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Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!
Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!
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{\an8}What happens when you put
a delusional lance corporal
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{\an8}in charge of a massive
military machine?
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When you talk about Hitler's
strategic errors during World War II,
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where does one begin?
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Early victories over woefully
underprepared adversaries, however,
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gave Hitler a massive
superiority complex.
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The problem with this arrogance,
though, is that Hitler started to feel
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like he truly was, you know,
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this supreme general
of the Third Reich.
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But when the mistakes started,
they came thick and fast.
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They would surround them,
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they would destroy them.
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Everything Hitler touched militarily
after 1940, you know, turned to dust.
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And in the end,
hubris and self-interest
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led to catastrophic defeat
at the hands of the Allies.
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The command and control in Normandy
was a mess.
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And that was a massive failure
on their part.
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Sieg heil! Sieg heil! Sieg heil!
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Hitler's plans were big,
yet relatively straightforward:
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Expand his borders
by reclaiming lands
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stripped from Germany
after defeat in World War I,
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obliterate the population
of Russia and Poland,
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and open up Lebensraum in the east,
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new lands for the Aryan race
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to settle and prosper
for the next thousand years,
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and along the way,
settle some old scores.
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Hitler started his reimagining
of Germany with typical bombast.
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Early on,
he's a bit of a hero, you know,
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he's the one who argues
for the remilitarization
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of the Rhineland in 1936.
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{\an8}And his generals say,
this is not prudent, you know,
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{\an8}the French are too strong.
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{\an8}If we go in there,
they're gonna fling us out.
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{\an8}It'll be humiliating.
We'll suffer an early defeat.
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Hitler thinks that he can bluff
the French into going along.
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He does.
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He's counseled not to undertake
the Anschluss of Austria in 1938.
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He does, he gets away with it.
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He's counseled not to threaten
Czechoslovakia
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against Allied resistance.
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He does and gets away with it.
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This gives Hitler a feeling
of almost messianic superiority.
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But was Hitler and Germany
equipped with a bulletproof strategy
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to withstand the war of attrition
and deliver ultimate victory?
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The answer came the day Hitler
invaded Poland in September 1939.
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As with Austria and Czechoslovakia,
military confrontation was swift,
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the brutal German war machine
quickly and easily
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overwhelming Polish forces
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in its latest demonstrating
of blitzkrieg, or lightning war.
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Aircraft, tanks, shock infantry,
and punishing mobile artillery
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combined to bring Poland to
its knees in a matter of weeks.
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But the longer-term consequences
of Hitler's folly
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would be played out
over the next few years.
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I mean, the whole idea of war
for Nazi Germany is a bad choice,
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and it's particularly a bad idea,
Poland, because it's going to bring them
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into conflict with
France and Britain.
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And it's not just France and Britain.
It's France and Britain and their empires.
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{\an8}You're already at that point
fighting a very global war.
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{\an8}And what is the pathway
to success there?
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What is the long-term planning?
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Did you really think
how we're gonna end this war?
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Hitler was a smash-and-grab merchant
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who was banking on a quick war.
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And for a while,
it seemed he might just get one.
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{\an8}Hitler was a great opportunist
and somebody that would very much
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{\an8}want to ride the wave of success.
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{\an8}He was a man in a hurry.
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And everything about the way
that he led in the Nazi regime
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gives that sense of not wanting
to see how events pan out.
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Not wanting to develop a strong
military machine.
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Not wanting to embrace total war.
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Wanting to get things done
very, very quickly.
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Hitler was perhaps right
to go hard and go early
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in the sense that many were taken
by surprise at his naked aggression.
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And it took some time for the world
to figure out
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how serious this Hitler guy was.
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But if it was a mistake
to attack Poland,
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then greater mistakes
were to follow, and quickly.
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When you talk about Hitler's
strategic errors during World War II,
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where does one begin?
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Maybe one has to
proceed chronologically
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in order to capture the full richness
of Hitler's strategic bungling.
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Start with the, uh, decision spring
of 1940 to invade Norway
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to convey the iron
ore deposits of Sweden
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more easily to German factories.
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Well, it works.
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He beats the British and French,
takes the Norwegian Coast.
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But why?
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I mean, he basically loses half
of his destroyer fleet.
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He loses a light cruiser
and a heavy cruiser,
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loses a lot of aircraft.
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And so he's not in a position to,
uh, you know, use his navy
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from these Norwegian ports
that he took in part to harass
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British shipping and to cut
off supplies to Great Britain.
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Holland, Belgium,
and the big one, France,
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were next on Hitler's hit list.
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And the French, like everyone else,
would succumb surprisingly fast.
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Ostensibly, a brilliant
strategic victory for Hitler,
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yet in the bigger picture,
the relative ease of victory
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merely served to further inflate
the German sense of overconfidence,
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and to extend their already heavily
stretched resources and supply lines.
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{\an8}It did make him even more arrogant
in terms of thinking,
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{\an8}you know,
we are truly an invincible power.
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And surely, you
know, that's the end.
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We won't have to continue in Europe,
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because who else
would dare oppose us?
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The problem with this arrogance, though,
is that Hitler started to feel like
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he truly was, you know, this
supreme general of the Third Reich.
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Despite the fact that he'd only had
combat experience as a corporal,
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he was suddenly in control of the
army, and the navy, and the air force,
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and was trying to apply tactics
and technology
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that really he didn't understand.
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He often didn't listen to the people
that were telling him
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about all of these strategies
and technology,
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because he was just interested
in the end result.
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In the euphoria of their quick
defeat of France,
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Hitler and his generals
made one of their greatest
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strategic blunders of the war.
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In May 1940,
Nazi tanks were heading steadily
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towards the French Coast.
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It had taken less than two weeks
for the German army
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to steamroll across Europe
and into France,
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forcing the French and Allied troops
into desperate retreat.
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The Allied troops were surrounded
and about to be trapped
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in a coastal pocket at Dunkirk.
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The question was,
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how could nearly 400,000
British and French troops
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be safely evacuated
through a moderate-sized port
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whose docks were being destroyed
by bombs and shells,
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and which would shortly be overrun
by German troops?
