goldwater Jr:
I would not say he was

politically ambitious.

What made my father run started
several years before that.

It really started with
my father's book,

The Conscience
of a Conservative

in 1960, which became,

kind of, a Bible of the
conservative movement.

Carter:
Goldwater brought together

a kind of muscular
Americanism,

anti-communism,

and this growing
political opposition

to the expansion
of the Federal government.

At the time,
the Republican party

was dominated by the

Eastern Liberal
Establishment.

Dr. Mary Brennan:
Conservatives saw the

more moderate liberal part
of the Republican party

as not being real Republican

because they're not getting rid
of the problem with government,

which was that it
had gotten too big.

At the time,
nobody thought

of it as a movement,
but it was a nascent thing.

But it turned out to be a
very powerful thing.

And that was
the beginning of

what we now think of as
the Conservative movement.

What conservatives
lacked up until the 1960s,

was any substantial
media outlet

to spread their message.

But during the 1960s,

you begin to get
the foundation for this.

Reporter:
Barry Goldwater,

jet propelled philosopher
of conservatism.

He is the hottest thing
on the lecture circuit.

He pours out, with
considerable help,

books, articles and columns.

Rick Perlstein:
Suddenly Barry Goldwater

is being talked about as

the Republican
John F. Kennedy.

We have
lost election after election

in the last several years

because Conservative
Republicans get

mad and stay home.

Let's grow up, Conservatives.

Let's-- If we want to take
this party back,

and I think we can someday.

Let's get to work.

(cheering)

And for the next four years,

the conservatives
went to work.

Little dust devils
of non-Goldwaterism

are swirling about
this convention,

but that's about all.

The cyclone is definitely
coming in from Arizona.

In 1964,
the liberals,

moderates who were running
the Republican party

realized their party
had been seized

from underneath them.

During this year, I have
crisscrossed this nation,

warning of the extremist trap,
its danger to the party.

(crowd chanting)

The Governor is entitled to be
heard for five minutes.

All of
these liberal Republicans

who were considered
the leading figures

of the Republican party,

like George Romney
and Nelson Rockefeller,

suddenly didn't have a role

in the '64 election
that nominated Goldwater.

He is the man
who earned and proudly carries

the title of Mr. Conservative

and is now Mr. Republican,
Barry Goldwater.

(cheering)
(fanfare plays)

Rockefeller,
in his campaign,

was painting the
conservatives as extremists.

And then
my father followed up

with his famous words about it.

I would remind you
that extremism

in the defense of liberty
is no vice.

(cheering)

And let me remind you also

that moderation

in the pursuit of justice
is no virtue.

(cheering)

Goldwater
did not recognize

that he was opening up
a Pandora's box.

By saying that extremism
could be a good thing,

he was basically
opening the door

to the Birchers and
leftover Ku Klux Klan

and all these other groups
that were beyond the pale.

Interviewer:
Head of the Georgia clan

came out for your ticket.
Do you accept their support?

We don't want the backing of
the Ku Klux Klan.

That's a
different kind of extremist.

And my father
would have none of it.

A thoughtful address
by Ronald Reagan.

Thank you.

I have spent most of
my life as a Democrat.

I recently have seen fit
to follow another course.

Ronald Reagan
was an actor,

but it was in 1964
that suddenly he explodes

on to the national scene
as a political figure

speech.

In this vote
harvesting time,

they use terms like
"the great society,"

or as we were told a few
days ago by the President,

we must accept a
greater government activity

in the affairs
of the people.

Barry Goldwater has faith

that you and have I the
ability and the dignity

and the right to make our
own decisions.

(applause)

The campaign was
always run optimistically.

And when Ronald Reagan
hit it out of the ballpark

with his speech,

we just knew
we were going to win.

Walter Cronkite:
According to a CBS

vote profile analysis,

Lyndon Baines Johnson
has been elected

President
of the United States.

And the landslide
has carried him in.

We're going to devote our
days and the years ahead to

strengthening
the Republican party.

Brennan:
After Goldwater loses,

all it did was to make
the conservatives

more determined than ever.

In addition,
they found another star.

The first question is
for you, Senator Goldwater.

It's been said that
Ronald Reagan

has assumed
the mantle of leadership

of the conservative
movement.

Would you comment, please?

I would say that
if he continues

in his successful
political career, that

I don't think that
you could deny

that he would be the leader.

If Reagan is elected
Governor of California,

this gets to be
a new ball game.

There is this
growing social uneasiness

about the kinds of changes

that are taking place
in America.

Conservative leaders
were able to capitalize on

those resentments
towards government

and toward this new America.

As you move
through the sixties.

and even as Reagan
wins election in '66

to become Governor of
California,

the response on the part
of conservatives is that

what is more important

is less anti-communism
and more the social elements.

Reagan:
We who are Republicans,

have been handed a unique
challenge ourselves

and a responsibility

to offer something that
the people of this country

are crying out for.

