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[Jay] How do you crack open
an apartment building
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00:00:06,874 --> 00:00:08,843
and create a man-made canyon
inside?
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00:00:09,777 --> 00:00:13,146
There were moments where I did
not think it was going to work,
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00:00:13,246 --> 00:00:15,982
and I did not think that we
would be able to pull it off.
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00:00:17,017 --> 00:00:18,585
[Jay] What happens
when you build
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00:00:18,686 --> 00:00:20,520
a 630-foot icon...
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00:00:21,821 --> 00:00:23,423
...without a safety harness?
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00:00:24,391 --> 00:00:27,194
I honestly didn't know how
dangerous it was
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00:00:27,528 --> 00:00:30,697
until I took my first step up to
that platform.
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00:00:32,165 --> 00:00:34,835
[Jay] And how do you
construct dazzling new offices
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00:00:34,935 --> 00:00:36,971
on a tiny scrap of
contaminated land
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00:00:37,271 --> 00:00:39,372
surrounded by water?
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00:00:40,941 --> 00:00:42,610
It's impossible,
what we've done.
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Absolutely impossible.
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00:00:44,845 --> 00:00:47,381
[serious guitar music]
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00:00:47,514 --> 00:00:50,684
[Jay] This is the age
of the extraordinary.
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00:00:51,951 --> 00:00:55,155
[Amma] It's totally different
from anything around it.
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It's like a visitor from
another planet.
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[dramatic music]
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[Jay] Where ingenious engineers
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00:01:02,396 --> 00:01:04,531
have unleashed
unchecked creativity.
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00:01:04,865 --> 00:01:07,301
Now, their secrets are revealed
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00:01:07,435 --> 00:01:09,670
as we discover
the amazing stories
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of their construction.
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[Mat] Look at this building,
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and your brain just screams at
you.
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This building does not make
sense.
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[dramatic choral music]
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[Jay] To try and understand...
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How did they build that?
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If I were to show you a 16-story
glass-clad tower
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that has a huge canyon carved
right through its center,
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you'd probably think the folks
who designed it were mad,
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and you'd be right.
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This awesome project in
Denver, Colorado,
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is the design of Chinese studio
MAD Architects.
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Seriously, how did they build
that?
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[dramatic music]
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[Jay] The American West's
rugged mountains and canyons
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have provided inspiration for
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authors, filmmakers, and
artists.
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So, it may be no surprise that
in 2019,
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they inspired a developer
and an architect
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00:02:03,156 --> 00:02:05,592
to have an incredible dream.
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[dramatic music]
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[Jay] They decided to build
a towering apartment building
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in Denver, Colorado that
captured the wilderness
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in a way never seen before.
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It's a piece of amazing
theater.
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[awe-inspiring music]
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The building itself redefines
the city.
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[Jay] A structure cracked open,
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a mountain chasm carved into
its side.
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The canyon really took
elements of the building
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and pulled them apart.
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[Jay] It was
an incredible design
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with incredible challenges.
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There were moments where it was
complete despair.
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I did not think it was going
to work,
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00:02:48,535 --> 00:02:51,004
and I did not think that we
would be able to pull it off.
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[awe-inspiring music]
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[Jay] 187 apartments
over 16 floors,
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with a breath-taking façade.
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High-rise living that allows you
to walk
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00:03:02,516 --> 00:03:04,851
straight out into a ravine.
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This is One River North.
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So...
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How'd they build it?
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] Denver is set on
the high plains
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and nestled at the foot of
the Rocky Mountains.
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] It's a city surrounded by
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some of the most
spectacular scenery
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00:03:28,142 --> 00:03:29,376
in the country.
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People move here to take
advantage of getting out into
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its incredible
natural surroundings,
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hiking, biking,
and horse-back riding
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on its beautiful trails.
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] But, as with many
American cities,
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Denver is locked in
an ongoing battle
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with traffic congestion.
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Getting out to the mountains
isn't always easy.
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Developer Kevin Ratner
wants to change that.
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[Kevin] I think that people are
happier in nature.
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00:04:01,876 --> 00:04:05,979
And I also think that people
respond to, uh,
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the natural environment in
a way that is, uh...
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That feels better.
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] So, when he snaps up
a piece of prime real estate
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00:04:16,623 --> 00:04:18,458
in the River North district
of Denver,
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Kevin brings in global
architecture firm MAD.
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Although they have a history
of creating designs
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00:04:25,866 --> 00:04:27,268
inspired by nature,
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such as Suzhou Stadium in China,
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this time, they wanna take
things much further.
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What we really wanted to do is,
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00:04:36,009 --> 00:04:37,811
we wanted to collapse that
distance between
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the Rocky Mountains,
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and bring the trails,
bring the water
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to the residence.
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I was thinking, "How about
you live in the building,
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"but you feel yourself living
in the natural landscape?
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Like a canyon space."
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We cut through the structure
in different levels.
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So, it, it become not only
a, a natural garden,
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00:05:04,338 --> 00:05:08,408
but it's become, uh,
a walkable experience.
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] To achieve
this daring vision,
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starting from pile foundations,
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a central core will rise up
216 feet
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to create 187 apartments
across 16 floors.
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] It will be wrapped in
a beautiful curtain wall,
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made up of thousands of
individual pieces of glass.
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But then, a section will be
ripped away
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to reveal a fantasy canyon.
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Making it a reality will mean
finding ways to support floors
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that appear to hang in
open space.
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And figuring out how to sculpt
a ravine
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in the heart of a 21st-century
apartment building.
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[intriguing music]
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[Jay] It's a bold idea,
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00:05:54,522 --> 00:05:57,191
and a big gamble for
the developers.
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00:05:57,324 --> 00:06:01,194
[intriguing music]
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00:06:01,662 --> 00:06:03,431
I thought for sure that there's
no way
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00:06:03,531 --> 00:06:04,864
that they would go for it.
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00:06:04,931 --> 00:06:07,467
But instead, they, it,
they were like, "How," you know,
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00:06:07,567 --> 00:06:09,402
"how can we not build
this project?"
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Right?
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[exciting music]
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[Jay] With the developer
committed,
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00:06:14,809 --> 00:06:17,344
they break ground in summer,
2021.
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00:06:18,946 --> 00:06:21,581
They dig out 40-foot-deep piles
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00:06:23,050 --> 00:06:26,686
before beginning to construct
the 16-story building.
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In a typical apartment building,
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you just build a floor
and move up to the next.
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This one is anything but
typical.
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00:06:39,433 --> 00:06:41,535
When you literally cut
into a building,
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you're creating
massive problems.
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To create this organic space
was quite a challenge,
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00:06:48,876 --> 00:06:52,446
because that's, that shape is
really irregular
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and it goes through
all different levels.
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[Ed] Each floor was unique.
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Each floor had its own geometry,
its own design loads and shape.
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00:07:03,523 --> 00:07:06,360
And so, there was
different design at each level.
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[serious music]
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[Jay] Most often,
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00:07:11,798 --> 00:07:14,601
floors are supported by
regularly placed columns.
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00:07:15,068 --> 00:07:17,838
But the canyon design makes that
impossible.
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[Jon] The issue was trying to
reduce the number of columns
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that came down in the canyon.
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'Cause we were really keen on
creating a space
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where it was immersive.
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We really wanted them to feel
like they were in nature,
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where you didn't feel like
you were in
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an architectural environment.
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And so, that was really
the struggle that, uh,
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00:07:39,593 --> 00:07:41,529
the structural engineer
had to deal with.
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[Jay] In order to avoid
using columns in the canyon,
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the engineers turned to a tried
and tested engineering trick.
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[Ed] The concept,
from the beginning
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and all the way through,
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involved cantilevering
that front face.
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A cantilever is an overhang
that transfers all this weight
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00:08:00,481 --> 00:08:03,250
into the fixed end
down into the foundations.
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00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:06,419
This allows the floor to project
into space.
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00:08:07,053 --> 00:08:09,757
[Jay] Although the cantilevers
allow them to create the canyon,
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they now have to deal with
the additional forces
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they put on the rest of
the building.
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[serious music]
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The stresses get very high
around the supports,
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00:08:19,667 --> 00:08:21,468
and the punching shear stresses
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00:08:21,601 --> 00:08:24,771
transferring all that
heavy load through columns
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are a challenge to deal with.
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[Jay] These additional loads
are creating punching shear,
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threatening the stability
of the rest of the building.
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Punching shear can lead to
a building's collapse.
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00:08:38,386 --> 00:08:41,555
Imagine a slab is a piece of
paper,
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00:08:41,655 --> 00:08:43,957
and a pen is the column.
