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dinosaurs the most sophisticated best
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engineered highly adapted survival
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machines ever created by nature
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these guys were very successful 165
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million years of evolution gives these
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prehistoric Giants weapon defenses and
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advanced senses able to put modern
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animals to shame
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now with cutting-edge imaging technology
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we can go deep into a dinosaur's body
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and reveal how adaptation makes them
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stronger smarter
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to me it's the ultimate mystery what it
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allowed them to be so successful for so
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long
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[Music]
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dinosaurs are the planets ultimate
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living creatures they survived for over
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165 million years the key to that
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success our bodies well designed on the
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outside and precision-engineered
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on the inside
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their advanced physiology comes down to
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one thing adaptation the result of both
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natural and sexual selection
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over more than 10 million generations
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these giants continually improve
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creating one better dinosaur for another
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natural selection is eliminating those
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animals that are not smart enough to do
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the job they need to do eliminating the
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clumsy and favoring those that have the
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the brainpower to accomplish these
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complicated tasks
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evolution means some species thrive
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while others are driven to extinction
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and in animals with such dangerous
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armaments competition for survival can
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be deadly
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late spring
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the Cretaceous period
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[Music]
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adolescence is a critical time
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dinosaurs are preparing to mate
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some will succeed others will fail
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in Darwinian calculus you can be the
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finest hunter in the land and if you
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can't attract and hold on to desirable
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made with desirable genes you're losing
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a loser
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whose genes are about to reach the end
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of the line mating is serious business
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with significant repercussions of male
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looking females
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female looking at a male what they're
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doing without actually thinking it
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consciously is evaluating the potential
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genes over there are your genes good
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ones well your genes mix with my genes
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make a really healthy very competitive
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youngsters
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clues the males are approaching sexual
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maturity about the crest on an
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adolescent parecer Ovilus is now fully
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developed
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Triceratops horn have grown from little
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stubs pointing backwards delete the
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weapons pointing forward
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and Tyrannosaurus Rex a snake claim to a
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territory of his own
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male soon-to-be adults fight for the
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chance to prove they've got the right
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stuff females choose carefully only the
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strongest fittest or smartest males
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will do
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and when it comes to reproducing
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something else is critical time
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most big predators today breed home run
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a short interval in the year actually
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most animals today breed only in a short
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interval a couple days their weekly to
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the outstanding exception being that
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peculiar predatory species Homo sapiens
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for egg-laying animals it's almost
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always in the late spring or summer that
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way the eggs can be incubating during
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the summer during the warmest part of
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the year when
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the climate is the most amenable to the
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production of young
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to know when to mate dinosaurs react to
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the change of seasons in the weeks
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leading up to the breeding season there
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would be hormonal changes taking place
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in the body of the dinosaur that are
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triggered by passing time itself by the
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length of the day for example
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as winter recedes the days get longer
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sensors in the back of the eyes respond
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to change in life
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transmitting crucial information to the
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bridge
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a signal triggers the pituitary gland to
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release the hormone gonadotropin these
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chemicals prepare their bodies to
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produce eggs or sperm
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raging hormones also trigger dramatic
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changes in behavior very different
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changes in males and females
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with the females that means stockpiling
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resources to produce the offspring for
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the males that means figuring out how
