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451
00:22:22,039 --> 00:22:28,930
Deinonychus these pint-sized killers
452
00:22:25,460 --> 00:22:28,930
work as a team
453
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:33,120
deinonychus wouldn't weigh much more
454
00:22:31,289 --> 00:22:35,730
than a human being and when they're
455
00:22:33,119 --> 00:22:37,679
attacking things like sort of seitan it
456
00:22:35,730 --> 00:22:41,009
would be a big advantage for them to be
457
00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:43,019
able to act as a group they're actually
458
00:22:41,009 --> 00:22:45,289
increasing their chance of getting a
459
00:22:43,019 --> 00:22:45,289
meal
460
00:22:47,549 --> 00:22:54,470
it's a strategy still used today
461
00:22:51,650 --> 00:22:57,440
working together Lions will take on prey
462
00:22:54,470 --> 00:23:00,880
as big as a four-ton elephant and they
463
00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:00,880
only have teeth and claws
464
00:23:01,019 --> 00:23:07,109
Deinonychus employs an array of weaponry
465
00:23:03,839 --> 00:23:09,599
more powerful than any creature today
466
00:23:07,109 --> 00:23:12,539
Soraa Poseidon's only defense is its
467
00:23:09,599 --> 00:23:14,519
massive size but deinonychus have
468
00:23:12,539 --> 00:23:17,808
learned that nearly any defense can be
469
00:23:14,519 --> 00:23:20,690
breached with the right armaments
470
00:23:17,808 --> 00:23:22,940
like a recurve Pangloss almost three
471
00:23:20,690 --> 00:23:24,769
inches long designed to grip into the
472
00:23:22,940 --> 00:23:30,519
bodies of prey like a mountain climber
473
00:23:24,769 --> 00:23:33,528
spikes the ideal attack is to jump up
474
00:23:30,519 --> 00:23:36,528
grab a hold of the prayer position to
475
00:23:33,528 --> 00:23:40,089
pray and then strike so the arms are to
476
00:23:36,528 --> 00:23:44,740
position your body to deliver
477
00:23:40,089 --> 00:23:46,869
sitting below it strike very quickly and
478
00:23:44,740 --> 00:23:49,420
it could if it was attacking a larger
479
00:23:46,869 --> 00:23:51,969
animal use those arms to pull itself up
480
00:23:49,420 --> 00:23:54,440
against it by doing so it could bring
481
00:23:51,970 --> 00:23:57,039
its other main weapon into attack
482
00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:57,039
it's football
483
00:23:57,269 --> 00:24:02,819
the name deinonychus means terrible claw
484
00:24:00,150 --> 00:24:06,000
it's a reference to the hinged bone on
485
00:24:02,819 --> 00:24:09,119
its foot the cutting edge is sheep in
486
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,450
keratin the same substance that forms a
487
00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:15,539
cat's claw but on a Deinonychus this
488
00:24:12,450 --> 00:24:18,210
claw is four inches long like a built-in
489
00:24:15,539 --> 00:24:21,299
switch this lethal weapon is sharpened
490
00:24:18,210 --> 00:24:24,500
to a point and can flex almost 180
491
00:24:21,299 --> 00:24:26,700
degrees to keep the knife razor sharp
492
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:29,970
Deinonychus holds it up off the ground
493
00:24:26,700 --> 00:24:32,519
until the moment it's needed
494
00:24:29,970 --> 00:24:36,659
in one lightning fast swipe this sickle
495
00:24:32,519 --> 00:24:38,049
can rip deep into flesh delivering a
496
00:24:36,659 --> 00:24:41,720
kickin blow with
497
00:24:38,049 --> 00:24:44,898
50 pounds of cutting force
498
00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:47,149
the key to the Deinonychus killing blow
499
00:24:44,898 --> 00:24:49,579
is the highlight I like is the strongest
500
00:24:47,148 --> 00:24:53,599
organ in the body by far and ends in a
501
00:24:49,579 --> 00:24:56,928
huge claw like a box cutting knife so
502