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00:08:44,458 --> 00:08:47,728
Put the paper above the pen,
push down,
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00:08:47,828 --> 00:08:49,596
and the pen punctures it.
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00:08:50,163 --> 00:08:52,566
That's what can happen with
a column and a slab.
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[dramatic music]
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[Jay] How would they prevent
this apartment building
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00:08:59,106 --> 00:09:01,775
from collapsing in on itself?
188
00:09:04,811 --> 00:09:07,081
[intriguing music]
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00:09:07,181 --> 00:09:08,516
[Jay] In Denver, Colorado,
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00:09:08,616 --> 00:09:10,017
engineers are battling to create
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00:09:10,117 --> 00:09:12,419
an extraordinary new
apartment building
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00:09:12,519 --> 00:09:15,322
ripped open by
a man-made canyon.
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00:09:16,323 --> 00:09:19,026
The complex design creates
immense forces
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00:09:19,126 --> 00:09:21,294
where the columns meet
the floor slabs,
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00:09:21,395 --> 00:09:24,698
which could prove to be too much
for the structure to bear.
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00:09:25,433 --> 00:09:28,001
They turn to
an ingenious solution.
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[Ed] We reinforce all around
the column
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with something called
stud rails,
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00:09:32,939 --> 00:09:37,678
which is bars that are cast
into the slab
200
00:09:37,778 --> 00:09:40,013
that provide
the shear reinforcing
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around the column.
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00:09:42,382 --> 00:09:43,984
[Jay] They do this by spreading
the pressure
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over a wide area of the column.
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[serious music]
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[Jay] Now the curvy concrete
floor slabs can be poured.
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00:09:54,261 --> 00:09:56,529
Usually a fairly
straightforward process,
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00:09:56,663 --> 00:10:00,233
but not when some of your floors
have nothing underneath them
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00:10:00,334 --> 00:10:01,868
for over 100 feet.
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00:10:02,502 --> 00:10:04,137
[Ed] Floors do not stack.
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00:10:04,238 --> 00:10:08,609
There is no structure below to
shore off of for construction.
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00:10:08,709 --> 00:10:10,911
Shoring is when you use
temporary props
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00:10:11,011 --> 00:10:13,213
to support each concrete floor
213
00:10:13,313 --> 00:10:15,816
so that it can be poured and,
and held in place
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00:10:15,883 --> 00:10:17,384
until it dries.
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00:10:18,486 --> 00:10:21,222
[Ryan] In a typical
concrete frame building,
216
00:10:21,355 --> 00:10:23,891
the formwork
and reshoring system
217
00:10:24,024 --> 00:10:27,962
is installed across
approximately four floors.
218
00:10:28,329 --> 00:10:29,696
In this building,
219
00:10:30,530 --> 00:10:35,769
there were instances in which
it was across 9 or 11 floors.
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00:10:36,603 --> 00:10:40,174
So, two to three times
the amount of floors
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00:10:40,674 --> 00:10:44,411
had reshoring on them
during the construction process.
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00:10:45,946 --> 00:10:50,417
[Jay] At last, by August 2022,
the concrete slabs are dry.
223
00:10:52,686 --> 00:10:55,055
Next, it's time to enclose
the building
224
00:10:55,155 --> 00:10:58,025
by installing a curtain wall,
which will be made up of
225
00:10:58,158 --> 00:11:00,827
over 2700
individual pieces of glass.
226
00:11:00,927 --> 00:11:03,430
[intriguing music]
227
00:11:03,531 --> 00:11:05,432
[Jay] Complicated enough
on its own,
228
00:11:05,532 --> 00:11:09,269
the canyon slicing through it
creates an enormous headache.
229
00:11:10,370 --> 00:11:15,342
The high quantity of
widely-varying shapes and sizes
230
00:11:15,442 --> 00:11:17,177
of the enclosure system
231
00:11:17,611 --> 00:11:21,915
creates a, a challenge for
coordination.
232
00:11:23,017 --> 00:11:25,419
[Jay] It's a huge jigsaw puzzle
for the team.
233
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:28,756
Each piece has to be
carefully numbered.
234
00:11:29,256 --> 00:11:32,125
Then it takes ten months of
precision work
235
00:11:32,793 --> 00:11:35,596
to complete
the glass installation.
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[serious music]
237
00:11:41,602 --> 00:11:43,504
[Jay] The final challenge is
creating
238
00:11:43,604 --> 00:11:46,072
the sculptural surface
of the canyon.
239
00:11:46,807 --> 00:11:48,109
How can you recreate
240
00:11:48,209 --> 00:11:50,944
what's taken hundreds of
thousands of years
241
00:11:51,078 --> 00:11:53,347
for nature to form?
242
00:11:53,781 --> 00:11:57,351
The canyon itself was
a first of its kind for us.
243
00:11:57,751 --> 00:12:02,689
We had never, uh, seen it,
much less built it.
244
00:12:04,458 --> 00:12:05,960
[Jay] To make the canyon
a reality,
245
00:12:06,060 --> 00:12:08,595
they find inspiration from
a surprising source.
246
00:12:10,130 --> 00:12:12,232
[people screaming excitedly]
247
00:12:14,101 --> 00:12:17,037
The same kind of technology that
they use to create theme parks
248
00:12:17,137 --> 00:12:19,139
is used to create features here.
249
00:12:19,806 --> 00:12:22,476
[Jay] The system they use
is known as chip.
250
00:12:23,276 --> 00:12:26,847
Steel rods are meticulously bet
and covered in mesh,
251
00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:28,649
molded to create the canyon.
252
00:12:28,982 --> 00:12:33,287
The backbone of it was
prefabricated
253
00:12:33,387 --> 00:12:36,523
and shipped to site in pieces.
254
00:12:37,824 --> 00:12:40,727
[Jay] Once in place,
it's coated in plaster.
255
00:12:41,695 --> 00:12:43,497
In total, ten stories of
the building
256
00:12:43,631 --> 00:12:45,899
are covered in
these plaster sculptures,
257
00:12:45,999 --> 00:12:48,001
slowly forming the canyon.
258
00:12:49,269 --> 00:12:52,473
[Ed] I don't think we felt like
it was really coming together
259
00:12:52,606 --> 00:12:54,508
until the plaster
and the finishes,
260
00:12:54,608 --> 00:12:56,343
and then, and then it
just was...
261
00:12:56,443 --> 00:12:59,213
It just became
a really cool reality.
262
00:12:59,313 --> 00:13:03,750
[empowering music]
263
00:13:04,184 --> 00:13:07,921
[Jay] In May 2024, after nearly
three years of work,
264
00:13:09,156 --> 00:13:12,926
One River North is ready to
welcome its first residents.
265
00:13:13,894 --> 00:13:16,197
Their new homes completely
revolutionize
266
00:13:16,297 --> 00:13:17,998
what city living can look like.
267
00:13:18,398 --> 00:13:20,867
The building exceeded
my expectations.
268
00:13:22,569 --> 00:13:24,238
When you stand on
the seventh floor,
269
00:13:24,371 --> 00:13:26,406
you can look up, and you can see
all the way up
270
00:13:26,540 --> 00:13:27,708
through the canyon,
271
00:13:27,842 --> 00:13:29,376
all the way up to
the top of the building.
272
00:13:29,476 --> 00:13:32,146
And the first time I walked out
there and experienced that,
273
00:13:32,646 --> 00:13:34,581
I was just, I was really just
blown away.
274
00:13:35,682 --> 00:13:38,152
[Dr. Mabry] Who wouldn't wanna
live close to nature like this?
275
00:13:38,552 --> 00:13:40,387
You don't have to drive for
an hour
276
00:13:40,487 --> 00:13:42,389
or take a walk outside of
the city.
277
00:13:42,522 --> 00:13:46,093
You've got a canyon walk
right outside your front door.
278
00:13:46,193 --> 00:13:48,361
[empowering music]
279
00:13:48,462 --> 00:13:50,164
[Jay] An innovative
living landmark
280
00:13:50,264 --> 00:13:52,499
that brings nature
and the mountains
281
00:13:52,966 --> 00:13:54,468
to people's doorsteps.
282
00:13:54,935 --> 00:13:56,069
[Monica] It's gorgeous.
283
00:13:56,169 --> 00:13:59,073
It has water flow,
it has live trees.
284
00:13:59,173 --> 00:14:00,874
I mean, I don't think there's
another building
285
00:14:00,974 --> 00:14:03,277
not only in Denver,
but in the US that,
286
00:14:03,410 --> 00:14:04,611
that has that.
