Original subtitles

>> Narrator: WHAT INCREDIBLE POWER TOOL DID THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USE TO CREATE THIS

POWER TOOL DID THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USE TO CREATE THIS MYSTERIOUS CYLINDER KNOWN AS

EGYPTIANS USE TO CREATE THIS MYSTERIOUS CYLINDER KNOWN AS CORE 7?

MYSTERIOUS CYLINDER KNOWN AS CORE 7? >> HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE,

CORE 7? >> HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE.

>> HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE

IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO BUILD INSTRUMENTS SO PRECISE

>> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO BUILD INSTRUMENTS SO PRECISE THEY COULD CREATE THE GREATEST

TO BUILD INSTRUMENTS SO PRECISE THEY COULD CREATE THE GREATEST TREASURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD?

THEY COULD CREATE THE GREATEST TREASURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD? >> THE WORK IN THIS IS

TREASURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD? >> THE WORK IN THIS IS AWE-INSPIRING.

>> THE WORK IN THIS IS AWE-INSPIRING. >> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE

AWE-INSPIRING. >> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO CRAFT THE WORLD'S FIRST

>> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO CRAFT THE WORLD'S FIRST MULTI-TOOL?

TO CRAFT THE WORLD'S FIRST MULTI-TOOL? >> AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK

MULTI-TOOL? >> AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S ALMOST 2,000 YEARS

>> AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S ALMOST 2,000 YEARS OLD.

THAT IT'S ALMOST 2,000 YEARS OLD. >> Narrator: AND HOW DID THE

OLD. >> Narrator: AND HOW DID THE ANCIENT CHINESE BUILD A MEGA

>> Narrator: AND HOW DID THE ANCIENT CHINESE BUILD A MEGA MACHINE THAT WOULD START THE

ANCIENT CHINESE BUILD A MEGA MACHINE THAT WOULD START THE WORLD'S FIRST INDUSTRIAL

MACHINE THAT WOULD START THE WORLD'S FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

WORLD'S FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? MONUMENTS MORE COLOSSAL THAN

REVOLUTION? MONUMENTS MORE COLOSSAL THAN OUR OWN, ANCIENT SUPER WEAPONS

MONUMENTS MORE COLOSSAL THAN OUR OWN, ANCIENT SUPER WEAPONS AS MIGHTY AS TODAY'S,

OUR OWN, ANCIENT SUPER WEAPONS AS MIGHTY AS TODAY'S, TECHNOLOGY SO PRECISE IT DEFIES

AS MIGHTY AS TODAY'S, TECHNOLOGY SO PRECISE IT DEFIES REINVENTION.

TECHNOLOGY SO PRECISE IT DEFIES REINVENTION. THE ANCIENT WORLD WAS NOT

REINVENTION. THE ANCIENT WORLD WAS NOT PRIMITIVE.

THE ANCIENT WORLD WAS NOT PRIMITIVE. THEIR MARVELS ARE SO ADVANCED,

PRIMITIVE. THEIR MARVELS ARE SO ADVANCED, WE STILL USE THEM NOW.

THEIR MARVELS ARE SO ADVANCED, WE STILL USE THEM NOW. TRAVEL TO A WORLD CLOSER THAN

WE STILL USE THEM NOW. TRAVEL TO A WORLD CLOSER THAN WE IMAGINE, AN ANCIENT AGE

TRAVEL TO A WORLD CLOSER THAN WE IMAGINE, AN ANCIENT AGE WHERE NOTHING WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

BEHIND ALL THE INCREDIBLE ANCIENT MONUMENTS IS SOMETHING EVEN MORE AMAZING--

ANCIENT MONUMENTS IS SOMETHING EVEN MORE AMAZING-- THE TOOLS THAT BUILT THEM.

EVEN MORE AMAZING-- THE TOOLS THAT BUILT THEM. TODAY WE POSSESS EXTRAORDINARY

THE TOOLS THAT BUILT THEM. TODAY WE POSSESS EXTRAORDINARY POWER TOOLS THAT CAN SLICE INTO

TODAY WE POSSESS EXTRAORDINARY POWER TOOLS THAT CAN SLICE INTO THE HARDEST ROCKS, GRIND DOWN

POWER TOOLS THAT CAN SLICE INTO THE HARDEST ROCKS, GRIND DOWN THE TOUGHEST METAL, AND CARVE

THE HARDEST ROCKS, GRIND DOWN THE TOUGHEST METAL, AND CARVE INTO MOUNTAINS.

THE TOUGHEST METAL, AND CARVE INTO MOUNTAINS. BUT WHAT OF THE ANCIENT

INTO MOUNTAINS. BUT WHAT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS?

BUT WHAT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS? THE MONUMENTS THEY LEFT BEHIND

EGYPTIANS? THE MONUMENTS THEY LEFT BEHIND ARE AWE-INSPIRING AND HAVE

THE MONUMENTS THEY LEFT BEHIND ARE AWE-INSPIRING AND HAVE SOMEHOW BEEN BUILT FROM

ARE AWE-INSPIRING AND HAVE SOMEHOW BEEN BUILT FROM LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN

SOMEHOW BEEN BUILT FROM LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN GRANITE.

LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN GRANITE. IS IT POSSIBLE THE ANCIENTS HAD

GRANITE. IS IT POSSIBLE THE ANCIENTS HAD TOOLS MORE ADVANCED THAN OUR

IS IT POSSIBLE THE ANCIENTS HAD TOOLS MORE ADVANCED THAN OUR OWN?

TOOLS MORE ADVANCED THAN OUR OWN? COULD THE ANSWER LIE IN THIS

OWN? COULD THE ANSWER LIE IN THIS ANCIENT, MYSTERIOUS EGYPTIAN

COULD THE ANSWER LIE IN THIS ANCIENT, MYSTERIOUS EGYPTIAN ARTIFACT?

ANCIENT, MYSTERIOUS EGYPTIAN ARTIFACT? IT IS KNOWN AS CORE 7.

ARTIFACT? IT IS KNOWN AS CORE 7. MADE OF GRANITE, IT IS BEYOND

IT IS KNOWN AS CORE 7. MADE OF GRANITE, IT IS BEYOND WHAT WE IMAGINE.

MADE OF GRANITE, IT IS BEYOND WHAT WE IMAGINE. ITS VERY EXISTENCE APPEARS

WHAT WE IMAGINE. ITS VERY EXISTENCE APPEARS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN.

ITS VERY EXISTENCE APPEARS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN. >> THIS MIGHT NOT BE VISUALLY AS

IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN. >> THIS MIGHT NOT BE VISUALLY AS TITILLATING AS ONE OF THE GOLD

>> THIS MIGHT NOT BE VISUALLY AS TITILLATING AS ONE OF THE GOLD DEATH MASKS OR SOMETHING

TITILLATING AS ONE OF THE GOLD DEATH MASKS OR SOMETHING ENCRUSTED IN JEWELS, BUT FROM

DEATH MASKS OR SOMETHING ENCRUSTED IN JEWELS, BUT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BEING ABLE

ENCRUSTED IN JEWELS, BUT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNOLOGY OF

THE POINT OF VIEW OF BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE,

TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE, THIS IS PURE GOLD.

THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE, THIS IS PURE GOLD. >> Narrator: CORE 7 NOW RESIDES

THIS IS PURE GOLD. >> Narrator: CORE 7 NOW RESIDES 2,000 MILES FROM EGYPT, IN THE

>> Narrator: CORE 7 NOW RESIDES 2,000 MILES FROM EGYPT, IN THE PETRIE MUSEUM IN LONDON.

2,000 MILES FROM EGYPT, IN THE PETRIE MUSEUM IN LONDON. AND IT'S ONE OF THE MOST

PETRIE MUSEUM IN LONDON. AND IT'S ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE OBJECTS IN THEIR VAST

AND IT'S ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE OBJECTS IN THEIR VAST COLLECTION.

REMARKABLE OBJECTS IN THEIR VAST COLLECTION. >> THIS REVEALS MORE ABOUT

COLLECTION. >> THIS REVEALS MORE ABOUT ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY THAN

>> THIS REVEALS MORE ABOUT ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY THAN VIRTUALLY ANYTHING WE'VE SEEN.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY THAN VIRTUALLY ANYTHING WE'VE SEEN. TECHNOLOGICALLY, IT REVEALS

VIRTUALLY ANYTHING WE'VE SEEN. TECHNOLOGICALLY, IT REVEALS THINGS THAT WE WOULD NEVER HAVE

TECHNOLOGICALLY, IT REVEALS THINGS THAT WE WOULD NEVER HAVE KNOWN WITHOUT A SAMPLE LIKE

THINGS THAT WE WOULD NEVER HAVE KNOWN WITHOUT A SAMPLE LIKE THIS.

KNOWN WITHOUT A SAMPLE LIKE THIS. THIS SHOWS THAT THEY POSSESSED

THIS. THIS SHOWS THAT THEY POSSESSED THE ABILITY TO DO ADVANCED

THIS SHOWS THAT THEY POSSESSED THE ABILITY TO DO ADVANCED TECHNICAL MATERIAL CUTTING

THE ABILITY TO DO ADVANCED TECHNICAL MATERIAL CUTTING REALLY ON A LEVEL THAT NOT ONLY

TECHNICAL MATERIAL CUTTING REALLY ON A LEVEL THAT NOT ONLY MATCHES ANYTHING THAT WE COULD

REALLY ON A LEVEL THAT NOT ONLY MATCHES ANYTHING THAT WE COULD DO TODAY BUT SURPASSES IT AND

MATCHES ANYTHING THAT WE COULD DO TODAY BUT SURPASSES IT AND SURPASSES IT IN WAYS THAT WE

DO TODAY BUT SURPASSES IT AND SURPASSES IT IN WAYS THAT WE STILL CAN'T EXPLAIN.

SURPASSES IT IN WAYS THAT WE STILL CAN'T EXPLAIN. >> Narrator: EXPERTS HAVE

STILL CAN'T EXPLAIN. >> Narrator: EXPERTS HAVE SUBJECTED CORE 7 TO THE MOST

>> Narrator: EXPERTS HAVE SUBJECTED CORE 7 TO THE MOST DETAILED SCIENTIFIC

SUBJECTED CORE 7 TO THE MOST DETAILED SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.

DETAILED SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION. BUT ALL THIS DOES IS RAISE MORE

INVESTIGATION. BUT ALL THIS DOES IS RAISE MORE QUESTIONS.

BUT ALL THIS DOES IS RAISE MORE QUESTIONS. HOW COULD ANCIENT EGYPTIANS

QUESTIONS. HOW COULD ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAVE POSSIBLY MADE THIS?

HOW COULD ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAVE POSSIBLY MADE THIS? >> IT'S A FAIRLY UNPREPOSSESSING

HAVE POSSIBLY MADE THIS? >> IT'S A FAIRLY UNPREPOSSESSING LOOKING OBJECT, BUT IT'S THE

>> IT'S A FAIRLY UNPREPOSSESSING LOOKING OBJECT, BUT IT'S THE "HOW" THAT IS SO INTRIGUING.

LOOKING OBJECT, BUT IT'S THE "HOW" THAT IS SO INTRIGUING. IT'S ACTUALLY AN INCREDIBLE FEAT

"HOW" THAT IS SO INTRIGUING. IT'S ACTUALLY AN INCREDIBLE FEAT AND SOMETHING THAT THE EGYPTIANS

IT'S ACTUALLY AN INCREDIBLE FEAT AND SOMETHING THAT THE EGYPTIANS ONLY ACHIEVED USING TECHNIQUES

AND SOMETHING THAT THE EGYPTIANS ONLY ACHIEVED USING TECHNIQUES THAT ARE UNKNOWN TO US.

ONLY ACHIEVED USING TECHNIQUES THAT ARE UNKNOWN TO US. >> Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR

THAT ARE UNKNOWN TO US. >> Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR SURE IS WHERE THIS MIRACULOUS

>> Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR SURE IS WHERE THIS MIRACULOUS OBJECT WAS DISCOVERED.

SURE IS WHERE THIS MIRACULOUS OBJECT WAS DISCOVERED. CORE 7 WAS UNCOVERED IN 1881 BY

OBJECT WAS DISCOVERED. CORE 7 WAS UNCOVERED IN 1881 BY THE ARCHEOLOGIST FLINDERS PETRIE

CORE 7 WAS UNCOVERED IN 1881 BY THE ARCHEOLOGIST FLINDERS PETRIE IN THE KHAFRE VALLEY TEMPLE,

THE ARCHEOLOGIST FLINDERS PETRIE IN THE KHAFRE VALLEY TEMPLE, NEAR THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMIDS OF

IN THE KHAFRE VALLEY TEMPLE, NEAR THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA.

NEAR THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA. IT SOON BECAME CLEAR THAT THIS

GIZA. IT SOON BECAME CLEAR THAT THIS WAS A UNIQUE FIND.

IT SOON BECAME CLEAR THAT THIS WAS A UNIQUE FIND. BUT WHAT WAS IT?

WAS A UNIQUE FIND. BUT WHAT WAS IT? COULD THE ANSWERS LIE IN A CLOSE

BUT WHAT WAS IT? COULD THE ANSWERS LIE IN A CLOSE STUDY OF THE TEMPLE WHERE IT WAS

COULD THE ANSWERS LIE IN A CLOSE STUDY OF THE TEMPLE WHERE IT WAS FOUND?

STUDY OF THE TEMPLE WHERE IT WAS FOUND? >> NOW AROUND EVERY ARCHWAY, I

FOUND? >> NOW AROUND EVERY ARCHWAY, I FIND THESE SORT OF INDENTATIONS

>> NOW AROUND EVERY ARCHWAY, I FIND THESE SORT OF INDENTATIONS WHERE THIS IS WHERE THE DOOR

FIND THESE SORT OF INDENTATIONS WHERE THIS IS WHERE THE DOOR WOULD HAVE JOINED RIGHT IN HERE.

WHERE THIS IS WHERE THE DOOR WOULD HAVE JOINED RIGHT IN HERE. AND THERE'S A BIT OF A SOCKET

WOULD HAVE JOINED RIGHT IN HERE. AND THERE'S A BIT OF A SOCKET HERE, A ROUND SOCKET THAT COULD

AND THERE'S A BIT OF A SOCKET HERE, A ROUND SOCKET THAT COULD HAVE JUST BEEN MADE BY BASHING A

HERE, A ROUND SOCKET THAT COULD HAVE JUST BEEN MADE BY BASHING A ROCK INTO THE GRANITE.

HAVE JUST BEEN MADE BY BASHING A ROCK INTO THE GRANITE. THESE ARE VERY INTERESTING, BUT

ROCK INTO THE GRANITE. THESE ARE VERY INTERESTING, BUT ON THIS SITE, THERE'S ANOTHER

THESE ARE VERY INTERESTING, BUT ON THIS SITE, THERE'S ANOTHER HOLE, A PLACE WHERE THE DOOR

ON THIS SITE, THERE'S ANOTHER HOLE, A PLACE WHERE THE DOOR WOULD HAVE JOINED IN THAT'S

HOLE, A PLACE WHERE THE DOOR WOULD HAVE JOINED IN THAT'S EVEN MORE INTRIGUING.

WOULD HAVE JOINED IN THAT'S EVEN MORE INTRIGUING. >> Narrator: COULD THIS

EVEN MORE INTRIGUING. >> Narrator: COULD THIS MYSTERIOUS HOLE BE THE PLACE

>> Narrator: COULD THIS MYSTERIOUS HOLE BE THE PLACE WHERE CORE 7 CAME FROM?

MYSTERIOUS HOLE BE THE PLACE WHERE CORE 7 CAME FROM? >> YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK UP IN

WHERE CORE 7 CAME FROM? >> YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK UP IN THERE.

>> YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK UP IN THERE. A TOOL CLEARLY DRILLED OUT THAT

THERE. A TOOL CLEARLY DRILLED OUT THAT HOLE.

A TOOL CLEARLY DRILLED OUT THAT HOLE. IN A LOT OF OTHER DOOR BOLTS,

HOLE. IN A LOT OF OTHER DOOR BOLTS, WHAT WE SEE IS MORE OF A KIND OF

IN A LOT OF OTHER DOOR BOLTS, WHAT WE SEE IS MORE OF A KIND OF A BALL JOINT, SOMETHING THAT

WHAT WE SEE IS MORE OF A KIND OF A BALL JOINT, SOMETHING THAT COULD HAVE BEEN JUST POUNDED OUT

A BALL JOINT, SOMETHING THAT COULD HAVE BEEN JUST POUNDED OUT WITH A ROCK.

COULD HAVE BEEN JUST POUNDED OUT WITH A ROCK. BUT THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE

WITH A ROCK. BUT THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE DRILLED.