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It was shaping up to be a massacre.
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Then, inexplicably,
just as they were on the verge
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of routing the British and French
armies for good,
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Hitler and the High Command
hit the pause button.
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Dunkirk is another one
of Hitler's missteps.
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He's got German Panzers in 1940
18 miles from Dunkirk,
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the only really
serviceable port available
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to much of the British army
on the Western Front.
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And he halts the Panzers
and he gives the "honor"
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of destroying the British Army
in France to Goering's Luftwaffe,
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which is not equipped to carry out
this kind of mission.
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And by the time Hitler allows
the Panzers to resume their advance,
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the British, who were further away
from Dunkirk
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than the German Panzers were
when Hitler gave the halt order,
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have built a defensive perimeter
around the port
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and are able to hold it long enough
to get over 300,000 troops
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away to the United Kingdom.
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This was a catastrophic
mistake by Hitler.
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One theory says he was actually
giving Britain a chance to surrender.
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He was showing them mercy
but expected something in return,
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or maybe Hitler,
the ultimate high-rolling gambler,
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was worried that with so much
success so quickly,
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he had pushed his luck,
and wanted to conserve his energies
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for the coming battle in the east.
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Whatever the reason,
while the Germans dithered,
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the British seized
their chance to escape.
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Hitler had let slip his biggest
opportunity to crush the British spirit.
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This was an utterly fateful decision
for Hitler because if he had destroyed
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what remained of the British army
at Dunkirk
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and destroyed the 100,000
or so French troops that he...
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They took away at Dunkirk,
he would have completely lamed
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the British war
effort going forward.
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What that would have done
for British and French morale
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can only be imagined.
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It would have plummeted.
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What would have happened therefore
to Winston Churchill?
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Probably he would have been ousted
from power.
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And the what ifs, therefore,
are absolutely fascinating.
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So this British escape at Dunkirk
was absolutely momentous
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because it meant that the British
could stay in the war
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and fight alone
until the Americans intervened.
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In fact, as the war went on,
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the idea of the Dunkirk spirit
was often used as a rally cry
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to inspire the nation to fight on
until victory.
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The near-disaster for the Allies turned
out to be a strategic catastrophe
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for Germany that echoed long
after the war was lost.
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But even as he allowed
the British army
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to slip through his fingers,
it seems Hitler just did not get it.
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He was still hoping the British
would simply give up.
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To make very clear to Churchill
that Hitler meant business,
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barges and equipment began gathering
ominously at the French Coast
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in preparation for a
planned invasion of Britain,
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codenamed "Operation Sea Lion".
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Before they disembarked,
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Hitler ordered Hermann
Goering's Luftwaffe
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to destroy Britain's
coastal defenses.
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Goering had boasted that his Luftwaffe
could destroy British Fighter Command
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in four days, thus clearing
the way for the invasion.
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When Britain refused to capitulate,
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encouraged by Goering's
bloated confidence,
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the Luftwaffe was
given orders to attack
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and quickly overwhelmed the RAF
as promised.
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Just to keep up, they
had to shoot down
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three German fighters for every one
of theirs they lost.
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Yet as they cultivated their famous
swashbuckling hero image,
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the British, Polish, Canadian,
Czech, Aussie,
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and Kiwi pilots
managed to do just that,
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and they kept Britain in the race.
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This was another chance to
knock Britain out of the war early,
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and they were about to blow it.
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For a start, Goering stupidly pitted
his big, long-range
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Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter bombers
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against the more nimble
Spitfires and Hurricanes.
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The matchup was a disaster.
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The Bf 110 Zerstorer often
gets this sort of bad rep
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because of the fact that it got absolutely
massacred in the Battle of Britain.
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It was a very powerful twin-engined,
you know, sort of heavy fighter,
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and it could be very effective.
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But as was often the case
with the Luftwaffe, you know,
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the Bf 110 was forced into a role
it shouldn't have really been in,
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it shouldn't have
been a bomber escort.
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And indeed, it was so slow
that it was often joked that really,
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the escort needed an escort.
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Meanwhile,
squabbling and one-upmanship
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by the air commanders was
eating away at Germany's success.
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Despite all of this,
the Luftwaffe came close
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to overwhelming the
RAF several times,
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not least by targeting and destroying
radar installations at key airfields.
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The tactic was working
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and they had the Royal Air Force
on the ropes,
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but Goering failed to stick
to a winning strategy.
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What the Germans don't have,
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and we see this particularly early
in the war,
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is the tenacity and the patience
to see the development
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of a campaign
through to its fruition.
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Thus, although it was quite
militarily sound to target the RAF,
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to target its anti-aircraft defenses
and its radar,
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just when they were on the cusp
of succeeding in that aim,
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they feel as though time
has overtaken them
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and they switch their targets more
on to the bombing of urban centers
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to move on to that
psychological part of the campaign
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that they hope would speed victory,
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and that was a massive failure
on their part.
235
00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:55,836
They took their eye off the prize
and had moved to an area
236
00:14:55,920 --> 00:15:00,400
that was going to be far less
militarily successful.
237
00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:04,956
The switching of focus
of Luftwaffe attacks
238
00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,996
from RAF airfields, radar stations,
and aircraft
239
00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:13,196
to industrial targets and cities
was the turning point.
240
00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:15,556
Germany would lose the battle,
241
00:15:15,640 --> 00:15:20,316
and with it any chance
of launching its invasion.
242
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:25,516
The myth of German invincibility
had been shattered.
243
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:28,196
Hitler is left in a
war, a long-term war
244
00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:30,316
that he cannot solve
against Great Britain.
245
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:31,476
Battle of Britain has failed,
246
00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:33,596
there's not gonna be
an Operation Sea Lion.
247
00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:38,996
And he believes that the one reason that
Churchill is holding out in this war
248
00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:43,356
is he has a hope that the final
continental power, the Soviet Union,
249
00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:45,556
will ultimately come in on his side.
250
00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:49,436
And so Hitler thinks if I wanted
to negotiate any kind of peace deal,
251
00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:52,276
if I can remove the Soviet Union,
252
00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:57,320
I've removed Churchill's last hope
in this war.