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they're going to beat the other males at
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the game of reproduction of son
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they more alert they're more visual
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they're being more aggressive you're
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more fights beginning the whole cascade
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of social complexity which would be
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really fun to watch
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with hormones racing through their veins
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a carnivores advanced killing tools
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become even more deadly between the ages
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of 15 and 18 the mortality rate for
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meat-eaters like t-rex increases
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fivefold
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this is the age adolescent males begin
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to challenge older more experienced
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males
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battles may start over a maid but they
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can quickly devolve into a deathmatch
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there's going to be some threshold some
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test that the male has to pass to get
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the privilege of meeting us the female
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and get the privilege of reproducing
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fights break out over territory bragging
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rights and of course to impress females
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these clashes are shows of strength it
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meant to prove who has the best genes
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fortunately most of the time death to
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your opponent is not the goal it's all
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about getting your genes into the next
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generation
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evolution tends to favor types of
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displays between members of the same
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species that are not necessarily lethal
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that it becomes clear that the one who
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wins that match has something better
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than the other ones a healthier pattern
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a more vigorous display hinting at a
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better internal condition or healthy
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condition one of the things that
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supposed to be true in the animal
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kingdom in today is that when animals
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have extreme structures they do use them
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as display boards as advertising boards
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especially during the breeding season
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weighing in at six tons Triceratops are
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the street fighters of the Cretaceous
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for this bruising the most powerful
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herbivore of all time
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evolution means getting stronger tougher
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meaner and those are exactly the traits
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females look for in man
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Triceratops bony crow forms a defensive
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shield
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a strong one is a sign of strength and
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power but maybe it advertises something
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else as well the frill might have
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evolved as a defensive measure against
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predators it might have evolved as a
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species recognition character
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but there's no reason why it couldn't
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have been taken advantage of in the
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evolutionary process as sexual billboard
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could a triceratops drill like a peacock
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feathers be a display of Verrilli
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one clue is that a change is coming the
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bone that forms this shield is riddled
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with a mesh worth of arteries and veins
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in times of stress or excitement
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hormones are released into the
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bloodstream arteries in the neck white
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and blood rushes to the frill
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terney blood red
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it's a ritualized drum
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with one single goal
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you'd have to demonstrate to the females
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that they're the biggest healthiest and
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perhaps smartest of the male's that they
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have earned the right to reproduce by
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proving themselves worthy earning the
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right to reproduce means earning the
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right to impact in the future of your
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species is suspect this whole dance had
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pretty much been choreographed through
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their lives where they came in and then
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locked horns and he started pushing when
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bull meets bull there could be
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potentially along in prolonged fight not
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just smarting from the did snort and
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pawing the ground but thrusts encounter
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thrusts just kinda like an armrest
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using their their horns for males with
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horns four feet long six tons of muscle
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and a shield made of solid bone
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competing for a mate is risky business
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but for a female creating the next
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generation takes hard work and facing
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life-or-death choices failure can mean
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bringing youngsters into a brutal world
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a world where they simply don't stand a
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chance
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during the Cretaceous dinosaurs evolved
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with the most physiologically advanced
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features in Earth's history a
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sauroposeidon can reach 60 feet tall
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towering over its surroundings ketse
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Cuates is a flying reptile as large as a
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giraffe and Tyrannosaurus Rex is the
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most powerful carnivore to ever start
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the planet
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all these traits are the result of