BUT THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE DRILLED. IT'S CLEARLY BEEN CUT IN BY

DRILLED. IT'S CLEARLY BEEN CUT IN BY SOMETHING QUITE CYLINDRICAL BUT

IT'S CLEARLY BEEN CUT IN BY SOMETHING QUITE CYLINDRICAL BUT HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, I

SOMETHING QUITE CYLINDRICAL BUT HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, I MEAN, IS A MYSTERY TO ME BECAUSE

HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, I MEAN, IS A MYSTERY TO ME BECAUSE THIS IS SUCH A HARD STONE, AND

MEAN, IS A MYSTERY TO ME BECAUSE THIS IS SUCH A HARD STONE, AND THE EGYPTIANS REALLY DIDN'T HAVE

THIS IS SUCH A HARD STONE, AND THE EGYPTIANS REALLY DIDN'T HAVE ANYTHING WHICH COULD CUT GRANITE

THE EGYPTIANS REALLY DIDN'T HAVE ANYTHING WHICH COULD CUT GRANITE LIKE THAT.

ANYTHING WHICH COULD CUT GRANITE LIKE THAT. I MEAN, IT ALMOST SEEMS

LIKE THAT. I MEAN, IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, HOW THEY CUT THIS

I MEAN, IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, HOW THEY CUT THIS HOLE.

IMPOSSIBLE, HOW THEY CUT THIS HOLE. >> CORE 7 WAS CUT FROM A RED

HOLE. >> CORE 7 WAS CUT FROM A RED GRANITE LINTEL BY THE ANCIENT

>> CORE 7 WAS CUT FROM A RED GRANITE LINTEL BY THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS IN KHAFRE'S VALLEY

GRANITE LINTEL BY THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS IN KHAFRE'S VALLEY TEMPLE TO MAKE A DOOR PIVOT.

THIS IS CORE 7. FOR THE WORKMEN WHO CUT IT, IT WAS JUST RUBBISH TO BE THROWN

FOR THE WORKMEN WHO CUT IT, IT WAS JUST RUBBISH TO BE THROWN AWAY.

WAS JUST RUBBISH TO BE THROWN AWAY. BUT THIS RUBBISH IS EVIDENCE OF

AWAY. BUT THIS RUBBISH IS EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE STILL

BUT THIS RUBBISH IS EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE STILL THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE.

ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE STILL THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: TO FURTHER

THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE AMAZING MYSTERY

>> Narrator: TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE AMAZING MYSTERY THAT IS CORE 7, WE HAVE TO LOOK

INVESTIGATE THE AMAZING MYSTERY THAT IS CORE 7, WE HAVE TO LOOK AT THE TOOLS WE KNOW THE

THAT IS CORE 7, WE HAVE TO LOOK AT THE TOOLS WE KNOW THE EGYPTIANS POSSESSED.

AT THE TOOLS WE KNOW THE EGYPTIANS POSSESSED. THIS WELL-PRESERVED WALL

EGYPTIANS POSSESSED. THIS WELL-PRESERVED WALL PAINTING MAY PROVIDE A VITAL

THIS WELL-PRESERVED WALL PAINTING MAY PROVIDE A VITAL CLUE TO THE TOOLS OF THE

PAINTING MAY PROVIDE A VITAL CLUE TO THE TOOLS OF THE EGYPTIANS.

CLUE TO THE TOOLS OF THE EGYPTIANS. IT DEPICTS A MAN SAWING WITH

EGYPTIANS. IT DEPICTS A MAN SAWING WITH WHAT APPEARS TO BE A METAL TOOL.

IT DEPICTS A MAN SAWING WITH WHAT APPEARS TO BE A METAL TOOL. THE HARDEST METAL THEY HAD IN

WHAT APPEARS TO BE A METAL TOOL. THE HARDEST METAL THEY HAD IN ANY REAL QUANTITY AT THAT TIME

THE HARDEST METAL THEY HAD IN ANY REAL QUANTITY AT THAT TIME WAS COPPER.

ANY REAL QUANTITY AT THAT TIME WAS COPPER. THE STONE USED IN THESE MASSIVE

WAS COPPER. THE STONE USED IN THESE MASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IS MAINLY

THE STONE USED IN THESE MASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IS MAINLY SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE.

CONSTRUCTIONS IS MAINLY SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE. COULD COPPER TOOLS HAVE CUT

SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE. COULD COPPER TOOLS HAVE CUT THROUGH THESE ROCKS TO CREATE

COULD COPPER TOOLS HAVE CUT THROUGH THESE ROCKS TO CREATE THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT?

THROUGH THESE ROCKS TO CREATE THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT? IN A STONE QUARRY IN SOMERSET,

THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT? IN A STONE QUARRY IN SOMERSET, ENGLAND, WE ARE GOING TO PUT

IN A STONE QUARRY IN SOMERSET, ENGLAND, WE ARE GOING TO PUT THIS TO THE TEST.

ENGLAND, WE ARE GOING TO PUT THIS TO THE TEST. BUT HOW STRONG IS COPPER IN

THIS TO THE TEST. BUT HOW STRONG IS COPPER IN CUTTING STONE?

BUT HOW STRONG IS COPPER IN CUTTING STONE? >> THERE'S A SCALE OF HARDNESS

CUTTING STONE? >> THERE'S A SCALE OF HARDNESS GOING FROM 1 DOWN TO 10 WHICH IS

>> THERE'S A SCALE OF HARDNESS GOING FROM 1 DOWN TO 10 WHICH IS MOHS HARDNESS SCALE.

GOING FROM 1 DOWN TO 10 WHICH IS MOHS HARDNESS SCALE. 1 IS TALC, AND 10 IS DIAMONDS.

MOHS HARDNESS SCALE. 1 IS TALC, AND 10 IS DIAMONDS. NOW, LIMESTONES AND CHALKS AND

1 IS TALC, AND 10 IS DIAMONDS. NOW, LIMESTONES AND CHALKS AND MARBLES ARE TYPICALLY AROUND

NOW, LIMESTONES AND CHALKS AND MARBLES ARE TYPICALLY AROUND ABOUT 3, 4, BUT COPPER IS ALSO

MARBLES ARE TYPICALLY AROUND ABOUT 3, 4, BUT COPPER IS ALSO ABOUT 3.

ABOUT 3, 4, BUT COPPER IS ALSO ABOUT 3. >> Narrator: COULD A COPPER SAW

ABOUT 3. >> Narrator: COULD A COPPER SAW BE JUST HARD ENOUGH TO CUT

>> Narrator: COULD A COPPER SAW BE JUST HARD ENOUGH TO CUT THROUGH LIMESTONE?

BE JUST HARD ENOUGH TO CUT THROUGH LIMESTONE? >> WE ARE ACTUALLY CUTTING A

THROUGH LIMESTONE? >> WE ARE ACTUALLY CUTTING A GROOVE BUT AT CONSIDERABLE LOSS

>> WE ARE ACTUALLY CUTTING A GROOVE BUT AT CONSIDERABLE LOSS OF THE COPPER.

GROOVE BUT AT CONSIDERABLE LOSS OF THE COPPER. SO IT'S POSSIBLE, JUST POSSIBLE

OF THE COPPER. SO IT'S POSSIBLE, JUST POSSIBLE TO USE COPPER TOOLS, CHISELS TO

SO IT'S POSSIBLE, JUST POSSIBLE TO USE COPPER TOOLS, CHISELS TO CUT LIMESTONE.

TO USE COPPER TOOLS, CHISELS TO CUT LIMESTONE. >> Narrator: BUT CORE 7 IS MADE

CUT LIMESTONE. >> Narrator: BUT CORE 7 IS MADE OF GRANITE, ONE OF THE HARDEST

>> Narrator: BUT CORE 7 IS MADE OF GRANITE, ONE OF THE HARDEST ROCKS IN THE WORLD.

OF GRANITE, ONE OF THE HARDEST ROCKS IN THE WORLD. >> GRANITE IS MADE OF QUARTZ AND

ROCKS IN THE WORLD. >> GRANITE IS MADE OF QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR, AND BOTH OF THOSE ARE

>> GRANITE IS MADE OF QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR, AND BOTH OF THOSE ARE VERY HARD MATERIALS, AND THEY'RE

FELDSPAR, AND BOTH OF THOSE ARE VERY HARD MATERIALS, AND THEY'RE DOWN AT 7 ON THE MOHS SCALE, SO

VERY HARD MATERIALS, AND THEY'RE DOWN AT 7 ON THE MOHS SCALE, SO IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE COPPER

DOWN AT 7 ON THE MOHS SCALE, SO IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE COPPER AND CUT QUARTZ WITH IT.

IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE COPPER AND CUT QUARTZ WITH IT. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE, SCIENTIFICALLY

AND CUT QUARTZ WITH IT. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE, SCIENTIFICALLY IMPOSSIBLE.

IT'S IMPOSSIBLE, SCIENTIFICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: BUT THE EVIDENCE OF

IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: BUT THE EVIDENCE OF THE TOOLS OF THE ANCIENTS IS IN

>> Narrator: BUT THE EVIDENCE OF THE TOOLS OF THE ANCIENTS IS IN FRONT OF OUR EYES.

THE TOOLS OF THE ANCIENTS IS IN FRONT OF OUR EYES. CORE 7 WAS NOT THE ONLY GRANITE

FRONT OF OUR EYES. CORE 7 WAS NOT THE ONLY GRANITE OBJECT IN EGYPT.

CORE 7 WAS NOT THE ONLY GRANITE OBJECT IN EGYPT. THE BURIAL CHAMBERS AND

OBJECT IN EGYPT. THE BURIAL CHAMBERS AND SARCOPHAGI OF THE PYRAMIDS AT

THE BURIAL CHAMBERS AND SARCOPHAGI OF THE PYRAMIDS AT GIZA AND EVEN STATUES WERE MADE

SARCOPHAGI OF THE PYRAMIDS AT GIZA AND EVEN STATUES WERE MADE OF GRANITE.

GIZA AND EVEN STATUES WERE MADE OF GRANITE. THE ANCIENTS HAD THE POWER TO

OF GRANITE. THE ANCIENTS HAD THE POWER TO CARVE GRANITE STRUCTURES.

THE ANCIENTS HAD THE POWER TO CARVE GRANITE STRUCTURES. BUT THIS DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW

CARVE GRANITE STRUCTURES. BUT THIS DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW SOMETHING AS INTRICATE AS CORE 7

BUT THIS DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW SOMETHING AS INTRICATE AS CORE 7 WAS CREATED.

SOMETHING AS INTRICATE AS CORE 7 WAS CREATED. ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS

WAS CREATED. ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS ABOUT CORE 7 IS ITS SPIRAL

ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS ABOUT CORE 7 IS ITS SPIRAL GROOVES.

ABOUT CORE 7 IS ITS SPIRAL GROOVES. >> WE'RE INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE

GROOVES. >> WE'RE INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE THAT THIS WAS FOUND BY SOMEONE

>> WE'RE INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE THAT THIS WAS FOUND BY SOMEONE LIKE PETRIE, SOMEONE WHO WAS

THAT THIS WAS FOUND BY SOMEONE LIKE PETRIE, SOMEONE WHO WAS CURIOUS, SOMEONE WHO'S A

LIKE PETRIE, SOMEONE WHO WAS CURIOUS, SOMEONE WHO'S A SCIENTIST, SOMEONE FOR WHOM NO

CURIOUS, SOMEONE WHO'S A SCIENTIST, SOMEONE FOR WHOM NO DETAIL WAS TOO TRIVIAL.

SCIENTIST, SOMEONE FOR WHOM NO DETAIL WAS TOO TRIVIAL. AND FOR HIM, THE GROOVES THAT

DETAIL WAS TOO TRIVIAL. AND FOR HIM, THE GROOVES THAT WERE CUT IN HERE, THE EVIDENCE

AND FOR HIM, THE GROOVES THAT WERE CUT IN HERE, THE EVIDENCE OF THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT

WERE CUT IN HERE, THE EVIDENCE OF THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS POSSESSED BY THIS SOCIETY.

OF THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS POSSESSED BY THIS SOCIETY. >> Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS CUT

WAS POSSESSED BY THIS SOCIETY. >> Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS CUT MARKS SCORED ONTO ITS SURFACE

>> Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS CUT MARKS SCORED ONTO ITS SURFACE ARE EVIDENCE THAT A CIRCULAR

MARKS SCORED ONTO ITS SURFACE ARE EVIDENCE THAT A CIRCULAR TOOL WAS USED.

ARE EVIDENCE THAT A CIRCULAR TOOL WAS USED. AND A CLUE TO WHAT THAT TOOL

TOOL WAS USED. AND A CLUE TO WHAT THAT TOOL MIGHT BE COMES FROM A

AND A CLUE TO WHAT THAT TOOL MIGHT BE COMES FROM A WALL PAINTING FROM THE TOMB OF

MIGHT BE COMES FROM A WALL PAINTING FROM THE TOMB OF REKHMIRE.

WALL PAINTING FROM THE TOMB OF REKHMIRE. IT SHOWS TWO MEN WITH WHAT

REKHMIRE. IT SHOWS TWO MEN WITH WHAT APPEARS TO BE A COPPER-TIPPED

IT SHOWS TWO MEN WITH WHAT APPEARS TO BE A COPPER-TIPPED BOW DRILL.

APPEARS TO BE A COPPER-TIPPED BOW DRILL. BUT STILL, CAN SUCH A TOOL

BOW DRILL. BUT STILL, CAN SUCH A TOOL REALLY CUT INTO GRANITE?

BUT STILL, CAN SUCH A TOOL REALLY CUT INTO GRANITE? IN A GRANITE-CUTTING FACTORY IN

REALLY CUT INTO GRANITE? IN A GRANITE-CUTTING FACTORY IN ENGLAND, WE HAVE GIVEN WORKMEN A

IN A GRANITE-CUTTING FACTORY IN ENGLAND, WE HAVE GIVEN WORKMEN A PRECISE COPY OF THE BOW DRILL

ENGLAND, WE HAVE GIVEN WORKMEN A PRECISE COPY OF THE BOW DRILL FROM THE WALL PAINTING TO SEE IF

PRECISE COPY OF THE BOW DRILL FROM THE WALL PAINTING TO SEE IF THEY CAN CUT A GRANITE CORE OF

FROM THE WALL PAINTING TO SEE IF THEY CAN CUT A GRANITE CORE OF THEIR OWN.

THEY CAN CUT A GRANITE CORE OF THEIR OWN. TO HELP THE SOFT COPPER DRILL

THEIR OWN. TO HELP THE SOFT COPPER DRILL BIT CUT INTO THE GRANITE, THEY

TO HELP THE SOFT COPPER DRILL BIT CUT INTO THE GRANITE, THEY HAVE ADDED GRIT TO THE BASE OF

BIT CUT INTO THE GRANITE, THEY HAVE ADDED GRIT TO THE BASE OF THE DRILL, AND WATER AS A

HAVE ADDED GRIT TO THE BASE OF THE DRILL, AND WATER AS A LUBRICANT.

THE DRILL, AND WATER AS A LUBRICANT. >> COPPER'S A VERY SOFT METAL.

LUBRICANT. >> COPPER'S A VERY SOFT METAL. IT'S THE ABRASIVE GRIT THAT

>> COPPER'S A VERY SOFT METAL. IT'S THE ABRASIVE GRIT THAT WE'RE GONNA USE TO TURN ROUND

IT'S THE ABRASIVE GRIT THAT WE'RE GONNA USE TO TURN ROUND AND SCORE THE GRANITE.

WE'RE GONNA USE TO TURN ROUND AND SCORE THE GRANITE. THAT'S WHAT WILL CUT THE

AND SCORE THE GRANITE. THAT'S WHAT WILL CUT THE GRANITE.

THAT'S WHAT WILL CUT THE GRANITE. >> WE DON'T SEEM TO BE ACTUALLY

GRANITE. >> WE DON'T SEEM TO BE ACTUALLY GETTING VERY FAR WITH IT.

>> WE DON'T SEEM TO BE ACTUALLY GETTING VERY FAR WITH IT. WE MAYBE SCORED IT, BUT I DON'T

GETTING VERY FAR WITH IT. WE MAYBE SCORED IT, BUT I DON'T THINK WE'VE GONE VERY DEEP AT

WE MAYBE SCORED IT, BUT I DON'T THINK WE'VE GONE VERY DEEP AT ALL.

THINK WE'VE GONE VERY DEEP AT ALL. OK, SHALL WE STOP?

ALL. OK, SHALL WE STOP? LET ME HAVE A LOOK, PULL IT OUT.

OK, SHALL WE STOP? LET ME HAVE A LOOK, PULL IT OUT. >> Narrator: EVENTUALLY THE BOW

LET ME HAVE A LOOK, PULL IT OUT. >> Narrator: EVENTUALLY THE BOW DRILL DID BEGIN TO MAKE AN

>> Narrator: EVENTUALLY THE BOW DRILL DID BEGIN TO MAKE AN IMPRESSION ON A BLOCK OF

DRILL DID BEGIN TO MAKE AN IMPRESSION ON A BLOCK OF GRANITE.