287
00:14:04,945 --> 00:14:08,148
[Ryan] I remember driving
down the highway
288
00:14:08,248 --> 00:14:12,152
and catching the building out of
the corner of my eye,
289
00:14:12,419 --> 00:14:14,788
and it just,
it just struck me in,
290
00:14:14,888 --> 00:14:16,156
in a great way,
291
00:14:16,256 --> 00:14:19,326
how significant that canyon was,
292
00:14:19,660 --> 00:14:21,295
and how visible it was gonna be
293
00:14:21,428 --> 00:14:24,632
from so many different points
of the city.
294
00:14:24,765 --> 00:14:28,335
[empowering music]
295
00:14:30,704 --> 00:14:36,643
[upbeat percussion music]
296
00:14:39,479 --> 00:14:40,948
Two years before
the United States
297
00:14:41,081 --> 00:14:42,482
sent astronauts to the moon,
298
00:14:42,616 --> 00:14:44,985
the city of Saint Louis
was sending intrepid sightseers
299
00:14:45,119 --> 00:14:47,187
to the top of
the world's largest arch.
300
00:14:47,287 --> 00:14:49,623
But before anyone went
upward bound,
301
00:14:49,756 --> 00:14:51,491
a problem had to be solved.
302
00:14:51,591 --> 00:14:52,826
Because of its enormous size,
303
00:14:52,959 --> 00:14:55,829
the arch had to be made in
two separate sections.
304
00:14:55,929 --> 00:14:57,831
Its designers would only know
for sure
305
00:14:57,931 --> 00:14:59,266
if they got their math right
306
00:14:59,366 --> 00:15:01,268
and if the two sections would
actually meet in the middle
307
00:15:01,368 --> 00:15:05,338
when they were raised 630 feet
up in the sky.
308
00:15:07,808 --> 00:15:09,343
[intriguing] music]
309
00:15:09,443 --> 00:15:10,878
[Jay] In 1947,
310
00:15:10,978 --> 00:15:12,946
the state of Missouri challenged
the architecture world
311
00:15:13,046 --> 00:15:16,316
to design a monument that would
honor the spirit
312
00:15:16,416 --> 00:15:18,085
of the western pioneers.
313
00:15:18,185 --> 00:15:20,855
[intriguing music]
314
00:15:20,955 --> 00:15:24,458
[dynamic music]
315
00:15:24,925 --> 00:15:26,527
[Jay] When completed,
316
00:15:27,361 --> 00:15:30,630
it would become one of
the most recognizable structures
317
00:15:30,730 --> 00:15:32,132
in the United States.
318
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:35,569
It's an iconic construction.
319
00:15:35,669 --> 00:15:38,038
It completely changes
the skyline.
320
00:15:38,706 --> 00:15:41,141
[Jay] New technology
would have to be developed
321
00:15:41,241 --> 00:15:42,610
in order to build it.
322
00:15:42,710 --> 00:15:44,344
[Pam] How do you even build this
323
00:15:44,444 --> 00:15:49,483
when there's no crane that can
go 630 feet in the air?
324
00:15:49,549 --> 00:15:51,552
[Jay] But controversial
hiring practices
325
00:15:51,685 --> 00:15:54,688
also lead to protests
during its construction.
326
00:15:55,522 --> 00:15:57,691
They climbed the arch
and handcuffed themselves
327
00:15:57,791 --> 00:15:58,859
to the structure.
328
00:15:58,993 --> 00:16:00,894
[dynamic music]
329
00:16:00,994 --> 00:16:02,562
[Jay] Twenty-eight years later,
330
00:16:02,663 --> 00:16:05,298
it would soar from foundations
piled 60 feet underground,
331
00:16:06,466 --> 00:16:08,435
630 feet into the air
332
00:16:08,569 --> 00:16:11,404
to become the tallest monument
in the United States...
333
00:16:11,504 --> 00:16:13,440
[dramatic music]
334
00:16:13,573 --> 00:16:16,243
[Jay] ...and the highest arch
in the world.
335
00:16:17,044 --> 00:16:19,779
This is the Gateway Arch.
336
00:16:20,414 --> 00:16:22,750
So, how did they build it?
337
00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:25,619
[serious music]
338
00:16:28,755 --> 00:16:30,324
[Jay] Saint Louis,
which is almost
339
00:16:30,424 --> 00:16:32,726
the geographical center of
the US,
340
00:16:33,427 --> 00:16:35,762
was originally a humble
fur-trading post.
341
00:16:37,431 --> 00:16:39,633
And in 1804,
its position made it
342
00:16:39,733 --> 00:16:42,436
the perfect jumping-off point
for two pioneers,
343
00:16:42,536 --> 00:16:43,904
Lewis and Clark,
344
00:16:44,004 --> 00:16:46,907
as they set out to explore
the uncharted West.
345
00:16:47,007 --> 00:16:49,142
[awe-inspiring music]
346
00:16:49,242 --> 00:16:52,445
[Jay] Over the next 100 years,
the city grew fast,
347
00:16:53,814 --> 00:16:55,916
with the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers
348
00:16:56,016 --> 00:16:58,451
making it the perfect
trading route.
349
00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,556
But by the early 20th century,
350
00:17:02,690 --> 00:17:04,325
with trading moving to
the railroad
351
00:17:04,425 --> 00:17:06,393
and the Great Depression
taking its toll,
352
00:17:06,527 --> 00:17:08,795
the city was down on its luck.
353
00:17:09,129 --> 00:17:10,664
[Pam] Saint Louis, at the time,
354
00:17:11,231 --> 00:17:14,901
was facing, like much of
the country, a depression.
355
00:17:15,001 --> 00:17:16,703
A lot of people out of work.
356
00:17:16,803 --> 00:17:20,874
The riverfront itself had become
a lot of abandoned warehouses
357
00:17:20,974 --> 00:17:23,577
that were falling into
disrepair.
358
00:17:24,979 --> 00:17:27,748
[Jay] Saint Louis needed to do
something
359
00:17:27,848 --> 00:17:29,450
to turn its fortunes around.
360
00:17:30,250 --> 00:17:33,320
In 1947, they launched
an enormous competition
361
00:17:33,420 --> 00:17:35,355
to design an incredible monument
362
00:17:35,455 --> 00:17:38,225
that will celebrate the city's
pioneering history
363
00:17:38,893 --> 00:17:41,628
and give it back
its sense of pride.
364
00:17:42,496 --> 00:17:44,398
They wanted something that would
spark excitement
365
00:17:44,531 --> 00:17:45,899
and interest in the populace,
366
00:17:45,999 --> 00:17:48,869
and become known nationally
as well as internationally.
367
00:17:50,003 --> 00:17:53,707
[Jay] There are 172 entrants
from across the country.
368
00:17:54,374 --> 00:17:56,710
The winner is Eero Saarinen.
369
00:17:57,811 --> 00:18:01,248
He would go on to create
the futuristic TWA Flight Center
370
00:18:01,348 --> 00:18:03,116
in New York's JFK Airport
371
00:18:03,250 --> 00:18:07,120
and the Dulles National Airport
outside Washington D.C.
372
00:18:08,455 --> 00:18:13,360
But winning the competition
is his first major commission.
373
00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:15,562
Eero Saarinen envisioned
something that
374
00:18:15,662 --> 00:18:16,897
represented Saint Louis
375
00:18:16,997 --> 00:18:19,600
as the gateway to the West
in a very literal sense.
376
00:18:19,733 --> 00:18:21,068
When you look at the arch,
377
00:18:21,168 --> 00:18:22,769
you can imagine it as a doorway
378
00:18:22,869 --> 00:18:25,171
to these new and
unexplored lands.
379
00:18:25,272 --> 00:18:27,440
It really shows
the pioneer spirit.
380
00:18:28,709 --> 00:18:29,943
[Jay] His vision is for
381
00:18:30,076 --> 00:18:32,913
a futuristic reimagining
of an ancient structure.
382
00:18:33,179 --> 00:18:35,282
An arch built on a scale
so vast,
383
00:18:35,416 --> 00:18:37,618
it will pose
unprecedented challenges
384
00:18:37,752 --> 00:18:39,586
for the engineers.
385
00:18:40,855 --> 00:18:43,557
First, they will need to create
foundations strong enough
386
00:18:43,657 --> 00:18:47,160
to support the weight of
the 630-foot-tall arch.
387
00:18:47,995 --> 00:18:49,529
Then, they'll need to figure out
388
00:18:49,630 --> 00:18:51,599
how to build its two
towering legs
389
00:18:51,732 --> 00:18:54,034
from individual sections.
390
00:18:54,901 --> 00:18:57,838
The whole plan will rest on
careful calculations,
391
00:18:57,938 --> 00:19:00,574
which will only be proved right
or wrong
392
00:19:00,674 --> 00:19:04,578
when the two halves of the arch
meet in the middle.
