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this stuff every day when growing is
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your best defense gaining weight is
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serious business
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so sauroposeidon does away with
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time-consuming tasks like chewy you
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could just swallow that stuff and let
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your giant stomach mash it up for you
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you can move in a lot more food per unit
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time and you could get a lot bigger
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surah poseidon's 52 chisel like teeth
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are perfectly designed for the job
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they can rake leaves and twigs right up
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a tree
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they've got these big teeth that are
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just cropping devices they just bite
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down on a branch there takes the whole
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branch or strips of leaves and needles
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off and then swallow it down
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to be able to digest this huge volume of
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food and grow big enough to avoid attack
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requires a stomach as large as a ton
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that's as big as a swimming pool and
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it's filled with acids so concentrated
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it can dissolve tired I mean it had to
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be able to hold maybe a ton of more of
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plant material at a time and we're
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talking about something huge
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surprisingly it isn't something huge
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which allows these giant herbivores to
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grow big enough to be all but invincible
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in fact it's something incredibly small
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something needed your slack
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below sauroposeidon stomach our two
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gigantic organs called Sica similar to
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our appendix humans stop using an
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appendix millions of years ago when we
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started eating meat a sauroposeidon
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would die without
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the Sica are home to millions of
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microscopic organisms
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they break down the tough fibrous walls
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of plant cells
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it has this whole little world inside of
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microbes that's helping it digest its
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food that's send in little tendrils to
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help break open those cell walls help
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liberate those neutrals and that's what
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helps animals survive
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and the result of this incredible feat
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of Engineering
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one final trick that keeps predators at
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bay sauropods are probably burping and
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farting almost continuously because
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that's what big plant eaters do and they
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would have been noisy smelly unpleasant
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animals to be around despite all these
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adaptations all of this specialized
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biology that is allowed sauroposeidon to
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grow to mammoth proportions there is one
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part of its body that simply hasn't kept
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up its brain animals like sauroposeidon
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are really the poster child for the dumb
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dinosaur sauroposeidon has a brain less
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than the thousands of its body size the
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equivalent of a human being with a brain
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the size of a pea lobes for both sight
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and smell are tight areas controlling
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information analysis learning in complex
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thought barbarically development
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if you look at the size of their brain
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you actually have to kind of wonder how
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these animals managed but they did
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manage physical size makes up for every
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other shortcoming surviving for 15
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million years these mammoth creatures
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spread out across the globe onto every
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continent except Antarctica
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but there's another dinosaur that
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doesn't rely on size it uses an even
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more unusual drink to keep off the me
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the most sophisticated communication
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system ever developed in the prehistoric
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there's one vegetarian that lacks any
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obvious weaponry
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a pair of psaropoulos is a duckbill
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named for its duck-like be weighing in
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at almost four times it's not tiny but
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facing off against a 7-ton predator like
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a t-rex would be suicide
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the fangs no Armour at law if spikes are
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horns anywhere in the body this seemed
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to be large vulnerable targets
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Parasurama less range across a fast area
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more than a hundred thousand square
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miles from Alberta Canada to New Mexico
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a region with more than its share of
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vicious predators
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when has puzzled all of us is how did
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they protect themselves
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the most important clue to this mystery
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is buried inside their skull
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Parasurama les has the biggest brain of
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all herbivores
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and one part of that brain is abnormally
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large the area responsible for hearing
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and interpreting sounds it's called the
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auditory cortex
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what was the surprise is the higher
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centers of their brain are very large