253
00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:06,396
If the strategic failings
during the Battle of Britain
254
00:16:06,480 --> 00:16:10,116
exposed the chinks in Germany's
military armor,
255
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:14,716
the devastating failings of Germany's
invasion of the Soviet Union
256
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,556
split those cracks asunder.
257
00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:22,556
Hitler's overconfidence in
his political and military abilities
258
00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:25,716
were about to be
magnified as he attempted
259
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,876
the invasion of Soviet Russia.
260
00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:32,636
He and his generals
were about to badly underestimate
261
00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,876
the size and scale
of the Soviet Union
262
00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:41,396
and the capacity of its people
to endure extreme suffering.
263
00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:44,156
One of the most important studies
that's produced at this time
264
00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:46,876
is the military geography study,
which starts to look
265
00:16:46,960 --> 00:16:49,956
at where are Soviet assets
organized, and it identifies
266
00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:53,796
that some 14 million people
live beyond the Urals,
267
00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:58,235
that there is a significant amount
of Soviet heavy industry
268
00:16:58,319 --> 00:17:01,716
that's built in Central Asia
and in the very Far East,
269
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:03,515
enough to sustain
high-intensity warfare,
270
00:17:03,599 --> 00:17:07,275
and that this is well beyond the
reach not only of the German army,
271
00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:09,275
but even of German bombers.
272
00:17:09,359 --> 00:17:12,436
And therefore the ability
to actually end this war,
273
00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:14,676
not just on the blitzkrieg timetable
that they're setting,
274
00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:17,316
but in the war at all,
is already in question.
275
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:19,516
And that is clear from 1940.
276
00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:25,600
And yet, this never manages to stop
this idea that we might invade.
277
00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,196
The Russia problem
was one that would eventually see
278
00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:31,156
the Germans lose the war.
279
00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:35,036
But as soon as the Germans
had invaded France
280
00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:38,956
and utterly altered the balance
of power in Europe,
281
00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:42,316
there was no way that in fact
the Germans could not afford
282
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:44,956
to invade the Soviet Union,
because the Soviets
283
00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:47,196
would have invaded Germany.
284
00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:51,196
So Hitler was forced to attack
perhaps more quickly
285
00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:54,476
than his generals, certainly,
would have liked.
286
00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:59,040
And it led him into a campaign
that he couldn't win.
287
00:18:02,440 --> 00:18:06,236
Even before he ordered
his troops into Russia,
288
00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:11,716
Hitler was having to deal
with unexpected problems.
289
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:17,036
In October 1940,
Germany's new Axis partner, Italy,
290
00:18:17,120 --> 00:18:20,916
had unilaterally decided
to invade Greece,
291
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:25,676
but suffered a humiliating defeat at
the hands of a far inferior force.
292
00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:28,596
Forty-eight thousand Italians
are prisoners of war.
293
00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:32,956
This military blunder
was to have a devastating impact
294
00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:37,636
on the Nazi plans for the invasion
of Soviet Russia.
295
00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:40,356
Hitler had wanted to leave
the Balkans, including Greece,
296
00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:43,756
as a neutral space
that he'd control economically.
297
00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,396
He didn't wanna start a war there
because then the British
298
00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:48,916
might try to expand their presence
in Greece,
299
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:52,316
imperiling the southern flank of
his advance into the Soviet Union.
300
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,596
And then without telling him,
Mussolini lunges into Greece,
301
00:18:55,680 --> 00:19:00,756
forcing Hitler to delay his invasion
of Soviet Union by 38 days
302
00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:04,156
so that he can, like, send
forces into Yugoslavia and Greece
303
00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:08,356
to kind of prevent the British
from establishing themselves there.
304
00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:11,036
And of course,
the six weeks that Hitler loses
305
00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:15,076
end up being really consequential,
because it means that Hitler
306
00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:18,436
will not get to Moscow
before the roads turn to mud
307
00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:20,876
and the snows come
and the reserve divisions
308
00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:24,036
come out of Siberia
to drive him back.
309
00:19:24,120 --> 00:19:27,476
Anticipating a swift victory
in Russia,
310
00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:29,516
Hitler committed his troops
311
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:32,996
without long term supply
and logistics consideration,
312
00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:35,996
and even a lack of winter equipment.
313
00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:40,636
The result was one of the biggest
and costliest failed campaigns
314
00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:42,516
in military history.
315
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:44,356
One of the problems
with Operation Barbarossa
316
00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:47,196
{\an8}and understanding why the Germans
aren't successful there
317
00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:51,116
{\an8}is that there are actually
two German armies, in essence.
318
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,276
There's one German army that is
largely built of infantry divisions.
319
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:57,996
They have all of their material
being moved
320
00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:02,836
largely by horses and wagons,
and they're invading at one speed.
321
00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:07,316
And then in parallel, there are
separate, not armies but Panzer groups
322
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,156
that are built with everything
being motorized and mechanized.
323
00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:14,236
And they move at a very, very
different speed.
324
00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:16,476
And what that means
is we start to see a gap.
325
00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:18,716
There is a gap between
the Panzer groups,
326
00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,916
which are way out in front,
and the infantry divisions,
327
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:25,076
which are marching at the speed
that a man can march
328
00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:26,455
into the Soviet Union.
329
00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:32,236
As the Germans move deeper into
the forbidding vastness of Russia,
330
00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:36,636
they left a trail of broken-down
tanks and abandoned trucks
331
00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,276
wrecked by the insidious dust
and appalling roads.
332
00:20:40,360 --> 00:20:42,556
To give you an illustration
of just how bad it is,
333
00:20:42,640 --> 00:20:45,756
Mark IV tanks in the
7th Panzer Division
334
00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:49,516
are 75 percent out of action
by the end of June.
335
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:54,236
And all they've done is basically
drive through, uh, Belarus.
336
00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:56,036
The one conclusion
you can always make
337
00:20:56,120 --> 00:21:00,636
is Barbarossa is predicated
on a timetable of success.
338
00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:03,356
And if it's not able to meet
that timetable,
339
00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:07,036
then you have to question to what
extent is there a contingency plan
340
00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:11,636
for not achieving success in
what is a very high-intensity war.