393
00:19:05,546 --> 00:19:07,013
If they pull it off,
394
00:19:07,147 --> 00:19:09,483
visitors will be able to take
a specially-built tram
395
00:19:09,616 --> 00:19:12,586
up to an observation deck
at the top,
396
00:19:12,686 --> 00:19:15,256
creating a magnificent
gateway tribute
397
00:19:15,356 --> 00:19:17,825
to the westward expansion of
the United States
398
00:19:17,925 --> 00:19:20,327
and its historic pioneers.
399
00:19:22,563 --> 00:19:25,098
The commission is won in 1948.
400
00:19:26,033 --> 00:19:29,136
But it takes another 14 years to
pull together the funding
401
00:19:29,236 --> 00:19:30,470
to start work.
402
00:19:32,072 --> 00:19:35,009
On the upside, this gives
Saarinen and the team
403
00:19:35,109 --> 00:19:38,278
time to work out how on earth
they're gonna build it
404
00:19:38,378 --> 00:19:41,214
in a time before
computer-aided design.
405
00:19:42,849 --> 00:19:44,484
Saarinen has to calculate
406
00:19:44,618 --> 00:19:46,320
the total weight of
the structure,
407
00:19:46,420 --> 00:19:50,257
the dimensions, the angles,
the curves,
408
00:19:50,624 --> 00:19:52,259
the strength of materials...
409
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:54,194
On and on and on.
410
00:19:54,327 --> 00:19:55,695
It seems almost impossible to us
today
411
00:19:55,829 --> 00:19:58,698
that they did this without
the benefit of modern computers.
412
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:01,034
[Jay] At the heart of
Saarinen's plan
413
00:20:01,168 --> 00:20:03,237
is a piece of engineering magic.
414
00:20:03,771 --> 00:20:06,806
It's called an inverted
catenary curve.
415
00:20:07,173 --> 00:20:10,010
A catenary curve is the shape
of a hanging chain
416
00:20:10,144 --> 00:20:11,512
that forms naturally
417
00:20:11,612 --> 00:20:15,415
as a result of gravity pressing
along the entire chain.
418
00:20:16,316 --> 00:20:18,919
[Susan] I went down in,
into the basement,
419
00:20:19,253 --> 00:20:24,658
and up on the ceiling, um,
420
00:20:24,758 --> 00:20:27,828
were these chains that were
hanging.
421
00:20:28,295 --> 00:20:31,432
He was studying the proportions
422
00:20:31,732 --> 00:20:37,404
and what the exact curve ratio
should be.
423
00:20:38,105 --> 00:20:39,740
[Jay] Because the forces are
distributed
424
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:41,275
evenly and efficiently,
425
00:20:41,642 --> 00:20:44,078
when one of these hanging curves
is inverted,
426
00:20:44,178 --> 00:20:46,313
it becomes incredibly strong.
427
00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,083
Just as well when you're
building
428
00:20:49,183 --> 00:20:50,584
the nation's tallest monument.
429
00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:54,989
[serious music]
430
00:20:55,089 --> 00:20:57,158
[Jay] In June 1962,
431
00:20:57,258 --> 00:20:59,226
work begins clearing the site.
432
00:21:00,194 --> 00:21:03,129
First, they need to create
the foundations.
433
00:21:05,566 --> 00:21:07,368
These footings need to be
strong enough
434
00:21:07,468 --> 00:21:09,070
to handle the downward forces
435
00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:12,138
that will be created by
the 630-foot arch.
436
00:21:13,140 --> 00:21:15,776
This means using
reinforced concrete;
437
00:21:16,177 --> 00:21:18,912
26,000 tons of it.
438
00:21:20,547 --> 00:21:22,082
To make the concrete strong,
439
00:21:22,182 --> 00:21:24,184
they'll need to pour it
continuously.
440
00:21:24,751 --> 00:21:27,754
Otherwise, it won't set
uniformly.
441
00:21:29,823 --> 00:21:31,792
Truck after truck had to
come in,
442
00:21:31,892 --> 00:21:35,695
so it almost had to be like a,
a finely-tuned concert
443
00:21:35,796 --> 00:21:39,366
to make sure they got in,
dumped their load of concrete,
444
00:21:39,466 --> 00:21:42,736
and moved off so that
the next one could come in.
445
00:21:43,303 --> 00:21:44,938
[Jay] Twenty-six hours
446
00:21:45,038 --> 00:21:48,441
and 2,000 trucks
of concrete later,
447
00:21:49,910 --> 00:21:52,078
the foundations are poured.
448
00:21:53,947 --> 00:21:55,349
The next major challenge
449
00:21:55,449 --> 00:21:57,617
is making sure the legs
are gonna be strong enough
450
00:21:57,751 --> 00:21:59,452
to withstand the arch's weight.
451
00:22:00,287 --> 00:22:04,091
For the solution, the team
turns to the humble triangle.
452
00:22:04,825 --> 00:22:06,660
Each section of the arch is
created from
453
00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,063
three super-strong links of
steel welded together.
454
00:22:11,131 --> 00:22:13,667
Equilateral triangles are
the strongest shape,
455
00:22:13,767 --> 00:22:16,770
as they distribute forces
equally and evenly
456
00:22:16,870 --> 00:22:18,171
across all three sides.
457
00:22:18,271 --> 00:22:20,107
No matter where the force
comes from,
458
00:22:20,541 --> 00:22:23,310
you know the structure will not
deform.
459
00:22:23,977 --> 00:22:25,479
[Jay] As each piece is
completed,
460
00:22:25,579 --> 00:22:30,617
they are welded inside and out,
the legs slowly climbing higher.
461
00:22:30,918 --> 00:22:34,021
[serious music]
462
00:22:34,154 --> 00:22:36,157
[calm music]
463
00:22:36,257 --> 00:22:37,491
[Jay] As work progresses,
464
00:22:37,591 --> 00:22:39,693
in July 1964,
465
00:22:39,827 --> 00:22:41,629
the same year
the Civil Rights Act
466
00:22:41,729 --> 00:22:43,030
is signed into law,
467
00:22:43,764 --> 00:22:46,867
the arch becomes the focus of
not the city's rebirth,
468
00:22:46,967 --> 00:22:50,370
but of racial injustice
and discrimination.
469
00:22:51,639 --> 00:22:54,141
Local man Percy Green scales it
470
00:22:54,241 --> 00:22:56,510
to protest about how few
African Americans
471
00:22:56,610 --> 00:22:58,478
are working on the project.
472
00:22:59,145 --> 00:23:03,917
His six-hour sit-in is reported
across the country.
473
00:23:04,918 --> 00:23:06,887
[Jennifer] This protest
actually brought attention
474
00:23:06,987 --> 00:23:08,556
to these unfair
hiring practices,
475
00:23:08,656 --> 00:23:10,524
and made a change in
federal hiring
476
00:23:10,624 --> 00:23:12,659
with repercussions that echoes
today.
477
00:23:13,026 --> 00:23:14,194
[Jay] Although the protest
478
00:23:14,295 --> 00:23:15,896
doesn't improve things
immediately,
479
00:23:16,496 --> 00:23:18,899
it helps bring about
long-term change.
480
00:23:19,033 --> 00:23:23,904
[serious music]
481
00:23:24,004 --> 00:23:28,108
[Jay] On site, work continues,
though it soon hits a problem.
482
00:23:28,375 --> 00:23:29,877
The arch will be so high,
483
00:23:29,977 --> 00:23:31,645
that there isn't a crane tall
enough
484
00:23:31,745 --> 00:23:32,913
to finish the building it.
485
00:23:33,313 --> 00:23:34,581
[Jennifer] For the first
few sections,
486
00:23:34,681 --> 00:23:35,949
they used regular cranes.
487
00:23:36,082 --> 00:23:38,552
At about 72 feet, they had to
switch their plan,
488
00:23:38,652 --> 00:23:40,921
because the crane couldn't reach
that high.
489
00:23:42,756 --> 00:23:46,527
[Jay] The solution is to devise
something truly extraordinary.
490
00:23:47,494 --> 00:23:50,598
A crane that can climb the arch
as its built,
491
00:23:51,065 --> 00:23:53,567
pulled up by rails
attached to each leg.
492
00:23:54,001 --> 00:23:55,469
[Barb] They were able to have
a crane
493
00:23:55,569 --> 00:23:58,105
actually climb up that rail.
494
00:23:58,205 --> 00:23:59,506
The cranes would be able to
495
00:23:59,606 --> 00:24:02,676
attach steel sections on
each leg.