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and suggested something very different
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is going on in Parasaurolophus in its
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kin than most other of these of these
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plant eating dinosaurs
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but how does an advanced auditory cortex
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help a para psaropoulos defend itself
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against monster Connor
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first of all it's acute hearing can
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detect an approaching predator from
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miles away
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then most importantly it can react
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deploying an unusual weapon
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a distinctive sound that originates deep
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inside a strangely shaped head crest
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the crest contains the animals nasal
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cavity a tube that loops around twice
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creating a chamber eight feet long calls
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vibrations originating in the voice box
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travel along these tubes like the
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chambers of a trombone those tubes
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amplify and lower that Center the result
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an extremely low frequency huh even
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deeper than a foghorn each species has
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its own distinct shape each species
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without its own distinct cell
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the arrangement of the chambers inside
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each animal is unique
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and the sound they create like a finger
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these calls appear psaropoulos is
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primary form of defense they are
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communicative social beings that live in
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herds parecer offal Asst have learned
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their safety in numbers an isolated
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Parasaurolophus would be a dinosaur in
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trouble it's gonna have to look out for
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predators on its own and therefore the
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long individual might do its call to say
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I'm alone and wait to hear for other
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members of its herd to make the
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corresponding call
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this tactic is still used today on the
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plains of Africa
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if you look at various species of plant
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eaters they live together in groups and
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if one of them spots a predator they can
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Minnie or hoot and let the rest of the
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herd know so that they can keep on alert
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where if the Predators are right here
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they can all break out into a run and
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run away from the attacker
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Parasurama accessibility to communicate
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complex messages is a tremendous
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defensive advantage using its sensitive
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hearing these creatures can detect a
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predator far off in the distance
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then send out an alarm call to warn the
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her
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more effective still low-frequency
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sounds with their long wavelengths
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travel much further than high
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frequencies these are the kinds of
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sounds that can be transmitted over very
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long distances this extremely low
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frequency sound is called infrasound and
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could travel for miles
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you can reduce the noise so low and so
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deep it not only goes through the air it
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goes through the rocks and through the
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soil and you pick it up in your feet
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elephants do that rhinos do that hippos
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do that crocodiles do that and
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alligators do it they produce infrasound
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but for a Paris aramis these calls can
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be used for more than just communication
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low-frequency infrasound can put up an
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aggressive form of defense
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infrasound is a weapon you can scramble
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the brains of your enemy with a blast of
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infrasound if you have a hundred duck
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bills thousand duck bills facing the
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same direction producing high decibel
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sounds that's a wave of energy that
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could knock over a predator or at least
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discombobulated it scramble its brains
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despite packing a deafening secret
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weapon' embarrass Aramis like other
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plant eaters knows that the best way to
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stay alive is to keep predators at a
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distance but in this prehistoric world
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giant carnivores with ultra keen senses
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and powerful razors
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throughout the Cretaceous hungry
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carnivores patrol the list
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they are the most terrifying as the
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world has ever known
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they're plant-eating prey though
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well-armed and well armored they don't
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give in without a fight but prehistoric
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herbivores have a problem they lack the
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brain power of the carnivores that hunt
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them
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soare Poseidon's brain is so tiny it can
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barely process any information at all so
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just how did these intellectually
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challenged Giants cope in such a
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dangerous world
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there has to be some sort of device that
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compensated for this diminished capacity
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to make individual choice
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it's got to be society sauroposeidon