341
00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:13,476
What does that mean
for the German army?
342
00:21:13,560 --> 00:21:15,956
What does that mean
for the German war economy?
343
00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:18,636
And you discover there is no plan
for this.
344
00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:21,956
As supply lines
shrank into the distance,
345
00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:25,116
logistics began to collapse,
leaving the troops
346
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,356
short of food, ammunition, and fuel.
347
00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:30,836
Although the Red
Army was in retreat,
348
00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:34,796
they were at least able to fall back
on their supply bases,
349
00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:37,996
and they had massive
numerical advantage,
350
00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:42,756
and were prepared to send an endless
stream of troops to their deaths
351
00:21:42,840 --> 00:21:45,556
in a bid to repel the invaders.
352
00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,916
Remarkably, despite their hardships,
353
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,076
victory was still in
sight for the Germans
354
00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:55,996
when Hitler makes yet another
strategic blunder.
355
00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:59,996
{\an8}In August, when they're, like,
punching their way toward Moscow,
356
00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:01,556
{\an8}where they can win the war... Why?
357
00:22:01,640 --> 00:22:03,476
{\an8}Because the political
leadership is there,
358
00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:04,796
industry is there,
359
00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:07,956
all the roads and railroads
are centered there.
360
00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:11,396
Hitler makes the decision
to take a Panzer Army
361
00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:14,756
out of Army Group Center
and send it south to participate
362
00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:16,876
in the big battle
for the Kiev pocket,
363
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:20,196
where they take
600,000 Soviet prisoners.
364
00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:23,036
But they lose like a whole month
doing this,
365
00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:24,956
to take Kiev, because he says,
366
00:22:25,040 --> 00:22:27,436
"Oh, we need the...
We need the food of Ukraine
367
00:22:27,520 --> 00:22:29,156
and we need the
oil of the Caucasus."
368
00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:32,436
And his generals say, "No, no,
Führer, we need to take Moscow.
369
00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,716
We need to win this
war with one punch."
370
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:38,356
And Hitler goes, "My generals,
they know nothing of economics."
371
00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:40,716
Then to make matters worse,
372
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:44,956
just as the Germans once again
set their sights on Moscow,
373
00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,036
the mud began to freeze.
374
00:22:47,120 --> 00:22:51,356
It signaled a far bigger threat,
the Russian winter.
375
00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:54,116
Hitler had bet on a quick victory.
376
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:56,036
Who needed winter clothing
377
00:22:56,120 --> 00:22:59,116
if Moscow was already captured?
378
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,396
And it was a bad one.
379
00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:02,596
Temperatures dropped
380
00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:05,276
to minus 40 degrees centigrade,
381
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:06,996
machine guns froze solid,
382
00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:08,556
with soldiers resorting
383
00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:11,196
to urinating on them
to warm them up.
384
00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,396
Soldiers froze to their guns.
385
00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,396
Sometimes, they just froze to death
386
00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:18,956
where they stood.
387
00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:21,996
There's a lot of self-belief
in the German army.
388
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,556
And the idea of not planning
for contingents
389
00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:26,876
is because they believe
390
00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:29,516
we're not gonna be in that scenario.
391
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:31,436
We are not going to be there
for the winter,
392
00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:33,356
that's inconceivable to us,
393
00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:35,676
to the point
of we're not planning for this.
394
00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:37,956
And the Germans
are also deluded by the idea that
395
00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:40,676
even if we are here for the winter,
396
00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:42,836
well, we'll just
stop the operations,
397
00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:43,996
we'll bunker down,
398
00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:45,676
we'll survive the winter.
399
00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:47,476
There's very little understanding,
400
00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:49,356
and they should have known this,
401
00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,076
that the Soviets
might have the force generation
402
00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:54,196
to continue the war against them
403
00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:56,636
even through the winter.
404
00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:00,156
Debilitated
by the bitter Russian winter,
405
00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:03,356
the Nazi forces were
completely unprepared
406
00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:06,796
for a massive Soviet
counteroffensive.
407
00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:08,596
Warm and cozy
408
00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:11,076
in fur-lined jackets, boots,
409
00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:13,396
and white camouflage snowsuits,
410
00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:15,396
the Soviet troops smashed
411
00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:17,956
into the pitiful German lines
412
00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:21,956
like ghosts emerging from the mists.
413
00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:23,836
The German survivors,
414
00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:26,236
somehow still an intact army,
415
00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:27,956
were forced to retreat,
416
00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:30,716
and Moscow was lost.
417
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:34,076
And of course the Germans
hadn't taken St. Petersburg.
418
00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:36,116
They hadn't taken Moscow.
419
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:38,356
They hadn't taken Rostov,
420
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,436
and they were fast running out
421
00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:43,596
of the resources that they needed
to continue the war.
422
00:24:43,680 --> 00:24:46,276
{\an8}And so Hitler
therefore began to think
423
00:24:46,360 --> 00:24:49,916
{\an8}about a campaign in 1942
424
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:53,156
that would raise the
morale of Germany,
425
00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:56,476
raise the morale of the troops
and gain resources,
426
00:24:56,560 --> 00:24:59,556
taking the city of Stalingrad.
427
00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,356
The city that bore the name
of the Soviet leader
428
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,400
would be a great boost to morale.
429
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,916
And so
Hitler rolled the dice again.
430
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,196
The Battle of Stalingrad
431
00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:14,236
was to prove the worst defeat
432
00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:17,276
in the history of the German army.
433
00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:21,036
It was like the entire World War II
in miniature,
434
00:25:21,120 --> 00:25:23,596
shrank down and encapsulated
435
00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:26,236
into one bloody battle.
436
00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:30,356
Hitler decides, you know, he's gonna
launch this campaign in late '42
437
00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:34,156
to kind of bend south into the
Caucasus, take the oilfields.
438
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:37,716
But on the way, he decides
as a sort of political operation,
439
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:39,876
he's gonna take
the city of Stalingrad
440
00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,796
to kind of give Stalin a black eye.