00:24:53,599 --> 00:24:59,839
that cutting curved knife into your
503
00:24:56,929 --> 00:25:03,070
belly into the target would cause a
504
00:24:59,839 --> 00:25:05,699
fatal wound with one
505
00:25:03,069 --> 00:25:05,700
flexion
506
00:25:13,710 --> 00:25:18,999
deinonychus instinctively knows to go
507
00:25:16,298 --> 00:25:21,158
for this giant sweetness its neck
508
00:25:18,999 --> 00:25:24,339
you've got the windpipe there you've got
509
00:25:21,159 --> 00:25:27,269
the jugular vein which if opened up will
510
00:25:24,339 --> 00:25:30,298
mean that that's or upside is dead meat
511
00:25:27,269 --> 00:25:35,528
but death does not come quickly or
512
00:25:30,298 --> 00:25:39,368
pleasantly for a pack of Deinonychus I
513
00:25:35,528 --> 00:25:41,138
kill this big means of feast and their
514
00:25:39,368 --> 00:25:44,618
skulls are specially designed for
515
00:25:41,138 --> 00:25:47,439
competitive eating its jaws are narrow
516
00:25:44,618 --> 00:25:49,778
and lightly built and its gums are
517
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:52,749
equipped with 70 sharp serrated teeth
518
00:25:49,778 --> 00:25:56,200
they're like walking piranhas perfect
519
00:25:52,749 --> 00:25:58,450
edifice rating a victim you look at the
520
00:25:56,200 --> 00:26:01,869
teeth carefully they're ridiculously
521
00:25:58,450 --> 00:26:05,160
small they are very very delicate
522
00:26:01,868 --> 00:26:08,939
they're not killing weapons
523
00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:11,009
a single adolescents orifice I treat an
524
00:26:08,940 --> 00:26:13,170
animal more than ten times the size of
525
00:26:11,009 --> 00:26:16,680
its killer can feed a pack of hungry
526
00:26:13,170 --> 00:26:18,810
Deinonychus for weeks this kill was
527
00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:22,070
worth the effort
528
00:26:18,809 --> 00:26:22,069
and the risk
529
00:26:23,049 --> 00:26:28,960
Texas
530
00:26:25,309 --> 00:26:31,210
sixty-eight million years ago
531
00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:34,479
here death comes not only from
532
00:26:31,210 --> 00:26:37,848
well-armed gargantuan dinosaurs
533
00:26:34,479 --> 00:26:41,359
sometimes it swoops down from the sky on
534
00:26:37,848 --> 00:26:44,058
the wings of a flying reptile gets a
535
00:26:41,358 --> 00:26:45,168
quad --less a cat's koalas could be
536
00:26:44,058 --> 00:26:47,450
kinda seen as a cretaceous stealth
537
00:26:45,169 --> 00:26:49,249
bomber air-to-ground weaponry at its
538
00:26:47,450 --> 00:26:51,440
finest they weren't big fragile kites
539
00:26:49,249 --> 00:26:53,618
who were big mean terrifying bass from
540
00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:53,619
hell
541
00:26:54,980 --> 00:27:01,009
Quetzalcoatl's is arguably the largest
542
00:26:57,538 --> 00:27:04,470
most sophisticated animal ever to fly a
543
00:27:01,009 --> 00:27:08,250
wingspan of almost 40 feet holds aloft a
544
00:27:04,470 --> 00:27:10,019
body weigh 400 pounds that's the
545
00:27:08,250 --> 00:27:15,659
wingspan of the Wright brothers first
546
00:27:10,019 --> 00:27:17,579
flyer picture a living plane and that
547
00:27:15,659 --> 00:27:19,650
gives you a sense of what Quetzalcoatlus
548
00:27:17,579 --> 00:27:21,899
would look like in life and this is an
549
00:27:19,650 --> 00:27:24,120
animal that probably accelerates number
550
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:26,820
two and a half G's just on takeoff just
551
00:27:24,119 --> 00:27:29,519
beyond our congregation a Quetzalcoatlus
552
00:27:26,819 --> 00:27:32,490
is ten times the weight of the largest
553
00:27:29,519 --> 00:27:35,038
flying bird today yet this airborne
554
00:27:32,490 --> 00:27:38,909
reptile doesn't rely on feathers its
555
00:27:35,038 --> 00:27:40,769
wings are made of skin almost half of