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evolution adaptation over millions of
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generations but evolution is harsh and
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ruthless especially for males one by one
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natural selection and sexual selection
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leave the weak and the timid behind most
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of the males are probably not going to
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be reproducing so if you're a male the
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problem is making it into that small
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percentage they're actually going to be
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sending their genes in the next
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generation evolution doesn't like losers
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it only works when the best genes are
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passed on to the next generation it's
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the law of the jungle and the spoils go
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to the victor
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Darwinian cut consists of this just a
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large group of females there that you
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can control is one male then you're
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gonna risk fighting another male the
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payoff is so big if you win 20 30 40
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cows that's be the payoff may be huge
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for the lucky male but fatal accidents
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can and do happen trying to rule the
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pack can end badly very badly for a
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young buck
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females have their own concerns they
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must prepare to bring a new generation
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into the world a new generation that
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needs to be a little bit better than the
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last
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fossil records show that dinosaurs
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needed to prepare for mating early in
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life
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one of the things we're finding in
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common for all dinosaurs is that they
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started reproducing when they were still
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growing and this tells us that life was
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cheap in the age of dinosaurs these
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dinosaurs may be young but they've got
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plenty of work to do they must ensure
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that they are in good health well-fed
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and have plenty of nourishment for their
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unfertilized eggs as these big dinosaurs
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are growing up there comes a point where
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they have to start putting some of the
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resources not just into growth anymore
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into reproduction whether a carnivore or
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herbivore calories are key to be a
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successful mother females need plenty of
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nutrients that means high-calorie young
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leaves and shoes or if you're a
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carnivore more red meat without it no
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eggs
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females have to be stockpiling resources
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big time lots of protein lots of fats
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lots of calcium all those materials have
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to be stored in the body so they're
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available instantly to start producing
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the eggs as soon as the animals made it
282
00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:49,409
hormones and females stimulate the liver
283
00:13:45,820 --> 00:13:49,410
to send yolk to the ovaries
284
00:13:50,009 --> 00:13:54,629
when her eggs are fertilized the yolk
285
00:13:52,470 --> 00:13:56,940
will provide enough nutrition to keep a
286
00:13:54,629 --> 00:13:59,990
growing dinosaur embryo alive for as
287
00:13:56,940 --> 00:13:59,990
long as three months
288
00:14:00,129 --> 00:14:05,330
a dinosaur mother-to-be also needs
289
00:14:02,379 --> 00:14:07,429
calcium for eggshells
290
00:14:05,330 --> 00:14:09,259
the dinosaur eggshell is composed of
291
00:14:07,429 --> 00:14:11,659
calcium carbonate just like bird
292
00:14:09,259 --> 00:14:13,939
eggshells today like some crocodilian
293
00:14:11,659 --> 00:14:16,610
eggs have this hard calcium carbonate
294
00:14:13,940 --> 00:14:19,480
eggshell and that eggshell protects the
295
00:14:16,610 --> 00:14:19,480
developing embryo
296
00:14:21,509 --> 00:14:28,649
a single female sauroposeidon produces
297
00:14:24,360 --> 00:14:31,139
300 to 500 eggs each season that takes a
298
00:14:28,649 --> 00:14:34,189
lot of calcium a mineral and short
299
00:14:31,139 --> 00:14:37,470
supply in the plants of the Cretaceous
300
00:14:34,190 --> 00:14:39,720
so just how does this Leviathan the
301
00:14:37,470 --> 00:14:42,870
creature requiring almost 400,000
302
00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:44,910
calories a day just to survive managed
303
00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:47,990
to maintain its girth and get enough
304
00:14:44,909 --> 00:14:47,990
nutrients to reproduce
305
00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:52,889
chowing down in springtime is crucial
306
00:14:50,820 --> 00:14:55,740
that's when protein in plants is more
307
00:14:52,889 --> 00:14:57,389
available and easier to digest calcium
308
00:14:55,740 --> 00:14:59,610
is not very abundant in a lot of plants
309
00:14:57,389 --> 00:15:02,279
and so you have to eat a lot you have to
310
00:14:59,610 --> 00:15:04,230
focus on high quality foods high quality
311
00:15:02,279 --> 00:15:06,689
plants the buds the shoots the young
312
00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:09,440
leaves to try to get those minerals
313
00:15:06,690 --> 00:15:11,910
those nutrients to build the babies
314
00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:14,780
which sort of poseidon's voracious
315
00:15:11,909 --> 00:15:18,379
appetite tiny amounts of calcium that up
316
00:15:14,779 --> 00:15:21,500
bit by bit it's all stored in her bones
317
00:15:18,379 --> 00:15:23,570
specifically medullary bone
318
00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:26,570
metro-area bonus very special bone
319
00:15:23,570 --> 00:15:29,870
that's laid down only by an ovulating
320
00:15:26,570 --> 00:15:32,420
female and it's laid down to gathered
321
00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:34,100
together calcium for calcium carbonate
322
00:15:32,419 --> 00:15:37,759
eggshells that they're making during
323
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:40,580
ovulation medullary is a layer of bone
324
00:15:37,759 --> 00:15:43,669
which lines the interior of leg bones it
325
00:15:40,580 --> 00:15:45,470
has no structural purpose instead it's a
326
00:15:43,669 --> 00:15:48,889
mobile store for calcium and other
327
00:15:45,470 --> 00:15:51,080
minerals required to make eggshells once
328
00:15:48,889 --> 00:15:53,179
stored in medullary bone calcium and
329
00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:56,230
minerals can easily be broken down and
330
00:15:53,179 --> 00:15:56,229
sent to where it's needed
331
00:15:56,950 --> 00:16:01,540
so you're looking at the unfolding the
332
00:15:59,559 --> 00:16:04,059
unpacking of something that starts out
333
00:16:01,539 --> 00:16:06,849
as a single cell into an animal that's
334
00:16:04,059 --> 00:16:10,059
almost the size of a whale and it has to
335
00:16:06,850 --> 00:16:11,019
come off without a hitch in
336
00:16:10,059 --> 00:16:13,059
sauroposeidon
337
00:16:11,019 --> 00:16:15,669
evolution is favored something else as
338
00:16:13,059 --> 00:16:18,729
well the production of a tremendous
339
00:16:15,669 --> 00:16:20,948
number of eggs every year and every one
340
00:16:18,730 --> 00:16:23,470