496
00:24:03,977 --> 00:24:06,513
[Jay] It's not long, though,
before the team is facing
497
00:24:06,647 --> 00:24:07,948
its next challenge.
498
00:24:08,048 --> 00:24:10,284
The higher up they went,
the stronger the winds felt.
499
00:24:10,384 --> 00:24:12,319
There could be gusts of wind
that reached
500
00:24:12,453 --> 00:24:14,154
50 or more miles per hour.
501
00:24:14,621 --> 00:24:16,757
[Hayley] Winds create
sideways pressure
502
00:24:16,824 --> 00:24:17,991
on a building.
503
00:24:18,125 --> 00:24:20,661
So, you have to factor in
additional strength.
504
00:24:20,994 --> 00:24:22,796
But if you make it too rigid,
505
00:24:22,897 --> 00:24:26,500
then the force from the winds
could cause structural damage.
506
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:28,669
[serious music]
507
00:24:28,769 --> 00:24:30,504
[Jay] To counteract the effect
of the wind,
508
00:24:30,604 --> 00:24:32,706
the engineers come up with
a plan.
509
00:24:33,907 --> 00:24:37,077
Each leg is built with
a double-skin steel wall.
510
00:24:37,178 --> 00:24:41,047
Between them, tension cables
are run from top to bottom.
511
00:24:42,482 --> 00:24:45,585
These cables are tightened
enough to provide stability,
512
00:24:45,686 --> 00:24:47,922
but still allow the legs to
move,
513
00:24:48,022 --> 00:24:49,656
absorbing the force of the wind
514
00:24:49,756 --> 00:24:52,525
and preventing it from causing
structural damage.
515
00:24:54,194 --> 00:24:58,665
It was designed that it will
sway up to 18 inches.
516
00:24:58,799 --> 00:25:00,834
That'd be nine inches
either side.
517
00:25:00,934 --> 00:25:04,704
And it's built to withstand
up to 150-mile-an-hour winds.
518
00:25:06,740 --> 00:25:09,576
[Jay] Incredibly, the men
building it are doing so
519
00:25:09,676 --> 00:25:11,345
hundreds of feet above
the ground
520
00:25:11,445 --> 00:25:14,548
in a time where no one wore
safety harnesses.
521
00:25:16,483 --> 00:25:19,253
I honestly didn't know
how dangerous it was
522
00:25:19,353 --> 00:25:22,522
until I took my first step
up to that platform.
523
00:25:22,622 --> 00:25:24,825
I was almost petrified.
524
00:25:24,925 --> 00:25:27,395
It seemed like every time
we did something,
525
00:25:27,495 --> 00:25:29,730
there was something scary
gonna happen.
526
00:25:29,863 --> 00:25:35,735
It was the first job that
I was afraid every single day.
527
00:25:36,570 --> 00:25:38,739
[Dr. Mabry]
It's literally insane.
528
00:25:39,006 --> 00:25:41,408
You're working 600 feet up,
529
00:25:41,508 --> 00:25:45,011
facing winds, and focusing on
doing your job.
530
00:25:45,846 --> 00:25:48,749
One lapse in concentration,
one slip,
531
00:25:49,183 --> 00:25:51,117
you'll be facing certain death.
532
00:25:52,886 --> 00:25:54,521
[Kirk] The insurance companies
predicted that
533
00:25:54,622 --> 00:25:56,823
they were gonna have
12 or 13 deaths
534
00:25:56,923 --> 00:25:58,391
during the construction.
535
00:26:00,327 --> 00:26:01,929
They had zero.
536
00:26:02,029 --> 00:26:04,798
[calm music]
537
00:26:04,931 --> 00:26:08,402
[Jay] In October 1965,
three years into the build,
538
00:26:08,502 --> 00:26:10,370
they are ready to complete
the arch.
539
00:26:10,737 --> 00:26:12,573
It's the moment of truth.
540
00:26:13,273 --> 00:26:17,111
Success all comes down to those
two legs meeting in the middle.
541
00:26:17,211 --> 00:26:20,580
If they don't,
it's total failure.
542
00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:27,787
[upbeat percussion music]
543
00:26:30,424 --> 00:26:32,359
[awe-inspiring music]
544
00:26:32,459 --> 00:26:34,127
[Jay] In Saint Louis, Missouri,
545
00:26:34,227 --> 00:26:35,762
the team building
the Gateway Arch
546
00:26:35,862 --> 00:26:37,131
are holding their breath
547
00:26:37,231 --> 00:26:39,633
as they fit the final section
of steel.
548
00:26:40,701 --> 00:26:43,437
And they knew they had to be
within 1/32 of an inch
549
00:26:43,570 --> 00:26:45,105
in order to make it all work.
550
00:26:46,173 --> 00:26:47,374
The pressure was on.
551
00:26:47,474 --> 00:26:49,777
After all this time and
all this effort,
552
00:26:49,910 --> 00:26:52,046
all these thousands of people
working for years,
553
00:26:52,146 --> 00:26:54,181
everything comes down to
this one moment.
554
00:26:54,915 --> 00:26:56,750
[Jay] To make things
even more difficult...
555
00:26:57,851 --> 00:27:01,154
Fitting the last piece is
a race against the clock.
556
00:27:02,156 --> 00:27:04,024
[Jennifer] They knew they had
about 45 minutes
557
00:27:04,124 --> 00:27:06,193
before the sun's heat would make
it impossible
558
00:27:06,293 --> 00:27:08,328
for the last piece to fit into
place.
559
00:27:08,428 --> 00:27:10,965
The sun was warmin' up
the south leg enough
560
00:27:11,065 --> 00:27:13,166
to where they would not fit in.
561
00:27:14,435 --> 00:27:18,239
[Jay] With time running out,
they call in reinforcements.
562
00:27:18,572 --> 00:27:20,174
[dramatic music]
563
00:27:20,307 --> 00:27:21,608
They had the fire department
come in
564
00:27:21,708 --> 00:27:23,644
to start hosin' down
the south leg to cool it off
565
00:27:23,744 --> 00:27:26,646
so it opened up enough
to drop that final piece in.
566
00:27:28,015 --> 00:27:30,250
[Man] The leg's comin' up, Bill.
567
00:27:30,350 --> 00:27:37,357
[dramatic music]
568
00:27:37,958 --> 00:27:39,159
[Jay] Against the odds...
569
00:27:39,259 --> 00:27:41,528
[dramatic music]
570
00:27:41,662 --> 00:27:43,463
[Jay] ...the arch is complete.
571
00:27:43,563 --> 00:27:50,271
[dramatic music]
572
00:27:50,371 --> 00:27:52,339
[Jay] In June 1967,
573
00:27:52,473 --> 00:27:54,541
five years after
construction began,
574
00:27:54,641 --> 00:27:57,844
the magnificent monument
opens to the public.
575
00:27:58,279 --> 00:28:01,581
[uplifting music]
576
00:28:01,681 --> 00:28:04,351
[Jay] A specially-built tram
hidden inside the legs
577
00:28:04,451 --> 00:28:07,187
is ready to carry over
a million people a year
578
00:28:07,287 --> 00:28:11,258
up to a spectacular view
overlooking the city.
579
00:28:12,426 --> 00:28:16,096
Saarinen's daughter was one of
the first to enjoy it.
580
00:28:16,430 --> 00:28:19,500
The first time I went up
the arch,
581
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,969
I looked down at Saint Louis,
582
00:28:23,637 --> 00:28:29,409
and I couldn't believe how
emotional I could feel,
583
00:28:30,076 --> 00:28:32,946
um, looking through
those little windows.
584
00:28:33,580 --> 00:28:39,219
[awe-inspiring music]
585
00:28:39,986 --> 00:28:41,488
It's a beautiful sight.
586
00:28:43,090 --> 00:28:44,892
It's somethin' to be proud of,
587
00:28:44,992 --> 00:28:48,762
and for me,
it's a silver rainbow.
588
00:28:49,329 --> 00:28:51,898
Yeah, a silver rainbow.
589
00:28:53,033 --> 00:28:56,370
[Jay] Its 630 feet of
towering triangular steel
590
00:28:56,470 --> 00:28:59,540
elegantly frames
historic Saint Louis,
591
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:03,144
giving the city back
its sense of pride.
592
00:29:03,244 --> 00:29:05,712
The Gateway Arch was built
to put Saint Louis
593
00:29:05,812 --> 00:29:06,646
back on the map,
594
00:29:06,780 --> 00:29:08,482
and wow, did it do that.
595
00:29:08,983 --> 00:29:10,484
[Ted] This thing is beautiful,
596
00:29:10,584 --> 00:29:14,221
and people still come by
the millions to view it.