556
00:27:38,909 --> 00:27:45,049
that wing is supported by an extended
557
00:27:40,769 --> 00:27:47,490
finger bone a finger eight feet long a
558
00:27:45,048 --> 00:27:49,710
second bone lines the front of the wing
559
00:27:47,490 --> 00:27:53,308
forming a leading edge similar to an
560
00:27:49,710 --> 00:27:57,230
airport this aerodynamic design allows
561
00:27:53,308 --> 00:27:57,230
for near perfect control on takeoff
562
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:05,790
but for this flying monster getting off
563
00:28:02,369 --> 00:28:07,589
the ground is the hardest task
564
00:28:05,789 --> 00:28:10,559
big Terrace were like Quetzal koalas
565
00:28:07,589 --> 00:28:11,459
giraffe height on all fours and it's got
566
00:28:10,559 --> 00:28:13,889
to get up into the air
567
00:28:11,460 --> 00:28:16,529
how's it going to do that
568
00:28:13,890 --> 00:28:18,480
calling the plains of Texas home makes
569
00:28:16,529 --> 00:28:22,200
that job even more difficult
570
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:24,000
flat ground no Hills no cliffs no
571
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:25,798
special conditions nothing to help us at
572
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,779
all except its muscles it could still
573
00:28:25,798 --> 00:28:33,298
take off from a standstill without any
574
00:28:27,779 --> 00:28:35,279
running required the secret to how this
575
00:28:33,298 --> 00:28:39,150
Goliath takes off can be seen in a
576
00:28:35,279 --> 00:28:42,599
creature 1000 times smaller the vampire
577
00:28:39,150 --> 00:28:44,130
bat they have to spring up into the air
578
00:28:42,599 --> 00:28:45,959
they have to do essentially a super
579
00:28:44,130 --> 00:28:49,169
push-up with their powerful four limbs
580
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:51,090
the strongest limbs they have get a pie
581
00:28:49,169 --> 00:28:54,080
enough that they can get their wings to
582
00:28:51,089 --> 00:28:55,740
flap and get off the ground a
583
00:28:54,079 --> 00:28:58,740
Quetzalcoatlus
584
00:28:55,740 --> 00:29:02,450
takes off in the same way using all four
585
00:28:58,740 --> 00:29:04,849
limbs to suddenly leap up into the air
586
00:29:02,450 --> 00:29:08,389
it's powerful arm muscles are composed
587
00:29:04,849 --> 00:29:12,168
of 80% fast-twitch fiber 1/3 more than
588
00:29:08,388 --> 00:29:14,329
humans this specialized muscle tissue is
589
00:29:12,169 --> 00:29:17,119
capable of delivering rapid bursts of
590
00:29:14,329 --> 00:29:19,699
energy energy needed to propel this
591
00:29:17,118 --> 00:29:22,849
reptile a creature wane as much as a
592
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:25,850
grizzly bear from a dead stop to a
593
00:29:22,849 --> 00:29:27,589
launch speed of 30 miles per hour all in
594
00:29:25,849 --> 00:29:29,538
a fraction of a second
595
00:29:27,589 --> 00:29:31,849
I think the singing a pterosaur like
596
00:29:29,538 --> 00:29:33,259
Elsa koalas actually take off would have
597
00:29:31,849 --> 00:29:35,418
to be one of the most impressive sights
598
00:29:33,259 --> 00:29:37,489
in the animal kingdom to see something
599
00:29:35,419 --> 00:29:39,769
that's 20 feet tall suddenly spring into
600
00:29:37,489 --> 00:29:42,779
the air and fly away is outside the
601
00:29:39,769 --> 00:29:45,720
bounds of human experience
602
00:29:42,779 --> 00:29:48,329
for a giant like gets a Qantas flight
603
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:50,549
control is everything this flying
604
00:29:48,329 --> 00:29:53,939
reptile has one of the most advanced
605
00:29:50,549 --> 00:29:59,039
autopilot systems natural history akin
606
00:29:53,940 --> 00:30:00,660
to a bio supercomputer imagine just for
607
00:29:59,039 --> 00:30:04,200