of those eggs takes resources after
341
00:16:20,948 --> 00:16:25,059
mating the female sewer poseidon is now
342
00:16:23,470 --> 00:16:27,550
starting to grow the eggs inside of her
343
00:16:25,059 --> 00:16:30,278
and eggs are expensive their protein and
344
00:16:27,549 --> 00:16:32,169
fat and calcium calcium for the bones of
345
00:16:30,278 --> 00:16:34,649
the embryo eventually calcium for the
346
00:16:32,169 --> 00:16:34,649
shell of the egg
347
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:40,889
a single sauroposeidon lays hundreds of
348
00:16:38,309 --> 00:16:43,379
eggs each season but many are eaten
349
00:16:40,889 --> 00:16:46,850
before they hatch and most hatchlings
350
00:16:43,379 --> 00:16:46,850
are devoured by hungry carnivores
351
00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,990
Tyrannosaurus Rex on the other hand has
352
00:16:52,309 --> 00:16:54,679
evolved into something entirely
353
00:16:53,990 --> 00:16:56,779
different
354
00:16:54,679 --> 00:16:59,809
these powerful meat eaters are
355
00:16:56,779 --> 00:17:03,220
intelligent and dweller they are killers
356
00:16:59,809 --> 00:17:03,219
and scavengers
357
00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:09,320
a female ready to pass on her genes is
358
00:17:06,950 --> 00:17:12,069
on the lookout for a male with huge jobs
359
00:17:09,319 --> 00:17:16,829
a powerful grip
360
00:17:12,069 --> 00:17:16,829
and a mouthful of steel tough teeth
361
00:17:16,858 --> 00:17:20,148
[Music]
362
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:29,519
sauroposeidon is an herbivore the
363
00:17:27,209 --> 00:17:31,500
evolutionary strategy for this giant is
364
00:17:29,519 --> 00:17:33,720
to lay hundreds of eggs in the hope that
365
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:35,750
maybe just one or two survived to
366
00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:35,750
adulthood
367
00:17:36,210 --> 00:17:40,380
to build eggs and embryos they must
368
00:17:38,730 --> 00:17:42,980
consume thousands of galleries of
369
00:17:40,380 --> 00:17:42,980
vegetation
370
00:17:43,240 --> 00:17:48,609
Tyrannosaurus Rex is a carnivore to
371
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:52,000
produce eggs it too needs nutrients
372
00:17:48,609 --> 00:17:52,000
calcium and protein
373
00:17:52,319 --> 00:17:56,599
but this female doesn't get calcium from
374
00:17:54,809 --> 00:17:59,869
munching on plants
375
00:17:56,599 --> 00:18:03,500
she gets it by crunching phone
376
00:17:59,869 --> 00:18:06,589
the bones of plant-eaters Tyrannosaur
377
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:08,690
could process a lot more of its prey be
378
00:18:06,589 --> 00:18:10,639
able to digests more do you get the meat
379
00:18:08,690 --> 00:18:12,679
from the marrow the the the the the
380
00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:14,840
nutrients from the marrow we could even
381
00:18:12,679 --> 00:18:17,870
digest some of the bone itself and
382
00:18:14,839 --> 00:18:21,929
there's proof that t-rex got its calcium
383
00:18:17,869 --> 00:18:24,269
straight from the bones of herbivores
384
00:18:21,930 --> 00:18:27,120
t-rex turds we have coprolites
385
00:18:24,269 --> 00:18:30,539
fossilized feces from Tyrannosaurus and
386
00:18:27,119 --> 00:18:33,539
it shows pulverized bits a plant-eating
387
00:18:30,539 --> 00:18:36,649
dinosaur phone in there so it punched
388
00:18:33,539 --> 00:18:36,649
down and crunched
389
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:43,580
and the phones had swallowed all of it
390
00:18:39,769 --> 00:18:47,500
and the bones made it out in digested
391
00:18:43,579 --> 00:18:47,500
form out the other end of the t-rex
392
00:18:48,309 --> 00:18:53,349
a female Tyrannosaurus Rex needs to
393
00:18:51,130 --> 00:18:55,900
store the calcium she's building up and
394
00:18:53,349 --> 00:18:59,490
like a sauroposeidon she'll store that
395
00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:59,490
calcium in her medullary bone
396
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,920
staying strong is imperative for a
397
00:19:02,359 --> 00:19:06,649
female preparing to mate
398
00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:08,390
especially since compared to a man she
399
00:19:06,650 --> 00:19:12,140
has far fewer chances to get
400
00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:14,420
reproduction right females are born are
401
00:19:12,140 --> 00:19:17,690
born with a set number of eggs within
402
00:19:14,420 --> 00:19:20,300
them so that they have only a set number
403
00:19:17,690 --> 00:19:21,920
of column tickets to Eternity where
404
00:19:20,299 --> 00:19:23,029
males produce these by the millions
405
00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,100
every day they produce more sperm
406
00:19:23,029 --> 00:19:27,319
females only have these few eggs and
407
00:19:25,099 --> 00:19:29,269
they have to invest their time their
408
00:19:27,319 --> 00:19:32,029
resources within their bodies in the
409
00:19:29,269 --> 00:19:34,250
development of these eggs evolution too
410
00:19:32,029 --> 00:19:38,240
has prepared for this difference between
411
00:19:34,250 --> 00:19:39,740
males and females one of the interesting
412
00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:42,470
things about dinosaurs in general
413
00:19:39,740 --> 00:19:44,630
including t-rex is that if we look at
414
00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:46,339
their skeletons we often see that there
415
00:19:44,630 --> 00:19:49,550
is one form that's bigger bone than the
416
00:19:46,339 --> 00:19:51,259
other it turns out that those really big
417
00:19:49,549 --> 00:19:54,500
ones those really massive ones that most
418
00:19:51,259 --> 00:19:57,619
scary ones of all were female for a
419
00:19:54,500 --> 00:20:00,380
female t-rex finding just the right mail
420
00:19:57,619 --> 00:20:02,299
to deliver strong offspring to pass on
421
00:20:00,380 --> 00:20:06,000
that one trait that just might give her
422
00:20:02,299 --> 00:20:08,079
young the edge they need is not easy
423
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:11,619
Tyrannosaurus Rex live a solitary
424
00:20:08,079 --> 00:20:13,129
existence and just a handful roam a huge
425
00:20:11,619 --> 00:20:15,169
territory
426
00:20:13,130 --> 00:20:17,390
as a larger the animal the smaller the
427
00:20:15,170 --> 00:20:18,890
population that the surrounding
428
00:20:17,390 --> 00:20:21,830
territory and surrounding animals can
429
00:20:18,890 --> 00:20:23,420
support so you know actually coming into
430
00:20:21,829 --> 00:20:28,119
contact males and females coming into
431
00:20:23,420 --> 00:20:28,120
contact might be a rare occurrence
432
00:20:28,589 --> 00:20:34,808
there's little direct competition
433
00:20:30,940 --> 00:20:37,798
between males for t-rex it's more about
434
00:20:34,808 --> 00:20:43,069
protecting your territory from intruders
435
00:20:37,798 --> 00:20:45,319
and tracking every female in your range
436
00:20:43,069 --> 00:20:48,829
I think the sense of smell would allow a
437
00:20:45,319 --> 00:20:52,599
male or two to to know of an ovulating
438
00:20:48,829 --> 00:20:55,069
female probably miles away a
439
00:20:52,599 --> 00:20:57,619
Tyrannosaurus Rex is one of the largest
440
00:20:55,069 --> 00:20:59,889
most powerful predators to ever walk on
441
00:20:57,619 --> 00:20:59,889
two legs
442
00:21:00,058 --> 00:21:04,769
but a male hoping to mate must be
443
00:21:02,368 --> 00:21:08,069
cautious and keep his distance until he
444
00:21:04,769 --> 00:21:10,679
sure the time is right the choreography
445
00:21:08,069 --> 00:21:13,558
of courtship and teawrex would have been
446
00:21:10,679 --> 00:21:16,229
interesting to watch the state is a
447
00:21:13,558 --> 00:21:19,648
stranger male attempting to insinuate
448
00:21:16,229 --> 00:21:22,558
himself with a few down there onion with
449
00:21:19,648 --> 00:21:25,468
Darwinian calculus is this the type of
450
00:21:22,558 --> 00:21:29,950
male whose genes we want mix with our
451
00:21:25,469 --> 00:21:32,830
genes to make the next generation
452
00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:36,250
a t-rex is not just huge and vicious
453
00:21:32,829 --> 00:21:38,308
it's also smart courtship no death
454
00:21:36,250 --> 00:21:41,679
followed a strict set of rules
455
00:21:38,308 --> 00:21:45,428
the female has to perceive the right
456
00:21:41,679 --> 00:21:47,288
signals from the man so they might in
457
00:21:45,429 --> 00:21:50,798
time you know over span of several days
458
00:21:47,288 --> 00:21:52,990
weeks start looking for one another
459
00:21:50,798 --> 00:21:56,230
let's court let's get together I don't
460
00:21:52,990 --> 00:21:58,569
know maybe dinner and movie for a man
461
00:21:56,230 --> 00:22:03,579
t-rex when it comes to impressing the
462
00:21:58,569 --> 00:22:06,278
female the female t-rex is much the same
463
00:22:03,579 --> 00:22:08,528
shape as the male us ten twenty thirty
464
00:22:06,278 --> 00:22:11,259
percent bigger which means stronger
465
00:22:08,528 --> 00:22:15,159
which means one-on-one the females going
466
00:22:11,259 --> 00:22:17,500
to win every time a lone male trying to
467
00:22:15,159 --> 00:22:19,899
attract a female is definitely taking
468
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:22,179
his chances correctly breeding cues from
469
00:22:19,898 --> 00:22:24,879
the opposite sex may make the difference
470
00:22:22,179 --> 00:22:27,990
