Original subtitles

in the Cretaceous dinosaurs rarely die

old

predators real killers engineered for

one purpose attack

when asaurus rex is a 10,000 pound

self-propelled anti-tank weapon

for the first time in 65 million years

cutting-edge imaging technology lets us

look deep inside their bodies

just--how the world's greatest

carnivores really work

armed themselves with the most advanced

weaponry nature

ever unleashed tools that allow them to

survive for over one

North America 115 million years ago

reptilian creatures have evolved to kill

emissions like never seen before

death is everywhere

sweeping down here

stocking the quarters

and sometimes thundering through the

trees in the form of Tyrannosaurus Rex

t-rex was the ultimate predator in the

history of terrestrial animals

t-rex is one of the largest and

deadliest animals ever to walk on two

legs for two million years it rules the

American West

powerful and intelligent this predator

is equipped with the tools to bring down

mess

pray

the head the skull a t-rex is awesomely

large and each tooth is an armored

crushing weapon

Tyrannosaurus Rex meets tyrant lizard

this apex predator is 40 feet long 18

feet high and weighs in at seven times

the jaws of t-rex are infamous five feet

of sheer terror with 60 teeth some as

long as 12 inches

it's scholars constructed of 64 boats a

design that's like yet strong

16 times stronger than the jaws of an

alligator

the front teeth our dagger shaped with

serrated edges designed to tear flesh

the larger side teeth around it perfect

for crunching bone solidly anchored into

muscle they can withstand pressure from

any direction we have a pretty good idea

of how it killed its prey it seems to

just walk right up to them taking a bite

and whatever happens happens

unlike many dinosaurs they wouldn't just

take the flesh off the carcass they

basically eat most of the carcass

teawrex huge legs and pelvis make up

half this bruisers total body

it's tail weighs a full ton the reason

it has to balance out a thousand pounds

of head judge

the head is two-thirds muscle

able to power jaws capable of clamping

down with enough force to bite through a

steel oil

all that muscle delivers a bite strong

enough to take down the toughest prey of

the Cretaceous

t-rex teeth among the bluntest teeth

bluntest Lee's sharp of the whole family

of tryna source those teeth are designed

to crush to penetrate thick layers of

armor and muscle in a crushing massive

hemorrhaging below the muscles and T

Rex's neck are nearly as powerful as the

muscles in its legs at two feet thick

they are strong enough to lift a hip up

or bring down the most well-armed best

defended herbivore nature has ever

produced

Triceratops the best way to attack

Triceratops is with a long barreled 75

millimeter any tango

Triceratops protects itself with a bony

shield called a frill

and can fend off an attacker with a pair

of poor foot long swords

you've got a profession the only way to

deal with this huge curved cantilever

composit armor

is a crushing blow with multiple teeth

but defeating a triceratops takes more

than just teeth

it requires power

Triceratops most dangerous weapons are

mounted on a skull that can swivel 360

degrees

Triceratops I want to keep that horns

and the frill pointed right at t-rex

or a t-rex the key to defeating a

triceratops is those super sized jaws

behind this killers bite are two sets of

powerful muscles the first runs from the

top of the skull down to the bottom of

the jar

these muscles give this carnivores bite

its speed the second set muscles which

make up almost 50% of the muscles in the

head wrap around the lower jaw tying it

to the roof of the mouth

they give T Rexes bite it's 7,000 pounds

of force

twice the chomping power of a great

white shark

and there's more

just like a Python t-rex can dislocate

it's job

Granite Kinesis is basically the ability

to swallow things larger than your own

head that's because the skull expands as

it opens up snakes swallowing whole

chicken eggs make heads it's so you know

much smaller than the egg and it'll

swallow that whole egg

you know there's not a lawyer in this

world that's too fat that is t-rex good

swallowing

tyrannosaurus rex is a carnivorous

monster that uses sheer forest over

power well-defended prey it's true

unlike any other creature that has

walked away

Rex is different

something about Tyrannosaurus and

Tyrannosaurus Rex itself is different

than other predatory dinosaurs but for

such a celebrated killer able to take on

the toughest creatures of the Cretaceous

some things just don't add up it's slow

top speed not much more than 15 miles

per hour a t-rex couldn't even outrun a

fit human

it's also unwieldy requiring a full two

seconds to make a 45-degree turn if a

t-rex were to fall over while chasing a

prey item it might seriously wound

itself and its hands with only two

fingers are completely useless for

gripping prey after its giant size and

its huge teeth the thing we must notice

about t-rex Arden's dinky little arms is

tiny little arms that can't even reach

its mouth

the giant t-rex is a baffling creature

there has to be more to this killer

how did this giant mouth on legs become

