Original subtitles

creatures being small means facing

danger at every turn if you are a small

animal the late cretaceous would have

been awful time to be around for a

youngster every day is a struggle to

stay alive their only chance keep out of

trouble

grow up fast

and grants or every mega herbivore in

the environment plugs to crush you to

survive dinosaurs develop advanced

students astonish eat on the outside and

on the

for the first time in 65 million years

cutting-edge imaging technology will

feel back skin muscles and bones to

reveal the secrets of nature's greatest

success story

the largest dinosaurs grow as tall as a

six story building and weigh 50 tons or

more

no land animal today even comes close

the jaws of a t-rex can leave a bite

mark or feetball

and 12-inch teeth can penetrate deep

into flesh

but every dime no matter how big or

powerful starts out small varies

Oklahoma 110 million years ago

a herd of sauroposeidon para

we're talking about an animal

it was probably 80 or 90 feet long but

about 40 feet of that was just neck so

when it stuck its neck straight up it

could probably reach about 60 feet up in

the air these leviathans are making a

journey to nesting sites they've used

for generations developing inside them

are hundreds of eggs they're the future

of a species that will be around for 15

million years more than 75 times longer

than modern humans have been on earth

yet each egg is no larger than a

cantaloupe

I think it's a very beautiful idea that

you have this little egg that's

surprisingly small

the baby sauroposeidon that's about the

size of a rabbit and in two or three

decades it's going to be a 50-ton adult

but just why does this huge animal have

such small legs

sauroposeidon eggs like all eggs are

honeycombed with tiny pores to let

oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

bigger eggs need more air holes but get

too big and this tiny home collapses

that's why even today no bird lays a

larger egg than an ostrich an egg Wain

just over three pounds

each female place about 500 X's CSUN

this sounds like beginning of a sauropod

population explosion but it's not

the moment an egg hatches marks the

beginning of a race for survival

erase virtually every one of them being

a hatchling you don't have horns you

don't have plates they don't have any

kind of armor on the body practically

anything could gobble it up thousands of

defenseless hatchlings are let loose

into a world of fierce predators it's a

brutal way to raise a family

swarm pods were just trying to flood the

environment with babies just in the

hopes that a few surviving

in the Cretaceous plant-eaters faced

vicious killers

and none has a worse reputation than

Tyrannosaurus Rex possibly the largest

land predator that has ever lived

t-rex is sort of the quintessential

monster a dinosaur with an attitude

a Tyrannosaurus Rex who wrote 18 feet

tall and over energy flow with jaws

designed to tear me to shreds

this beasts reputation for violence and

terror is unmatched

but a t-rex comes into the world

protected like few others in the

Cretaceous if you say train asaurus rex

i think of gentleness i think of superb

motherhood and a struggle to raise ones

chicks

the dreaded Tyrannosaurus Rex it turns

out is one of the most nurturing of all

dinosaur parents it means taking care of

the eggs sticking around the nest

finding the nest and keeping traffic

track of its progress Tyrannosaurus Rex

means tyrant lizard king and this beast

rules a world where physical traits more

than intelligence determine winners and

losers

the t-rex has both superb biomechanics

and by dinosaurs standards a stellar

intellect it was the results of many

many millions of years of specialization

for large body size for focus on prey

for sensory apparatus and for the

ability to dispatch a large herbivore

with things like train asaurus rex do

you have bigger brains you have the

option for more complex behaviors

especially when it comes to parental

care for 3 months an adult delicately

guards the nest to ensure the survival

of their youngsters and the continuation

of their genes you've got to have

somebody that's very very attentive when

these little things hatch

inside the a the embryo breathes in

oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide

the co2 dissolves in fluid making

carbonic acid as that slowly weakens the

chef

suddenly something miraculous happens

a three-foot long t-rex chick breaks

free you can imagine t-rex helping its

young out of the shell even with those

big giant jaws the hatchling is tiny

compared to its gigantic parodies

and this error to the t-rex throne is

immediately under threat tyrannosaurus

rex and when we think about it we tend

to think of the big adult because that's

skeletons that we think we open that we

see but we know that they didn't hatch

that way once those eggs hatched we've

got an animal it's maybe three feet long

maybe weighs about five to five to eight

pounds comparing that to the adults

which might weigh as much as seven tons

and be 40 feet in length you know how is

this animal gonna be careful to not step