between life and death now if we think
471
00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:30,700
about the males being you know only
472
00:22:27,990 --> 00:22:32,380
two-thirds the weight of a female the
473
00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:33,639
size of a female if there's going to be
474
00:22:32,380 --> 00:22:36,530
any kind of an argument
475
00:22:33,638 --> 00:22:38,839
the female it's gonna win
476
00:22:36,529 --> 00:22:42,259
this size difference is true with most
477
00:22:38,839 --> 00:22:44,689
dinosaurs but in the case of t-rex it's
478
00:22:42,259 --> 00:22:47,059
extreme the risk would be if you really
479
00:22:44,690 --> 00:22:48,160
make her angry she might eat you for
480
00:22:47,059 --> 00:22:50,569
lunch
481
00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:53,600
even for a male who's made it this far
482
00:22:50,569 --> 00:22:57,079
about to be rewarded with his prize this
483
00:22:53,599 --> 00:22:58,969
one final challenge can be deadly now is
484
00:22:57,079 --> 00:23:00,849
in the danger zone is within the killing
485
00:22:58,970 --> 00:23:03,170
zone if the females reject him they're
486
00:23:00,849 --> 00:23:05,779
big and bite his head off and that's the
487
00:23:03,170 --> 00:23:08,350
end of him in terms of Darwinian
488
00:23:05,779 --> 00:23:08,349
calculus
489
00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:17,299
but in the end despite the many risks
490
00:23:15,019 --> 00:23:20,299
and hazards the strongest most well
491
00:23:17,299 --> 00:23:23,440
adapted Turan asaurus rex passes on his
492
00:23:20,299 --> 00:23:23,440
genes to a new generation
493
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:30,900
a generation that might just roll over
494
00:23:27,599 --> 00:23:33,279
a bit stronger and made even tougher
495
00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:36,190
than its parents
496
00:23:33,279 --> 00:23:39,309
for males only the strongest or smartest
497
00:23:36,190 --> 00:23:41,440
win the right to their prize and only
498
00:23:39,309 --> 00:23:43,759
their traits will be passed on
499
00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:46,680
perhaps a longer whore
500
00:23:43,759 --> 00:23:50,430
a stronger friend
501
00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:53,640
a bigger slashing for better hearing in
502
00:23:50,430 --> 00:23:55,980
sight the smell the genes for less
503
00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:59,310
useful traits eventually reached the end
504
00:23:55,980 --> 00:24:01,680
of the line fossil evidence tells us
505
00:23:59,309 --> 00:24:03,690
much about how dinosaurs adapt but
506
00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:06,330
reveals little about what courtship for
507
00:24:03,690 --> 00:24:09,960
these giants might have been like
508
00:24:06,329 --> 00:24:12,149
if we imagine these big 3/4 ton
509
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:16,980
tyrannosaurs doing these mating dances
510
00:24:12,150 --> 00:24:19,080
and elements it's kind of weird but one
511
00:24:16,980 --> 00:24:21,839
thing we do know is that the dangers of
512
00:24:19,079 --> 00:24:24,720
mating are real fossil evidence points
513
00:24:21,839 --> 00:24:27,599
to serious or even fatal injuries tails
514
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:31,410
crush ribs and vertebrae fractured
515
00:24:27,599 --> 00:24:34,829
skulls bitten dinosaurs have create the
516
00:24:31,410 --> 00:24:36,840
next generation at their own risk if
517
00:24:34,829 --> 00:24:39,119
there's going to be an attempt at mating
518
00:24:36,839 --> 00:24:40,319
on the part of the male it really has to
519
00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:43,409
be certain that the female is receptive
520
00:24:40,319 --> 00:24:47,809
because if she's not she can say no in
521
00:24:43,410 --> 00:24:47,810
quite a dramatic and indeed a fatal way
522
00:24:48,259 --> 00:24:54,119
there's a reason why evolution put
523
00:24:50,940 --> 00:24:57,660
females in charge when it comes to
524
00:24:54,119 --> 00:24:59,789
reproduction they do the real work so
525
00:24:57,660 --> 00:25:04,759
they get to decide which traits survive
526
00:24:59,789 --> 00:25:04,759
and which ones simply die out
527
00:25:05,190 --> 00:25:08,099
the females are really the vital link in
528
00:25:06,929 --> 00:25:10,109
the chain here they're the ones that are
529
00:25:08,098 --> 00:25:12,628
building the baby's butt a little bit of
530
00:25:10,108 --> 00:25:14,220
sperm goes a long way so most of the
531
00:25:12,628 --> 00:25:18,748
males are probably not going to be
532
00:25:14,220 --> 00:25:20,639
reproducing like animals today most male
533
00:25:18,749 --> 00:25:22,519
dinosaurs battle it out for the chance
534
00:25:20,638 --> 00:25:24,709
to reproduce
535
00:25:22,519 --> 00:25:27,889
females look for a male who can prove
536
00:25:24,710 --> 00:25:30,850
he's stronger and tougher and maybe more
537
00:25:27,890 --> 00:25:30,850
clever than the competition
538
00:25:32,759 --> 00:25:37,799
but sometimes an evolution goes another
539
00:25:35,130 --> 00:25:40,410
direction and rewards highly unusual and
540
00:25:37,799 --> 00:25:42,210
very specialized traits physically
541
00:25:40,410 --> 00:25:44,759
parecer alice is horn
542
00:25:42,210 --> 00:25:47,000
it's useless as a weapon it's hollow and
543
00:25:44,759 --> 00:25:49,950
fragile and just 1/10 of an inch thick
544
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:51,930
but as a communication device it's a
545
00:25:49,950 --> 00:25:54,110
remarkably effective form of Defense
546
00:25:51,930 --> 00:25:57,940
able to send out complex messages
547
00:25:54,109 --> 00:25:59,349
warning of danger or distress
548
00:25:57,940 --> 00:26:02,529
over more than a thousand generations
549
00:25:59,349 --> 00:26:05,079
this press grows longer and the sounds
550
00:26:02,529 --> 00:26:08,649
it emits grow deeper low frequencies
551
00:26:05,079 --> 00:26:10,929
able to travel long distances
552
00:26:08,650 --> 00:26:12,910
highly developed communication skills
553
00:26:10,930 --> 00:26:15,970
become a significant evolutionary
554
00:26:12,910 --> 00:26:18,130
advantage and soon enough females only
555
00:26:15,970 --> 00:26:21,220
want to make with the guy with a great
556
00:26:18,130 --> 00:26:23,770
set of pipes it's a sound generating
557
00:26:21,220 --> 00:26:25,990
organ it can't help but generate unusual
558
00:26:23,769 --> 00:26:28,480
sounds by blowing air through this tube
559
00:26:25,990 --> 00:26:30,400
and because each species has a seemed
560
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:33,160
own distinct shape each species would
561
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:35,320
have its own distinct sound but just how
562
00:26:33,160 --> 00:26:37,480
did evolution create this bony crest
563
00:26:35,319 --> 00:26:42,339
able to produce sounds that can travel
564
00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:44,200
for miles it's simple they got bigger on
565
00:26:42,339 --> 00:26:47,289
the outside the tubes appear to be only
566
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:49,809
about 3 feet long but on the inside
567
00:26:47,289 --> 00:26:51,460
chambers loop back and forth creating as
568
00:26:49,809 --> 00:26:55,679
much as eight feet of resonance or
569
00:26:51,460 --> 00:26:58,150
natural amplification parasurama's
570
00:26:55,680 --> 00:27:01,299
generates resonant frequencies as low as
571
00:26:58,150 --> 00:27:04,960
50 Hertz a sample most as deep as a
572
00:27:01,299 --> 00:27:06,849
foghorn we can now actually model the
573
00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:08,860
kinds of sounds that that resonating
574
00:27:06,849 --> 00:27:13,829
chamber would make and it turns out that
575
00:27:08,859 --> 00:27:13,829
their deep sound low frequency sound
576
00:27:13,990 --> 00:27:20,849
low-frequency sound waves can transmit
577
00:27:16,450 --> 00:27:20,850
for miles even through dense forest
578
00:27:21,980 --> 00:27:28,419
these calls warn of intruders a
579
00:27:24,759 --> 00:27:28,419
significant defensive advantage
580
00:27:31,628 --> 00:27:37,009
but just how did evolution create a bony
581
00:27:34,878 --> 00:27:39,389
crest able to produce sounds that can
582
00:27:37,009 --> 00:27:43,079
travel for miles
583
00:27:39,390 --> 00:27:45,480
the answer is simple repair psaropoulos
584
00:27:43,079 --> 00:27:47,789
the traits that makes survival in a
585
00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:51,120
savage world possible soon enough become
586
00:27:47,789 --> 00:27:53,279
the very same traits that attract a mate
587
00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:55,500
for a healthy male a communication
588
00:27:53,279 --> 00:27:58,680
device doubles as the perfect tool for
589
00:27:55,500 --> 00:28:00,750
will we be opposite sex
590
00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:02,009
it's Trumble like structure going out of
591
00:28:00,750 --> 00:28:03,960
the back of the head was used for making
592
00:28:02,009 --> 00:28:05,789
dinosaur music during courtship the
593
00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:08,160
male's would be calling during the
594
00:28:05,789 --> 00:28:10,980
breeding season attempting to influence
595
00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:12,390
multiple females the females are calling
596
00:28:10,980 --> 00:28:14,610
to challenge the males to prove
597