IMPRESSION ON A BLOCK OF GRANITE. BUT LOOKING MORE CLOSELY AT THE

GRANITE. BUT LOOKING MORE CLOSELY AT THE ORIGINAL CORE 7 SHOWS THAT USING

BUT LOOKING MORE CLOSELY AT THE ORIGINAL CORE 7 SHOWS THAT USING A BOW DRILL TO CUT A CORE IS

ORIGINAL CORE 7 SHOWS THAT USING A BOW DRILL TO CUT A CORE IS LEADING THE INVESTIGATION DOWN A

A BOW DRILL TO CUT A CORE IS LEADING THE INVESTIGATION DOWN A DEAD END.

LEADING THE INVESTIGATION DOWN A DEAD END. >> SO WHAT'S SO IMPOSSIBLE ABOUT

DEAD END. >> SO WHAT'S SO IMPOSSIBLE ABOUT CORE 7?

>> SO WHAT'S SO IMPOSSIBLE ABOUT CORE 7? LOOK AT THESE GROOVES.

CORE 7? LOOK AT THESE GROOVES. THEY SPIRAL AROUND CORE 7.

LOOK AT THESE GROOVES. THEY SPIRAL AROUND CORE 7. THIS IS WHAT YOU GET FROM A

THEY SPIRAL AROUND CORE 7. THIS IS WHAT YOU GET FROM A MODERN DRILL, NOT A BOW DRILL

THIS IS WHAT YOU GET FROM A MODERN DRILL, NOT A BOW DRILL THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH.

MODERN DRILL, NOT A BOW DRILL THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH. THIS IS THE PATTERN YOU'D GET

THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH. THIS IS THE PATTERN YOU'D GET FROM A CONTINUOUS DRILL.

THIS IS THE PATTERN YOU'D GET FROM A CONTINUOUS DRILL. WHEREAS THIS SAW-TOOTH PATTERN

FROM A CONTINUOUS DRILL. WHEREAS THIS SAW-TOOTH PATTERN IS WHAT YOU WOULD GET FROM A

WHEREAS THIS SAW-TOOTH PATTERN IS WHAT YOU WOULD GET FROM A BACK-AND-FORTH DRILL.

IS WHAT YOU WOULD GET FROM A BACK-AND-FORTH DRILL. >> Narrator: A DRILL THAT WOULD

BACK-AND-FORTH DRILL. >> Narrator: A DRILL THAT WOULD REPLICATE THE CONTINUOUS SPIRAL

>> Narrator: A DRILL THAT WOULD REPLICATE THE CONTINUOUS SPIRAL CUT MARKS OF CORE 7 IS A DRILL

REPLICATE THE CONTINUOUS SPIRAL CUT MARKS OF CORE 7 IS A DRILL LIKE THIS.

CUT MARKS OF CORE 7 IS A DRILL LIKE THIS. >> THIS IS A 50-MILLIMETER CORE

LIKE THIS. >> THIS IS A 50-MILLIMETER CORE DRILL BIT, DIAMOND RING

>> THIS IS A 50-MILLIMETER CORE DRILL BIT, DIAMOND RING IMPREGNATED INTO A STEEL.

DRILL BIT, DIAMOND RING IMPREGNATED INTO A STEEL. WE USE THIS FOR DRILLING HOLES

IMPREGNATED INTO A STEEL. WE USE THIS FOR DRILLING HOLES IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, BUT

WE USE THIS FOR DRILLING HOLES IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, BUT PREDOMINATELY THIS TYPE IS USED

IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, BUT PREDOMINATELY THIS TYPE IS USED FOR GRANITE.

PREDOMINATELY THIS TYPE IS USED FOR GRANITE. >> Narrator: A MODERN TOOL LIKE

FOR GRANITE. >> Narrator: A MODERN TOOL LIKE THIS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY

>> Narrator: A MODERN TOOL LIKE THIS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY TURNS AT 1,600 REVOLUTIONS AND

THIS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY TURNS AT 1,600 REVOLUTIONS AND CUTS FOUR INCHES OF GRANITE PER

TURNS AT 1,600 REVOLUTIONS AND CUTS FOUR INCHES OF GRANITE PER MINUTE.

>> HERE'S THE GRANITE CORE THAT THE CORE DRILL HAS JUST DRILLED. WE CAN CREATE THIS IN FOUR OR

THE CORE DRILL HAS JUST DRILLED. WE CAN CREATE THIS IN FOUR OR FIVE MINUTES.

WE CAN CREATE THIS IN FOUR OR FIVE MINUTES. OVER 4,500 YEARS AGO THE

FIVE MINUTES. OVER 4,500 YEARS AGO THE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MATERIALS

OVER 4,500 YEARS AGO THE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MATERIALS THEY WOULD HAVE HAD LOOKS QUITE

TECHNOLOGY AND THE MATERIALS THEY WOULD HAVE HAD LOOKS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN ROUND AND

THEY WOULD HAVE HAD LOOKS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN ROUND AND CREATE THE SAME SORT OF THING.

IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN ROUND AND CREATE THE SAME SORT OF THING. >> Narrator: THE VERY EXISTENCE

CREATE THE SAME SORT OF THING. >> Narrator: THE VERY EXISTENCE OF CORE 7 SUGGESTS THAT SOMEHOW

>> Narrator: THE VERY EXISTENCE OF CORE 7 SUGGESTS THAT SOMEHOW THE EGYPTIANS MUST HAVE HAD A

OF CORE 7 SUGGESTS THAT SOMEHOW THE EGYPTIANS MUST HAVE HAD A TOOL THAT AT THE VERY LEAST

THE EGYPTIANS MUST HAVE HAD A TOOL THAT AT THE VERY LEAST MATCHED THIS 21st-CENTURY POWER

TOOL THAT AT THE VERY LEAST MATCHED THIS 21st-CENTURY POWER DRILL.

>> Narrator: OUR WORLD IS FILLED

WITH AMAZING POWER TOOLS AND MACHINES. YET WHAT INCREDIBLE TOOLS WERE

MACHINES. YET WHAT INCREDIBLE TOOLS WERE THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USING MORE

YET WHAT INCREDIBLE TOOLS WERE THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USING MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO?

THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USING MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO? THEY WERE ABLE TO SCULPT

THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO? THEY WERE ABLE TO SCULPT LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN

THEY WERE ABLE TO SCULPT LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN GRANITE INTO SOME OF THE MOST

LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN GRANITE INTO SOME OF THE MOST ASTONISHING MONUMENTS ON THE

GRANITE INTO SOME OF THE MOST ASTONISHING MONUMENTS ON THE PLANET.

ASTONISHING MONUMENTS ON THE PLANET. WHAT WERE THE INCREDIBLE TOOLS

PLANET. WHAT WERE THE INCREDIBLE TOOLS THAT ACHIEVED THESE REMARKABLE

WHAT WERE THE INCREDIBLE TOOLS THAT ACHIEVED THESE REMARKABLE FEATS?

THAT ACHIEVED THESE REMARKABLE FEATS? WE ARE ON A JOURNEY TO FIND OUT,

AND OUR SEARCH HAS LED US TO ENGLAND AND THE MYSTERIOUS ARTIFACT CALLED CORE 7.

ENGLAND AND THE MYSTERIOUS ARTIFACT CALLED CORE 7. THIS SMALL GRANITE CYLINDER IS A

ARTIFACT CALLED CORE 7. THIS SMALL GRANITE CYLINDER IS A MYSTERY.

THIS SMALL GRANITE CYLINDER IS A MYSTERY. BUT HOW WAS IT MADE?

MYSTERY. BUT HOW WAS IT MADE? IT SEEMS TO SHOW THAT THE

BUT HOW WAS IT MADE? IT SEEMS TO SHOW THAT THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD TOOLS THAT

IT SEEMS TO SHOW THAT THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD TOOLS THAT WERE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE.

ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD TOOLS THAT WERE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE. IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND, WE'RE

WERE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE. IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND, WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO

IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND, WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SUCH A TOOL FOR THE FIRST TIME--

GOING TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SUCH A TOOL FOR THE FIRST TIME-- A HUMAN-POWERED DRILL THAT CAN

SUCH A TOOL FOR THE FIRST TIME-- A HUMAN-POWERED DRILL THAT CAN REPRODUCE THESE REMARKABLE CUT

A HUMAN-POWERED DRILL THAT CAN REPRODUCE THESE REMARKABLE CUT MARKS.

>> SO WHAT I'VE DONE IS TO BUILD A VERSION OF THE HAND-TURNED TUBE DRILL, BUT I'VE PUT IT

A VERSION OF THE HAND-TURNED TUBE DRILL, BUT I'VE PUT IT WITHIN A FRAME SO THAT WE CAN

TUBE DRILL, BUT I'VE PUT IT WITHIN A FRAME SO THAT WE CAN ACTUALLY ACHIEVE A LOT MORE

WITHIN A FRAME SO THAT WE CAN ACTUALLY ACHIEVE A LOT MORE PRESSURE THAN WOULD BE AVAILABLE

ACTUALLY ACHIEVE A LOT MORE PRESSURE THAN WOULD BE AVAILABLE IF JUST PEOPLE WERE JUST SIMPLY

PRESSURE THAN WOULD BE AVAILABLE IF JUST PEOPLE WERE JUST SIMPLY LEANING ON IT.

IF JUST PEOPLE WERE JUST SIMPLY LEANING ON IT. >> Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO

LEANING ON IT. >> Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE THE COPPER DRILL BIT CUT

>> Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE THE COPPER DRILL BIT CUT INTO GRANITE IS TO ADD GRIT.

MAKE THE COPPER DRILL BIT CUT INTO GRANITE IS TO ADD GRIT. RICHARD IS ADDING EMERY, HARDER

INTO GRANITE IS TO ADD GRIT. RICHARD IS ADDING EMERY, HARDER THAN THE GRIT THE EGYPTIANS WERE

RICHARD IS ADDING EMERY, HARDER THAN THE GRIT THE EGYPTIANS WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE USED.

THAN THE GRIT THE EGYPTIANS WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE USED. >> SO REALLY IN A SENSE, THIS IS

THOUGHT TO HAVE USED. >> SO REALLY IN A SENSE, THIS IS ONE STEP ON FROM THE BOW SAW.

>> SO REALLY IN A SENSE, THIS IS ONE STEP ON FROM THE BOW SAW. IT'S THE SAME PRINCIPLE.

ONE STEP ON FROM THE BOW SAW. IT'S THE SAME PRINCIPLE. >> Narrator: THE EMERY POWDER

IT'S THE SAME PRINCIPLE. >> Narrator: THE EMERY POWDER EMBEDS ITSELF INTO THE COPPER

>> Narrator: THE EMERY POWDER EMBEDS ITSELF INTO THE COPPER METAL, MAKING IT INTO A FAR MORE

EMBEDS ITSELF INTO THE COPPER METAL, MAKING IT INTO A FAR MORE POWERFUL CUTTING TOOL.

METAL, MAKING IT INTO A FAR MORE POWERFUL CUTTING TOOL. >> SO WITH THIS WINDLASS SYSTEM

POWERFUL CUTTING TOOL. >> SO WITH THIS WINDLASS SYSTEM IT CAN EITHER BE ROTATED

>> SO WITH THIS WINDLASS SYSTEM IT CAN EITHER BE ROTATED CONTINUOUSLY IN ONE DIRECTION,

IT CAN EITHER BE ROTATED CONTINUOUSLY IN ONE DIRECTION, WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE

CONTINUOUSLY IN ONE DIRECTION, WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL.

WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL. >> Narrator: DESPITE THIS

NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL. >> Narrator: DESPITE THIS REMARKABLE RECREATION, WORKING

>> Narrator: DESPITE THIS REMARKABLE RECREATION, WORKING VIGOROUSLY FOR HALF AN HOUR

REMARKABLE RECREATION, WORKING VIGOROUSLY FOR HALF AN HOUR PRODUCES BARELY A MARK.

VIGOROUSLY FOR HALF AN HOUR PRODUCES BARELY A MARK. TO CUT A HOLE INTO GRANITE

PRODUCES BARELY A MARK. TO CUT A HOLE INTO GRANITE PRODUCING A CYLINDER LIKE CORE 7

TO CUT A HOLE INTO GRANITE PRODUCING A CYLINDER LIKE CORE 7 NOW SEEMS EVEN MORE IMPOSSIBLE.

PRODUCING A CYLINDER LIKE CORE 7 NOW SEEMS EVEN MORE IMPOSSIBLE. >> CORE 7 STILL REMAINS AN

NOW SEEMS EVEN MORE IMPOSSIBLE. >> CORE 7 STILL REMAINS AN ENIGMA.

>> CORE 7 STILL REMAINS AN ENIGMA. WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY FATHOMED

ENIGMA. WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY FATHOMED THE HELICAL MARKS ON THE SIDE OF

WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY FATHOMED THE HELICAL MARKS ON THE SIDE OF THIS CORE.

THE HELICAL MARKS ON THE SIDE OF THIS CORE. >> Narrator: AND THERE IS A

THIS CORE. >> Narrator: AND THERE IS A FURTHER REVELATION.

>> Narrator: AND THERE IS A FURTHER REVELATION. AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTANCE

FURTHER REVELATION. AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS

AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS SOMETHING TRULY ASTONISHING.

BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS SOMETHING TRULY ASTONISHING. >> ONE OF THE KEY DIAGNOSTICS ON

SOMETHING TRULY ASTONISHING. >> ONE OF THE KEY DIAGNOSTICS ON ANALYZING A CUT LIKE THIS IS TO

>> ONE OF THE KEY DIAGNOSTICS ON ANALYZING A CUT LIKE THIS IS TO LOOK AT THE RATE OF THE CUT AS

ANALYZING A CUT LIKE THIS IS TO LOOK AT THE RATE OF THE CUT AS IT ADVANCES THROUGH, HOW MANY

LOOK AT THE RATE OF THE CUT AS IT ADVANCES THROUGH, HOW MANY THREADS PER INCH ESSENTIALLY

IT ADVANCES THROUGH, HOW MANY THREADS PER INCH ESSENTIALLY HAVE BEEN CREATED ON HERE BY

THREADS PER INCH ESSENTIALLY HAVE BEEN CREATED ON HERE BY THE CUTTING TOOL.

HAVE BEEN CREATED ON HERE BY THE CUTTING TOOL. AND ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO

THE CUTTING TOOL. AND ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO COUNT THAT IS BY SIMPLY TAKING A

AND ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO COUNT THAT IS BY SIMPLY TAKING A PIECE OF COTTON THREAD AND

COUNT THAT IS BY SIMPLY TAKING A PIECE OF COTTON THREAD AND WRAPPING IT AROUND INSIDE THE

PIECE OF COTTON THREAD AND WRAPPING IT AROUND INSIDE THE GROOVES.

WRAPPING IT AROUND INSIDE THE GROOVES. AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING

GROOVES. AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING BECAUSE IF WE WERE TO CUT

AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING BECAUSE IF WE WERE TO CUT SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH A

BECAUSE IF WE WERE TO CUT SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH A MODERN TOOL, WE WOULD EXPECT

SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH A MODERN TOOL, WE WOULD EXPECT THAT IT WOULD TAKE HUNDREDS AND

MODERN TOOL, WE WOULD EXPECT THAT IT WOULD TAKE HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF ROTATIONS OF THE

THAT IT WOULD TAKE HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF ROTATIONS OF THE DRILL TO PENETRATE THIS AMOUNT.

HUNDREDS OF ROTATIONS OF THE DRILL TO PENETRATE THIS AMOUNT. >> Narrator: THE SPACE BETWEEN

DRILL TO PENETRATE THIS AMOUNT. >> Narrator: THE SPACE BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS US THAT THE

>> Narrator: THE SPACE BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS US THAT THE DRILL MUST HAVE BEEN PUSHED INTO

THE GROOVES SHOWS US THAT THE DRILL MUST HAVE BEEN PUSHED INTO THE GRANITE WITH EVEN MORE FORCE

DRILL MUST HAVE BEEN PUSHED INTO THE GRANITE WITH EVEN MORE FORCE THAN TODAY'S MOST POWERFUL TOOLS

THE GRANITE WITH EVEN MORE FORCE THAN TODAY'S MOST POWERFUL TOOLS ARE CAPABLE OF.

THAN TODAY'S MOST POWERFUL TOOLS ARE CAPABLE OF. THE DEPTH THAT THE GROOVES ARE

ARE CAPABLE OF. THE DEPTH THAT THE GROOVES ARE CUT INTO THE GRANITE CAN TELL US

THE DEPTH THAT THE GROOVES ARE CUT INTO THE GRANITE CAN TELL US EVEN MORE.

CUT INTO THE GRANITE CAN TELL US EVEN MORE. >> TO BE THIS DEEP SUGGESTS THEY

EVEN MORE. >> TO BE THIS DEEP SUGGESTS THEY USED SOMETHING LIKE A DIAMOND IN

>> TO BE THIS DEEP SUGGESTS THEY USED SOMETHING LIKE A DIAMOND IN A CLOCKWISE ROTATING DRILL.