on these little little beasts if let

alone try to protect them and try to

make sure that they're going to be cared

for

there's nothing fearsome about them sure

maybe someday they'll become a fearsome

animal but at that time they're just a

meatball on legs

wherever this t-rex looks he stares

danger in the face

there were crocodiles medium-large does

gigantic that could could plop down

swallow baby t-rexes like maraschino

cherries clearly a young t-rex is very

susceptible to be eaten by just about

everybody else who's around who likes to

eat meat and danger isn't limited to the

ground

sometimes it dives out of the sky

Quetzalcoatl is a foreign account flying

universe reptile circles waiting for

just the right moment to strike

Quetzalcoatl Assad make all other

animals in the Late Cretaceous stare

with a 42 foot wingspan they could shut

out the Sun

one tool that makes this flying reptile

so effective is a highly advanced Bible

its eyes are built like hawks and are

able to see with four times the clarity

of the human eye

add to that a retina over 4 inches wide

contained over a billion light receptors

and you've got a reptile that sees the

world in high-def

probably weren't many animals the

Cretaceous that would dare to try to

grab a baby Tyrannosaurus Rex ketse

koalas could probably manage it you see

a stork on the Nile today eating a baby

crocodile and you can imagine in your

mind

Quetzalcoatlus eating a baby Taranis or

65 million years ago I never know how

well tereus was could count but I

imagine mom would be a little bit

perplexed when suddenly she was down the

506 and there was no sign of where it

had gone

for a baby Tyrannosaurus Rex danger

lurks everywhere but at least he has a

fighting chance

for sauroposeidon it's another story all

together they are born defenseless and

worse they are born alone

if you want to have intensive trettel

care you can only take care of a limited

number of offspring if you want to have

lots of offspring you have to have

little or no parental care these four

putts took that route from birth

sauroposeidon is in a race for survival

for every 3000 hatchlings only one will

make it to adulthood

and to become that one survivor it must

fend for itself for years for this

future behemoth there's just one rule

grow or die

when you look at sauropod tract sites

where we have tracks of hundreds of

individuals all together there's a

curious thing these big groups of

sauropods always include only the adults

and the animals down to about one third

of full size for a juvenile

sauroposeidon growing up alone means

growing up in constant danger so think

about a juveniles website that's the

size of a pony or a horse it has no

sharp teeth no plates no spikes no horns

no armor it's not even very fast and so

what would happen to those juveniles for

poseidon's if they were faced by the

pack of Deinonychus well they would die

sauroposeidon navigates a world of

hungry predators

when you start off coming coming out of

the egg and your lesson say 2 feet long

and you're in a world full of predators

not alone

crunch on you then you need to get big

fairly quickly

the cards seems stacked against this

future Titan

with odds like these how will this

massive creatures survive

Tyrannosaurus Rex a skull almost 5 feet

long

up to 62 teeth

able to cover 15 feet in a single stride

this is one of the biggest carnivorous

dinosaurs ever to walk

t-rex says bone crushing teeth there you

have two three or four times the

strength for the body size of any other

need

yet a t-rex is born into a world of

enemies

survival even for a king this in no way

preordained

herbivores are not dummies they'll try

to remove the dangerous elements and a

peremptory strike

if you're a baby Taranis or every mega

herbivore in the environment wants to

crush you

it's as if somehow inside the tiny brain

but Triceratops a fearful picture

emerges an image that one day this tiny

t-rex chick will grow into a menacing

monster

able to tear this planet teacher limb

from limb

but perhaps their greatest enemy it's a

bit more familiar

probably the greatest danger to a baby

t-rex is another t-rex defender from

over the hill because Darwinian calculus

tells you the predator to eliminate your

competition other predators whenever you

can

maiya Lions defend their cups against

rivals who see their offspring as future

competition for food grades

wouldn't an intelligent predator like

t-rex make the same calculation compared

to prehistoric plant eaters

it's cerebral the part of the brain

associated with strategy is huge

so is the cerebellum which controls

muscle function this is an animal that

can plan and execute a devastating

attack

hardwired

if you're trying to increase your

evolutionary advantage the best thing

you can do is get more offspring into

the future generation and one of the

best ways you can do that is to take

better care of the offspring that you

produce laying eggs nearly depletes the

female she needs nourishment to stay

strong and nourishment needs meat while

she searches out her next meal the male

stays behind to guard the nest