00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:17,670
themselves because the fundamental fact
598
00:28:14,609 --> 00:28:20,369
of courtship is that males lie and
599
00:28:17,670 --> 00:28:22,200
females are skeptical so the skeptical
600
00:28:20,369 --> 00:28:26,119
females force the male to go through
601
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:30,690
more and more hoops and loops and hoops
602
00:28:26,119 --> 00:28:33,839
to persuade the female to mate it's
603
00:28:30,690 --> 00:28:36,029
called sexual selection and like natural
604
00:28:33,839 --> 00:28:38,129
selection it means that females choose
605
00:28:36,029 --> 00:28:41,220
traits and males that make survival of
606
00:28:38,130 --> 00:28:42,930
their offspring more likely multiply
607
00:28:41,220 --> 00:28:45,930
those choices over thousands of
608
00:28:42,930 --> 00:28:48,750
generations and suddenly Deinonychus is
609
00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:49,580
slashing claw gets sharper faster and
610
00:28:48,750 --> 00:28:51,349
morally
611
00:28:49,579 --> 00:28:54,000
[Music]
612
00:28:51,349 --> 00:28:56,079
Triceratops horn gets longer and it
613
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:58,720
shield grouse time
614
00:28:56,079 --> 00:29:01,389
and parecer alice's crest becomes more
615
00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:05,170
advanced and their communication skills
616
00:29:01,390 --> 00:29:07,210
better and it better prepares a female's
617
00:29:05,170 --> 00:29:09,940
concern during the breeding season would
618
00:29:07,210 --> 00:29:13,150
mostly be checking out the guys that is
619
00:29:09,940 --> 00:29:15,870
finding which ones seem to be the
620
00:29:13,150 --> 00:29:18,519
healthiest and therefore were
621
00:29:15,869 --> 00:29:21,909
potentially the best fathers of the next
622
00:29:18,519 --> 00:29:24,180
generation evolution perfects not only
623
00:29:21,910 --> 00:29:27,100
parasurama Liz's ability to make sense
624
00:29:24,180 --> 00:29:29,320
it also selects four genes that improve
625
00:29:27,099 --> 00:29:30,509
the ability to hear and interpret those
626
00:29:29,319 --> 00:29:33,429
sounds
627
00:29:30,509 --> 00:29:36,430
various male Parasaurolophus would
628
00:29:33,430 --> 00:29:40,620
presumably be making very loud very
629
00:29:36,430 --> 00:29:43,299
raucous calls of a very particular sort
630
00:29:40,619 --> 00:29:45,339
and a female Parasaurolophus would be
631
00:29:43,299 --> 00:29:47,680
judging the quality of that call
632
00:29:45,339 --> 00:29:49,990
probably its sound which may have
633
00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:53,799
represented how healthy the individual
634
00:29:49,990 --> 00:29:55,839
was and its ability to be precise in
635
00:29:53,799 --> 00:29:57,730
terms of generating that sound because
636
00:29:55,839 --> 00:29:59,859
it showed that was a creature with a
637
00:29:57,730 --> 00:30:02,950
healthy mind with all the proper genes
638
00:29:59,859 --> 00:30:05,408
for the Parasaurolophus
639
00:30:02,950 --> 00:30:07,470
males with the largest crest to produce
640
00:30:05,409 --> 00:30:10,470
the richest and lowest frequencies
641
00:30:07,470 --> 00:30:13,808
sounds that can travel for miles
642
00:30:10,470 --> 00:30:16,460
those same low frequency calls become
643
00:30:13,808 --> 00:30:18,878
highly attractive to females
644
00:30:16,460 --> 00:30:21,769
we would have to friend Parasaurolophus
645
00:30:18,878 --> 00:30:23,628
competing with each other um with these
646
00:30:21,769 --> 00:30:25,669
sound calls and the females probably
647
00:30:23,628 --> 00:30:28,949
calling on occasion to say hey baby that
648
00:30:25,669 --> 00:30:30,200
sounds really good you're the one for me
649
00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:33,319
[Music]
650
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:35,419
for parecer Ovilus genetic modifications
651
00:30:33,319 --> 00:30:39,789
over time give them the tools both to
652
00:30:35,419 --> 00:30:42,640
pick up and emit low frequency sounds
653
00:30:39,789 --> 00:30:44,799
in fact over time they evolved the
654
00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:46,500
ability to send and receive extremely
655
00:30:44,799 --> 00:30:48,470
low-frequency vibrations called
656
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,750
infrasound
657
00:30:48,470 --> 00:30:53,329
each species seems to have had its own
658
00:30:50,750 --> 00:30:55,009
note or series of notes and can have up
659
00:30:53,329 --> 00:30:56,808
to five different species of duckbill
660
00:30:55,009 --> 00:30:58,548
living in one place at one time so in
661
00:30:56,808 --> 00:31:01,428
the breeding season you'd hear five
662
00:30:58,548 --> 00:31:04,339
different orchestras five different
663
00:31:01,429 --> 00:31:06,919
ranges of courtship now and you'd feel
664
00:31:04,339 --> 00:31:11,269
for your feet too as they go into those
665
00:31:06,919 --> 00:31:14,110
really deep minutes but parecer Ovilus
666
00:31:11,269 --> 00:31:16,298
is the exception not the rule
667
00:31:14,109 --> 00:31:18,668
for most females of the Cretaceous
668
00:31:16,298 --> 00:31:20,769
finding a mate who's stronger smarter
669
00:31:18,669 --> 00:31:21,788
and packs more advanced killing tools
670
00:31:20,769 --> 00:31:27,220
than the next guy
671
00:31:21,788 --> 00:31:29,798
is crucial but there's more for a t-rex
672
00:31:27,220 --> 00:31:32,399
male surviving to adulthood most likely
673
00:31:29,798 --> 00:31:35,230
means he sat some good parenting himself
674
00:31:32,398 --> 00:31:39,759
no doubt he's also developed some strong
675
00:31:35,230 --> 00:31:41,890
hunting skills and probably even learned
676
00:31:39,759 --> 00:31:44,890
to duck when Quetzalcoatl swooped down
677
00:31:41,890 --> 00:31:46,778
and tried to steal him as a chick in
678
00:31:44,890 --> 00:31:51,000
other words you don't make it this far
679
00:31:46,778 --> 00:31:51,000
without some good genes to pass down
680
00:31:52,940 --> 00:31:58,038
but evolution isn't just about making
681
00:31:55,028 --> 00:32:00,638
it's also about ensuring those valuable
682
00:31:58,038 --> 00:32:00,638
eggs actually
683
00:32:13,059 --> 00:32:19,720
the prehistoric world of the cretaceous
684
00:32:16,950 --> 00:32:23,890
iran creatures from the outrageously
685
00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:26,970
large to the outlandishly terrified
686
00:32:23,890 --> 00:32:26,970
incredibly bizarre
687
00:32:27,369 --> 00:32:32,500
but every dinosaur no matter how radical
688
00:32:30,279 --> 00:32:34,720
is hatched from a name
689
00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:38,288
and like the well-engineered bodies they
690
00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:40,419
will eventually grow into evolution has
691
00:32:38,288 --> 00:32:45,460
created some of the most advanced eggs
692
00:32:40,419 --> 00:32:49,000
history has ever seen an egg is like a
693
00:32:45,460 --> 00:32:52,048
space capsule everything that the embryo
694
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,048
is gonna need is pretty much
695
00:32:55,980 --> 00:33:00,720
an evolution took care of something else
696
00:32:58,109 --> 00:33:03,119
the shell of dinosaur egg is built like
697
00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:07,289
a motorcycle helmet able to withstand a
698
00:33:03,119 --> 00:33:09,419
severe shock and then for even more
699
00:33:07,289 --> 00:33:13,019
protection there's the albumin or egg
700
00:33:09,420 --> 00:33:15,090
white the egg white is kind of a gel and
701
00:33:13,019 --> 00:33:17,970
has multiple functions one is to keep
702
00:33:15,089 --> 00:33:19,919
the embryo that's developing moist but
703
00:33:17,970 --> 00:33:21,480
also acts as a shock absorber because if
704
00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:23,820
the egg gets too charred you don't want
705
00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:25,970
to you don't want to kill the embryo
706
00:33:23,819 --> 00:33:28,679
less developing virus sudden shock a
707
00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:30,269
well constructed a makes it that much
708
00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:33,480
more likely that a hatchling will
709
00:33:30,269 --> 00:33:36,000
survive and when that youngster grows up
710
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:38,009
it will pass on those very same genetic
711
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:42,630
traits that saved it in the first weeks
712
00:33:38,009 --> 00:33:45,730
of life inside this tiny home a single
713
00:33:42,630 --> 00:33:48,130
fertilized cell divides rapidly
714
00:33:45,730 --> 00:33:51,220
these cells become a myriad of tissue
715
00:33:48,130 --> 00:33:54,720
types that will make up bones skin
716
00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:58,049
nerves and organs
717
00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:59,970
dividing cells also form brains senses
718
00:33:58,049 --> 00:34:03,349
and weaponry needed to protect this
719
00:33:59,970 --> 00:34:03,350
dinosaur as it grows up
720
00:34:03,559 --> 00:34:08,418
at this embryonic stage tiny genetic
721
00:34:06,589 --> 00:34:11,269
differences changes that might only
722
00:34:08,418 --> 00:34:12,829
affect one-in-a-billion traits make the
723
00:34:11,269 --> 00:34:15,289
difference between a hatchling that
724
00:34:12,829 --> 00:34:20,319
survives and one that's chomped
725