a moment that you're an animal with the
608
00:30:00,660 --> 00:30:07,259
wingspan of a small sail plane and you
609
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:11,370
are turning yourself 90 degrees that's
610
00:30:07,259 --> 00:30:13,470
not an easy maneuver for human pilots
611
00:30:11,369 --> 00:30:15,439
for example rely on instruments in their
612
00:30:13,470 --> 00:30:17,250
cockpit in order to do things like that
613
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:20,759
because the calls has to have those
614
00:30:17,250 --> 00:30:22,829
issues built-in a Quetzalcoatlus wing is
615
00:30:20,759 --> 00:30:24,660
covered with millions of tiny hairlike
616
00:30:22,829 --> 00:30:27,000
sensors
617
00:30:24,660 --> 00:30:30,570
these microscopically small bio memory
618
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:33,329
devices collect information then send
619
00:30:30,569 --> 00:30:36,659
signals to the brain their wing wasn't
620
00:30:33,329 --> 00:30:39,779
just an aerodynamic organ it was also a
621
00:30:36,660 --> 00:30:41,970
gigantic sensory organ capturing all
622
00:30:39,779 --> 00:30:45,019
kinds of aerodynamically relevant
623
00:30:41,970 --> 00:30:49,160
information about things like air speed
624
00:30:45,019 --> 00:30:51,349
tension in particular parts of the wing
625
00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:56,060
this data travels from the wing to the
626
00:30:51,349 --> 00:30:58,399
brain then in a split second a ketse
627
00:30:56,059 --> 00:31:02,269
Qualis makes minut adjustments to its
628
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:04,790
wing shape and body position proof of
629
00:31:02,269 --> 00:31:07,009
this advanced biotechnology is found in
630
00:31:04,789 --> 00:31:09,529
the flock use the area of the brain
631
00:31:07,009 --> 00:31:13,480
devoted to flight control it's 3 times
632
00:31:09,529 --> 00:31:13,480
larger than in any bird today
633
00:31:16,929 --> 00:31:20,710
there's a huge amount of math going on
634
00:31:19,210 --> 00:31:23,588
in the brain as it's making these
635
00:31:20,710 --> 00:31:26,169
subconscious calculations and what's key
636
00:31:23,588 --> 00:31:29,499
is that's happening all the time it can
637
00:31:26,169 --> 00:31:32,109
never stop because these animals are in
638
00:31:29,499 --> 00:31:34,538
the air and if there's any break in that
639
00:31:32,108 --> 00:31:40,628
process that the results are potentially
640
00:31:34,538 --> 00:31:42,729
catastrophic nothing this large would
641
00:31:40,628 --> 00:31:46,618
achieve powered flight until the 20th
642
00:31:42,729 --> 00:31:49,298
century 65 million years later and
643
00:31:46,618 --> 00:31:52,058
Quetzalcoatlus still may hold the record
644
00:31:49,298 --> 00:31:55,118
for flight duration how to stay aloft
645
00:31:52,058 --> 00:31:59,729
for a week probably could have gone for
646
00:31:55,118 --> 00:32:02,019
25 26 thousand miles in a single trip
647
00:31:59,729 --> 00:32:04,659
Quetzal quarters is one of the most
648
00:32:02,019 --> 00:32:08,348
unusual and terrifying carnivores to
649
00:32:04,659 --> 00:32:11,830
inhabit the earth but unlike predators
650
00:32:08,348 --> 00:32:14,168
such as t-rex and Deinonychus this
651
00:32:11,829 --> 00:32:15,629
flying meat-eater isn't searching for
652
00:32:14,169 --> 00:32:18,509
the big kill
653
00:32:15,630 --> 00:32:23,120
it scours the earth from above tracking
654
00:32:18,509 --> 00:32:26,660
the small the young the defenseless
655
00:32:23,119 --> 00:32:26,659
dinosaur hatchlings
656
00:32:29,319 --> 00:32:34,240
keeping this predator airborne altitudes
657
00:32:31,990 --> 00:32:37,058
as high as 10,000 feet
658
00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:38,700
requires a 40-foot wingspan an accurate
659
00:32:37,058 --> 00:32:42,509
guidance
660