USED SOMETHING LIKE A DIAMOND IN A CLOCKWISE ROTATING DRILL. THERE'S NO EVIDENCE, EXCEPT THIS

A CLOCKWISE ROTATING DRILL. THERE'S NO EVIDENCE, EXCEPT THIS CORE, TO SUGGEST THE ANCIENT

THERE'S NO EVIDENCE, EXCEPT THIS CORE, TO SUGGEST THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY.

CORE, TO SUGGEST THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY. PERHAPS THIS PLUG OF GRANITE

EGYPTIANS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY. PERHAPS THIS PLUG OF GRANITE SHOULDN'T EXIST, BUT HOWEVER

PERHAPS THIS PLUG OF GRANITE SHOULDN'T EXIST, BUT HOWEVER IMPOSSIBLE IT IS, THE ANCIENT

SHOULDN'T EXIST, BUT HOWEVER IMPOSSIBLE IT IS, THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS MADE IT.

IMPOSSIBLE IT IS, THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS MADE IT. >> TO THINK THAT THIS WAS

EGYPTIANS MADE IT. >> TO THINK THAT THIS WAS CREATED PERHAPS 4,500 YEARS AGO

>> TO THINK THAT THIS WAS CREATED PERHAPS 4,500 YEARS AGO USING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN

CREATED PERHAPS 4,500 YEARS AGO USING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY IS INCREDIBLE TO US.

USING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY IS INCREDIBLE TO US. IN FACT, THIS IS ALMOST AN

TECHNOLOGY IS INCREDIBLE TO US. IN FACT, THIS IS ALMOST AN IMPOSSIBLE ANCIENT OBJECT.

IN FACT, THIS IS ALMOST AN IMPOSSIBLE ANCIENT OBJECT. >> Narrator: IT IS SO ADVANCED

IMPOSSIBLE ANCIENT OBJECT. >> Narrator: IT IS SO ADVANCED THAT IT RAISES THE REMARKABLE

>> Narrator: IT IS SO ADVANCED THAT IT RAISES THE REMARKABLE THOUGHT THAT MAYBE IT HAS COME

THAT IT RAISES THE REMARKABLE THOUGHT THAT MAYBE IT HAS COME FROM A PLACE THAT DEFIES

THOUGHT THAT MAYBE IT HAS COME FROM A PLACE THAT DEFIES UNDERSTANDING, BEYOND THE

FROM A PLACE THAT DEFIES UNDERSTANDING, BEYOND THE ABILITIES OF HUMANS.

UNDERSTANDING, BEYOND THE ABILITIES OF HUMANS. >> OVER THE YEARS THERE HAVE

ABILITIES OF HUMANS. >> OVER THE YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN MANY WILD SPECULATIONS THAT

>> OVER THE YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN MANY WILD SPECULATIONS THAT ALIENS, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE

BEEN MANY WILD SPECULATIONS THAT ALIENS, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING OBJECTS

ALIENS, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING OBJECTS LIKE THIS.

RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING OBJECTS LIKE THIS. WE DON'T NEED THOSE EXTREME

LIKE THIS. WE DON'T NEED THOSE EXTREME THEORIES.

WE DON'T NEED THOSE EXTREME THEORIES. >> Narrator: DESPITE MULTIPLE

THEORIES. >> Narrator: DESPITE MULTIPLE TESTS, CORE 7 REFUSES TO GIVE UP

>> Narrator: DESPITE MULTIPLE TESTS, CORE 7 REFUSES TO GIVE UP ANY CLUES AS TO THE DESIGN OF

TESTS, CORE 7 REFUSES TO GIVE UP ANY CLUES AS TO THE DESIGN OF THE POWER TOOL THAT CREATED IT.

ANY CLUES AS TO THE DESIGN OF THE POWER TOOL THAT CREATED IT. THE EXPERTS BELIEVE THE RATIONAL

THE POWER TOOL THAT CREATED IT. THE EXPERTS BELIEVE THE RATIONAL EXPLANATION BEHIND IT MUST

THE EXPERTS BELIEVE THE RATIONAL EXPLANATION BEHIND IT MUST SIMPLY BE LOST TO HISTORY.

EXPLANATION BEHIND IT MUST SIMPLY BE LOST TO HISTORY. >> THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE

SIMPLY BE LOST TO HISTORY. >> THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF SKILLFULLY

>> THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF SKILLFULLY PRODUCING STONE WORK SUCH AS

PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF SKILLFULLY PRODUCING STONE WORK SUCH AS THIS.

PRODUCING STONE WORK SUCH AS THIS. AND JUST 'CAUSE WE DON'T

THIS. AND JUST 'CAUSE WE DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW IT WAS MADE

AND JUST 'CAUSE WE DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW IT WAS MADE DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE NEED TO

UNDERSTAND HOW IT WAS MADE DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE NEED TO RESORT TO WILD SPECULATION.

DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE NEED TO RESORT TO WILD SPECULATION. >> Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NO

RESORT TO WILD SPECULATION. >> Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF HOW CORE 7 WAS

>> Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF HOW CORE 7 WAS DRILLED FROM GRANITE, COULD THE

EVIDENCE OF HOW CORE 7 WAS DRILLED FROM GRANITE, COULD THE ELUSIVE AND INCREDIBLE TOOL THAT

DRILLED FROM GRANITE, COULD THE ELUSIVE AND INCREDIBLE TOOL THAT CREATED IT HAVE BEEN FITTED WITH

ELUSIVE AND INCREDIBLE TOOL THAT CREATED IT HAVE BEEN FITTED WITH A BIT EMBEDDED WITH DIAMOND, THE

CREATED IT HAVE BEEN FITTED WITH A BIT EMBEDDED WITH DIAMOND, THE HARDEST MATERIAL ON EARTH?

A BIT EMBEDDED WITH DIAMOND, THE HARDEST MATERIAL ON EARTH? THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY THE ELDER

HARDEST MATERIAL ON EARTH? THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY THE ELDER MENTIONS A MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL

THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY THE ELDER MENTIONS A MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL CALLED "ADAMAS," WHEN DESCRIBING

MENTIONS A MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL CALLED "ADAMAS," WHEN DESCRIBING TOOLS FOR CUTTING THE HARDEST

CALLED "ADAMAS," WHEN DESCRIBING TOOLS FOR CUTTING THE HARDEST ROCKS AND STONES.

TOOLS FOR CUTTING THE HARDEST ROCKS AND STONES. COULD ADAMAS REALLY HAVE BEEN

ROCKS AND STONES. COULD ADAMAS REALLY HAVE BEEN DIAMOND?

COULD ADAMAS REALLY HAVE BEEN DIAMOND? PERHAPS IT WAS.

DIAMOND? PERHAPS IT WAS. BUT STILL, THAT WAS 2,500

PERHAPS IT WAS. BUT STILL, THAT WAS 2,500 THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE

BUT STILL, THAT WAS 2,500 THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE EGYPTIANS SCULPTED CORE 7 FROM

THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE EGYPTIANS SCULPTED CORE 7 FROM GRANITE.

EGYPTIANS SCULPTED CORE 7 FROM GRANITE. >> PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT

GRANITE. >> PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT THIS FOR DECADES AND STILL,

>> PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT THIS FOR DECADES AND STILL, THERE'S NO DEFINITIVE ANSWER.

THIS FOR DECADES AND STILL, THERE'S NO DEFINITIVE ANSWER. PERHAPS WE'LL NEVER KNOW.

THERE'S NO DEFINITIVE ANSWER. PERHAPS WE'LL NEVER KNOW. >> Narrator: WITH SO LITTLE

PERHAPS WE'LL NEVER KNOW. >> Narrator: WITH SO LITTLE SOLID EVIDENCE, IT SEEMS THE

>> Narrator: WITH SO LITTLE SOLID EVIDENCE, IT SEEMS THE ANCIENT TOOL THAT PRODUCED THIS

SOLID EVIDENCE, IT SEEMS THE ANCIENT TOOL THAT PRODUCED THIS REMARKABLE ARTIFACT MUST REMAIN

ANCIENT TOOL THAT PRODUCED THIS REMARKABLE ARTIFACT MUST REMAIN BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING.

REMARKABLE ARTIFACT MUST REMAIN BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING. CORE 7 REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST

BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING. CORE 7 REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST IMPOSSIBLE MYSTERIES OF THE

CORE 7 REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST IMPOSSIBLE MYSTERIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

>> Narrator: WITH HUGE POWER

TOOLS THAT MATCH THE STRENGTH OF OUR OWN, THE ANCIENTS WERE ABLE TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS THAT ARE

OUR OWN, THE ANCIENTS WERE ABLE TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS THAT ARE MEMORIALS TO THEIR GENIUS.

TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS THAT ARE MEMORIALS TO THEIR GENIUS. BUT HOW EXACTLY DID THEY DO IT?

MEMORIALS TO THEIR GENIUS. BUT HOW EXACTLY DID THEY DO IT? THEIR RECORDS, FROM TEMPLE

BUT HOW EXACTLY DID THEY DO IT? THEIR RECORDS, FROM TEMPLE PAINTINGS TO THE OBJECTS

THEIR RECORDS, FROM TEMPLE PAINTINGS TO THE OBJECTS THEMSELVES CONTINUE TO RAISE

PAINTINGS TO THE OBJECTS THEMSELVES CONTINUE TO RAISE QUESTIONS.

THEMSELVES CONTINUE TO RAISE QUESTIONS. WHAT TOOLS DID THEY POSSESS?

QUESTIONS. WHAT TOOLS DID THEY POSSESS? HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO USE THEM

WHAT TOOLS DID THEY POSSESS? HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO USE THEM TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING

HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO USE THEM TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING SCALE AND BEAUTY?

TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING SCALE AND BEAUTY? AT CAIRO MUSEUM ARE HOUSED SOME

SCALE AND BEAUTY? AT CAIRO MUSEUM ARE HOUSED SOME OF THE GREATEST TREASURES OF THE

AT CAIRO MUSEUM ARE HOUSED SOME OF THE GREATEST TREASURES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, AMONGST THEM THE

OF THE GREATEST TREASURES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, AMONGST THEM THE REMARKABLE DEATH MASK OF KING

ANCIENT WORLD, AMONGST THEM THE REMARKABLE DEATH MASK OF KING TUTANKHAMEN.

REMARKABLE DEATH MASK OF KING TUTANKHAMEN. IT WAS IN 1922 THAT

TUTANKHAMEN. IT WAS IN 1922 THAT ARCHAEOLOGIST HOWARD CARTER

IT WAS IN 1922 THAT ARCHAEOLOGIST HOWARD CARTER DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF THE

ARCHAEOLOGIST HOWARD CARTER DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF THE PHARAOH TUTANKHAMEN.

DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF THE PHARAOH TUTANKHAMEN. SLIDING OFF THE COVER OF THIS

PHARAOH TUTANKHAMEN. SLIDING OFF THE COVER OF THIS ANCIENT SARCOPHAGUS, CARTER LAID

SLIDING OFF THE COVER OF THIS ANCIENT SARCOPHAGUS, CARTER LAID EYES ON AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT

ANCIENT SARCOPHAGUS, CARTER LAID EYES ON AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN FOR OVER

EYES ON AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN FOR OVER 3,000 YEARS.

THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN FOR OVER 3,000 YEARS. IT IS EASY TO BE AWESTRUCK BY

3,000 YEARS. IT IS EASY TO BE AWESTRUCK BY THE SKILL NEEDED TO MANIPULATE

IT IS EASY TO BE AWESTRUCK BY THE SKILL NEEDED TO MANIPULATE SOLID GOLD INTO THIS

THE SKILL NEEDED TO MANIPULATE SOLID GOLD INTO THIS EXTRAORDINARY MASK.

SOLID GOLD INTO THIS EXTRAORDINARY MASK. BUT SKILL IS NOTHING WITHOUT THE

EXTRAORDINARY MASK. BUT SKILL IS NOTHING WITHOUT THE TOOLS TO GO WITH IT.

BUT SKILL IS NOTHING WITHOUT THE TOOLS TO GO WITH IT. TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SEEING

TOOLS TO GO WITH IT. TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SEEING WHAT TOOLS WERE USED, A UNIQUE

TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SEEING WHAT TOOLS WERE USED, A UNIQUE EXPERIMENT IS UNDERTAKEN.

WHAT TOOLS WERE USED, A UNIQUE EXPERIMENT IS UNDERTAKEN. IN THIS SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP IN

EXPERIMENT IS UNDERTAKEN. IN THIS SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP IN WALES IN THE U.K., A REMARKABLE

IN THIS SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP IN WALES IN THE U.K., A REMARKABLE RECREATION OF THE MAKING OF THE

WALES IN THE U.K., A REMARKABLE RECREATION OF THE MAKING OF THE FAMOUS DEATH MASK IS UNDERWAY.

RECREATION OF THE MAKING OF THE FAMOUS DEATH MASK IS UNDERWAY. >> THE TOOLS THEY USED TO

FAMOUS DEATH MASK IS UNDERWAY. >> THE TOOLS THEY USED TO PRODUCE THIS AREN'T THAT

>> THE TOOLS THEY USED TO PRODUCE THIS AREN'T THAT DISSIMILAR TO THE KIND OF TOOLS

PRODUCE THIS AREN'T THAT DISSIMILAR TO THE KIND OF TOOLS WE USE NOWADAYS TO WORK WITH

DISSIMILAR TO THE KIND OF TOOLS WE USE NOWADAYS TO WORK WITH METAL.

WE USE NOWADAYS TO WORK WITH METAL. THEY WOULD HAVE WORKED WITH

METAL. THEY WOULD HAVE WORKED WITH BRONZE TOOLS, BUT FUNDAMENTALLY,

THEY WOULD HAVE WORKED WITH BRONZE TOOLS, BUT FUNDAMENTALLY, THEY WERE WORKING WITH HAMMERS

BRONZE TOOLS, BUT FUNDAMENTALLY, THEY WERE WORKING WITH HAMMERS AND CHISELS AND THAT'S IT, AND

THEY WERE WORKING WITH HAMMERS AND CHISELS AND THAT'S IT, AND JUST TO A VERY, VERY FINE

AND CHISELS AND THAT'S IT, AND JUST TO A VERY, VERY FINE DEGREE.

JUST TO A VERY, VERY FINE DEGREE. >> Narrator: THERE IS NO WRITTEN

DEGREE. >> Narrator: THERE IS NO WRITTEN RECORD OF HOW THE MASK WAS MADE.

>> Narrator: THERE IS NO WRITTEN RECORD OF HOW THE MASK WAS MADE. BUT IT APPEARS THE CRAFTSMAN

RECORD OF HOW THE MASK WAS MADE. BUT IT APPEARS THE CRAFTSMAN WOULD HAVE TO START BY MAKING AN

BUT IT APPEARS THE CRAFTSMAN WOULD HAVE TO START BY MAKING AN ALABASTER SCULPTURE OF

WOULD HAVE TO START BY MAKING AN ALABASTER SCULPTURE OF TUTANKHAMEN'S FACE TO WORK FROM.

ALABASTER SCULPTURE OF TUTANKHAMEN'S FACE TO WORK FROM. IT SEEMS A SHEET OF METAL WOULD

TUTANKHAMEN'S FACE TO WORK FROM. IT SEEMS A SHEET OF METAL WOULD THEN BE MOLDED TO THE SCULPTURE

IT SEEMS A SHEET OF METAL WOULD THEN BE MOLDED TO THE SCULPTURE BY GENTLY TAPPING IT.

THEN BE MOLDED TO THE SCULPTURE BY GENTLY TAPPING IT. >> SO THIS PROCESS OF MOLDING

BY GENTLY TAPPING IT. >> SO THIS PROCESS OF MOLDING THE METAL OVER THE SHAPE OF THE

>> SO THIS PROCESS OF MOLDING THE METAL OVER THE SHAPE OF THE HEAD CAN TAKE A LONG TIME.

THE METAL OVER THE SHAPE OF THE HEAD CAN TAKE A LONG TIME. THIS IS IT AFTER MANY HOURS'

HEAD CAN TAKE A LONG TIME. THIS IS IT AFTER MANY HOURS' WORK, AND YOU SEE WE ARE

THIS IS IT AFTER MANY HOURS' WORK, AND YOU SEE WE ARE BEGINNING TO SEE A MUCH GREATER

WORK, AND YOU SEE WE ARE BEGINNING TO SEE A MUCH GREATER DEGREE OF DEFINITION.

BEGINNING TO SEE A MUCH GREATER DEGREE OF DEFINITION. >> Narrator: PIECES LIKE THIS

DEGREE OF DEFINITION. >> Narrator: PIECES LIKE THIS THEN NEED TO BE SOLDERED

>> Narrator: PIECES LIKE THIS THEN NEED TO BE SOLDERED TOGETHER.