the dreaded butcher of the Cretaceous

visit la power it sharp like John

or something else entirely

fossils of Tyrannosaurus Rex have been

unearthed in the US Canada even Asia

for scientists these discoveries point

to one conclusion this carnivore has

little to fear even from the most well

armed herbivore of the Cretaceous

Triceratops but to bring down an animal

this tough takes more than just brawn

muscle and teeth

it requires planning and strategy in

short brains and t-rex delivers its

cerebrum is one of the largest of the

prehistoric world

it has the ability to process

sophisticated sensory information here

smell sight all our highly refined

we can look at the sense of vision and

see the attributes of a predator

t-rexes eyes are sixteen inches apart

giving this killer exceptional binocular

the ability to proceed

is essentially just a photon caching

device Tyrannosaurus would have had

extremely large retina over which they

could collect those photons collecting

more photons gives the brain more visual

information to interpret more detail

about its surroundings and something

else about those eyes is crucial for an

apex hunter a Tyrannosaurus eyes were

quite high up and therefore they always

had a very tall perspective on the world

to can see great distances for them the

horizon was very very far away t-rex can

distinguish fine visual detail as far

away as four miles that's about six

times further than we can see

it's hearing as well is a significant

advantage for a hunter

what we see in the inner ear of t-rex is

a hearing organ that's long and suggest

that hearing was very important to t-rex

called the cochlea it's a hollow cone

shaped tube filled with liquid this tube

vibrates in response to sound waves

thousands of tiny hairlike cells detect

this movement then send electrical

signals to the brain

the cochlea in a Tyrannosaurus Rex is

almost an inch long meaning it can pick

up a wide range of frequencies who is

able to actually hear very low-frequency

sounds and so something even off in the

distance was going to be within its

perceptive world it doesn't want to hear

the peeping and piping of little birds

around there cuz they're not gonna be

something it eats but if it hit us

hearing the infrasound grunts of a

triceratops that's what it wants to hear

because that sound is gonna mean that's

where lunches

a battle with Triceratops is more often

than not a death match this herbivore

hasn't evolved into a Sherman tank for

now as dramas were specialist I don't

like to admit this but in that situation

with Triceratops probably one and

probably one on a regular basis

it looks as if this battle will end in

the draw

the Barbarian of the Cretaceous walks

away and beheaded

because t-rex are warm-blooded they need

to maintain their body temperature

this means consuming huge amounts of

energy over a million calories every

week that's 1,500 pounds of raw meat

quite a few kills even for a super

predator but maybe t-rex scores a meal

some other maybe Tyrannosaurus Rex has

the guts to steal a kill from a rival

carnivore the reality is it's got all

the tools of a predator and those tools

of a predator should serve a scavenger

equally well one of those tools is its

nose the most sensitive found on any

carnivorous dinosaur

I can tell you that that good sense of

smell was awesome for finding carcasses

and when it did it ate those cartons

a dead Triceratops another predators

killed for Tyrannosaurus Rex scavenging

comes with substantial risk

muscling in on someone else's dinner can

end badly very badly but a t-rex can

take on almost any other meeting even

another t-rex and when it's Tyrannosaur

versus Torrance it's winner take off

cannibalism in nature doesn't seem to be

a matter of pleasure it's a matter of

business t-rex meat is t-rex food as

well you know it's protein it's

something that will help that individual

survive to the next kill

attacking a t-rex seems like suicide

but that may only be true if you're

something other than another

Tyrannosaurus Rex

cannibalism is the rule it's not the

exception if you're carnivore and

there's meat there you take advantage of

it

in fact paleontologists have found ample

evidence of cannibalism in the bones of

these giants we find tooth marks on the

bones of t-rex and parts of the bones

missing on the on the t-rex and clearly

they were eaten by another t-rex there's

nothing else that could have bitten

those bones in half Tyrannosaurus Rex is

powerful and intelligent but it's slow

lumbering and ponderous a predator who

at times must even scavenge to survive

the age of dinosaurs though is all about

adaptation and for one carnivorous

killer survival means trading size and

muscle for speed agility and razor-sharp

weaponry

it's a creature that proves that in this

prehistoric world death can come in any

size Deinonychus is a raptor a bird like

predator covered with feathers

it's five feet high ten feet long and

weighs 200 pounds tiny by dinosaur

standards Deinonychus is a hunter with a

toolkit unlike any animal in the world

today

teeth claws speed it has it all

the Nauticus you have an animal that has

very nasty sharp teeth and lots of them