597
00:29:14,321 --> 00:29:16,290
And that makes me proud.
598
00:29:16,390 --> 00:29:27,634
[empowering music]
599
00:29:30,170 --> 00:29:36,443
[upbeat percussion music]
600
00:29:38,812 --> 00:29:42,549
What do you call a triangular
glass office block building
601
00:29:42,649 --> 00:29:43,984
built, constructed on
602
00:29:44,118 --> 00:29:46,854
a contaminated World War II
reclaimed plane fuel depot,
603
00:29:46,954 --> 00:29:50,891
which appears to float above
a gigantic concrete pedestal
604
00:29:50,958 --> 00:29:53,627
and has stunning views
all the way to Sweden?
605
00:29:53,961 --> 00:29:56,163
Soundport.
Sounds good.
606
00:29:56,664 --> 00:29:59,332
Yeah, it does,
and it looks even better.
607
00:30:00,067 --> 00:30:02,135
[serious music]
608
00:30:02,235 --> 00:30:06,073
[Jay] Copenhagen in Denmark
is regularly ranked as
609
00:30:06,173 --> 00:30:08,008
one of Europe's happiest cities
610
00:30:08,108 --> 00:30:12,146
thanks to its clean air,
healthy lifestyle,
611
00:30:12,279 --> 00:30:14,548
and great work-life balance.
612
00:30:15,316 --> 00:30:17,484
So, it's no wonder that when
one of
613
00:30:17,584 --> 00:30:19,620
the world's biggest
pharmaceutical companies
614
00:30:19,753 --> 00:30:22,890
wanted a striking new research
and design center,
615
00:30:23,190 --> 00:30:24,958
they chose to build it here.
616
00:30:25,058 --> 00:30:30,263
[dramatic music]
617
00:30:30,363 --> 00:30:33,400
[Jay] Their new home is
a gleaming triangular building
618
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:36,803
that rises up from
the Copenhagen waterfront.
619
00:30:38,205 --> 00:30:40,207
It stops you in your tracks.
620
00:30:40,274 --> 00:30:42,943
It looks like the most
beautifully designed ship
621
00:30:43,043 --> 00:30:44,545
ready to launch out to sea.
622
00:30:45,412 --> 00:30:48,449
[Jay] Constructing it on this
tiny triangular plot, though,
623
00:30:48,549 --> 00:30:51,384
meant overcoming some
serious problems.
624
00:30:52,285 --> 00:30:53,954
It was a, a challenging site.
625
00:30:54,087 --> 00:30:55,355
It's an alienated island.
626
00:30:55,455 --> 00:30:57,658
No space around the, uh,
building.
627
00:30:57,758 --> 00:30:59,293
[Jay] The land was contaminated,
628
00:30:59,393 --> 00:31:01,996
the ground not strong enough to
build on.
629
00:31:02,096 --> 00:31:03,897
It's impossible,
what we've done.
630
00:31:04,031 --> 00:31:05,399
Absolutely impossible.
631
00:31:05,633 --> 00:31:07,000
[Jay] Against all odds,
632
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:10,537
the team created
a 360,000-square-foot building
633
00:31:10,671 --> 00:31:13,240
with astonishing views
out to sea.
634
00:31:15,175 --> 00:31:17,778
Flooded with light from
a dome glass ceiling
635
00:31:17,878 --> 00:31:21,114
made up of 638 individual panes.
636
00:31:23,017 --> 00:31:25,385
This is Soundport.
637
00:31:27,554 --> 00:31:30,123
So, how'd they build it?
638
00:31:30,190 --> 00:31:35,662
[intriguing music]
639
00:31:35,762 --> 00:31:37,197
[Jay] Back in the 1950s,
640
00:31:37,297 --> 00:31:40,067
Ferring was a small Swedish
pharmaceutical company
641
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,068
operating out of two rooms.
642
00:31:43,970 --> 00:31:46,606
Fast forward 60 years to
the 2010s,
643
00:31:46,706 --> 00:31:47,874
and it's become one of
644
00:31:48,008 --> 00:31:49,843
the biggest pharma names
in Scandinavia,
645
00:31:49,943 --> 00:31:52,546
with offices worldwide.
646
00:31:53,814 --> 00:31:56,983
They decide to build a new
research and development center
647
00:31:57,083 --> 00:31:58,386
in Denmark.
648
00:31:58,519 --> 00:32:00,287
To do it, they bring in one of
the world's
649
00:32:00,387 --> 00:32:03,290
most influential
architecture practices,
650
00:32:03,391 --> 00:32:05,259
Foster + Partners,
651
00:32:05,759 --> 00:32:08,495
responsible for the
Millau Viaduct in France
652
00:32:08,595 --> 00:32:10,797
and the Gherkin in London.
653
00:32:12,032 --> 00:32:13,467
We're trying to do something
for them
654
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:15,135
that can be really
extraordinary.
655
00:32:15,235 --> 00:32:18,872
And to have a client who's
trusting you to do something
656
00:32:18,972 --> 00:32:20,441
that they see as really
important to them
657
00:32:20,541 --> 00:32:23,076
and the future of their business
and also to their history,
658
00:32:23,710 --> 00:32:27,347
that's a real pressure,
pressure as a designer.
659
00:32:28,615 --> 00:32:31,318
[Jay] What's more, the client
has fallen in love
660
00:32:31,418 --> 00:32:34,622
with a site with wonderful views
back over the water
661
00:32:34,722 --> 00:32:36,957
to Sweden, where the company
was founded.
662
00:32:38,225 --> 00:32:40,093
But while the views might
be good,
663
00:32:40,594 --> 00:32:43,263
the plot is an awkward
triangular shape,
664
00:32:43,363 --> 00:32:47,000
and that's only the beginning
of its challenges.
665
00:32:47,767 --> 00:32:50,905
[upbeat music]
666
00:32:51,005 --> 00:32:52,105
[Jay] The first problem to solve
667
00:32:52,239 --> 00:32:54,341
will be building
a foundation system
668
00:32:54,441 --> 00:32:55,876
that can keep water out
669
00:32:55,942 --> 00:32:57,878
and support the weight of
the building
670
00:32:57,978 --> 00:32:59,779
on the waterlogged site.
671
00:33:02,049 --> 00:33:04,151
Then, the design will need to
squeeze
672
00:33:04,284 --> 00:33:08,689
as much office space as possible
onto the triangular-shaped plot.
673
00:33:09,190 --> 00:33:10,791
That will mean finding
clever ways
674
00:33:10,891 --> 00:33:14,494
to support a building that
widens as it rises.
675
00:33:14,594 --> 00:33:18,565
[upbeat music]
676
00:33:18,665 --> 00:33:21,201
[Jay] Finally, they'll need to
devise a roof structure
677
00:33:21,335 --> 00:33:26,006
that will look both beautiful
and give office workers
678
00:33:26,106 --> 00:33:28,409
as much natural light as
possible,
679
00:33:28,509 --> 00:33:31,144
even in the dark Danish winters.
680
00:33:31,244 --> 00:33:34,815
[intriguing music]
681
00:33:34,915 --> 00:33:37,151
[serious music]
682
00:33:37,284 --> 00:33:38,786
[Jay] It's September 2016,
683
00:33:38,886 --> 00:33:40,854
and before they can even break
ground,
684
00:33:40,954 --> 00:33:43,324
they had their first challenge
to overcome.
685
00:33:43,424 --> 00:33:46,193
[serious music]
686
00:33:46,293 --> 00:33:48,529
[Jay] As is happening
more and more around the world,
687
00:33:48,662 --> 00:33:50,697
to protect
unspoiled countryside,
688
00:33:51,198 --> 00:33:53,334
the plan here is to
redevelop land
689
00:33:53,434 --> 00:33:55,268
that's been used in the past.
690
00:33:56,637 --> 00:33:59,439
That's if it can be made safe
to build on.
691
00:34:01,242 --> 00:34:03,477
[Andrea] That existing piece
of land
692
00:34:03,944 --> 00:34:06,847
was dating back to
the Second World War,
693
00:34:06,947 --> 00:34:10,483
and had been used as, uh,
chemical storage.
694
00:34:11,719 --> 00:34:13,687
[Jay] During the Second
World War,
695
00:34:13,987 --> 00:34:16,056
chemicals were stored here,
696
00:34:16,590 --> 00:34:19,292
and traces still remain
in the soil.
697
00:34:20,394 --> 00:34:21,795
You have to take building on
698
00:34:21,895 --> 00:34:24,231
contaminated land very
seriously.
699
00:34:25,399 --> 00:34:28,803
[Jay] On this site, that's
particularly complicated.