They are crying out for
leadership.

I saw him make a speech
in 1964 for Goldwater.

I said there's the man

that should be running
for President.

He has the same type of feeling

with the people that
John Kennedy had, I think.

Brennan:
Reagan did a very brief run

for President in 1968.

But it was
too little too late.

(over TV)
Richard Nixon goes

over the top with
287 electoral votes.

And that seems to be
the 1968 election.

Conservatives
won control

of the Republican party
in 1964,

but they didn't figure out
what to do with it

for 15 years.

CBS Reports
The Homosexuals

Lars Larson is a member of the
most despised minority group

in the United States.

But few homosexuals

are willing to admit it
publicly,

for the fear of
being ostracized

or losing a job.

Even the fear of
imprisonment forces

most homosexuals to
camouflage their identities.

Interviewer: Do you remember
how you felt when you first

realized you were
a homosexual?

Frightened.
Terribly frightened.

Look, I was so scared

that anybody would ever
figure out I was gay

that I was a deeply closeted
and very repressed gay man.

Tallahassee Police Department
is using

Florida State University
students

as informers against
homosexuals.

The students get $10
a head every time

one is approached
by a suspected sex offender.

In the 1960s,

there are a number
of these kinds of

committees that
investigate gays.

And even though it still
is submerged,

you begin to see
the first issues

about gay rights.

There were
multiple organizations

to try to counteract
that repressive regime

that gay men and lesbians
were suffering under.

They had the Mattachine
Society

and the Daughters
of Belitis,

which were part of the
homophile movement.

The laws which
forbid certain types of

private consenting
sexual behavior

among adults
need to be changed.

In the Mattachine
Society, this was a dilemma.

How do you combine
activism with anonymity?

You can't run
a social movement

from behind the closet door.

Gays are limited

in their ability
to show affection,

can't party the way
the straights can.

Their whole entire existence
is stigmatized.

One of the
Mattachine Society's founders,

a man named Frank Kameny.

He was a worker
in the US map service

and he was fired
because he is gay.

So he pickets
the White House.

I understand that
we're being picketed

by a group of homosexuals.

The policy of the department

is that we do not employ
homosexuals knowingly.

And that if we discover
homosexuals

in our department,
we discharge them.

Every American citizen has
the right to be considered

by his government

on the basis of his
own personal merit

as an individual.

Frank Kameny is a pioneer.

He is standing there.

He doesn't care
what people think.

He is saying, "I am
just as normal as you are."

It's a polite reform movement.

Homosexuality
is, in fact, a mental illness

which has reached
epidemiological proportions.

The American Psychiatric
Association

deems homosexuality
to be a mental disorder.

This involves showing

the gay man pictures
of nude males

and shocking him with
a strong electric current

-over a short period of time.
-(buzzing)

Hopefully, he will be
unable to get sexually aroused.

It's very hard

to achieve civil rights
for a group

where the medical world
is describing this group

as mentally ill.

So one of the goals
of the gay rights movement

was to eliminate
that kind of thinking.

It represents prejudice.
It doesn't represent science.

Reporter:
The dilemma of the homosexual.

Told by the
medical profession

he is sick,

by the law
that he is a criminal,

shunned by employers,

rejected by
heterosexual society.

At the center of his life,
he remains an outsider.

I think gay men got, sort of,
sick and tired of seeing

the quote-unquote
"revolution" going on

all around them
while they were being

vilified and kept completely
to the margins.

Something is always
going to light the spark,

and it was about to happen
somewhere.

In June of 1969,

the police staged a raid.
Just a routine raid

on a gay bar.
The Stonewall Inn

in Greenwich Village,
New York.

And unlike a routine raid,
in this case,

men fought back.

(crowd commotion)

Stonewall
was a watershed moment

in, really, the development
of civil rights

for the LGBT community.

Within four years
of Stonewall,

the American Psychiatric
Association

removes homosexuality

from its list of
mental disorders.

In four years,

this was a movement
that could not be denied.

With each decade,
the glass ceiling

gets chipped away at

and, ultimately,
one would hope broken.

Heilemann:
So much of the sixties is now

draped in nostalgia.

But the things that
were important

and that were
so controversial then,

whether it was the movement
for civil rights,

the environmental movement,
or the women's movement,

much of that work became

cornerstones for the world
we currently live in.

I no longer accept
society's judgment

that my group is
second class.

Women begin
running for office,

being able to open up
their own businesses.

You now have women
doctors and scientists

and astronauts,
things that were unheard of.

After the sixties,
people began to take a more

holistic view
of the environment.

Everybody now
fundamentally believes

that they've got a right
to a healthy, safe environment.

We explored so
many blind alleys in the 1960s,

that perhaps we've put
ourselves on a platform

from which we can more

constructively
attack the problems,

which we have
now begun to identify.

If that happens
in the decades to come,

I should not be surprised

if historians didn't date
its beginning

in this troubled ten years
we've just gone through.