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defend themselves against super
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predators by working and thinking
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together
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so you have Group Intelligence Group
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memory group decision-making replacing
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individuality
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living as a group is vital for
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sauroposeidon survival individually
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their huge size is a powerful defense
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but sticking together makes these
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leviathans close to indestructible
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keeping a herd of 50-ton animals filled
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up however means traveling vast
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distances grazing a territory covering
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thousands of square miles and moving a
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mountain of flesh requires sophisticated
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and coordination one of the curious
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things about sauropods is that they did
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have a swelling in the spinal cord in
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the neighborhood of their pelvis this
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was sort of like a second brain to help
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control the back half of the body
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it's called the sacral lumbar extension
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a bundle of nerves which acts like a
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primitive brain controlling the
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movements of the lakes and tail the
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brain in Essaouira Poseidon's head is
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simply too small and far away to
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coordinate its front and back legs so
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like a prehistoric firetruck a second
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brain operates the back end at the end
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the reasons why animals like
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sauroposeidon have an enlargement in
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their hip is because there's actually a
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lot going on back there there are lots
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of muscles that are in the legs and also
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muscles that are going through the tail
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the primitive brain in its pelvis keeps
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Sora Poseidon's legs and tail and sync
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with its body
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without it they could never have grazed
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over such large territories possible
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they wouldn't have even been able to
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walk it all this tiny bundle of nerves
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Wayne just a few ounces allows herds of
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sauroposeidon to rule the great plains
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of the southern Midwest for almost 15
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million years
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another plant either couldn't appear
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more different
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it's small weak and highly intelligent
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but like sauroposeidon era psaropoulos
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live in herds
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they stick together they're constantly
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on the lookout for threats
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but for Parasurama wish there's a
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problem
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their eyes are on the side of their head
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00:35:41,510 --> 00:35:46,070
so fields of view don't overlap this
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00:35:44,119 --> 00:35:49,279
leaves a blind spot and dead ahead a
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00:35:46,070 --> 00:35:50,990
possible opening for an attacker they
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00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:52,640
couldn't see directly behind themselves
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00:35:50,989 --> 00:35:55,598
and the action would have problems
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00:35:52,639 --> 00:35:57,728
seemed directly in front of themselves
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00:35:55,599 --> 00:36:00,999
it's almost a different visual world
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00:35:57,728 --> 00:36:04,978
than one that we can imagine the Paris
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00:36:00,998 --> 00:36:04,978
Iraqis have this problem covered
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00:36:07,369 --> 00:36:11,539
you've got multiple Parasaurolophus
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00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:13,970
living together that means multiple eyes
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00:36:11,539 --> 00:36:16,070
to scan the horizon and if one of you is
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00:36:13,969 --> 00:36:17,539
feeding munching on the plants on the
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00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:20,059
ground the other can keep its eyes out
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00:36:17,539 --> 00:36:22,509
looking around keeping an eye out for a
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Tyrannosaurus
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but not all plant eaters in the
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00:36:24,710 --> 00:36:29,230
Cretaceous live as a group and Kaila
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00:36:27,619 --> 00:36:32,269
Saurus are loners
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00:36:29,230 --> 00:36:34,190
they depend on a powerful tail club and
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00:36:32,269 --> 00:36:36,610
steel like body armor to defend
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00:36:34,190 --> 00:36:36,610
themselves
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without the hurt to watch your back and
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00:36:42,949 --> 00:36:46,989
Kaila Soros has to watch its own
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00:36:47,429 --> 00:36:52,409
that's a job made even harder as its
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00:36:49,889 --> 00:36:55,219
worst enemy a t-rex can hunt under the
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00:36:52,409 --> 00:36:55,219
cover of darkness
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fortunately and in Kyla surah says
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00:37:01,940 --> 00:37:08,380
another effective weapon in its armoury
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00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:08,380
a highly refined sense of smell
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the nasal region of and Kyla Soros and
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00:37:12,659 --> 00:37:18,659
it skin is one of the most specialized
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00:37:15,269 --> 00:37:22,230
parts of its anatomy for an ankylosaurus
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00:37:18,659 --> 00:37:27,599
a t-rex is distinctive odor is a dead
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00:37:22,230 --> 00:37:29,940
giveaway the sense of smell was more
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00:37:27,599 --> 00:37:35,339
important potentially than the sense of
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00:37:29,940 --> 00:37:37,740
vision and Kaila sources nasal passages
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00:37:35,340 --> 00:37:40,460
wind through the skull significantly
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00:37:37,739 --> 00:37:42,949
increasing their surfaces