700
00:34:29,537 --> 00:34:31,972
The potential for things going
horribly wrong
701
00:34:32,038 --> 00:34:35,008
increases exponentially
if you're excavating near water.
702
00:34:35,109 --> 00:34:38,345
Hazardous pollutants leaking
into rivers, lakes, the sea,
703
00:34:38,445 --> 00:34:41,815
or groundwater suddenly have
the potential to wreak havoc.
704
00:34:42,917 --> 00:34:45,586
[Jay] Not only do they need to
make sure no contaminants
705
00:34:45,686 --> 00:34:48,088
leak into the sea
and harm marine life...
706
00:34:49,756 --> 00:34:51,892
...but the waterlogged soil
isn't strong enough
707
00:34:51,992 --> 00:34:54,761
to support the weight of
the huge new building.
708
00:34:56,096 --> 00:34:57,932
The ground is so weak,
709
00:34:58,032 --> 00:34:59,699
that if you tried to build on
it,
710
00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:03,637
there's a risk that the plot
starts to sink into the sea.
711
00:35:05,239 --> 00:35:07,007
[Jay] They decided to surround
the island
712
00:35:07,140 --> 00:35:09,843
with a steel wall hammered into
the ground.
713
00:35:11,612 --> 00:35:13,981
This should stop the land from
collapsing,
714
00:35:14,081 --> 00:35:16,983
and prevent contaminants
from leaking into the sea.
715
00:35:18,852 --> 00:35:20,754
But there's a problem.
716
00:35:22,055 --> 00:35:24,992
Water is still trickling in
through the gaps in
717
00:35:25,092 --> 00:35:26,360
the sheet piling.
718
00:35:26,961 --> 00:35:29,463
[Jay] One solution is to send
divers in
719
00:35:29,563 --> 00:35:31,165
to weld the sheets underwater.
720
00:35:31,599 --> 00:35:33,934
But the costs are mind-blowing.
721
00:35:34,768 --> 00:35:37,170
It was more or less
more than one million.
722
00:35:37,270 --> 00:35:39,973
Uh, extra, extra, extra money.
723
00:35:41,508 --> 00:35:44,645
[Jay] How will they avoid
completely blowing their budget?
724
00:35:44,778 --> 00:35:46,613
[percussion music]
725
00:35:49,750 --> 00:35:51,618
[Jay] In Copenhagen, Denmark,
726
00:35:52,753 --> 00:35:55,022
the team tasked with building
727
00:35:55,122 --> 00:35:57,391
a new research and
development center
728
00:35:57,491 --> 00:36:01,962
are struggling to stop seawater
flooding into the foundations.
729
00:36:02,062 --> 00:36:04,798
Luckily, the project's
Italian engineers
730
00:36:04,932 --> 00:36:06,433
come to the rescue.
731
00:36:06,834 --> 00:36:09,937
Our company work many times in
Venice.
732
00:36:10,070 --> 00:36:13,907
And in Venice, you are always
by the sea.
733
00:36:14,007 --> 00:36:16,576
One thing that we have learned,
working in this environment,
734
00:36:16,710 --> 00:36:18,612
was to seal the sheet piling
with,
735
00:36:18,745 --> 00:36:22,015
with a mix of cement and wood.
736
00:36:22,582 --> 00:36:25,519
[Jay] The team sprays a blend of
concrete and sawdust
737
00:36:25,619 --> 00:36:27,687
along the perimeter of
the steel wall.
738
00:36:28,321 --> 00:36:30,190
The tide does the rest,
739
00:36:30,290 --> 00:36:33,694
pulling this into all the gaps,
which then seal.
740
00:36:34,128 --> 00:36:36,129
[Dr. Mabry] It's
an amazing solution.
741
00:36:36,229 --> 00:36:38,098
That's the best kind of
engineering.
742
00:36:38,232 --> 00:36:42,836
The sawdust/cement mix creates
kind of a slurry
743
00:36:42,936 --> 00:36:44,404
that's more like clay.
744
00:36:44,504 --> 00:36:48,241
It can mold itself and better
fit in and seal gaps.
745
00:36:48,608 --> 00:36:52,279
An ingenious idea that saved
millions of dollars.
746
00:36:53,914 --> 00:36:55,815
[Jay] With the island sealed
from the sea,
747
00:36:55,916 --> 00:36:57,517
in December 2017,
748
00:36:57,617 --> 00:36:59,653
they begin the job of creating
the foundations
749
00:36:59,753 --> 00:37:03,324
and making the site safe from
the contaminated soil.
750
00:37:03,991 --> 00:37:07,127
The strategy they chose
to fix it is called capping.
751
00:37:07,194 --> 00:37:10,530
Essentially, it's sealing
the whole site in concrete.
752
00:37:12,433 --> 00:37:14,034
[Jay] It's a simple solution,
753
00:37:14,134 --> 00:37:18,872
but one that involves pouring
7,800 cubic yards of concrete.
754
00:37:20,373 --> 00:37:23,243
Now, they're finally ready to
start working on
755
00:37:23,343 --> 00:37:24,645
the building itself.
756
00:37:24,745 --> 00:37:28,148
[serious music]
757
00:37:28,248 --> 00:37:31,685
[Jay] To fit enough office space
onto the tiny spit of island,
758
00:37:31,818 --> 00:37:34,555
the building needs to be bigger
than the plot.
759
00:37:34,655 --> 00:37:36,991
The architects have cleverly
designed it
760
00:37:37,124 --> 00:37:39,126
to get wider as it rises,
761
00:37:39,226 --> 00:37:41,829
with each floor larger
than the one underneath.
762
00:37:42,430 --> 00:37:45,532
The trouble is supporting
the floors during construction
763
00:37:45,632 --> 00:37:48,235
takes an extraordinary amount of
scaffolding.
764
00:37:48,635 --> 00:37:52,273
It was pretty impacting to see
the west corner
765
00:37:52,373 --> 00:37:54,341
as it was being built,
766
00:37:54,441 --> 00:37:59,013
as the scaffolding and
the necessary props were added.
767
00:37:59,146 --> 00:38:04,050
In the end, it was certainly
a project within the project.
768
00:38:04,985 --> 00:38:07,153
[Jay] The next challenge is
devising a way of
769
00:38:07,254 --> 00:38:10,190
holding up these floors
permanently.
770
00:38:11,926 --> 00:38:14,661
The client doesn't want the
look of the building spoiled
771
00:38:14,761 --> 00:38:16,030
with a lot of columns.
772
00:38:16,530 --> 00:38:20,000
Instead, they come up with
an ingenious solution.
773
00:38:20,468 --> 00:38:22,403
Hidden further back in
the building
774
00:38:22,503 --> 00:38:23,871
are giant concrete cores,
775
00:38:24,004 --> 00:38:26,841
supporting chunky
horizontal trusses.
776
00:38:26,941 --> 00:38:28,742
Steel rods will hang from these
777
00:38:28,842 --> 00:38:31,378
to support the floors from
above.
778
00:38:31,979 --> 00:38:35,916
[serious music]
779
00:38:36,016 --> 00:38:37,584
[Jay] Before the scaffolding can
be removed,
780
00:38:37,684 --> 00:38:38,985
the rods must be tightened
781
00:38:39,085 --> 00:38:41,121
to create the precise amount of
tension needed
782
00:38:41,221 --> 00:38:42,622
to hold the floors' weight.
783
00:38:43,924 --> 00:38:46,394
They have to carefully adjust
each of the bolts,
784
00:38:46,494 --> 00:38:48,428
securing each rod in turn,
785
00:38:48,528 --> 00:38:51,398
monitoring the tension
the entire time.
786
00:38:51,831 --> 00:38:54,267
[Jay] If the rods end up
too taut or too slack,
787
00:38:54,401 --> 00:38:57,738
there's a danger the floors will
crack or even collapse.
788
00:38:58,138 --> 00:38:59,539
It's a tense moment for
the team,
789
00:38:59,639 --> 00:39:01,909
led by Pietro Boerio.
790
00:39:02,543 --> 00:39:04,812
I was obviously on the top of
the building, of the floor
791
00:39:04,945 --> 00:39:09,683
when, when, uh, we, uh,
we make the tensioning.
792
00:39:09,783 --> 00:39:11,117
Because...
793
00:39:11,618 --> 00:39:13,020
Like...
794
00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:16,656
the, the captain of the ship,
when the ship go down,
795
00:39:16,790 --> 00:39:18,659
the captain go down, no?
796
00:39:18,759 --> 00:39:22,229
The same! I was at the top of
the building.
797
00:39:23,864 --> 00:39:27,434
[Jay] Thankfully,
all goes the plan.