and if that weren't enough it has

enormous

inner claws on its feet as if it just

couldn't get enough weaponry Deinonychus

is more than just a well-armed carnivore

it's intelligent

this predator can stock a meal plan out

an attack then take down prey with

deadly precision

even one of the largest plant eaters of

all time

sauroposeidon its name means lizard

earthquake God and it can grow to a neck

craning 60 feet tall and 50 tons in

weight

sauroposeidon towers over dynamics in

fact it's mammoth-sized is its primary

defense but like all creatures this

giant starts out small

for deinonychus sort beside would be a

great meal at least the juveniles

because there have been lots of them and

because there would have been

effectively defenseless

when sauroposeidon reaches full size at

around 25 years old nothing can touch it

but this Goliath starts out about the

size of a house cat

when these eggs hatched the young grow

fast but not fast enough they won't even

reach a ton and wait for at least three

years that's three years with the Raptor

Deinonychus nipping at its heels there's

good evidence that Deinonychus killed

animals that weighed ten times as much

as it and ten times Deinonychus is

weighed in raw meat is one big meal mega

probably fees for a while on let's say a

three-year-old sauroposeidon animal the

size of a hippo bringing down an animal

ten times your size takes more than just

brains

it requires highly advanced senses

we can tell that had a good sense of

vision good hearing and a pretty good

sense of smell

in fact like few carnivores of its day

Deinonychus has a sense of smell so cute

it can track prey in the dead of night

inside the snow are two nasal passages

like a prehistoric air filter sheep's of

sensory tissue are folded to maximize

surface area

this tissue contains millions of

chemoreceptors nerves that capture odor

molecules the result deinonychus can

sniff out prey from miles away sense of

smell and deinonychus could alert it to

a heard offend a group of plant eaters

10 15 20 30 miles away and sauroposeidon

like most plant eaters are smelly

unlike a meeting they produce huge

amounts of waste feces that form a trail

marking every one they've been for

deinonychus that odor is a dead giveaway

and this carnivores eyes can clearly see

prey from a great distance

a scan of a deinonychus skull reveals a

brain with an oversized optic nerve the

nerve which transmits visual information

from the eyes the optic nerve is very

large - and the ie

socket is very large it's like having a

broadband connection between the eyes

and the brain this high-speed link means

Deinonychus can react quickly to even

subtle changes in its environment if we

look at the Deinonychus I is probably

going to be about an inch across a lot

of space in there for photoreceptors

could see well at night would have just

a superb sense of sight unlike a mammal

Deinonychus has no blood vessels in its

retina what we see as red-eye and flash

photographs this simple design change

creates space for many more rods and

cones more than twice the number of

photoreceptors found in the human retina

and all those additional rods means this

carnivore can see in the dark

it's as if Deinonychus looks at the

world through night-vision goggles this

animal had very sensitive vision being

able to actually discriminate objects

with great clarity and acute vision

these are the characteristics of an apex

hunter a land sure yet highly advanced

senses are just the beginning

Deinonychus is agile and can reach

speeds of 40 miles per hour plus it has

near perfect balance it would have been

Swift

it would been swifter than a human being

certainly but it's real ability would

have been agility it's a sort of animal

that could probably turn on a dime these

Olympic capabilities come down to one

simple anatomical feature its tail at

the length of its body it acts like a

built-in counterbalance by flicking it

from side to side it can make a short

turn at full speed

who to look at deinonychus in slow

motion chasing after a prey item it

would look a lot like a big cat today if

the prey item tries to start away it

turns even faster than its wingman gets

tail off to the side and cut it off and

intercept that prey item is trying to

get away

put all this together speed agility a

powerful sense of smell and a young

horrible sight

even an animal 2,000 pounds in weight

might just be staring death in the face

particularly if there's more than one

Deinonychus when it's damp

stalking the Cretaceous are predators

like Tyrannosaurus Rex with jaws they

can bite down with nearly 4 tons of

force

and Deinonychus sporting claws that can

slice right through flesh

but the prey these carnivores hood are

armed to the teeth

often in reconstructions of dinosaurs

would just see the meat-eaters attacking

the herbivores and it's easy to miss the

fact that in the real world

herbivores fight back the plant eaters

sore of the site defends itself by

growing two mammoth proportions

this one is a juvenile but it's almost

20 feet tall an animal on the edge of

adolescence

and an animal on the run

on its tail are not just one but two

Raptors Raptors that go by the name