00:34:15,289 --> 00:34:20,320
stepped on or even starves to death
726
00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:24,340
to be able to actually see a baby t-rex
727
00:34:23,590 --> 00:34:25,900
hatching
728
00:34:24,340 --> 00:34:27,309
would be something akin to the
729
00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:28,929
excitement she would get by going into
730
00:34:27,309 --> 00:34:30,219
space you know so I mean I probably
731
00:34:28,929 --> 00:34:31,599
would give maybe just a little more
732
00:34:30,219 --> 00:34:32,939
money to go into space anyway to see a
733
00:34:31,599 --> 00:34:36,858
t-rex hatching but not much more
734
00:34:32,940 --> 00:34:39,409
[Music]
735
00:34:36,858 --> 00:34:42,259
the age of dinosaurs is an era of
736
00:34:39,409 --> 00:34:43,838
sophisticated biodiversity diversity
737
00:34:42,259 --> 00:34:47,059
that proves one thing
738
00:34:43,838 --> 00:34:49,380
evolution creates not just one but many
739
00:34:47,059 --> 00:34:52,260
strategies for survival
740
00:34:49,380 --> 00:34:54,220
yet for one creature that strategy seems
741
00:34:52,260 --> 00:34:56,919
almost true
742
00:34:54,219 --> 00:35:00,098
over her lifetime a female sauroposeidon
743
00:34:56,918 --> 00:35:02,929
produces thousands of eggs yet only two
744
00:35:00,099 --> 00:35:05,450
or three survived to adulthood
745
00:35:02,929 --> 00:35:08,358
so what that tells us is that many many
746
00:35:05,449 --> 00:35:10,269
almost all of the Austral are being
747
00:35:08,358 --> 00:35:12,440
killed and eaten by predators
748
00:35:10,269 --> 00:35:14,659
losing virtually all of your offspring
749
00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:17,750
to carnivores sounds like an
750
00:35:14,659 --> 00:35:20,899
evolutionary nightmare but in fact it's
751
00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:24,139
just the opposite that one survivor that
752
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:26,210
one in 3,000 may just possess the single
753
00:35:24,139 --> 00:35:28,670
trait giving it the ability to make a
754
00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:30,858
quick escape as its sibling Zuri
755
00:35:28,670 --> 00:35:32,630
or it might inherit a genetic
756
00:35:30,858 --> 00:35:36,108
combination that allows it to grow
757
00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:38,450
stronger bigger and maybe even just a
758
00:35:36,108 --> 00:35:40,400
tiny bit faster the sauropods were
759
00:35:38,449 --> 00:35:41,750
probably digging these nests probably
760
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:44,389
kicking out a little hole with the hind
761
00:35:41,750 --> 00:35:46,579
foot squatting down depositing a few
762
00:35:44,389 --> 00:35:48,500
eggs maybe five or six maybe a dozen
763
00:35:46,579 --> 00:35:51,200
covering them up and then just walking
764
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:53,588
away forgetting about them for months
765
00:35:51,199 --> 00:35:55,879
sauroposeidon eggs are left unguarded
766
00:35:53,588 --> 00:35:59,130
warmed and protected by nothing more
767
00:35:55,880 --> 00:36:02,729
than dirt and rotting vegetation
768
00:35:59,130 --> 00:36:04,380
the nest become killing fields so I'm
769
00:36:02,728 --> 00:36:06,358
sure that many many sauropod nests were
770
00:36:04,380 --> 00:36:09,499
found in destroyed by predators before
771
00:36:06,358 --> 00:36:09,498
the babies can even hash
772
00:36:12,039 --> 00:36:17,139
yet was so much stacked against them
773
00:36:14,230 --> 00:36:18,809
sauroposeidon thrive for 15 million
774
00:36:17,139 --> 00:36:21,679
years
775
00:36:18,809 --> 00:36:24,419
they're an evolutionary success story
776
00:36:21,679 --> 00:36:28,229
but some scientists believe they could
777
00:36:24,418 --> 00:36:29,998
have achieved even more if I was going
778
00:36:28,228 --> 00:36:32,098
to engineer a super sauropod I'd give it
779
00:36:29,998 --> 00:36:33,598
a bigger brain because it would be a
780
00:36:32,099 --> 00:36:34,979
negligible investment we're talking
781
00:36:33,599 --> 00:36:36,838
about a few more pounds on an animal
782
00:36:34,978 --> 00:36:38,818
that already weighs 40 or 50 tons but if
783
00:36:36,838 --> 00:36:40,679
it was smarter then it could practice
784
00:36:38,818 --> 00:36:42,150
more extensive parental care the babies
785
00:36:40,679 --> 00:36:43,889
themselves could be smarter it could put
786
00:36:42,150 --> 00:36:46,489
fewer resources into reproduction and
787
00:36:43,889 --> 00:36:49,168
more resources into growing larger
788
00:36:46,489 --> 00:36:52,048
growing larger when you already wait
789
00:36:49,168 --> 00:36:52,588
victory tons sounds impossible but it
790
00:36:52,048 --> 00:36:54,630
isn't
791
00:36:52,588 --> 00:36:56,639
I wanted to drill a 210 square pot
792
00:36:54,630 --> 00:36:59,269
that's right start about seven more
793
00:36:56,639 --> 00:36:59,268
pounds of brain
794
00:36:59,769 --> 00:37:05,759
animal ever grew to 200 tons but
795
00:37:02,559 --> 00:37:08,759
evolution did keep dinosaurs going for
796
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:08,760
165
797
00:37:09,219 --> 00:37:16,519
they adapt to a world of tremendous
798
00:37:11,719 --> 00:37:20,109
geologic change and sorry global town
799
00:37:16,519 --> 00:37:22,809
we're little States the same
800
00:37:20,110 --> 00:37:27,030
but then comes catastrophe from the sky
801
00:37:22,809 --> 00:37:27,029
a meteorite strikes the earth
802
00:37:37,250 --> 00:37:42,260
after the great dinosaur die-off these
803
00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:45,130
huge and magnificent creatures seemingly
804
00:37:42,260 --> 00:37:45,130
cease to exist
805
00:37:45,679 --> 00:37:49,719
but things are not always as they appear
806
00:37:51,239 --> 00:37:58,829
maybe dinosaurs are still here maybe
807
00:37:55,170 --> 00:38:01,750
they're still all around us it turns out
808
00:37:58,829 --> 00:38:05,170
clues are everywhere
809
00:38:01,750 --> 00:38:08,940
a sauroposeidon could raise its massive
810
00:38:05,170 --> 00:38:08,940
head over 60 feet into the air
811
00:38:09,369 --> 00:38:14,809
but this was only possible because their
812
00:38:12,199 --> 00:38:17,529
neck bones were so light almost 85%
813
00:38:14,809 --> 00:38:17,529
Hollow
814
00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:21,280
the neck vertebrae have swore preside
815
00:38:19,449 --> 00:38:24,659
endure four and a half feet long but
816
00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:24,660
they were almost all air
817
00:38:27,170 --> 00:38:33,680
a kir expert is seven tonnes in weight
818
00:38:29,530 --> 00:38:35,900
as big as a killer whale he elects Ora
819
00:38:33,679 --> 00:38:38,739
Poseidon it's bones were honeycombed
820
00:38:35,900 --> 00:38:38,740
with empty spaces
821
00:38:39,369 --> 00:38:45,500
and there's another clue
822
00:38:41,780 --> 00:38:47,450
the lungs of deinonychus t-rex and syrup
823
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:50,059
aside are designed like those of a
824
00:38:47,449 --> 00:38:51,369
living thing we see all around us every
825
00:38:50,059 --> 00:38:53,139
day
826
00:38:51,369 --> 00:38:55,809
we look at the respiratory system does
827
00:38:53,139 --> 00:38:57,039
not like those mammals at all it's like
828
00:38:55,809 --> 00:38:59,900
something much smaller much more
829
00:38:57,039 --> 00:39:03,019
delicate like birds
830
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:04,910
graceful soaring on the breeze one of
831
00:39:03,019 --> 00:39:08,288
the best adapted and most common
832
00:39:04,909 --> 00:39:08,288
creatures to inhabit the earth
833
00:39:09,219 --> 00:39:13,230
birds are almost certainly descended
834
00:39:11,469 --> 00:39:15,039
from the mighty dinosaur
835
00:39:13,230 --> 00:39:17,079
everybody knows the birds have hollow
836
00:39:15,039 --> 00:39:19,119
bones a lot of people think that's an
837
00:39:17,079 --> 00:39:21,010
adaptation for flight but not a lot of
838
00:39:19,119 --> 00:39:23,079
people realize is that birds inherited
839
00:39:21,010 --> 00:39:25,550
their hollow air-filled bones from their
840
00:39:23,079 --> 00:39:27,950
dinosaur ancestors
841
00:39:25,550 --> 00:39:31,130
all around the world birds like
842
00:39:27,949 --> 00:39:34,009
dinosaurs bill just about every leash in
843
00:39:31,130 --> 00:39:37,170
every environment from the rainforest to
844
00:39:34,010 --> 00:39:39,630
the mountains to the Seacoast
845
00:39:37,170 --> 00:39:43,599
an ostrich at nine feet tall and over
846
00:39:39,630 --> 00:39:45,789
300 pounds is the largest modern burger
847
00:39:43,599 --> 00:39:48,039
that may pale in comparison to a
848
00:39:45,789 --> 00:39:50,340
Tyrannosaurus Rex of the giant sort of
849
00:39:48,039 --> 00:39:50,340
beside
850
00:39:50,889 --> 00:39:55,900
but the Biodesign which give birds their
851
00:39:53,739 --> 00:39:58,358
ability to get up in the air to maneuver
852
00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,410
in flight and to reproduce are clearly
853
00:39:58,358 --> 00:40:03,389
found in dinosaurs
854
00:40:01,409 --> 00:40:05,359
genetic traits that once allowed
855
00:40:03,389 --> 00:40:09,619
dinosaurs to grow to mammoth proportions
856
00:40:05,360 --> 00:40:13,230
or survive in a world of brutal killers
857
00:40:09,619 --> 00:40:17,900
features honed by 165 million years of
858
00:40:13,230 --> 00:40:17,900
evolution simply never went away
859
00:40:18,289 --> 00:40:23,509
tools that once served dinosaurs so well
860