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:44,999
and near perfect ice what we see is an
661
00:32:42,509 --> 00:32:46,769
enlarged eyeball enlarged eye socket and
662
00:32:44,999 --> 00:32:50,569
the processing centers of the brain
663
00:32:46,769 --> 00:32:53,579
optic looks were also very much expanded
664
00:32:50,569 --> 00:32:56,029
its four inch retina is packed with over
665
00:32:53,579 --> 00:32:58,429
a billion light receptors
666
00:32:56,029 --> 00:33:02,329
and registers as much as four times the
667
00:32:58,430 --> 00:33:04,370
detail of the human eye a ketse Qualis
668
00:33:02,329 --> 00:33:07,178
can also see a spectrum of light
669
00:33:04,369 --> 00:33:12,158
invisible to humans
670
00:33:07,179 --> 00:33:14,889
ultraviolet the urine of their prey
671
00:33:12,159 --> 00:33:16,839
absorbs UV rays and then reflects them
672
00:33:14,888 --> 00:33:20,329
back
673
00:33:16,838 --> 00:33:23,528
this creates a lighted trail leading
674
00:33:20,329 --> 00:33:23,528
straight to their court
675
00:33:24,339 --> 00:33:30,259
these animals had very highly developed
676
00:33:27,048 --> 00:33:33,138
these stabilization mechanism allowing
677
00:33:30,259 --> 00:33:35,419
to keep their target fixed and in focus
678
00:33:33,138 --> 00:33:39,678
within the crosshairs if you will as
679
00:33:35,419 --> 00:33:41,899
they were moving for space the secret to
680
00:33:39,679 --> 00:33:45,019
gaze stabilization is hidden in the
681
00:33:41,898 --> 00:33:47,439
inner ear three interconnected tubes or
682
00:33:45,019 --> 00:33:50,388
what are called semicircular canals
683
00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:52,730
fluid fills each canal and small hairs
684
00:33:50,388 --> 00:33:55,189
detect the tiniest movie
685
00:33:52,730 --> 00:33:57,980
as a ketse Qualis head moves during
686
00:33:55,190 --> 00:34:00,490
flight signals are sent directly to the
687
00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:03,440
eye muscles the eyeballs are just
688
00:34:00,490 --> 00:34:05,500
keeping an image fixed and perfectly in
689
00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:08,378
focus
690
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:11,289
from 1,000 feet in the air that gets
691
00:34:08,378 --> 00:34:15,239
equalities can pick out a t-rex nest and
692
00:34:11,289 --> 00:34:15,239
even count the number of jets
693
00:34:19,099 --> 00:34:28,699
I think that a big Terrace were on the
694
00:34:26,780 --> 00:34:30,290
ground would have been a spooky because
695
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:32,689
they would be moving around on all fours
696
00:34:30,289 --> 00:34:36,489
they probably have those sort of precise
697
00:34:32,690 --> 00:34:39,710
movements like birds if they'd be huge
698
00:34:36,489 --> 00:34:41,959
ketse koalas lives by its own rules
699
00:34:39,710 --> 00:34:44,050
most meat-eaters keep their distance
700
00:34:41,960 --> 00:34:50,179
from the hatchlings of an apex predator
701
00:34:44,050 --> 00:34:51,380
but not this reptile the probably work
702
00:34:50,179 --> 00:34:53,119
many animals the Cretaceous that would
703
00:34:51,380 --> 00:34:56,539
dare to try to grab a baby Tyrannosaurus
704
00:34:53,119 --> 00:35:02,779
Rex ketse koalas could probably manage
705
00:34:56,539 --> 00:35:04,369
it these big castles like it's flawless
706
00:35:02,780 --> 00:35:06,050
we're probably eating baby dinosaurs
707
00:35:04,369 --> 00:35:07,339
right and left and then when they want
708
00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:08,930
to boom
709
00:35:07,340 --> 00:35:12,650
they push down they spring into the air
710
00:35:08,929 --> 00:35:15,500
and they flap away for Quetzalcoatl is
711
00:35:12,650 --> 00:35:18,220
the key to snapping up baby dinosaurs is
712
00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:21,289