441
00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:45,556
And then when it turns out this is
gonna become a battle of attrition
442
00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:47,876
that doesn't really serve
German interests in any way
443
00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:50,836
because the Soviets can afford
attrition a lot more than the Germans
444
00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:52,076
because they have more men
445
00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:54,436
and they have a pipeline
from the United States,
446
00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:56,356
replacing all the tanks, and trucks,
447
00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:58,196
and everything else they lose.
448
00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:00,516
Stalingrad is a trap.
449
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,916
They are soaking the Germans
into that city.
450
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,676
They would surround them,
451
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,156
they would destroy them,
452
00:26:08,240 --> 00:26:11,236
and then they would launch
their own counterattacks,
453
00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:14,076
and those counterattacks
would gain momentum
454
00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:16,760
that the Germans
just can't cope with.
455
00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:19,116
Trapped,
456
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,076
demoralized, starving,
457
00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:24,796
the once-feared German 6th Army
458
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:27,116
was utterly dismantled.
459
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:29,916
Three hundred
thousand German soldiers
460
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:33,476
were lost in the rubble and ruins
of Stalingrad.
461
00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:35,396
In 1943,
462
00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:39,276
the half-dead survivors
began to surrender.
463
00:26:39,360 --> 00:26:41,116
Hitler's initial errors
464
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:44,636
and his latest micromanagement
and meddling
465
00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:48,116
had sowed the seeds
for catastrophic failure.
466
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,956
It was a massive
strategic, political,
467
00:26:52,040 --> 00:26:53,916
and psychological loss.
468
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:55,676
From that moment,
469
00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,516
Germany was just
forestalling defeat,
470
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:01,720
and the Allies smelled blood.
471
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:12,956
The Allies already
controlled the skies.
472
00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:16,956
What was left of Goering's
much-vaunted Luftwaffe
473
00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:20,196
was left in smoking
ruins in the east.
474
00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,276
Now, the Allies
turned their attention
475
00:27:23,360 --> 00:27:25,316
to the seas.
476
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,276
{\an8}The Battle of the Atlantic,
which took place
477
00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:28,996
{\an8}from the beginning
of the war to the end,
478
00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:31,436
{\an8}was quite possibly
the most crucial front
479
00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:32,876
{\an8}of the entire war.
480
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:35,636
The Atlantic Ocean was the highway
481
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:38,396
by which the Allies
were able to supply Britain
482
00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:40,356
with munitions and supplies
483
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,676
from North America.
484
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:44,316
The only way those supplies
could be stopped
485
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:48,076
was through the Kriegsmarine efforts
with the U-boats.
486
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:50,196
They needed to
strangle those supplies
487
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:51,276
and sink those merchantmen
488
00:27:51,360 --> 00:27:54,320
before they could reach their ports
in England.
489
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,036
The German navy
490
00:27:57,120 --> 00:28:00,916
could never confront
the combined Allied navies head-on.
491
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,076
Instead, the German Naval Command
492
00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:07,396
opted for a campaign
of commerce raiding.
493
00:28:07,480 --> 00:28:09,476
This allowed the less powerful
494
00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:12,676
but more mobile
German U-boat wolf packs
495
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:15,236
to pick off targets of opportunity,
496
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:17,196
mostly merchant ships,
497
00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:20,876
while eluding
the larger Allied naval units.
498
00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:23,196
To combat the threat of attack,
499
00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:26,716
the merchant ships
were grouped into convoys,
500
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:28,356
escorted by warships,
501
00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,076
and if possible, aircraft.
502
00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:33,676
You know, the Germans
were successful in the early days
503
00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:37,476
because there were all these ships
just kind of crossing the Atlantic
504
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,236
and there were just
targets everywhere,
505
00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:42,156
you know, oilers, freight ships,
this and that.
506
00:28:42,240 --> 00:28:45,676
And so the... by
putting them in convoys,
507
00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:47,356
you create a smaller target.
508
00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:49,596
Yes, you've got 60 ships assembled,
509
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:52,956
but they're all moving as quickly
as they can across.
510
00:28:53,040 --> 00:28:55,236
So a U-boat looking for a target
511
00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:57,956
has to be on the
surface looking around
512
00:28:58,040 --> 00:28:59,756
when that convoy comes steaming past
513
00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:00,916
or you're gonna miss it.
514
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:02,476
Before, they could
just kind of loiter
515
00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:05,502
and there was always gonna be a ship
or two nearby.
516
00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:12,276
The Germans had arguably
517
00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:14,716
the best submarines of the war.
518
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:16,116
As well, they were crewed
519
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,156
by battle-hardened submariners,
520
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,916
who had learned hard lessons
from World War I.
521
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,316
Protected by their seemingly
522
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,196
unbreakable Enigma codes,
523
00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:31,316
the U-boat fleets
were attacking at will
524
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,836
and enjoying rich pickings.
525
00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:37,956
Would they be allowed
to continue their campaign unchecked
526
00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:40,036
or would they too be thwarted
527
00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,036
by poor leadership
528
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,556
or forces beyond their control?
529
00:29:45,640 --> 00:29:47,796
At many points during the war,
530
00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:50,716
these U-boats almost
succeeded in their mission.
531
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,076
However, more than any other front,
532
00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:56,196
the Battle of the Atlantic
was a war of technology.
533
00:29:56,280 --> 00:30:00,076
Superior technology meant that
the U-boats would have an advantage
534
00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:02,396
with better weapons
or better technology
535
00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:04,356
in order to evade detection
536
00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:07,556
or coordinate their attack efforts.
537
00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:09,516
Conversely, the Allies
were developing technology
538
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:10,876
of their own at an alarming rate,
539
00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:14,396
better radar, better sonar,
better weapons.
540
00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:16,516
This was a war of
technology that needed
541
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,076
every ounce of industrial might
542
00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:21,916
and funding in order to win.
543
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,116
Unfortunately, because submarines
544
00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:26,836
were not as
glamorous as jet aircraft
545
00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:28,596
or large impressive tanks,
546
00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:31,476
Donitz did not get
the funding he required
547
00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:34,436
in order to outfit his U-boats
548
00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:36,556
with sufficient numbers
and sufficient technology
549
00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,840
in order to maintain the edge
against the Allies.