00:40:21,110 --> 00:40:26,140
have adapted to serve new functions in
861
00:40:23,510 --> 00:40:26,140
modern Birds
862
00:40:26,858 --> 00:40:31,250
dinosaurs used hollow bones to grow very
863
00:40:29,809 --> 00:40:35,930
large
864
00:40:31,250 --> 00:40:38,059
birds use them to save weight dinosaurs
865
00:40:35,929 --> 00:40:41,899
used air sacks to move air along their
866
00:40:38,059 --> 00:40:44,570
massive necks birds use air sacks to
867
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:46,700
stay aloft for long periods it turns out
868
00:40:44,570 --> 00:40:50,028
that in many ways the only difference
869
00:40:46,699 --> 00:40:51,858
between dinosaurs and birds is scale
870
00:40:50,028 --> 00:40:54,259
and there's even evidence that many
871
00:40:51,858 --> 00:40:57,889
terrestrial dinosaurs nearly had what it
872
00:40:54,259 --> 00:41:00,199
takes to fly in fact the arms and hands
873
00:40:57,889 --> 00:41:04,249
of Deinonychus worked remarkably like a
874
00:41:00,199 --> 00:41:06,318
bird's wings for Deinonychus this
875
00:41:04,248 --> 00:41:10,178
high-speed motion creates a grasping
876
00:41:06,318 --> 00:41:10,179
claw able to dig deep in the flesh
877
00:41:10,230 --> 00:41:15,780
in a bird the same boat allows its wings
878
00:41:12,989 --> 00:41:17,739
to flap at those same high speeds the
879
00:41:15,780 --> 00:41:20,080
key to point
880
00:41:17,739 --> 00:41:21,819
deinonychus arms were very specialized
881
00:41:20,079 --> 00:41:23,619
much like modern birds in fact like a
882
00:41:21,820 --> 00:41:26,289
modern bird they have the ability to
883
00:41:23,619 --> 00:41:27,880
fold their arms or their limbs if you
884
00:41:26,289 --> 00:41:30,460
don't to the side this is the same
885
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:33,070
folding ability that allows birds to fly
886
00:41:30,460 --> 00:41:35,650
today the wings of a bird in flight are
887
00:41:33,070 --> 00:41:37,100
a living example of Deinonychus his claw
888
00:41:35,650 --> 00:41:39,500
in action
889
00:41:37,099 --> 00:41:41,809
look at a bird out in nature that's
890
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:43,849
moving it swings back and forth the
891
00:41:41,809 --> 00:41:46,759
pattern of the joints an angle of the
892
00:41:43,849 --> 00:41:51,699
joints in the wings of birds closely
893
00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:51,700
match the pattern we see and Deinonychus
894
00:41:52,190 --> 00:41:57,679
and there's one final clue a clue that
895
00:41:55,250 --> 00:42:00,139
all but definitively connects birds and
896
00:41:57,679 --> 00:42:02,719
dinosaurs and it's something you least
897
00:42:00,139 --> 00:42:05,838
expect something scientists call the
898
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:09,198
first time we call it a wishbone
899
00:42:05,838 --> 00:42:10,938
wishbones today only exists in birds
900
00:42:09,199 --> 00:42:14,400
he had virtually every one of the most
901
00:42:10,938 --> 00:42:16,009
ferocious carnivorous dinosaurs
902
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,809
[Music]
903
00:42:16,010 --> 00:42:22,010
the evidence points to one single
904
00:42:17,809 --> 00:42:23,710
conclusion the mighty t-rex the wily
905
00:42:22,010 --> 00:42:26,329
Deinonychus
906
00:42:23,710 --> 00:42:28,030
the graceful ketse koalas
907
00:42:26,329 --> 00:42:29,580
the giant sword sight
908
00:42:28,030 --> 00:42:32,710
[Music]
909
00:42:29,579 --> 00:42:35,199
were just super-sized Birds
910
00:42:32,710 --> 00:42:37,150
so next time you sit down ready to carve
911
00:42:35,199 --> 00:42:39,278
that Thanksgiving turkey
912
00:42:37,150 --> 00:42:42,950
just imagine what that bird's
913
00:42:39,278 --> 00:42:45,190
great-great great-great grandparents
914
00:42:42,949 --> 00:42:45,189
you
915
00:43:08,019 --> 00:43:14,889
dinosaurs are the planets ultimate
916
00:43:10,190 --> 00:43:19,460
living creatures they survived for over
917
00:43:14,889 --> 00:43:21,858
165 million years the key to that
918
00:43:19,460 --> 00:43:24,108
success our bodies well designed on the
919
00:43:21,858 --> 00:43:26,858
outside and precision-engineered
920
00:43:24,108 --> 00:43:26,858
on the inside
921
00:43:27,750 --> 00:43:33,719
they're advanced busy ology comes down
922
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:38,880
to one thing adaptation the result of
923
00:43:33,719 --> 00:43:40,858
both natural and sexual selection over
924
00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:44,510
more than 10 million generations these
925
00:43:40,858 --> 00:43:44,509
giants continually improve
926
00:43:45,659 --> 00:43:49,940
creating one better dinosaur after in
927
00:43:48,269 --> 00:43:52,219
the
928
00:43:49,940 --> 00:43:55,190
natural selection is eliminating those
929
00:43:52,219 --> 00:43:56,989
animals that are not smart enough to do
930
00:43:55,190 --> 00:44:00,139
the job they need to do eliminating the
931
00:43:56,989 --> 00:44:02,239
clumsy and favoring from little stops
932
00:44:00,139 --> 00:44:05,139
pointing backwards delete the weapons
933
00:44:02,239 --> 00:44:05,139
pointing forward
934
00:44:06,650 --> 00:44:12,670
and Tyrannosaurus Rex a snake claim to a
935
00:44:09,528 --> 00:44:12,670
territory of his own
936
00:44:14,929 --> 00:44:19,519
male soon-to-be adults fight for the
937
00:44:17,389 --> 00:44:23,058
chance to prove they've got the right
938
00:44:19,519 --> 00:44:25,849
stuff females choose carefully only the
939
00:44:23,059 --> 00:44:28,010
strongest fittest or smartest males will
940
00:44:25,849 --> 00:44:29,990
do
941
00:44:28,010 --> 00:44:33,960
and when it comes to reproducing
942
00:44:29,989 --> 00:44:36,419
something else is critical time
943
00:44:33,960 --> 00:44:38,429
most big predators today breed
944
00:44:36,420 --> 00:44:40,409
home-grown short interval and year
945
00:44:38,429 --> 00:44:42,449
actually most animals today
946
00:44:40,409 --> 00:44:45,269
preed only in a short intro a couple
947
00:44:42,449 --> 00:44:48,029
days their weekly to the outstanding
948
00:44:45,269 --> 00:44:51,858
exception being that peculiar predatory
949
00:44:48,030 --> 00:44:51,859
species Homo sapiens
950
00:44:52,099 --> 00:44:57,779
dinosaurs the most sophisticated best
951
00:44:55,320 --> 00:45:01,519
engineered highly adapted survival suits
952
00:44:57,780 --> 00:45:01,519
ever created by Nature
953
00:45:01,579 --> 00:45:07,730
these guys were very successful 165
954
00:45:05,420 --> 00:45:10,730
million years of evolution gives these
955
00:45:07,730 --> 00:45:12,889
prehistoric Giants weapon defenses an
956
00:45:10,730 --> 00:45:15,679
advanced senses able to put modern
957
00:45:12,889 --> 00:45:18,440
animals to shame now with cutting-edge
958
00:45:15,679 --> 00:45:20,539
imaging technology we can go deep into a
959
00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:23,420
dinosaur's body and reveal how
960
00:45:20,539 --> 00:45:26,630
adaptation makes them strong smarter
961
00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:28,460
tougher it's the ultimate mystery what
962
00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:30,800
allowed them to be so successful for so
963
00:45:28,460 --> 00:45:33,958
long
964
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,959
[Music]
965
00:45:42,179 --> 00:45:49,969
those that have the the brainpower to
966
00:45:45,858 --> 00:45:49,969
accomplish these complicated tasks
967
00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:55,510
evolution means some species thrive
968
00:45:53,440 --> 00:45:58,690
while others are driven to extinction
969
00:45:55,510 --> 00:46:02,079
and in animals with such dangerous
970
00:45:58,690 --> 00:46:04,470
armaments competition for survival can
971
00:46:02,079 --> 00:46:04,470
be better
972
00:46:05,980 --> 00:46:10,650
late spring
973
00:46:08,159 --> 00:46:13,828
the Cretaceous period
974
00:46:10,650 --> 00:46:13,829
[Music]
975
00:46:14,929 --> 00:46:18,919
adolescence is a critical time
976
00:46:19,619 --> 00:46:23,568
dinosaurs are preparing to mate
977
00:46:23,699 --> 00:46:28,848
some will succeed others will fail
978
00:46:29,019 --> 00:46:33,130
and Darwinian calculus you can be the
979
00:46:31,269 --> 00:46:35,710
finest hunter in the land and if you
980
00:46:33,130 --> 00:46:39,250
can't attract and hold on to desirable
981
00:46:35,710 --> 00:46:41,889
made with desirable genes you're a loser
982
00:46:39,250 --> 00:46:43,590
a loser whose genes are about to reach
983
00:46:41,889 --> 00:46:46,389
the end of the life
984
00:46:43,590 --> 00:46:49,960
mating is serious business with
985
00:46:46,389 --> 00:46:53,710
significant repercussions of male and
986
00:46:49,960 --> 00:46:55,750
females female looking at a male what
987
00:46:53,710 --> 00:46:58,480
they're doing without actually thinking
988
00:46:55,750 --> 00:47:00,340
it consciously is evaluating the
989
00:46:58,480 --> 00:47:03,280
potential genes over there are your
990
00:47:00,340 --> 00:47:05,860
genes good ones well your genes mix with
991
00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:09,119
my genes make a really healthy very
992
00:47:05,860 --> 00:47:09,119
competitive youngsters
993
00:47:14,030 --> 00:47:19,910
clues the males are approaching sexual
994
00:47:16,429 --> 00:47:22,069
maturity about the crest on an
995
00:47:19,909 --> 00:47:24,440
adolescent parecer Ovilus is now fully
996
00:47:22,070 --> 00:47:28,370
developed
997
00:47:24,440 --> 00:47:28,369
Triceratops horns grow
73324
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