a quick getaway
713
00:35:18,219 --> 00:35:23,089
but Escape is no problem for a reptile
714
00:35:21,289 --> 00:35:27,380
that can pull two and a half G's on
715
00:35:23,090 --> 00:35:29,900
takeoff reaching 30 miles per hour in
716
00:35:27,380 --> 00:35:31,070
less than a second if you're a kiss of
717
00:35:29,900 --> 00:35:32,539
quality live in a land full
718
00:35:31,070 --> 00:35:33,740
Tyrannosaurus and the latest Cretaceous
719
00:35:32,539 --> 00:35:36,710
you need to take off in a hurry
720
00:35:33,739 --> 00:35:39,409
sometimes Quetzalcoatlus is unlike any
721
00:35:36,710 --> 00:35:42,460
other dinosaur in the Cretaceous speed
722
00:35:39,409 --> 00:35:44,739
agility and sophisticated way all
723
00:35:42,460 --> 00:35:48,420
allow it to survive for millions of
724
00:35:44,739 --> 00:35:48,419
years in a brutal environment
725
00:35:50,860 --> 00:35:55,090
but this is a world inhabited by the
726
00:35:52,750 --> 00:35:58,510
most advanced predators Nature has ever
727
00:35:55,090 --> 00:36:01,960
produced even prehistoric killers like
728
00:35:58,510 --> 00:36:03,820
Deinonychus in Tyrannosaurus Rex know
729
00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:04,570
that no matter how many tools they have
730
00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:09,180
at the ready
731
00:36:04,570 --> 00:36:09,180
attacking plant eaters is risky business
732
00:36:09,730 --> 00:36:12,990
might be your last
733
00:36:23,730 --> 00:36:28,260
a mystique surrounds the mighty karna
734
00:36:25,829 --> 00:36:31,500
first of the Cretaceous they rule a
735
00:36:28,260 --> 00:36:33,900
dangerous world but being a super
736
00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:36,289
predator like Tyrannosaurus Rex is no
737
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:36,289
easy job
738
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:43,050
just surviving to adulthood is a major
739
00:36:39,630 --> 00:36:44,940
feat one that takes a decade or more of
740
00:36:43,050 --> 00:36:48,050
killing and eating some of the meanest
741
00:36:44,940 --> 00:36:50,570
creatures that walk
742
00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:52,550
latest role in the ecosystem is top
743
00:36:50,570 --> 00:36:55,309
predator most of the time you are almost
744
00:36:52,550 --> 00:36:58,820
starving a carnivore knows that no prey
745
00:36:55,309 --> 00:37:02,110
animal goes down easily herbivores fight
746
00:36:58,820 --> 00:37:02,110
like their lives depend on
747
00:37:03,019 --> 00:37:08,389
these are animals that have defenses
748
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:08,960
ankylosaurus is a slow lumbering plant
749
00:37:08,389 --> 00:37:11,690
eater
750
00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:15,619
it's low slung body is covered in bony
751
00:37:11,690 --> 00:37:18,380
plates and its tail packs a punch and
752
00:37:15,619 --> 00:37:22,070
cowasaurus itself has this huge mass of
753
00:37:18,380 --> 00:37:23,960
bone on the end of its tail and there's
754
00:37:22,070 --> 00:37:25,460
no leg bone of Tyrannosaurus that can
755
00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:28,039
withstand it
756
00:37:25,460 --> 00:37:30,829
predators of the Cretaceous are gigantic
757
00:37:28,039 --> 00:37:33,670
by our standards yet in stature they're
758
00:37:30,829 --> 00:37:36,650
clearly outclassed by plant eaters
759
00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:39,130
carnivores though have one significant
760
00:37:36,650 --> 00:37:39,130
advantage
761
00:37:39,539 --> 00:37:45,570
bigger brains the armored dinosaurs in
762
00:37:43,079 --> 00:37:49,110
general and ankylosaurus is no exception
763
00:37:45,570 --> 00:37:51,570
here were not bright dinosaurs by llola
764