THEN NEED TO BE SOLDERED TOGETHER. HOW WOULD THE EGYPTIANS HAVE

TOGETHER. HOW WOULD THE EGYPTIANS HAVE MANAGED THIS?

HOW WOULD THE EGYPTIANS HAVE MANAGED THIS? IT'S A MYSTERY.

MANAGED THIS? IT'S A MYSTERY. >> SO WHAT WE WANT TO GET IS TO

IT'S A MYSTERY. >> SO WHAT WE WANT TO GET IS TO THIS STAGE.

>> SO WHAT WE WANT TO GET IS TO THIS STAGE. THERE'S STILL ROUGHNESS ON IT.

THIS STAGE. THERE'S STILL ROUGHNESS ON IT. YOU CAN STILL SEE THE JOINS.

THERE'S STILL ROUGHNESS ON IT. YOU CAN STILL SEE THE JOINS. THE NEXT STAGE NOW, WE'RE THEN

YOU CAN STILL SEE THE JOINS. THE NEXT STAGE NOW, WE'RE THEN GOING TO HAVE TO GO OVER THESE

THE NEXT STAGE NOW, WE'RE THEN GOING TO HAVE TO GO OVER THESE WITH A HOT IRON.

GOING TO HAVE TO GO OVER THESE WITH A HOT IRON. >> Narrator: WITH HEATED TOOLS,

WITH A HOT IRON. >> Narrator: WITH HEATED TOOLS, YOU CAN SMOOTH THE SURFACE.

>> Narrator: WITH HEATED TOOLS, YOU CAN SMOOTH THE SURFACE. IT'S A HUGELY DELICATE PROCESS

YOU CAN SMOOTH THE SURFACE. IT'S A HUGELY DELICATE PROCESS WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR.

IT'S A HUGELY DELICATE PROCESS WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR. BUT RESEARCHERS WONDER IF THE

WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR. BUT RESEARCHERS WONDER IF THE EGYPTIANS USED THIS HOT-TOOL

BUT RESEARCHERS WONDER IF THE EGYPTIANS USED THIS HOT-TOOL TECHNIQUE?

EGYPTIANS USED THIS HOT-TOOL TECHNIQUE? THE FACT IS WE SIMPLY DON'T

TECHNIQUE? THE FACT IS WE SIMPLY DON'T KNOW.

THE FACT IS WE SIMPLY DON'T KNOW. >> THE NEXT PROCESS THEN IS

KNOW. >> THE NEXT PROCESS THEN IS POLISHING IT'S ESSENTIALLY

>> THE NEXT PROCESS THEN IS POLISHING IT'S ESSENTIALLY SANDPAPER AND FILES AND RASPS TO

POLISHING IT'S ESSENTIALLY SANDPAPER AND FILES AND RASPS TO GET THE ABSOLUTELY PERFECT

SANDPAPER AND FILES AND RASPS TO GET THE ABSOLUTELY PERFECT MIRRORED FINISH THAT THE

GET THE ABSOLUTELY PERFECT MIRRORED FINISH THAT THE EGYPTIANS ACHIEVED.

MIRRORED FINISH THAT THE EGYPTIANS ACHIEVED. >> Narrator: THE CRAFTSMEN OF

EGYPTIANS ACHIEVED. >> Narrator: THE CRAFTSMEN OF THE TIME DIDN'T HAVE METAL FILES

>> Narrator: THE CRAFTSMEN OF THE TIME DIDN'T HAVE METAL FILES AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY.

THE TIME DIDN'T HAVE METAL FILES AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY. THEY DID HAVE A KIND OF

AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY. THEY DID HAVE A KIND OF SANDPAPER MADE FROM SYCAMORE

THEY DID HAVE A KIND OF SANDPAPER MADE FROM SYCAMORE BARK.

SANDPAPER MADE FROM SYCAMORE BARK. TO ACHIEVE THIS FINISH WITH THE

BARK. TO ACHIEVE THIS FINISH WITH THE TOOLS THEY HAD IS ASTONISHING.

TO ACHIEVE THIS FINISH WITH THE TOOLS THEY HAD IS ASTONISHING. >> YOU ARE HUMBLED BY THIS PIECE

TOOLS THEY HAD IS ASTONISHING. >> YOU ARE HUMBLED BY THIS PIECE OF ARTWORK.

>> YOU ARE HUMBLED BY THIS PIECE OF ARTWORK. THE WORK IN THIS IS LITERALLY

OF ARTWORK. THE WORK IN THIS IS LITERALLY AWE-INSPIRING.

THE WORK IN THIS IS LITERALLY AWE-INSPIRING. >> Narrator: THE EGYPTIANS

AWE-INSPIRING. >> Narrator: THE EGYPTIANS CLEARLY KNEW HOW TO MANIPULATE

>> Narrator: THE EGYPTIANS CLEARLY KNEW HOW TO MANIPULATE SMALL TOOLS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF

CLEARLY KNEW HOW TO MANIPULATE SMALL TOOLS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING BEAUTY.

SMALL TOOLS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING BEAUTY. NOT ONLY WERE TOOLS USED FOR

ASTONISHING BEAUTY. NOT ONLY WERE TOOLS USED FOR GREAT ART, BUT THE ANCIENTS WERE

NOT ONLY WERE TOOLS USED FOR GREAT ART, BUT THE ANCIENTS WERE ALSO ABLE TO CREATE TOOLS TO USE

GREAT ART, BUT THE ANCIENTS WERE ALSO ABLE TO CREATE TOOLS TO USE ON THEMSELVES.

ALSO ABLE TO CREATE TOOLS TO USE ON THEMSELVES. THE SPARSE RECORDS LEFT BEHIND

ON THEMSELVES. THE SPARSE RECORDS LEFT BEHIND CONTINUALLY GIVE US NEW CLUES.

THE SPARSE RECORDS LEFT BEHIND CONTINUALLY GIVE US NEW CLUES. THIS IS AN ASTONISHING WALL

CONTINUALLY GIVE US NEW CLUES. THIS IS AN ASTONISHING WALL PAINTING.

THIS IS AN ASTONISHING WALL PAINTING. IT SEEMS TO SHOW ANCIENT

PAINTING. IT SEEMS TO SHOW ANCIENT EGYPTIAN EYE SURGERY IN ACTION.

IT SEEMS TO SHOW ANCIENT EGYPTIAN EYE SURGERY IN ACTION. INCREDIBLY, THE ANCIENTS DID

EGYPTIAN EYE SURGERY IN ACTION. INCREDIBLY, THE ANCIENTS DID HAVE TOOLS CAPABLE OF SURGICAL

INCREDIBLY, THE ANCIENTS DID HAVE TOOLS CAPABLE OF SURGICAL PRECISION.

HAVE TOOLS CAPABLE OF SURGICAL PRECISION. AND THIS RECENT DISCOVERY IS ONE

PRECISION. AND THIS RECENT DISCOVERY IS ONE OF THOSE TOOLS.

AND THIS RECENT DISCOVERY IS ONE OF THOSE TOOLS. FROM THE ROMAN ERA, IT IS SO

OF THOSE TOOLS. FROM THE ROMAN ERA, IT IS SO SIMILAR TO TOOLS USED TODAY IT

FROM THE ROMAN ERA, IT IS SO SIMILAR TO TOOLS USED TODAY IT SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE.

SIMILAR TO TOOLS USED TODAY IT SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE. INCREDIBLY, ITS JOB IS TO REMOVE

SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE. INCREDIBLY, ITS JOB IS TO REMOVE THE CATARACT IN THE EYE.

INCREDIBLY, ITS JOB IS TO REMOVE THE CATARACT IN THE EYE. >> CATARACTS ARE CAUSED WHEN YOU

THE CATARACT IN THE EYE. >> CATARACTS ARE CAUSED WHEN YOU GET A BUILDUP OF PROTEIN BEHIND

>> CATARACTS ARE CAUSED WHEN YOU GET A BUILDUP OF PROTEIN BEHIND THE LENS IN THE HUMAN EYE.

GET A BUILDUP OF PROTEIN BEHIND THE LENS IN THE HUMAN EYE. SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS THE

THE LENS IN THE HUMAN EYE. SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS THE LENS OF AN EYE, THE CATARACTS

SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS THE LENS OF AN EYE, THE CATARACTS BUILD UP BEHIND THIS LENS AND

LENS OF AN EYE, THE CATARACTS BUILD UP BEHIND THIS LENS AND STOP THE LIGHT FROM GETTING

BUILD UP BEHIND THIS LENS AND STOP THE LIGHT FROM GETTING THROUGH CLEARLY ONTO THE

STOP THE LIGHT FROM GETTING THROUGH CLEARLY ONTO THE RETINA.

THROUGH CLEARLY ONTO THE RETINA. SO THE RESULT IS THAT THE

RETINA. SO THE RESULT IS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL WOULD EXPERIENCE A

SO THE RESULT IS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL WOULD EXPERIENCE A KIND OF CLOUDINESS IMPAIRING

INDIVIDUAL WOULD EXPERIENCE A KIND OF CLOUDINESS IMPAIRING THEIR VISION.

KIND OF CLOUDINESS IMPAIRING THEIR VISION. >> Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE

THEIR VISION. >> Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD, PHYSICIANS USED

>> Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD, PHYSICIANS USED NEEDLES FOR INTRICATE EYE

ANCIENT WORLD, PHYSICIANS USED NEEDLES FOR INTRICATE EYE SURGERY.

NEEDLES FOR INTRICATE EYE SURGERY. IN RECENT YEARS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS

SURGERY. IN RECENT YEARS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE UNCOVERED A RANGE OF ROMAN

IN RECENT YEARS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE UNCOVERED A RANGE OF ROMAN TOOLS DESIGNED FOR THIS

HAVE UNCOVERED A RANGE OF ROMAN TOOLS DESIGNED FOR THIS INCREDIBLY DELICATE OPERATION.

TOOLS DESIGNED FOR THIS INCREDIBLY DELICATE OPERATION. >> SO THIS IS A ROMAN CATARACT

INCREDIBLY DELICATE OPERATION. >> SO THIS IS A ROMAN CATARACT NEEDLE.

>> SO THIS IS A ROMAN CATARACT NEEDLE. IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY PRECISION

NEEDLE. IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY PRECISION INSTRUMENT, BEAUTIFULLY MADE,

IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY PRECISION INSTRUMENT, BEAUTIFULLY MADE, EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE.

INSTRUMENT, BEAUTIFULLY MADE, EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE. IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC

EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE. IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC INSTRUMENT.

IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC INSTRUMENT. IT IS A TREASURE IN ITS OWN

INSTRUMENT. IT IS A TREASURE IN ITS OWN RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE INFORMATION

IT IS A TREASURE IN ITS OWN RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE INFORMATION IT BRINGS US.

RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE INFORMATION IT BRINGS US. IT'S SIMPLE, BUT IT'S EFFECTIVE,

IT BRINGS US. IT'S SIMPLE, BUT IT'S EFFECTIVE, AND IT'S BEEN IN PEOPLE'S EYES.

IT'S SIMPLE, BUT IT'S EFFECTIVE, AND IT'S BEEN IN PEOPLE'S EYES. >> Narrator: TO CURE A CATARACT,

AND IT'S BEEN IN PEOPLE'S EYES. >> Narrator: TO CURE A CATARACT, THE ANCIENTS DEVELOPED A

>> Narrator: TO CURE A CATARACT, THE ANCIENTS DEVELOPED A TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS COUCHING.

THE ANCIENTS DEVELOPED A TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS COUCHING. SURGEONS WOULD EXPERTLY INSERT

TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS COUCHING. SURGEONS WOULD EXPERTLY INSERT THE NEEDLE INTO THE BACK OF THE

SURGEONS WOULD EXPERTLY INSERT THE NEEDLE INTO THE BACK OF THE EYE TO CUT AWAY THE CATARACT.

THE NEEDLE INTO THE BACK OF THE EYE TO CUT AWAY THE CATARACT. ONE SLIP COULD HAVE CAUSED

EYE TO CUT AWAY THE CATARACT. ONE SLIP COULD HAVE CAUSED PERMANENT BLINDNESS.

ONE SLIP COULD HAVE CAUSED PERMANENT BLINDNESS. >> LIGHT FLOODS BACK INTO THE

PERMANENT BLINDNESS. >> LIGHT FLOODS BACK INTO THE EYEBALL.

>> LIGHT FLOODS BACK INTO THE EYEBALL. HE'S LOST THE FOCUSING

EYEBALL. HE'S LOST THE FOCUSING MECHANISM, NOT THAT HE KNEW HE

HE'S LOST THE FOCUSING MECHANISM, NOT THAT HE KNEW HE HAD IT, BUT IT'S A SUCCESSFUL

MECHANISM, NOT THAT HE KNEW HE HAD IT, BUT IT'S A SUCCESSFUL OPERATION.

HAD IT, BUT IT'S A SUCCESSFUL OPERATION. HE CAN SEE MUCH BETTER THAN HE

OPERATION. HE CAN SEE MUCH BETTER THAN HE SAW BEFORE.

HE CAN SEE MUCH BETTER THAN HE SAW BEFORE. >> AND LET'S NOT FORGET THIS IS

SAW BEFORE. >> AND LET'S NOT FORGET THIS IS IN THE DAYS BEFORE PENICILLIN,

>> AND LET'S NOT FORGET THIS IS IN THE DAYS BEFORE PENICILLIN, BEFORE ANESTHETIC, AND YET THEY

IN THE DAYS BEFORE PENICILLIN, BEFORE ANESTHETIC, AND YET THEY HAD THE WHEREWITHAL TO TRY AND

BEFORE ANESTHETIC, AND YET THEY HAD THE WHEREWITHAL TO TRY AND ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.

HAD THE WHEREWITHAL TO TRY AND ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM. >> Narrator: BUT THE INNOVATION

ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM. >> Narrator: BUT THE INNOVATION DIDN'T STOP THERE.

>> Narrator: BUT THE INNOVATION DIDN'T STOP THERE. ON THE BED OF A RIVER IN

DIDN'T STOP THERE. ON THE BED OF A RIVER IN MONTBELLET, FRANCE,

ON THE BED OF A RIVER IN MONTBELLET, FRANCE, ARCHAEOLOGISTS CAME UPON AN

MONTBELLET, FRANCE, ARCHAEOLOGISTS CAME UPON AN INCREDIBLE FIND-- A CACHE OF

ARCHAEOLOGISTS CAME UPON AN INCREDIBLE FIND-- A CACHE OF NEEDLES THAT ONLY BEGAN TO

INCREDIBLE FIND-- A CACHE OF NEEDLES THAT ONLY BEGAN TO REVEAL THEIR SECRETS WHEN

NEEDLES THAT ONLY BEGAN TO REVEAL THEIR SECRETS WHEN X-RAYED.

REVEAL THEIR SECRETS WHEN X-RAYED. THEY WERE THE NEXT GENERATION OF

X-RAYED. THEY WERE THE NEXT GENERATION OF MEDICAL IMPLEMENTS WHOSE DESIGN

THEY WERE THE NEXT GENERATION OF MEDICAL IMPLEMENTS WHOSE DESIGN WAS 2,000 YEARS AHEAD OF THEIR

MEDICAL IMPLEMENTS WHOSE DESIGN WAS 2,000 YEARS AHEAD OF THEIR TIME.

WAS 2,000 YEARS AHEAD OF THEIR TIME. INCREDIBLY, THEY'RE REMARKABLY

TIME. INCREDIBLY, THEY'RE REMARKABLY SIMILAR TO THE TOOLS USED BY EYE

INCREDIBLY, THEY'RE REMARKABLY SIMILAR TO THE TOOLS USED BY EYE SURGEONS TODAY.

SIMILAR TO THE TOOLS USED BY EYE SURGEONS TODAY. AND THE CLUE HERE IS IN THE

SURGEONS TODAY. AND THE CLUE HERE IS IN THE BUILT-IN SUCTION TUBE.

AND THE CLUE HERE IS IN THE BUILT-IN SUCTION TUBE. >> SO THIS MODERN-DAY CATARACT

BUILT-IN SUCTION TUBE. >> SO THIS MODERN-DAY CATARACT NEEDLE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED OVER

>> SO THIS MODERN-DAY CATARACT NEEDLE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED OVER MANY, MANY YEARS.