luckily a Tyrannosaurus Rex on the hunt

is guided by some of the keenest senses

in the Cretaceous its eyesight would

actually have been very very good the

eyes of a t-rex urge I get the size of

softballs a large retina collects more

light more visual information the result

t-rex will clearly see prey from his far

away's for miles

critically both eyes face forwards and

their line of sight overlaps so each eye

looks at the same object from a slightly

different angle

that means t-rex can experience the

world in three dimensions

there's very little in the environment

of t-rex that would escape his attention

for a hunter hungry after months of

growing her eggs making a kill may mean

the difference between life and death

a kyla Soros is an herbivore but it's a

tank of a reptile covered in steel tough

armor

t-rex 3d vision pulls this animal clear

of the background could this plant eater

be dinner t-rex is impressive and its

powerful but compared to an ankylosaurus

relatively lightly built

protective plates made of bone and

cartilage covered this lumbering

creature from head to tail light but

extremely strong the hide of

ankylosaurus is built like a bulletproof

vest and that's not all

ankylosaurus is armed with the deadly

weapon

a bony Club if that quote were to

connect into the skull of the t-rex pour

into the shin and foot of the t-rex it

would shatter those bones I think that

one good blow by the tail club would be

enough to deter this Tyrannosaurus

and Kaila Saurus are plant eaters yet

they're designed to kill even a

Tyrannosaurus Rex would have to be at

the top of his game to bring one down

the t-rex is a refined array of senses

sensors that just might lead the way

directly to a meal an acute sense of

smell for one behind the nostrils are

large cavernous chambers lined with

sheets of sensory tissue able to detect

odors the olfactory bulbs transmit that

information back to the brain one of the

big surprises was the size of the

olfactory bulbs part of the brain

associated with processing information

about smells in the environment to

increase the number of odor detectors

the area containing sensory tissue is

designed like a radiator

a t-rex do pick up the slightest whiff

of me

visit faintly blobs across the landscape

t-rex had a sense of smell equivalent to

a hundred bloodhounds all duct-taped

together they certainly had the largest

olfactory lobe of any animal living or

extinct in this planet a super sense of

smell is a hunter's dream

from a substantial distance a t-rex can

zero in on prey or pick up their

hatchlings distinct scent

and when you look into the face of a

t-rex something else becomes obvious the

nostrils are a full 10 inches apart but

why

it means t-rex can smell in stereo this

carnival can triangulate and pinpoint

its exact source t-rex could walk into a

crowded auditorium and in a few seconds

identify every single person and

creature by its own

it isn't credit odors this female is

desperate to eat

she picks up the scent of the meal but

it's the scent of an animal all but the

strongest Tyrannosaurus prefer not to

mess with

that's the the most dangerous challenge

that any day carnivore ever faced is the

swinging head of treasure it's like a

gigantic white rhinoceros on steroids

26 feet long and 10 feet tall a

full-grown Triceratops can reach six

tons in weight

there's an animal whose scent would

frighten a t-rex

it's triceratons

t-rex is well aware of the risks

it's cerebral has information stored

from previous guns

who knows the danger ahead

turning a triceratops into lunch means

overpowering a beast with three-foot

long horns she didn't rock our keratin

and a body protected by a bony sheaf

but possibly the survival of her genes

for another generation might be just one

fight away

imagine that the conflict between

Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops may have

been one of the greatest combats that

Nature has ever had and is well

protected herbivore is everywhere in

fact in the Late Cretaceous Triceratops

outnumbered Tyrannosaurus

ten to one their success is down to one

reason single thrust of the brow horn

could penetrate right into cardiac

chamber for the lungs if you're gonna

put a metre long horn into a chest

cavity of a t-rex the chance of you

doing some damage are pretty great

source rest the staff

Triceratops and herbivore it's the best

of the king of Cretaceous the key

element for any predator is to go in

make the kill get what they need and do

it without injuring himself

for a carnivorous predator

could be failed

back at the nest the chicks are guarded

only by the male

a Quetzalcoatl's senses blood on the

ground one parent is down and the other

faces starvation baby t-rex

it seems the situation could we get much

worse

sauroposeidon is the tallest land animal

of all time at 60 feet high and almost

100 feet long it would for any living

creature today

yet despite these mammoth proportions

its brain is tiny weighing just four

ounces

the brain size of surface ID would

probably be about the size of a

cheeseburger probably had the smallest

brain size to body size of any big