00:37:49,110 --> 00:37:53,970
dumbest dinosaurs ever live their brains
765
00:37:51,570 --> 00:37:56,430
are really small for the size of their
766
00:37:53,969 --> 00:38:00,599
heads and their bodies with prey this
767
00:37:56,429 --> 00:38:03,449
dumb predators don't need to be geniuses
768
00:38:00,599 --> 00:38:05,670
ultimately you really only need to be as
769
00:38:03,449 --> 00:38:08,759
smart or smarter than the animals that
770
00:38:05,670 --> 00:38:11,010
you're around seven tons of
771
00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:15,460
Tyrannosaurus Rex can do a lot of damage
772
00:38:11,010 --> 00:38:17,528
but a little extra brain to make a lot
773
00:38:15,460 --> 00:38:19,318
well t-rex brain was actually a bit
774
00:38:17,528 --> 00:38:22,809
larger than a banana
775
00:38:19,318 --> 00:38:25,568
t-rex brain is just a thousandth of its
776
00:38:22,809 --> 00:38:28,160
body size that's 20 times less brain
777
00:38:25,568 --> 00:38:30,559
power than humans
778
00:38:28,159 --> 00:38:33,969
yeah it's significantly larger than
779
00:38:30,559 --> 00:38:33,969
those of its plant-eater prey
780
00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:40,289
what we see in t-rex is an advanced its
781
00:38:37,230 --> 00:38:42,539
cognitive capabilities were greater its
782
00:38:40,289 --> 00:38:46,070
ability to probably solve problems and
783
00:38:42,539 --> 00:38:46,070
deal with wrinkles in its environment
784
00:38:47,849 --> 00:38:53,420
other carnivores are even more dependent
785
00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:53,420
on cognitive
786
00:38:54,630 --> 00:39:00,989
for protection Deinonychus relies
787
00:38:57,119 --> 00:39:03,269
primarily on its brain the brain
788
00:39:00,989 --> 00:39:07,548
structure of Deinonychus ms relatives is
789
00:39:03,268 --> 00:39:09,449
really quite remarkable pound-for-pound
790
00:39:07,548 --> 00:39:12,088
Deinonychus has one of the largest
791
00:39:09,449 --> 00:39:14,639
brains in the dinosaur kingdom that
792
00:39:12,088 --> 00:39:18,778
brain power is harnessed to achieve one
793
00:39:14,639 --> 00:39:21,960
goal this was an animal that needed some
794
00:39:18,778 --> 00:39:24,478
brain power to know how to attack when
795
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:26,960
to attack what parts of the prey animal
796
00:39:24,478 --> 00:39:26,960
to attack
797
00:39:30,820 --> 00:39:35,760
the wily part of the brain is the
798
00:39:32,860 --> 00:39:38,559
cerebrum and deinonychus has a big one
799
00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:40,750
it analyzes information from all over
800
00:39:38,559 --> 00:39:44,759
the body and unlike the unsophisticated
801
00:39:40,750 --> 00:39:46,929
brains of its prey it makes decisions
802
00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:50,050
Deinonychus can also do something no
803
00:39:46,929 --> 00:39:53,019
other predator in its day could do call
804
00:39:50,050 --> 00:39:55,600
in reinforcements what we can see with
805
00:39:53,019 --> 00:39:58,480
Deinonychus in this brain structure is
806
00:39:55,599 --> 00:39:59,199
that potentially it has the capacity to
807
00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:03,309
pull off
808
00:39:59,199 --> 00:40:06,219
cooperative hunting Deinonychus is
809
00:40:03,309 --> 00:40:09,420
clever clever enough to deal with
810
00:40:06,219 --> 00:40:12,989
another highly developed creature a
811
00:40:09,420 --> 00:40:12,990
second Deinonychus
812
00:40:13,340 --> 00:40:17,840
hunting together requires an ability to
813
00:40:15,650 --> 00:40:19,800
communicate as well as share tactics and
814
00:40:17,840 --> 00:40:22,650
strategy
815
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:24,570
this is something only made possible by
816
00:40:22,650 --> 00:40:26,880