NEEDLE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED OVER MANY, MANY YEARS. DURING MY SURGERY, THIS FINE

MANY, MANY YEARS. DURING MY SURGERY, THIS FINE ULTRASONIC NEEDLE IS TAKEN AND

DURING MY SURGERY, THIS FINE ULTRASONIC NEEDLE IS TAKEN AND PLACED THROUGH THE INCISION INTO

ULTRASONIC NEEDLE IS TAKEN AND PLACED THROUGH THE INCISION INTO THE EYE, AND THEN THE ULTRASONIC

PLACED THROUGH THE INCISION INTO THE EYE, AND THEN THE ULTRASONIC POWER IS USED TO BREAK UP THE

THE EYE, AND THEN THE ULTRASONIC POWER IS USED TO BREAK UP THE CATARACT, AND THEN IT'S ALSO

POWER IS USED TO BREAK UP THE CATARACT, AND THEN IT'S ALSO SUCKED UP THROUGH THE SAME

CATARACT, AND THEN IT'S ALSO SUCKED UP THROUGH THE SAME NEEDLE AND TAKEN AWAY.

SUCKED UP THROUGH THE SAME NEEDLE AND TAKEN AWAY. >> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THE

NEEDLE AND TAKEN AWAY. >> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THE ROMANS PERFORMED EYE OPERATIONS

>> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THE ROMANS PERFORMED EYE OPERATIONS IN JUST THE SAME WAY, THE

ROMANS PERFORMED EYE OPERATIONS IN JUST THE SAME WAY, THE NEEDLE BEING PART OF A HOLLOW

IN JUST THE SAME WAY, THE NEEDLE BEING PART OF A HOLLOW TUBE AND THE CATARACT BEING

NEEDLE BEING PART OF A HOLLOW TUBE AND THE CATARACT BEING LITERALLY SUCKED UP THROUGH THIS

TUBE AND THE CATARACT BEING LITERALLY SUCKED UP THROUGH THIS TUBE BY THE MOUTH OF THE DOCTOR.

LITERALLY SUCKED UP THROUGH THIS TUBE BY THE MOUTH OF THE DOCTOR. BUT THEN THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS

TUBE BY THE MOUTH OF THE DOCTOR. BUT THEN THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS FORGOTTEN.

BUT THEN THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS FORGOTTEN. FOR NEARLY 2,000 YEARS IT SEEMS

FORGOTTEN. FOR NEARLY 2,000 YEARS IT SEEMS WE IGNORED THE GENIUS OF THE

FOR NEARLY 2,000 YEARS IT SEEMS WE IGNORED THE GENIUS OF THE ANCIENTS AND LOST OUR WAY.

WE IGNORED THE GENIUS OF THE ANCIENTS AND LOST OUR WAY. >> AS WE MOVE THROUGH INTO THE

ANCIENTS AND LOST OUR WAY. >> AS WE MOVE THROUGH INTO THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WE THEN SEE

>> AS WE MOVE THROUGH INTO THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WE THEN SEE SURGEONS USING A VERY SHARP

MEDIEVAL AGES, WE THEN SEE SURGEONS USING A VERY SHARP KNIFE.

SURGEONS USING A VERY SHARP KNIFE. A BIG CUT WAS MADE RIGHT ACROSS

KNIFE. A BIG CUT WAS MADE RIGHT ACROSS THE EYE AND THEN THE LENS WAS

A BIG CUT WAS MADE RIGHT ACROSS THE EYE AND THEN THE LENS WAS ESSENTIALLY SQUEEZED OUT OF THE

THE EYE AND THEN THE LENS WAS ESSENTIALLY SQUEEZED OUT OF THE EYE.

ESSENTIALLY SQUEEZED OUT OF THE EYE. AND SINCE THEN, WE'VE GONE BACK

EYE. AND SINCE THEN, WE'VE GONE BACK TO SMALLER AND SMALLER AND

AND SINCE THEN, WE'VE GONE BACK TO SMALLER AND SMALLER AND SMALLER INCISIONS INTO THE EYE

TO SMALLER AND SMALLER AND SMALLER INCISIONS INTO THE EYE DOWN TO ALMOST THE SAME SIZE AS

SMALLER INCISIONS INTO THE EYE DOWN TO ALMOST THE SAME SIZE AS THIS NEEDLE WOULD CREATE INTO

DOWN TO ALMOST THE SAME SIZE AS THIS NEEDLE WOULD CREATE INTO THE EYE.

THIS NEEDLE WOULD CREATE INTO THE EYE. TO THINK THAT 2,000 YEARS AGO

THE EYE. TO THINK THAT 2,000 YEARS AGO THE ROMANS WERE USING AN

TO THINK THAT 2,000 YEARS AGO THE ROMANS WERE USING AN INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS TO REMOVE

THE ROMANS WERE USING AN INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS TO REMOVE CATARACTS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.

INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS TO REMOVE CATARACTS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING. >> Narrator: IT'S AN

CATARACTS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING. >> Narrator: IT'S AN ASTONISHINGLY DELICATE

>> Narrator: IT'S AN ASTONISHINGLY DELICATE CONSTRUCTION, A NEEDLE WITHIN A

ASTONISHINGLY DELICATE CONSTRUCTION, A NEEDLE WITHIN A TUBE, CONSTRUCTED WITH

CONSTRUCTION, A NEEDLE WITHIN A TUBE, CONSTRUCTED WITH MICROSCOPIC ACCURACY.

TUBE, CONSTRUCTED WITH MICROSCOPIC ACCURACY. IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, BUT HOW

MICROSCOPIC ACCURACY. IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, BUT HOW MIGHT A TUBE SO THIN HAVE BEEN

IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, BUT HOW MIGHT A TUBE SO THIN HAVE BEEN MADE?

MIGHT A TUBE SO THIN HAVE BEEN MADE? >> SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AND

MADE? >> SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AND DELICATE AND PRECISE AS THIS

>> SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AND DELICATE AND PRECISE AS THIS WOULD PROBABLY BE THE PEAK OF

DELICATE AND PRECISE AS THIS WOULD PROBABLY BE THE PEAK OF THEIR SORT OF LEVEL OF

WOULD PROBABLY BE THE PEAK OF THEIR SORT OF LEVEL OF CONSTRUCTION.

THEIR SORT OF LEVEL OF CONSTRUCTION. THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS KNEW THAT

CONSTRUCTION. THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS KNEW THAT HEATING AND THEN COOLING A METAL

THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS KNEW THAT HEATING AND THEN COOLING A METAL CHANGED ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

HEATING AND THEN COOLING A METAL CHANGED ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE TO MAKE IT SOFTER AND EASIER TO

CHANGED ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE TO MAKE IT SOFTER AND EASIER TO WORK.

TO MAKE IT SOFTER AND EASIER TO WORK. IT WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED.

WORK. IT WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED. >> THIS LEVEL OF PRECISION

IT WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED. >> THIS LEVEL OF PRECISION PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE SEEN AGAIN

>> THIS LEVEL OF PRECISION PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE SEEN AGAIN IN EUROPE UNTIL MUCH, MUCH

PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE SEEN AGAIN IN EUROPE UNTIL MUCH, MUCH LATER, ANOTHER THOUSAND YEARS

IN EUROPE UNTIL MUCH, MUCH LATER, ANOTHER THOUSAND YEARS UNTIL THE EARLY CLOCK AND

LATER, ANOTHER THOUSAND YEARS UNTIL THE EARLY CLOCK AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS OF THE

UNTIL THE EARLY CLOCK AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS OF THE 14th AND 15th CENTURY.

INSTRUMENT MAKERS OF THE 14th AND 15th CENTURY. >> Narrator: IT WAS A TOOL THAT

14th AND 15th CENTURY. >> Narrator: IT WAS A TOOL THAT WAS BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND ONE THAT

>> Narrator: IT WAS A TOOL THAT WAS BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND ONE THAT HAD TO BE MADE WITH ASTONISHING

WAS BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND ONE THAT HAD TO BE MADE WITH ASTONISHING PRECISION.

HAD TO BE MADE WITH ASTONISHING PRECISION. >> IT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT

PRECISION. >> IT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT THAT THIS THING WORKED PROPERLY.

>> IT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT THAT THIS THING WORKED PROPERLY. YOU'RE STICKING THIS IN

THAT THIS THING WORKED PROPERLY. YOU'RE STICKING THIS IN SOMEBODY'S EYE, EFFECTIVELY.

YOU'RE STICKING THIS IN SOMEBODY'S EYE, EFFECTIVELY. IT'S GOT TO BE ACCURATE.

SOMEBODY'S EYE, EFFECTIVELY. IT'S GOT TO BE ACCURATE. IT'S GOT TO WORK.

IT'S GOT TO BE ACCURATE. IT'S GOT TO WORK. >> Narrator: THE ROMANS CREATED

IT'S GOT TO WORK. >> Narrator: THE ROMANS CREATED THE PERFECT TOOL TO SAVE A

>> Narrator: THE ROMANS CREATED THE PERFECT TOOL TO SAVE A PERSON'S SIGHT, AND YET WE CAN

THE PERFECT TOOL TO SAVE A PERSON'S SIGHT, AND YET WE CAN NEVER KNOW WHY THIS TECHNOLOGY

PERSON'S SIGHT, AND YET WE CAN NEVER KNOW WHY THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS LOST FOR NEARLY A THOUSAND

NEVER KNOW WHY THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS LOST FOR NEARLY A THOUSAND YEARS.

WAS LOST FOR NEARLY A THOUSAND YEARS. BUT IMAGINE WHAT OUR WORLD WOULD

YEARS. BUT IMAGINE WHAT OUR WORLD WOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE IF IT WERE NOT.

>> Narrator: THE ANCIENTS DIDN'T JUST PRODUCE POWER TOOLS CAPABLE OF TACKLING THE CONSTRUCTION OF

JUST PRODUCE POWER TOOLS CAPABLE OF TACKLING THE CONSTRUCTION OF GIANT MONUMENTS.

OF TACKLING THE CONSTRUCTION OF GIANT MONUMENTS. THEY WERE INGENIOUS ENOUGH TO

GIANT MONUMENTS. THEY WERE INGENIOUS ENOUGH TO MAKE TOOLS THAT WERE CAPABLE OF

THEY WERE INGENIOUS ENOUGH TO MAKE TOOLS THAT WERE CAPABLE OF EVEN THE MOST DELICATE SURGICAL

MAKE TOOLS THAT WERE CAPABLE OF EVEN THE MOST DELICATE SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

EVEN THE MOST DELICATE SURGICAL OPERATIONS. AND THEIR SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP,

OPERATIONS. AND THEIR SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP, TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EVEN EXTEND

AND THEIR SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP, TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EVEN EXTEND TO SOMETHING THAT WE TAKE FOR

TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EVEN EXTEND TO SOMETHING THAT WE TAKE FOR GRANTED TODAY, THE POCKET

TO SOMETHING THAT WE TAKE FOR GRANTED TODAY, THE POCKET MULTI-TOOL.

GRANTED TODAY, THE POCKET MULTI-TOOL. AT THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, IN

MULTI-TOOL. AT THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, IN CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND,

AT THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, IN CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, ARCHAEOLOGIST MARY-ANN OCHOTA IS

CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, ARCHAEOLOGIST MARY-ANN OCHOTA IS HERE TO EXAMINE THE ONLY

ARCHAEOLOGIST MARY-ANN OCHOTA IS HERE TO EXAMINE THE ONLY SURVIVING EXAMPLE OF ITS TYPE,

HERE TO EXAMINE THE ONLY SURVIVING EXAMPLE OF ITS TYPE, UNEARTHED FROM A SITE IN THE

SURVIVING EXAMPLE OF ITS TYPE, UNEARTHED FROM A SITE IN THE ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN.

UNEARTHED FROM A SITE IN THE ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN. >> THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY

ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN. >> THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY INGENIOUS TOOL, AND IT'S

>> THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY INGENIOUS TOOL, AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S

INGENIOUS TOOL, AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S 1,800 YEARS OLD.

STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S 1,800 YEARS OLD. THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN CUTTING-

1,800 YEARS OLD. THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN CUTTING- EDGE, MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR A

THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN CUTTING- EDGE, MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR A WEALTHY TRAVELER TO CARRY.

EDGE, MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR A WEALTHY TRAVELER TO CARRY. >> Narrator: THE REASON THIS

WEALTHY TRAVELER TO CARRY. >> Narrator: THE REASON THIS TOOL EXISTS TODAY IS BECAUSE IT

>> Narrator: THE REASON THIS TOOL EXISTS TODAY IS BECAUSE IT WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS FROM A

TOOL EXISTS TODAY IS BECAUSE IT WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS FROM A METAL THAT COULD SURVIVE BEING

WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS FROM A METAL THAT COULD SURVIVE BEING BURIED FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS.

METAL THAT COULD SURVIVE BEING BURIED FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS. >> IT'S IN FANTASTIC CONDITION

BURIED FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS. >> IT'S IN FANTASTIC CONDITION BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF SILVER.

>> IT'S IN FANTASTIC CONDITION BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF SILVER. YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO CHECK

BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF SILVER. YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO CHECK IN TO THE BEST HOTEL OR FIND THE

YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO CHECK IN TO THE BEST HOTEL OR FIND THE BEST PLACE TO EAT.

IN TO THE BEST HOTEL OR FIND THE BEST PLACE TO EAT. YOU NEED ALL THE GADGETS THAT

BEST PLACE TO EAT. YOU NEED ALL THE GADGETS THAT YOU REQUIRE WITH YOU.

YOU NEED ALL THE GADGETS THAT YOU REQUIRE WITH YOU. THIS GIVES YOU A SPOON, IT GIVES

YOU REQUIRE WITH YOU. THIS GIVES YOU A SPOON, IT GIVES YOU A FORK, IT GIVES YOU A

THIS GIVES YOU A SPOON, IT GIVES YOU A FORK, IT GIVES YOU A KNIFE, GIVES YOU A SPIKE, A TINY

YOU A FORK, IT GIVES YOU A KNIFE, GIVES YOU A SPIKE, A TINY SPATULA.

KNIFE, GIVES YOU A SPIKE, A TINY SPATULA. IT MEANS THAT YOU'VE GOT ALL

SPATULA. IT MEANS THAT YOU'VE GOT ALL THOSE REALLY USEFUL FUNCTIONAL

IT MEANS THAT YOU'VE GOT ALL THOSE REALLY USEFUL FUNCTIONAL ITEMS TUCKED AWAY IN YOUR POCKET

THOSE REALLY USEFUL FUNCTIONAL ITEMS TUCKED AWAY IN YOUR POCKET BUT WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, IT'S

ITEMS TUCKED AWAY IN YOUR POCKET BUT WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, IT'S MADE OF SILVER.

BUT WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, IT'S MADE OF SILVER. THIS IS NO AVERAGE UTILITY

MADE OF SILVER. THIS IS NO AVERAGE UTILITY KNIFE.

THIS IS NO AVERAGE UTILITY KNIFE. >> Narrator: ALMOST 1,800 YEARS

KNIFE. >> Narrator: ALMOST 1,800 YEARS BEFORE ITS REINVENTION IN THE

>> Narrator: ALMOST 1,800 YEARS BEFORE ITS REINVENTION IN THE WEST, THE ROMAN MULTI-TOOL WAS A

BEFORE ITS REINVENTION IN THE WEST, THE ROMAN MULTI-TOOL WAS A STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE SAME

WEST, THE ROMAN MULTI-TOOL WAS A STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE SAME CRAFTSMANSHIP THAT WENT INTO

STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE SAME CRAFTSMANSHIP THAT WENT INTO CREATING ROMAN SURGICAL TOOLS.

CRAFTSMANSHIP THAT WENT INTO CREATING ROMAN SURGICAL TOOLS. THIS SOLID SILVER REPRODUCTION

CREATING ROMAN SURGICAL TOOLS. THIS SOLID SILVER REPRODUCTION SHOWS THE LEVEL OF SKILL THEY

THIS SOLID SILVER REPRODUCTION SHOWS THE LEVEL OF SKILL THEY POSSESSED.

SHOWS THE LEVEL OF SKILL THEY POSSESSED. IT DID EVERYTHING A MODERN

POSSESSED. IT DID EVERYTHING A MODERN MULTI-TOOL WOULD DO, BUT SOME

IT DID EVERYTHING A MODERN MULTI-TOOL WOULD DO, BUT SOME WOULD SAY BETTER AND MORE

MULTI-TOOL WOULD DO, BUT SOME WOULD SAY BETTER AND MORE ELEGANTLY.

WOULD SAY BETTER AND MORE ELEGANTLY. >> THESE TOOLS, THESE

ELEGANTLY. >> THESE TOOLS, THESE MULTI-TOOLS THAT WERE

>> THESE TOOLS, THESE MULTI-TOOLS THAT WERE MASS-PRODUCED BECAME POPULAR IN

MULTI-TOOLS THAT WERE MASS-PRODUCED BECAME POPULAR IN THE 1880s WITH SOLDIERS AS A

MASS-PRODUCED BECAME POPULAR IN THE 1880s WITH SOLDIERS AS A REALLY FUNCTIONAL TOOL THEY

THE 1880s WITH SOLDIERS AS A REALLY FUNCTIONAL TOOL THEY COULD KEEP IN THEIR POCKET THAT

REALLY FUNCTIONAL TOOL THEY COULD KEEP IN THEIR POCKET THAT WOULD ENABLE THEM TO PREPARE

COULD KEEP IN THEIR POCKET THAT WOULD ENABLE THEM TO PREPARE FOOD IN THE FIELD AND ALSO

WOULD ENABLE THEM TO PREPARE FOOD IN THE FIELD AND ALSO MAINTAIN THEIR WEAPON.