550
00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:43,956
Once again,
551
00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,116
by throwing money at his air force
552
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:48,116
at the expense of his navy,
553
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:51,036
Hitler had made a critical mistake.
554
00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:53,076
The German U-boat fleet
555
00:30:53,160 --> 00:30:56,076
was potentially the Nazis' ticket
to victory
556
00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:58,076
in World War II.
557
00:30:58,160 --> 00:30:59,636
But Hitler overlooked
558
00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:03,596
and undervalued
their strategic importance.
559
00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:06,316
The question is, why?
560
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,116
Hitler was no different
from most leaders
561
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:10,436
of great powers at the time.
562
00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:14,156
They wanted a big
and showy surface fleet
563
00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:16,436
to show the flag around the world.
564
00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:18,836
They wanted cruisers,
they wanted battleships,
565
00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:20,196
they wanted destroyers
566
00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:21,556
painted in the German colors,
567
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:23,276
flying the German flag.
568
00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:26,476
Submarines were invisible.
They didn't confer any prestige.
569
00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:30,196
So Hitler, no less than
the Kaiser before him,
570
00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:33,236
you know, was averse to submarines,
571
00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:36,196
and in favor of big surface ships.
572
00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:37,876
But that doesn't
excuse him for the fact
573
00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:39,916
that he should have been thinking
along these ways.
574
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:41,556
But again, Hitler was
an old infantryman,
575
00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:43,196
he was a corporal
in the German army,
576
00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:45,236
he didn't know anything
about sea power,
577
00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:47,356
about naval affairs.
578
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:48,916
The U-boat surfaces
579
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,706
and automatic wing cameras
photograph the kill.
580
00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:56,956
This critical lack
of strategic foresight
581
00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:00,436
led to Germany losing control
of the oceans,
582
00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:01,596
and with it
583
00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:04,796
any chance of preventing
an Allied invasion of Nazi
584
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:06,636
occupied Europe.
585
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:09,676
The final, bloody battle of the war
586
00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:11,680
was about to begin.
587
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:23,076
It was the day
that marked the beginning of the end
588
00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:25,396
for the German war effort.
589
00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:27,596
And it brought into sharp focus
590
00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:29,996
the massive gap in intelligence
591
00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:31,796
and strategic capability
592
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:33,396
which had now built up
593
00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:36,316
between the two sides.
594
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:39,996
The invasion had been
a long time coming.
595
00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:42,080
The Germans were expecting it.
596
00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:46,716
So how did the Allies
manage to disguise
597
00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:48,076
such a gigantic buildup
598
00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:51,876
of arms, navy, aircraft, and troops
599
00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:54,716
almost within sight
of German-occupied France,
600
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:58,116
and then wage such
an effective campaign
601
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:01,156
of disinformation and misdirection
602
00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:03,956
that the Germans were
duped into believing
603
00:33:04,040 --> 00:33:06,716
the invasion would
come through Calais?
604
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:09,836
The Germans were also fighting blind
605
00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:12,756
and they had poor intelligence
606
00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:14,636
on what the Allies were going to do,
607
00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:17,836
and of course Allied
deception techniques
608
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:19,876
were really successful.
609
00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:21,916
Operation Fortitude, for example,
610
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,316
gave the Germans the impression
611
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:26,516
that the Allies were going to lead
612
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:28,956
with an attack by Patton
613
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:30,756
{\an8}into the Pas-de-Calais area,
614
00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:31,956
{\an8}when, of course,
615
00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:35,276
{\an8}we all know that they
eventually landed in Normandy.
616
00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:38,476
The Allies also had
the Enigma decrypts
617
00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:40,596
provided by Bletchley Park
618
00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:42,196
that gave them a very strong sense
619
00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:44,716
of German capabilities
620
00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:46,716
and German deployments.
621
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:48,276
And so the Germans were
622
00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:51,956
strategically finding
it very difficult
623
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:54,996
to produce what they needed
624
00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:58,596
to develop a coherent defense
625
00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:01,639
against the new
Second Front onslaught.
626
00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:06,356
That Germans swallowed
everything they were fed,
627
00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:09,115
hook, line, and sinker.
628
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:12,075
Apart from creating
an entire fake army,
629
00:34:12,159 --> 00:34:15,476
featuring their rock star
General George Patton,
630
00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,356
there were fraudulent
radio transmissions,
631
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:20,756
as well as a legion of double agents
632
00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:24,555
feeding the Germans all the
fake news they could lap up.
633
00:34:24,639 --> 00:34:28,796
But that wasn't the
Germans only problem.
634
00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:30,436
Ultimately,
635
00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:33,796
preparation for the Allied landings
in 1944
636
00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:35,396
is complicated for the Germans
637
00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:39,236
by the absence
of a very clear strategic reaction.
638
00:34:39,320 --> 00:34:42,196
The debate is always between
do we hold our forces back,
639
00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:43,396
allow them to land
640
00:34:43,480 --> 00:34:45,595
and then use one
big concentrated blow
641
00:34:45,679 --> 00:34:47,115
to push them back off,
642
00:34:47,199 --> 00:34:49,196
or do we oppose the landings
643
00:34:49,280 --> 00:34:51,636
on the beaches forward?
644
00:34:51,720 --> 00:34:53,796
And there was a real debate
in the German High Command
645
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:57,596
between which one of these policies
should we pursue?
646
00:34:57,680 --> 00:35:00,436
And Hitler, typically unsure
of which one is the best
647
00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:03,236
and trying to listen
to all different kinds of advice,
648
00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,320
basically, ultimately pursues both
at the same time.
649
00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:14,076
The upshot was
the German troops were concentrated
650
00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:17,236
in the wrong place
at the wrong time.
651
00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:20,476
And those that were
there were second-rate
652
00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:21,796
and lacking heavy tanks
653
00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:25,796
or motorized transport.
654
00:35:25,880 --> 00:35:29,956
{\an8}Meanwhile, Field Marshal
Gerd von Rundstedt
655
00:35:30,040 --> 00:35:32,316
was complaining that too many troops
656
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,796
were wasting their time
at the Italian Front,
657
00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:38,236
which should have been abandoned.