a large brain this is an animal that
817
00:40:24,570 --> 00:40:29,100
might have actually had some cleverness
818
00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:34,140
to some animal that might have actually
819
00:40:29,099 --> 00:40:36,449
been able to solve problems the ability
820
00:40:34,139 --> 00:40:37,319
to work cooperatively is the ability to
821
00:40:36,449 --> 00:40:39,689
stay alive
822
00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:42,539
Deinonychus has to keep one step ahead
823
00:40:39,690 --> 00:40:46,590
of its prey anticipating trouble before
824
00:40:42,539 --> 00:40:48,730
it happens living as a hunter was not
825
00:40:46,590 --> 00:40:51,220
the easy life
826
00:40:48,730 --> 00:40:54,329
the irony for many predators is they're
827
00:40:51,219 --> 00:40:56,679
very concerned about injuring themselves
828
00:40:54,329 --> 00:40:58,930
even the toughest most well-armed
829
00:40:56,679 --> 00:41:03,399
man-eaters regularly come face to face
830
00:40:58,929 --> 00:41:05,828
with prey that can kill them whether you
831
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:07,480
have the jaws of Tyrannosaurus Rex or
832
00:41:05,829 --> 00:41:10,950
are armed to the teeth whether after
833
00:41:07,480 --> 00:41:13,260
every hunt just might be your last
834
00:41:10,949 --> 00:41:16,409
think about predation is it's very
835
00:41:13,260 --> 00:41:17,750
dangerous both for the prey and for the
836
00:41:16,409 --> 00:41:20,129
predator
837
00:41:17,750 --> 00:41:23,190
there are many specimens that have
838
00:41:20,130 --> 00:41:28,079
puncture wounds and open sores when they
839
00:41:23,190 --> 00:41:30,119
die an injury even a minor way can stop
840
00:41:28,079 --> 00:41:33,869
a predator from hunting a virtual
841
00:41:30,119 --> 00:41:36,809
guarantee of death by starvation the
842
00:41:33,869 --> 00:41:38,460
life of the carnivore was so hard and
843
00:41:36,809 --> 00:41:41,760
through a beat up there all beat to hell
844
00:41:38,460 --> 00:41:43,588
before they became a fossil it's not
845
00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:45,000
like Africa or Asia today where you have
846
00:41:43,588 --> 00:41:46,529
lots of smaller animals and there's one
847
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,780
or two big things like elephants rhinos
848
00:41:46,530 --> 00:41:51,089
we're talking about an entire landscape
849
00:41:48,780 --> 00:41:53,630
that's filled with birds of multi-ton
850
00:41:51,088 --> 00:41:53,630
herbivores
851
00:41:56,670 --> 00:42:02,460
for carnivores today just as during the
852
00:41:59,489 --> 00:42:04,639
Cretaceous staying alive is tough very
853
00:42:02,460 --> 00:42:04,639
tough
854
00:42:05,010 --> 00:42:09,840
if we look at lives of living predators
855
00:42:08,010 --> 00:42:12,660
today they're pretty short lives each
856
00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:15,990
individual life does not span its
857
00:42:12,659 --> 00:42:17,819
potential whenever they become older and
858
00:42:15,989 --> 00:42:19,979
weaker they're more susceptible to
859
00:42:17,820 --> 00:42:22,880
injury every time you hunt you're
860
00:42:19,980 --> 00:42:22,880
putting your life on the line
861
00:42:25,829 --> 00:42:31,569
in the world of dinosaurs predators stop
862
00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:35,579
at nothing to survive
863
00:42:31,570 --> 00:42:35,580
they use every tool in their arsenal
864
00:42:36,340 --> 00:42:44,950
legalize stealth
865
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:44,949
super-hearing an advanced sense of smell
866
00:42:45,050 --> 00:42:48,989
but in the end
867
00:42:46,619 --> 00:42:51,769
those who live by the cloth sometimes
868
00:42:48,989 --> 00:42:51,769
die
30967
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