FOOD IN THE FIELD AND ALSO MAINTAIN THEIR WEAPON. THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS ITS ROMAN

MAINTAIN THEIR WEAPON. THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS ITS ROMAN PREDECESSOR ISN'T JUST ABOUT

THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS ITS ROMAN PREDECESSOR ISN'T JUST ABOUT FUNCTION.

PREDECESSOR ISN'T JUST ABOUT FUNCTION. IT'S INCREDIBLY WELL-TOOLED.

FUNCTION. IT'S INCREDIBLY WELL-TOOLED. IT'S INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFULLY

IT'S INCREDIBLY WELL-TOOLED. IT'S INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFULLY ENGINEERED.

IT'S INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFULLY ENGINEERED. THIS IS ALSO ABOUT PRESTIGE,

ENGINEERED. THIS IS ALSO ABOUT PRESTIGE, IT'S ABOUT EATING WELL WHEN

THIS IS ALSO ABOUT PRESTIGE, IT'S ABOUT EATING WELL WHEN YOU'RE ON THE ROAD.

IT'S ABOUT EATING WELL WHEN YOU'RE ON THE ROAD. IT'S ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LOOK

YOU'RE ON THE ROAD. IT'S ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LOOK AFTER YOURSELF, AND IT'S ALSO A

IT'S ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LOOK AFTER YOURSELF, AND IT'S ALSO A LITTLE BIT ABOUT SHOWING OFF.

AFTER YOURSELF, AND IT'S ALSO A LITTLE BIT ABOUT SHOWING OFF. IT JUST GOES TO SHOW HOW AHEAD

LITTLE BIT ABOUT SHOWING OFF. IT JUST GOES TO SHOW HOW AHEAD OF THEIR TIME THE ANCIENT ROMANS

IT JUST GOES TO SHOW HOW AHEAD OF THEIR TIME THE ANCIENT ROMANS REALLY WERE.

OF THEIR TIME THE ANCIENT ROMANS REALLY WERE. >> Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE

REALLY WERE. >> Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE ANCIENTS CREATED AN IMPOSSIBLY

>> Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE ANCIENTS CREATED AN IMPOSSIBLY MODERN TOOL.

ANCIENTS CREATED AN IMPOSSIBLY MODERN TOOL. MANY BELIEVE NO-ONE COULD

MODERN TOOL. MANY BELIEVE NO-ONE COULD POSSESS TOOLS AS POWERFUL AS

MANY BELIEVE NO-ONE COULD POSSESS TOOLS AS POWERFUL AS OURS TODAY.

POSSESS TOOLS AS POWERFUL AS OURS TODAY. BUT THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. WAS

OURS TODAY. BUT THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. WAS THE HEIGHT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

BUT THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. WAS THE HEIGHT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. COULD THEY HAVE HAD TOOLS JUST

THE HEIGHT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. COULD THEY HAVE HAD TOOLS JUST AS ADVANCED AS OUR OWN?

COULD THEY HAVE HAD TOOLS JUST AS ADVANCED AS OUR OWN? THEIR EMPIRE WAS LITTERED WITH

AS ADVANCED AS OUR OWN? THEIR EMPIRE WAS LITTERED WITH BUILDINGS BUILT FROM MARBLE.

THEIR EMPIRE WAS LITTERED WITH BUILDINGS BUILT FROM MARBLE. BUT HOW DID THEY DO THIS?

BUILDINGS BUILT FROM MARBLE. BUT HOW DID THEY DO THIS? MAYBE A CLUE CAN BE FOUND IN

BUT HOW DID THEY DO THIS? MAYBE A CLUE CAN BE FOUND IN EPHESUS, ON THE COAST OF WHAT IS

MAYBE A CLUE CAN BE FOUND IN EPHESUS, ON THE COAST OF WHAT IS NOW TURKEY.

EPHESUS, ON THE COAST OF WHAT IS NOW TURKEY. THIS RAW MATERIAL WAS THE MAKING

NOW TURKEY. THIS RAW MATERIAL WAS THE MAKING OF EPHESUS, WHICH WAS SECOND

THIS RAW MATERIAL WAS THE MAKING OF EPHESUS, WHICH WAS SECOND ONLY TO ROME IN SIZE.

OF EPHESUS, WHICH WAS SECOND ONLY TO ROME IN SIZE. A HUGE TRADING CENTRE, ITS OWN

ONLY TO ROME IN SIZE. A HUGE TRADING CENTRE, ITS OWN BUILDINGS WERE SLICED FROM THE

A HUGE TRADING CENTRE, ITS OWN BUILDINGS WERE SLICED FROM THE PRECIOUS STONE, MARBLE, ON A

BUILDINGS WERE SLICED FROM THE PRECIOUS STONE, MARBLE, ON A COLOSSAL SCALE.

PRECIOUS STONE, MARBLE, ON A COLOSSAL SCALE. THIS FABLED CITY HAS BEEN

COLOSSAL SCALE. THIS FABLED CITY HAS BEEN CLOSELY STUDIED BY ARCHAEOLOGIST

THIS FABLED CITY HAS BEEN CLOSELY STUDIED BY ARCHAEOLOGIST DARIUS ARYA.

CLOSELY STUDIED BY ARCHAEOLOGIST DARIUS ARYA. >> THIS IS A PLACE THAT WAS IN

DARIUS ARYA. >> THIS IS A PLACE THAT WAS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO GRAND

>> THIS IS A PLACE THAT WAS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO GRAND QUARRIES OF MARBLE.

CLOSE PROXIMITY TO GRAND QUARRIES OF MARBLE. AND THIS PLACE HAD AN APPETITE

QUARRIES OF MARBLE. AND THIS PLACE HAD AN APPETITE FOR MARBLE.

AND THIS PLACE HAD AN APPETITE FOR MARBLE. FOR CENTURIES AND CENTURIES ALL

FOR MARBLE. FOR CENTURIES AND CENTURIES ALL THE WAY INTO THE 6th AND 7th

FOR CENTURIES AND CENTURIES ALL THE WAY INTO THE 6th AND 7th CENTURIES A.D.

THE WAY INTO THE 6th AND 7th CENTURIES A.D. >> Narrator: THE QUARRIES OF

CENTURIES A.D. >> Narrator: THE QUARRIES OF EPHESUS PRODUCED ENOUGH MARBLE

>> Narrator: THE QUARRIES OF EPHESUS PRODUCED ENOUGH MARBLE TO BUILD THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS,

EPHESUS PRODUCED ENOUGH MARBLE TO BUILD THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, SINCE LOST TO HISTORY AND ONE OF

TO BUILD THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, SINCE LOST TO HISTORY AND ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT

SINCE LOST TO HISTORY AND ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THEY EVEN BUILT A ROAD OF SOLID

WORLD. THEY EVEN BUILT A ROAD OF SOLID MARBLE 2,500 FEET LONG.

THEY EVEN BUILT A ROAD OF SOLID MARBLE 2,500 FEET LONG. THE TEMPLE WAS ON THIS AMAZING

MARBLE 2,500 FEET LONG. THE TEMPLE WAS ON THIS AMAZING ROAD, AS WAS A GREAT THEATER

THE TEMPLE WAS ON THIS AMAZING ROAD, AS WAS A GREAT THEATER WHICH COULD HOLD 25,000

ROAD, AS WAS A GREAT THEATER WHICH COULD HOLD 25,000 SPECTATORS.

WHICH COULD HOLD 25,000 SPECTATORS. BUT WITH SIMPLE TOOLS LIKE SAWS,

SPECTATORS. BUT WITH SIMPLE TOOLS LIKE SAWS, IT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE TO

BUT WITH SIMPLE TOOLS LIKE SAWS, IT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE TO PRODUCE MARBLE ON SUCH AN

IT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE TO PRODUCE MARBLE ON SUCH AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE.

PRODUCE MARBLE ON SUCH AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE. >> WELL, IT'S A VERY LABORIOUS,

INDUSTRIAL SCALE. >> WELL, IT'S A VERY LABORIOUS, TEDIOUS PROCESS BECAUSE YOU'VE

>> WELL, IT'S A VERY LABORIOUS, TEDIOUS PROCESS BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT TWO GUYS THAT ARE CUTTING

TEDIOUS PROCESS BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT TWO GUYS THAT ARE CUTTING BLOCKS OF STONE.

GOT TWO GUYS THAT ARE CUTTING BLOCKS OF STONE. VERY LONG PROCESS, VERY LABOR-

BLOCKS OF STONE. VERY LONG PROCESS, VERY LABOR- INTENSIVE.

VERY LONG PROCESS, VERY LABOR- INTENSIVE. >> Narrator: HOW COULD MERE HAND

INTENSIVE. >> Narrator: HOW COULD MERE HAND TOOLS PRODUCE ENOUGH MARBLE TO

>> Narrator: HOW COULD MERE HAND TOOLS PRODUCE ENOUGH MARBLE TO BUILD AN EMPIRE?

TOOLS PRODUCE ENOUGH MARBLE TO BUILD AN EMPIRE? HERE IN TURKEY IS AN INTRIGUING

BUILD AN EMPIRE? HERE IN TURKEY IS AN INTRIGUING CLUE.

HERE IN TURKEY IS AN INTRIGUING CLUE. COULD THIS IMAGE, ON A

CLUE. COULD THIS IMAGE, ON A SARCOPHAGUS LID FROM THE 3rd

COULD THIS IMAGE, ON A SARCOPHAGUS LID FROM THE 3rd CENTURY A.D., BE A MARBLE-

SARCOPHAGUS LID FROM THE 3rd CENTURY A.D., BE A MARBLE- CUTTING MACHINE?

CENTURY A.D., BE A MARBLE- CUTTING MACHINE? IS IT EVIDENCE OF A WATER-

CUTTING MACHINE? IS IT EVIDENCE OF A WATER- POWERED TOOL THAT WOULD BE THE

IS IT EVIDENCE OF A WATER- POWERED TOOL THAT WOULD BE THE DRIVING FORCE OF INDUSTRY FOR

POWERED TOOL THAT WOULD BE THE DRIVING FORCE OF INDUSTRY FOR THE NEXT 2,000 YEARS?

>> Narrator: STEEL AND SKYSCRAPERS ARE HOW WE BUILD TODAY.

SKYSCRAPERS ARE HOW WE BUILD TODAY. BUT MARBLE WAS THE MATERIAL OF

TODAY. BUT MARBLE WAS THE MATERIAL OF CHOICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.

BUT MARBLE WAS THE MATERIAL OF CHOICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. BUT THE DEMAND FOR MARBLE TO

CHOICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. BUT THE DEMAND FOR MARBLE TO BUILD THE MONUMENTS WAS SO

BUT THE DEMAND FOR MARBLE TO BUILD THE MONUMENTS WAS SO GREAT, HOW COULD WORKERS WITH

BUILD THE MONUMENTS WAS SO GREAT, HOW COULD WORKERS WITH MERE HAND SAWS RESPOND?

GREAT, HOW COULD WORKERS WITH MERE HAND SAWS RESPOND? THE LID OF A SARCOPHAGUS FROM

MERE HAND SAWS RESPOND? THE LID OF A SARCOPHAGUS FROM THE 3rd CENTURY A.D. MIGHT SHOW

THE LID OF A SARCOPHAGUS FROM THE 3rd CENTURY A.D. MIGHT SHOW US THE ANSWER, THE FIRST

THE 3rd CENTURY A.D. MIGHT SHOW US THE ANSWER, THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A GIANT INDUSTRIAL

US THE ANSWER, THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A GIANT INDUSTRIAL SAW.

EVIDENCE OF A GIANT INDUSTRIAL SAW. THIS POWER TOOL IS DRIVEN BY

SAW. THIS POWER TOOL IS DRIVEN BY SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A

THIS POWER TOOL IS DRIVEN BY SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A MODERN WATER WHEEL.

SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A MODERN WATER WHEEL. IF TRUE, THEN REMARKABLY, IT'S

MODERN WATER WHEEL. IF TRUE, THEN REMARKABLY, IT'S EVIDENCE OF ONE OF THE FIRST

IF TRUE, THEN REMARKABLY, IT'S EVIDENCE OF ONE OF THE FIRST ENGINES, SOMETHING THAT HAS

EVIDENCE OF ONE OF THE FIRST ENGINES, SOMETHING THAT HAS POWERED TOOLS UP TO THE

ENGINES, SOMETHING THAT HAS POWERED TOOLS UP TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY.

POWERED TOOLS UP TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY. ENGINEER DICK STRAWBRIDGE HAS

BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY. ENGINEER DICK STRAWBRIDGE HAS COME TO COMPARE THE ANCIENT

ENGINEER DICK STRAWBRIDGE HAS COME TO COMPARE THE ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS WATERMILL

COME TO COMPARE THE ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS WATERMILL IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND.

TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS WATERMILL IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND. >> THERE'S BEEN A WATER WHEEL

IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND. >> THERE'S BEEN A WATER WHEEL HERE FOR OVER 800 YEARS.

>> THERE'S BEEN A WATER WHEEL HERE FOR OVER 800 YEARS. IT'S A GREAT WAY OF CAPTURING

HERE FOR OVER 800 YEARS. IT'S A GREAT WAY OF CAPTURING THE ENERGY FOR THE WATER.

IT'S A GREAT WAY OF CAPTURING THE ENERGY FOR THE WATER. FURTHER UPSTREAM, THE WATER'S AT

THE ENERGY FOR THE WATER. FURTHER UPSTREAM, THE WATER'S AT A HIGH LEVEL, AND THEN WE'VE GOT

FURTHER UPSTREAM, THE WATER'S AT A HIGH LEVEL, AND THEN WE'VE GOT A LOW LEVEL HERE.

A HIGH LEVEL, AND THEN WE'VE GOT A LOW LEVEL HERE. AS THE WATER DROPS, IT TURNS

A LOW LEVEL HERE. AS THE WATER DROPS, IT TURNS THIS HUGE, BIG WHEEL.

AS THE WATER DROPS, IT TURNS THIS HUGE, BIG WHEEL. THERE'S ABOUT A TON OF WATER AT

THIS HUGE, BIG WHEEL. THERE'S ABOUT A TON OF WATER AT 8 FEET.

THERE'S ABOUT A TON OF WATER AT 8 FEET. THAT'S A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF

8 FEET. THAT'S A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF TURNING THAT IT DOES.

THAT'S A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF TURNING THAT IT DOES. GO BACK TO EPHESUS, AND WE'RE

TURNING THAT IT DOES. GO BACK TO EPHESUS, AND WE'RE TALKING 1,500 YEARS AGO, AND

GO BACK TO EPHESUS, AND WE'RE TALKING 1,500 YEARS AGO, AND SOMEBODY SAID, "I'VE GOT A

TALKING 1,500 YEARS AGO, AND SOMEBODY SAID, "I'VE GOT A WATER WHEEL.

SOMEBODY SAID, "I'VE GOT A WATER WHEEL. YOU KNOW, I'VE GOT A PROBLEM.

WATER WHEEL. YOU KNOW, I'VE GOT A PROBLEM. I WANT TO SAW MARBLE."

YOU KNOW, I'VE GOT A PROBLEM. I WANT TO SAW MARBLE." GREAT THING ABOUT IT-- YOU GET

I WANT TO SAW MARBLE." GREAT THING ABOUT IT-- YOU GET RID OF ALL THAT BACK-BREAKING

GREAT THING ABOUT IT-- YOU GET RID OF ALL THAT BACK-BREAKING WORK.

RID OF ALL THAT BACK-BREAKING WORK. YOU CAN ACTUALLY CUT MARBLE ON

WORK. YOU CAN ACTUALLY CUT MARBLE ON AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE.

YOU CAN ACTUALLY CUT MARBLE ON AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE. THAT WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM SUCH

AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE. THAT WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM SUCH AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT CAME TO

THAT WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM SUCH AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT CAME TO BUILDING, AND BUILDING WITH

AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT CAME TO BUILDING, AND BUILDING WITH MARBLE IS SO BEAUTIFUL.

BUILDING, AND BUILDING WITH MARBLE IS SO BEAUTIFUL. THE WHOLE INDUSTRY POWERED BY

MARBLE IS SO BEAUTIFUL. THE WHOLE INDUSTRY POWERED BY WATER-- WHAT A GREAT IDEA.