658
00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:39,556
He sorely needed them
659
00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:41,836
where the real
action was kicking off
660
00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:44,996
on the French Coast.
661
00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:47,636
Meanwhile, Hitler compounded
662
00:35:47,720 --> 00:35:50,116
his initial mistakes and indecision
663
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:52,716
by refusing to
believe initial reports
664
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:55,716
that Allied troops were storming
the beaches
665
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:57,076
at Normandy.
666
00:35:57,160 --> 00:36:00,196
Reinforcements, stationed nearby,
667
00:36:00,280 --> 00:36:01,956
were not permitted to move
668
00:36:02,040 --> 00:36:06,036
to support heavily outgunned
German positions in Normandy.
669
00:36:06,120 --> 00:36:09,036
Hitler ordered them kept in reserve
670
00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:11,036
to repel the Allied thrust
671
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,236
he was convinced
would come through Calais.
672
00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:16,436
D-Day in 1944,
673
00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:19,676
you know, Hitler, you know,
holds back six Panzer divisions
674
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:22,796
and 19 reserve divisions
near the Pas-de-Calais
675
00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:24,476
because he doesn't believe
676
00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:26,956
that the real American
and British thrust
677
00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:28,396
is coming through Normandy,
678
00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:30,596
even when it's apparent it is.
679
00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:33,916
And so when he finally releases
these divisions for use
680
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:35,596
against the British and Americans,
it's too late.
681
00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:37,436
They've got a
beachhead, they're ashore,
682
00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:39,116
and they're proceeding inland.
683
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,556
He then compiles the error
by ordering the troops in Normandy
684
00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:44,036
to fight to the last,
685
00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:47,276
guaranteeing that, you know,
thousands of them will be destroyed
686
00:36:47,360 --> 00:36:50,956
by Allied airpower and Allied,
you know, ground thrusts.
687
00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:53,996
Once again, the Nazi leadership
688
00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:57,316
had nobody to blame but themselves.
689
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:01,756
The command and control
in Normandy was a mess.
690
00:37:01,840 --> 00:37:04,796
It was divided
amongst various individuals,
691
00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,996
each wanting to see their own
692
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:11,156
defensive philosophy played out.
693
00:37:11,240 --> 00:37:15,116
And Hitler, of course, was not
quite sure really what he wanted.
694
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:19,876
It depended upon
who he was talking to and when.
695
00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:21,436
And what we find, therefore,
696
00:37:21,520 --> 00:37:24,876
is no true decision being made
either one way or the other,
697
00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:26,876
and a compromise being made
698
00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:28,676
with some of the tank forces
699
00:37:28,760 --> 00:37:31,396
being held quite close to the coast,
700
00:37:31,480 --> 00:37:34,956
some being held in reserve
as von Rundstedt wanted,
701
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:38,916
and of course a chaotic command
and control system
702
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:41,824
that would eventually be exploited
by the Allies.
703
00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:46,596
And for Hitler,
704
00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:50,636
the failure was especially ominous.
705
00:37:50,720 --> 00:37:53,796
The moment boots hit the beach
at Normandy,
706
00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:56,476
he was fighting a war on two fronts,
707
00:37:56,560 --> 00:38:00,156
with sharply diminishing chances
of victory on either.
708
00:38:00,240 --> 00:38:03,236
Rather than accept tactical retreat
709
00:38:03,320 --> 00:38:05,836
and conserve his dwindling forces,
710
00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:08,516
he would ask them
to sacrifice themselves
711
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:10,836
to the last man.
712
00:38:10,920 --> 00:38:12,676
On the other front in 1944,
713
00:38:12,760 --> 00:38:14,556
as he's fighting in Normandy,
714
00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:16,796
the Russians are launching
Operation Bagration
715
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,476
in Belarus.
716
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:21,516
And Hitler gives
the stand or die order there.
717
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,116
He says, you know,
we can't give ground.
718
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:26,636
His generals, they wanna retreat
back to the Vistula River
719
00:38:26,720 --> 00:38:28,716
and they wanna take up
more defensible positions
720
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:29,916
along shorter lines
721
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,036
to hinder the Soviet advance,
and Hitler says,
722
00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:34,236
"No, we have to hold
every inch of ground.
723
00:38:34,320 --> 00:38:37,436
He loses 20 divisions
in Operation Bagration
724
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:40,276
because of this stand or die order.
725
00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:44,276
Despite the writing
being quite clearly on the wall,
726
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:46,716
Hitler was to have one last throw
727
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:48,436
of the dice.
728
00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:51,156
Unable to break the
Red Army in the east,
729
00:38:51,240 --> 00:38:54,156
he would make his last desperate bid
730
00:38:54,240 --> 00:38:57,196
to break the vice
closing round Germany
731
00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,756
by throwing his
remaining Panzer divisions
732
00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:01,516
at the Americans and British
733
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:04,840
in the forests of the Ardennes.
734
00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:13,916
The Allies wanted to
believe the Germans
735
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:15,716
were a spent force,
736
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:17,156
but they underestimated
737
00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:20,276
the lengths to which Hitler
was prepared to go
738
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:23,276
to wreak carnage and destruction.
739
00:39:23,360 --> 00:39:24,756
Even as the Nazi Reich
740
00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:26,840
was in its death throes,
741
00:39:27,920 --> 00:39:31,156
Hitler's aim was to
split the Allied force
742
00:39:31,240 --> 00:39:32,796
and halt its progress
743
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:34,716
in a surprise counterattack
744
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:36,876
where they would least expect it,
745
00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:40,396
a densely wooded
area in the Ardennes,
746
00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:42,280
Northeastern France.
747
00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:44,556
Hitler says,
748
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:47,116
you know, "I'm gonna commit
the last mobile reserve
749
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:49,196
of the German Wehrmacht,"
750
00:39:49,280 --> 00:39:52,996
in this, like, harebrained
effort to, like, thrust between
751
00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:55,916
the British and American armies
through the Ardennes,
752
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,476
drive on Antwerp
in the winter snows,
753
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:01,116
take the Allies' best port from them
754
00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:02,876
and make it impossible for them
755
00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:06,196
to supply their
advance across Europe.