798
00:39:28,903 --> 00:39:31,572
And with the rods
successfully tightened,
799
00:39:31,672 --> 00:39:33,206
the build continues.
800
00:39:35,509 --> 00:39:37,210
The next challenge the team
faces
801
00:39:37,310 --> 00:39:40,180
is making sure the building lets
in enough light.
802
00:39:41,515 --> 00:39:43,116
In winter, Copenhagen can get
803
00:39:43,216 --> 00:39:46,086
as little as seven hours of
daylight.
804
00:39:46,186 --> 00:39:48,488
A problem that Danish
building rules
805
00:39:48,622 --> 00:39:50,590
take very seriously.
806
00:39:50,690 --> 00:39:53,627
There's a lot of regulations,
uh, like in many countries.
807
00:39:53,727 --> 00:39:57,330
But for, for Denmark, I, I find
them maybe a little bit tougher.
808
00:39:57,998 --> 00:39:59,466
[David] It means, effectively,
809
00:39:59,599 --> 00:40:02,202
that every desk has to have
a minimum daylight on it,
810
00:40:02,302 --> 00:40:06,206
and every worker at a desk needs
to have daylight and views.
811
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:08,642
What it means is you can't have
a desk
812
00:40:08,742 --> 00:40:11,444
more than six meters away from
a window.
813
00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:15,916
[Jay] It's easy to get light
along the edges of the building
814
00:40:16,016 --> 00:40:17,584
by glazing the external walls.
815
00:40:18,084 --> 00:40:20,621
But it's a challenge bringing it
to the center,
816
00:40:21,054 --> 00:40:23,457
particularly with
the low winter sun.
817
00:40:24,324 --> 00:40:28,061
The solution is an atrium,
but not any old atrium.
818
00:40:29,062 --> 00:40:31,665
So, atriums don't let in
very much daylight.
819
00:40:31,798 --> 00:40:33,133
If we're gonna do an atrium,
820
00:40:33,267 --> 00:40:35,402
we have to reoptimize its
potential to,
821
00:40:35,503 --> 00:40:37,771
to let in as much daylight
as possible.
822
00:40:39,673 --> 00:40:41,608
[Jay] Whatever they build
needs to cover an area
823
00:40:41,708 --> 00:40:43,944
of 17,000 square feet.
824
00:40:44,611 --> 00:40:47,914
That's a lot of glass
and a lot of weight to support.
825
00:40:48,615 --> 00:40:49,950
[David]
If you put a beam across,
826
00:40:50,083 --> 00:40:51,584
it would be over
two meters deep.
827
00:40:51,685 --> 00:40:52,953
So, obviously that's not going
to work
828
00:40:53,053 --> 00:40:54,755
and give you the kind of
transparency.
829
00:40:55,222 --> 00:40:57,124
[Jay] Luckily, the architects
are experts
830
00:40:57,257 --> 00:40:59,459
when it comes to beautiful
glass roofs.
831
00:41:01,695 --> 00:41:03,464
In 2000, Foster + Partners
832
00:41:03,564 --> 00:41:05,499
covered the British Museum in
London
833
00:41:05,599 --> 00:41:07,567
with a structure known as
gridshell.
834
00:41:08,435 --> 00:41:09,770
Like an egg,
835
00:41:09,870 --> 00:41:12,373
a gridshell's curved shape makes
it very strong,
836
00:41:12,473 --> 00:41:15,208
which means it can have
the least amount of structure
837
00:41:15,342 --> 00:41:17,244
with the most amount of glass.
838
00:41:17,344 --> 00:41:19,179
The simplest way to make one
839
00:41:19,279 --> 00:41:22,849
is to stitch together a lot of
flat triangles.
840
00:41:23,417 --> 00:41:24,585
They are simple shapes,
841
00:41:24,685 --> 00:41:27,454
and can more easily tile
complex surfaces
842
00:41:27,554 --> 00:41:29,056
without needing to bend,
843
00:41:29,190 --> 00:41:31,358
as any three points of
the triangle
844
00:41:31,458 --> 00:41:33,627
can lie flat on
a curved surface.
845
00:41:35,929 --> 00:41:37,064
[Jay] This time, though,
846
00:41:37,164 --> 00:41:38,965
they wanna let even more light
in
847
00:41:39,066 --> 00:41:43,003
by reducing the amount of steel
and creating bigger panes.
848
00:41:44,237 --> 00:41:46,840
To do it, they decided to make
their gridshell
849
00:41:46,940 --> 00:41:49,944
using four-sided shapes,
or quadrangles.
850
00:41:50,444 --> 00:41:53,046
But that brings with it
the next major challenge.
851
00:41:54,615 --> 00:41:58,318
For a quadrangle to adapt
to a curved surface,
852
00:41:58,419 --> 00:42:01,488
at least one of its sides
needs to bend.
853
00:42:03,357 --> 00:42:05,759
[Jay] Traditionally,
bent glass would have to be
854
00:42:05,859 --> 00:42:07,695
manufactured using heat.
855
00:42:08,362 --> 00:42:11,031
Making the vast number
of different-shaped pieces
856
00:42:11,131 --> 00:42:13,433
required for a roof as complex
as this
857
00:42:14,101 --> 00:42:17,437
would be expensive
and energy intensive.
858
00:42:17,571 --> 00:42:20,007
So, they turn to
a pioneering method
859
00:42:20,107 --> 00:42:21,741
called cold bending.
860
00:42:22,342 --> 00:42:23,677
[David] Cold bending,
861
00:42:23,744 --> 00:42:25,879
you're effectively mechanically
pushing it down on,
862
00:42:25,979 --> 00:42:27,347
in, in situ.
863
00:42:27,448 --> 00:42:28,949
[Jay] Because it can be done
on site,
864
00:42:29,083 --> 00:42:30,617
it's much cheaper.
865
00:42:30,717 --> 00:42:33,453
But forcing such
a delicate material to bend
866
00:42:33,587 --> 00:42:36,390
requires painstaking planning.
867
00:42:36,490 --> 00:42:37,691
[David] So, glass has
868
00:42:37,792 --> 00:42:39,293
an inherent bending capacity
in it,
869
00:42:39,393 --> 00:42:42,129
but there's a limit to how much
it bends until it fails.
870
00:42:42,229 --> 00:42:44,265
So, it's really understanding
that point.
871
00:42:44,365 --> 00:42:45,799
What is the maximum limit?
872
00:42:46,366 --> 00:42:47,735
[Jay] Having carefully
calculated
873
00:42:47,835 --> 00:42:50,404
exactly how much pressure
the glass can take,
874
00:42:50,938 --> 00:42:54,207
638 individual flat glass panels
875
00:42:54,307 --> 00:42:56,777
are carefully screwed into
the curved frame,
876
00:42:56,910 --> 00:42:59,512
bending as they adapt to
its shape.
877
00:43:00,246 --> 00:43:04,784
It takes 8,100 clamps
and more than 16,000 screws,
878
00:43:04,885 --> 00:43:09,055
but at last,
the roof is complete.
879
00:43:10,591 --> 00:43:13,126
[serious music]
880
00:43:13,226 --> 00:43:15,062
[Jay] In October 2022,
881
00:43:15,162 --> 00:43:18,165
Soundport opens its doors for
business.
882
00:43:18,265 --> 00:43:21,802
[dynamic music]
883
00:43:21,902 --> 00:43:25,238
[Jay] It's taken
33,000 cubic yards of concrete,
884
00:43:25,672 --> 00:43:28,175
4,700 tons of steel,
885
00:43:28,275 --> 00:43:30,510
and nine years to get here.
886
00:43:32,345 --> 00:43:34,548
But now, it stands firm,
887
00:43:34,648 --> 00:43:38,018
looking out across the water
to Sweden.
888
00:43:39,219 --> 00:43:43,957
As a piece of architecture,
I think it's very, very good.
889
00:43:44,658 --> 00:43:46,526
[David] Many people who visit
the building
890
00:43:46,626 --> 00:43:49,330
are very surprised between
the outside and the inside.
891
00:43:49,463 --> 00:43:50,997
It's completely unexpected
892
00:43:51,097 --> 00:43:53,567
when they walk into
that atrium space.
893
00:43:55,535 --> 00:43:57,838
[Mat] This is a dream
breathed from a plan.
894
00:43:57,971 --> 00:44:00,340
Make the most of
these great views on the water,
895
00:44:00,440 --> 00:44:02,376
and make sure the building's
stunning.
896
00:44:02,476 --> 00:44:06,213
[serious music]
897
00:44:07,213 --> 00:44:18,058
[dramatic music]
898
00:44:18,158 --> 00:44:29,903
[dramatic choral music]
73462
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