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00:37:40,460 --> 00:37:46,789
this enlarged space is populated by
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00:37:42,949 --> 00:37:50,629
millions of odor receptors complicated
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00:37:46,789 --> 00:37:53,119
crazy straw tortuous nasal passageway
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00:37:50,630 --> 00:37:54,800
that went from the nostril made several
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00:37:53,119 --> 00:37:56,940
loops through the snout before it went
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00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:59,980
down into the throat
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00:37:56,940 --> 00:38:04,039
ankylosaurus is super sensitive nose can
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00:37:59,980 --> 00:38:06,590
pick up a carnivore over two miles wide
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00:38:04,039 --> 00:38:09,110
if it could smell a Tyrannosaurus coming
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00:38:06,590 --> 00:38:11,960
it's got an early warning and so it can
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00:38:09,110 --> 00:38:14,690
begin to react appropriately for a
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00:38:11,960 --> 00:38:17,190
hungry t-rex it means a meal has simply
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00:38:14,690 --> 00:38:21,559
vanished into thin air
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00:38:17,190 --> 00:38:21,559
never underestimate a vegetarian
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00:38:24,929 --> 00:38:30,000
Parasurama since Orem beside rely on the
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00:38:27,929 --> 00:38:31,129
numbers to spot predators before they
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00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:34,050
attack
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00:38:31,130 --> 00:38:36,170
ankylosaurus has an armory of senses to
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00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:38,568
keep carnivores at their
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00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:41,088
but no matter how clever and herbivore
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00:38:38,568 --> 00:38:43,000
may be no matter how many tools they
338
00:38:41,088 --> 00:38:46,929
have at the ready
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00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,929
sometimes they're no
340
00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:56,579
for herbivores keeping one step ahead of
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00:38:54,599 --> 00:38:59,190
the competition is a never-ending
342
00:38:56,579 --> 00:39:01,500
struggle t-rex
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00:38:59,190 --> 00:39:06,619
was designed by natural selection to
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00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:06,619
overcome those formidable defenses
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00:39:10,050 --> 00:39:16,250
under the cover of darkness a
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00:39:12,050 --> 00:39:16,250
Tyrannosaurus Rex is on the hunt
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it's or
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00:39:24,679 --> 00:39:30,420
Triceratops six tons of muscle loaded
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00:39:28,108 --> 00:39:32,730
with deadly defensive weapons
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00:39:30,420 --> 00:39:35,340
all mounted on the armored skull that
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00:39:32,730 --> 00:39:37,500
can turn on
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00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:40,350
but Triceratops as one major
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00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:43,699
disadvantage its night vision is no
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00:39:40,349 --> 00:39:43,699
match for a Tyrannosaur
355
00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:48,670
t-rex goes for the camera
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00:39:52,219 --> 00:39:59,569
taking on a healthy adult Triceratops it
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00:39:54,980 --> 00:40:02,809
means facing long odds that is if a
358
00:39:59,570 --> 00:40:04,580
t-rex is acting alone probably the only
359
00:40:02,809 --> 00:40:07,309
way a t-rex could successfully and
360
00:40:04,579 --> 00:40:09,049
safely bring down Triceratops is by
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00:40:07,309 --> 00:40:11,509
having him at least one other individual
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00:40:09,050 --> 00:40:13,010
Taranis or that would ambush it from the
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00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:15,740
back while the one in front is keeping
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00:40:13,010 --> 00:40:18,530
the attention of the Triceratops working
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00:40:15,739 --> 00:40:21,159
as a team the ultimate carnival delivers
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00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,160
a guilty
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00:40:23,449 --> 00:40:29,568
for the t-rex it's a veritable feast
368
00:40:26,650 --> 00:40:32,539
this battle plays out over and over
369
00:40:29,568 --> 00:40:36,048
again sparking evolutionary changes in
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00:40:32,539 --> 00:40:39,650
carnivores then in turn plant eaters up
371
00:40:36,048 --> 00:40:41,780
the ante you can look at it as sort of
372
00:40:39,650 --> 00:40:43,369
almost an arms race between the
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herbivores and the carnivores and
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00:40:43,369 --> 00:40:47,900
herbivores to protect themselves the
375
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:49,369
carnivores changed in order to attack
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00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:52,210
and be able to have enough power to kill
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00:40:49,369 --> 00:40:52,210
the herbivores
378
00:40:52,469 --> 00:40:59,149
the arms race between predator and prey
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00:40:54,980 --> 00:40:59,150
continues for millions of years
380
00:40:59,630 --> 00:41:04,690
develop some of the most effective
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00:41:01,219 --> 00:41:07,909
killing to suniverse history
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00:41:04,690 --> 00:41:11,190
prehistoric twenties evolved offenses
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00:41:07,909 --> 00:41:14,549
simply unmatched today
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00:41:11,190 --> 00:41:18,389
Paris our office with a call so it's a
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00:41:14,550 --> 00:41:21,620
dangerous weapon sauroposeidon bigger
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00:41:18,389 --> 00:41:24,719
than any land creature will ever see
387
00:41:21,619 --> 00:41:28,299
ankylosaurus with a club for a tail and
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00:41:24,719 --> 00:41:31,449
armor built like a bulletproof vest
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00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:36,600
and Triceratops the big bruiser with a
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00:41:31,449 --> 00:41:36,599
skull struck to stop the jaws of a t-rex
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00:41:37,059 --> 00:41:41,259
all these cretaceous plant eaters with
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00:41:39,190 --> 00:41:43,869
their complicated apparatus they're all
393
00:41:41,260 --> 00:41:46,590
much more sophisticated so we're
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00:41:43,869 --> 00:41:49,029
beginning to understand that we wooly
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00:41:46,590 --> 00:41:52,440
underestimated the inner and outer life
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00:41:49,030 --> 00:41:52,440
of the veggie saw
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00:41:54,849 --> 00:41:59,829
from the Triassic period to the
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00:41:56,469 --> 00:42:03,039
Cretaceous more than 165 million years
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00:41:59,829 --> 00:42:06,230
even today the battle between herbivores
400
00:42:03,039 --> 00:42:10,659
and carnivores rages on
401
00:42:06,230 --> 00:42:10,659
but it's this brutal war for survival
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00:42:11,380 --> 00:42:16,608
temptation that
403
00:42:13,318 --> 00:42:16,608
credibly natural
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