756
00:40:06,280 --> 00:40:07,876
Well, it's, like, crazy.
757
00:40:07,960 --> 00:40:10,116
He should have been
welcoming the Allies,
758
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:12,596
the Western Allies to
advance into Germany
759
00:40:12,680 --> 00:40:15,036
and setting that mobile reserve
to hold up the Soviets
760
00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:18,036
who were gonna treat the Germans
a whole heck of a lot worse
761
00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:19,836
than the Western Allies were.
762
00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:22,396
Lasting six brutal weeks
763
00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:24,116
in freezing conditions,
764
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:26,196
the Germans pushed into a section
765
00:40:26,280 --> 00:40:28,276
of the Allied lines,
766
00:40:28,360 --> 00:40:30,876
creating the infamous Bulge
767
00:40:30,960 --> 00:40:33,676
after which the battle was named.
768
00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:37,716
But eventually, the Germans
became bottlenecked,
769
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:40,156
and after a brilliant
relieving march
770
00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:43,276
by General Patton's
Third Army to Bastogne
771
00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:45,876
to reinforce American resistance,
772
00:40:45,960 --> 00:40:48,716
they were outnumbered and surrounded
773
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:52,316
before the Bulge
could become an outright breach.
774
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:55,400
Hitler's final gamble had failed.
775
00:40:56,480 --> 00:40:58,156
Battle of the Bulge
776
00:40:58,240 --> 00:41:01,556
was too little, too late,
777
00:41:01,640 --> 00:41:04,436
but just like Operation Barbarossa,
778
00:41:04,520 --> 00:41:08,436
we see the initial surge
779
00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:12,116
begin to find itself
780
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:15,676
stuck in enemy defenses
781
00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:17,876
in the terrain,
782
00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:19,716
problems with logistics.
783
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:22,076
And that lack of momentum
784
00:41:22,160 --> 00:41:26,036
allows the Allies to understand
785
00:41:26,120 --> 00:41:28,796
that they could catch the Germans
786
00:41:28,880 --> 00:41:30,356
before the River Meuse,
787
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:33,876
they could counterattack
using Patton's forces,
788
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:36,716
and they could do it in a calm
789
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:39,916
and considered way.
790
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:41,836
They weren't going to be panicked.
791
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:45,876
So the Battle the Bulge
was really the last-gasp effort
792
00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:48,716
of a desperate army.
793
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:51,836
Personal ambition
and amateur planning
794
00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:53,956
doomed the attack.
795
00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:55,556
The plan had hinged on capturing
796
00:41:55,640 --> 00:41:58,076
the Allied fuel depots.
797
00:41:58,160 --> 00:41:59,476
When that didn't happen,
798
00:41:59,560 --> 00:42:03,516
the German Panzers
just ran out of fuel,
799
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:05,196
a perfect illustration
800
00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:07,756
of the Nazi war effort.
801
00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:09,396
They displayed everything
802
00:42:09,480 --> 00:42:11,760
but basic common sense.
803
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:15,956
Hitler's overall strategy
804
00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:18,356
was apocalyptic,
805
00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:22,156
the policy of limitless violence.
806
00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:24,836
His goals were extreme
807
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:27,556
and often unachievable.
808
00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:29,156
They were rarely based
809
00:42:29,240 --> 00:42:32,036
on objective analysis.
810
00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:35,476
Ultimately, Hitler's warmongering
811
00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:38,156
was really just Nazi ideology
812
00:42:38,240 --> 00:42:41,476
dressed up as military strategy,
813
00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:44,076
all corrupted by fixations
814
00:42:44,160 --> 00:42:46,476
of racial purity,
815
00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:48,876
destruction of entire races,
816
00:42:48,960 --> 00:42:51,800
and unremitting brutality.
817
00:42:55,120 --> 00:42:57,996
Hitler was as inflexible
818
00:42:58,080 --> 00:43:00,276
as he was indecisive,
819
00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:03,116
incapable of rational thought
820
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:04,676
or taking into account
821
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:08,676
the dynamically changing
situations he faced.
822
00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:11,956
He was blind to geography,
available resources,
823
00:43:12,040 --> 00:43:15,120
and reasons for enemy resistance.
824
00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:19,996
The Third Reich's flawed
ideological approach
825
00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:22,876
led it to declare war
on the Soviet Union
826
00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:26,076
and the United States
at the same time,
827
00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:28,356
both with powerful industries,
828
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:30,236
larger populations,
829
00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:32,516
and reasons to stick together
830
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:34,596
in a common cause.
831
00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:37,716
I think it's clear that
the Nazi personalities
832
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:38,876
are delusional.
833
00:43:38,960 --> 00:43:41,516
But we also have to ask the
question, why is that the case?
834
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:45,196
And I think it's partly because
their ultimate goal
835
00:43:45,280 --> 00:43:46,796
is self-aggrandizement.
836
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:50,636
This has seemed to be a theme
through all of their decision-making.
837
00:43:50,720 --> 00:43:51,996
They're always out for themselves,
838
00:43:52,080 --> 00:43:53,996
they're not necessarily out
for the war effort,
839
00:43:54,080 --> 00:43:58,036
and they are always informing
their decisions on this basis.
840
00:43:58,120 --> 00:44:00,836
Hitler's geopolitical gambits
841
00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:03,436
were fueled by a fatal cocktail
842
00:44:03,520 --> 00:44:06,036
of hubris, fanaticism,
843
00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:07,716
and paranoia.
844
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:10,556
He saw ultimate German victory
845
00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:13,236
as a divine right,
846
00:44:13,320 --> 00:44:14,476
although deep down,
847
00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:18,276
he must have been increasingly
terrified and despondent
848
00:44:18,360 --> 00:44:20,916
with each catastrophic defeat.
849
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,916
His much-vaunted strategies,
little more than a series
850
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,916
of wild, opportunistic gambles,
851
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:29,356
take him on the run.
852
00:44:29,440 --> 00:44:31,716
For nearly a decade,
853
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:35,276
Hitler rolled the dice
right across Europe,
854
00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:36,796
and in the end,
855
00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:38,760
the house won.
65516
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