THE WHOLE INDUSTRY POWERED BY WATER-- WHAT A GREAT IDEA. >> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THEY

WATER-- WHAT A GREAT IDEA. >> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THEY HAD THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THIS IN

>> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THEY HAD THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THIS IN EPHESUS 1,500 YEARS AGO WITH

HAD THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THIS IN EPHESUS 1,500 YEARS AGO WITH WATER WHEELS POWERING

EPHESUS 1,500 YEARS AGO WITH WATER WHEELS POWERING MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINES CHURNING

WATER WHEELS POWERING MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINES CHURNING OUT MARBLE FROM QUARRIES ACROSS

MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINES CHURNING OUT MARBLE FROM QUARRIES ACROSS THE CITY.

OUT MARBLE FROM QUARRIES ACROSS THE CITY. THE WOODEN WATER WHEELS OF

THE CITY. THE WOODEN WATER WHEELS OF EPHESUS HAVE SINCE TURNED TO

THE WOODEN WATER WHEELS OF EPHESUS HAVE SINCE TURNED TO DUST, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE OF

EPHESUS HAVE SINCE TURNED TO DUST, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE OF THEM, IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK.

DUST, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE OF THEM, IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK. >> HERE WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING

THEM, IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK. >> HERE WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PROCESS.

>> HERE WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PROCESS. WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS THE PART

OF THE PROCESS. WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS THE PART OF THE SYSTEM WHERE THE WATER

WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS THE PART OF THE SYSTEM WHERE THE WATER FLOWS DOWN AND HITS A WATER

OF THE SYSTEM WHERE THE WATER FLOWS DOWN AND HITS A WATER WHEEL.

FLOWS DOWN AND HITS A WATER WHEEL. AND THIS IS ABOUT 13 FEET UP.

WHEEL. AND THIS IS ABOUT 13 FEET UP. AND THE WATER WOULD COME

AND THIS IS ABOUT 13 FEET UP. AND THE WATER WOULD COME CASCADING DOWN, HITTING A WATER

AND THE WATER WOULD COME CASCADING DOWN, HITTING A WATER WHEEL IN WOOD.

CASCADING DOWN, HITTING A WATER WHEEL IN WOOD. WE DON'T HAVE THE WATER WHEEL,

WHEEL IN WOOD. WE DON'T HAVE THE WATER WHEEL, BUT WE DO HAVE THE SLOT IN WHICH

WE DON'T HAVE THE WATER WHEEL, BUT WE DO HAVE THE SLOT IN WHICH IT WAS PLACED.

BUT WE DO HAVE THE SLOT IN WHICH IT WAS PLACED. >> Narrator: THESE WATER-POWERED

IT WAS PLACED. >> Narrator: THESE WATER-POWERED MARBLE-CUTTERS BUILT AN EMPIRE.

>> Narrator: THESE WATER-POWERED MARBLE-CUTTERS BUILT AN EMPIRE. BUT THEY HAD TO EVOLVE.

MARBLE-CUTTERS BUILT AN EMPIRE. BUT THEY HAD TO EVOLVE. ANCIENT BUILDERS NEEDED TO ADAPT

BUT THEY HAD TO EVOLVE. ANCIENT BUILDERS NEEDED TO ADAPT THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE LOOK OF

ANCIENT BUILDERS NEEDED TO ADAPT THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE LOOK OF SOLID MARBLE, BUT WITHOUT THE

THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE LOOK OF SOLID MARBLE, BUT WITHOUT THE COST.

SOLID MARBLE, BUT WITHOUT THE COST. >> THEY CAN'T JUST ALWAYS HAVE

COST. >> THEY CAN'T JUST ALWAYS HAVE SOLID COLUMNS AND SOLID BIG

>> THEY CAN'T JUST ALWAYS HAVE SOLID COLUMNS AND SOLID BIG BLOCKS OF MARBLE.

SOLID COLUMNS AND SOLID BIG BLOCKS OF MARBLE. THEY NEED ANOTHER SOLUTION.

BLOCKS OF MARBLE. THEY NEED ANOTHER SOLUTION. >> WELL, AS EARLY AS THE 4th

THEY NEED ANOTHER SOLUTION. >> WELL, AS EARLY AS THE 4th CENTURY B.C. WE'RE TOLD THAT WE

>> WELL, AS EARLY AS THE 4th CENTURY B.C. WE'RE TOLD THAT WE HAVE THE INVENTION OF MARBLE

CENTURY B.C. WE'RE TOLD THAT WE HAVE THE INVENTION OF MARBLE VENEER-- CUTTING BIG BLOCKS OF

HAVE THE INVENTION OF MARBLE VENEER-- CUTTING BIG BLOCKS OF STONE INTO THIN MARBLE SLABS.

VENEER-- CUTTING BIG BLOCKS OF STONE INTO THIN MARBLE SLABS. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF JUST HOW

STONE INTO THIN MARBLE SLABS. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF JUST HOW THIN THOSE PANELS ARE.

HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF JUST HOW THIN THOSE PANELS ARE. JUST A FEW MERE MILLIMETERS.

THIN THOSE PANELS ARE. JUST A FEW MERE MILLIMETERS. IN THIS CASE HERE WHAT YOU SEE

JUST A FEW MERE MILLIMETERS. IN THIS CASE HERE WHAT YOU SEE IS THEY'VE TAKEN A BLOCK OF

IN THIS CASE HERE WHAT YOU SEE IS THEY'VE TAKEN A BLOCK OF STONE, AND THEY'VE CUT IT OPEN

IS THEY'VE TAKEN A BLOCK OF STONE, AND THEY'VE CUT IT OPEN AND THEN THEY'VE MIRRORED IT SO

STONE, AND THEY'VE CUT IT OPEN AND THEN THEY'VE MIRRORED IT SO YOU'VE GOT THE SAME PATTERN

AND THEN THEY'VE MIRRORED IT SO YOU'VE GOT THE SAME PATTERN APPEARING ON BOTH SIDES.

YOU'VE GOT THE SAME PATTERN APPEARING ON BOTH SIDES. >> Narrator: THE GENIUS OF THE

APPEARING ON BOTH SIDES. >> Narrator: THE GENIUS OF THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS WAS TO ADAPT

>> Narrator: THE GENIUS OF THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS WAS TO ADAPT THEIR WATER-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO

ANCIENT ENGINEERS WAS TO ADAPT THEIR WATER-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO POWER SAWS PRECISE ENOUGH TO CUT

THEIR WATER-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO POWER SAWS PRECISE ENOUGH TO CUT SOLID MARBLE INTO VENEERS LESS

POWER SAWS PRECISE ENOUGH TO CUT SOLID MARBLE INTO VENEERS LESS THAN HALF AN INCH THICK.

SOLID MARBLE INTO VENEERS LESS THAN HALF AN INCH THICK. >> WHAT IS THE SAW IN THIS CASE?

THAN HALF AN INCH THICK. >> WHAT IS THE SAW IN THIS CASE? SOMETIMES WE HAVE REFERENCE TO

>> WHAT IS THE SAW IN THIS CASE? SOMETIMES WE HAVE REFERENCE TO THEM BEING MADE OUT OF METAL.

SOMETIMES WE HAVE REFERENCE TO THEM BEING MADE OUT OF METAL. IN THIS CASE HERE THE

THEM BEING MADE OUT OF METAL. IN THIS CASE HERE THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THEY WERE

IN THIS CASE HERE THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THEY WERE MADE OF WOOD.

ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THEY WERE MADE OF WOOD. BUT ULTIMATELY, IT'S THE

MADE OF WOOD. BUT ULTIMATELY, IT'S THE RELENTLESS EFFICIENCY OF THE

BUT ULTIMATELY, IT'S THE RELENTLESS EFFICIENCY OF THE BACK AND FORTH MOTION, AND

RELENTLESS EFFICIENCY OF THE BACK AND FORTH MOTION, AND ULTIMATELY THE ESTIMATES ARE

BACK AND FORTH MOTION, AND ULTIMATELY THE ESTIMATES ARE THAT IT WAS 12 TIMES AS

ULTIMATELY THE ESTIMATES ARE THAT IT WAS 12 TIMES AS EFFICIENT AS TWO GUYS CUTTING

THAT IT WAS 12 TIMES AS EFFICIENT AS TWO GUYS CUTTING THE SAME BLOCK.

EFFICIENT AS TWO GUYS CUTTING THE SAME BLOCK. >> Narrator: BASED ON THE

THE SAME BLOCK. >> Narrator: BASED ON THE EVIDENCE FROM EPHESUS, WE HAVE

>> Narrator: BASED ON THE EVIDENCE FROM EPHESUS, WE HAVE BUILT A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS

EVIDENCE FROM EPHESUS, WE HAVE BUILT A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS GAME-CHANGING SAW.

BUILT A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS GAME-CHANGING SAW. STEVE WOLF HAS COME TO SEE IT IN

GAME-CHANGING SAW. STEVE WOLF HAS COME TO SEE IT IN ACTION.

STEVE WOLF HAS COME TO SEE IT IN ACTION. >> THIS IS EXCITING.

ACTION. >> THIS IS EXCITING. I'VE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO SEE

>> THIS IS EXCITING. I'VE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO SEE THIS.

I'VE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO SEE THIS. IT'S 1/3 SCALE.

THIS. IT'S 1/3 SCALE. THE ORIGINAL WOULD HAVE BEEN

IT'S 1/3 SCALE. THE ORIGINAL WOULD HAVE BEEN NINE FEET TALL, A COLOSSAL PIECE

THE ORIGINAL WOULD HAVE BEEN NINE FEET TALL, A COLOSSAL PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, VERY POWERFUL FOR

NINE FEET TALL, A COLOSSAL PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, VERY POWERFUL FOR CUTTING STONE.

OF EQUIPMENT, VERY POWERFUL FOR CUTTING STONE. >> Narrator: FOR POSSIBLY THE

CUTTING STONE. >> Narrator: FOR POSSIBLY THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THIS TOOL

>> Narrator: FOR POSSIBLY THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THIS TOOL USES TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL METAL

FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THIS TOOL USES TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL METAL SAWS TO CUT MARBLE VENEERS FROM

USES TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL METAL SAWS TO CUT MARBLE VENEERS FROM A SOLID BLOCK.

SAWS TO CUT MARBLE VENEERS FROM A SOLID BLOCK. >> THAT MEANS THAT WE WOULD HAVE

A SOLID BLOCK. >> THAT MEANS THAT WE WOULD HAVE HAD FOUR SAW BLADES, EACH OF

>> THAT MEANS THAT WE WOULD HAVE HAD FOUR SAW BLADES, EACH OF THEM NINE FEET LONG, ALL OF THEM

HAD FOUR SAW BLADES, EACH OF THEM NINE FEET LONG, ALL OF THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY CUTTING AWAY ON

THEM NINE FEET LONG, ALL OF THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY CUTTING AWAY ON HERE GENERATING VALUABLE MARBLE

SIMULTANEOUSLY CUTTING AWAY ON HERE GENERATING VALUABLE MARBLE TO SELL AND SAVING A TREMENDOUS

HERE GENERATING VALUABLE MARBLE TO SELL AND SAVING A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS.

TO SELL AND SAVING A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS. >> Narrator: MARBLE PRODUCTION

AMOUNT OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS. >> Narrator: MARBLE PRODUCTION HAD MOVED FROM SWEAT AND MUSCLE

>> Narrator: MARBLE PRODUCTION HAD MOVED FROM SWEAT AND MUSCLE POWER USING MANUAL SAWS INTO A

HAD MOVED FROM SWEAT AND MUSCLE POWER USING MANUAL SAWS INTO A PROCESS USING MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL

POWER USING MANUAL SAWS INTO A PROCESS USING MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL POWER TOOLS.

PROCESS USING MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL POWER TOOLS. THESE WERE THE POWER TOOLS

POWER TOOLS. THESE WERE THE POWER TOOLS NEEDED TO KEEP UP WITH A PERIOD

THESE WERE THE POWER TOOLS NEEDED TO KEEP UP WITH A PERIOD OF BUILDING THAT WAS EXPLODING

NEEDED TO KEEP UP WITH A PERIOD OF BUILDING THAT WAS EXPLODING THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD.

OF BUILDING THAT WAS EXPLODING THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD. BUT AN ASTONISHING FIND IN

THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD. BUT AN ASTONISHING FIND IN JERASH IN PRESENT-DAY JORDAN

BUT AN ASTONISHING FIND IN JERASH IN PRESENT-DAY JORDAN SHOWS HOW THE INNOVATION IN

JERASH IN PRESENT-DAY JORDAN SHOWS HOW THE INNOVATION IN POWER TOOLS NEVER SLOWED EVEN AS

SHOWS HOW THE INNOVATION IN POWER TOOLS NEVER SLOWED EVEN AS THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGAN TO

POWER TOOLS NEVER SLOWED EVEN AS THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGAN TO SHRINK.

THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGAN TO SHRINK. IN THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS ARE TWO

SHRINK. IN THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS ARE TWO LIMESTONE DRUMS, EACH WITH FOUR

IN THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS ARE TWO LIMESTONE DRUMS, EACH WITH FOUR IDENTICAL PARALLEL CUTS.

LIMESTONE DRUMS, EACH WITH FOUR IDENTICAL PARALLEL CUTS. WHAT TOOL COULD HAVE DONE THIS?

IDENTICAL PARALLEL CUTS. WHAT TOOL COULD HAVE DONE THIS? THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IT COULD

WHAT TOOL COULD HAVE DONE THIS? THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IT COULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE...

THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IT COULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE... A MULTI-BLADED POWERHOUSE TO

HAVE LOOKED LIKE... A MULTI-BLADED POWERHOUSE TO MASS-PRODUCE VENEERS.

A MULTI-BLADED POWERHOUSE TO MASS-PRODUCE VENEERS. THE POWER FROM THE WATER WHEEL

MASS-PRODUCE VENEERS. THE POWER FROM THE WATER WHEEL CRANKED A PAIR OF GIANT SAWS,

THE POWER FROM THE WATER WHEEL CRANKED A PAIR OF GIANT SAWS, EACH CONNECTED TO TWO SETS OF

CRANKED A PAIR OF GIANT SAWS, EACH CONNECTED TO TWO SETS OF FOUR BLADES THAT SLICED THEIR

EACH CONNECTED TO TWO SETS OF FOUR BLADES THAT SLICED THEIR WAY THROUGH MARBLE.

FOUR BLADES THAT SLICED THEIR WAY THROUGH MARBLE. THE WATER-DRIVEN MARBLE SAW IS

WAY THROUGH MARBLE. THE WATER-DRIVEN MARBLE SAW IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POWER

THE WATER-DRIVEN MARBLE SAW IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POWER TOOLS EVER CREATED, A TOOL THAT

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POWER TOOLS EVER CREATED, A TOOL THAT HELPED BUILD AND THEN SURVIVED

TOOLS EVER CREATED, A TOOL THAT HELPED BUILD AND THEN SURVIVED BEYOND THE MIGHTY ROMAN EMPIRE.

>> Narrator: MODERN FOUNDRIES RUN POWER TOOLS 24 HOURS A DAY, HAMMERING OUT PRODUCTS FOR OUR

RUN POWER TOOLS 24 HOURS A DAY, HAMMERING OUT PRODUCTS FOR OUR MODERN INDUSTRIAL WORLD.

HAMMERING OUT PRODUCTS FOR OUR MODERN INDUSTRIAL WORLD. BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN THE

MODERN INDUSTRIAL WORLD. BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN THE EAST, CHINA WAS ALSO PROVING

BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN THE EAST, CHINA WAS ALSO PROVING THERE WAS NOTHING THAT WAS

EAST, CHINA WAS ALSO PROVING THERE WAS NOTHING THAT WAS BEYOND THEM.

THERE WAS NOTHING THAT WAS BEYOND THEM. IN THE 11th CENTURY, HUGE CITIES

BEYOND THEM. IN THE 11th CENTURY, HUGE CITIES HAD BEGUN TO DEVELOP AS CENTERS

IN THE 11th CENTURY, HUGE CITIES HAD BEGUN TO DEVELOP AS CENTERS FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND

HAD BEGUN TO DEVELOP AS CENTERS FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.

FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. A HUMAN SWINGING A HAMMER WAS

COMMERCE. A HUMAN SWINGING A HAMMER WAS NEVER GOING TO BE ENOUGH.

A HUMAN SWINGING A HAMMER WAS NEVER GOING TO BE ENOUGH. THE ANSWER WAS TO ADOPT A POWER

NEVER GOING TO BE ENOUGH. THE ANSWER WAS TO ADOPT A POWER TOOL THAT WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF

THE ANSWER WAS TO ADOPT A POWER TOOL THAT WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF ITS TIME, IT IS STILL USED IN

TOOL THAT WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF ITS TIME, IT IS STILL USED IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY TODAY.

ITS TIME, IT IS STILL USED IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY TODAY. IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA,

THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY TODAY. IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED A

IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED A WORKING EXAMPLE OF THIS

ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED A WORKING EXAMPLE OF THIS EXTRAORDINARY 2,000-YEAR-OLD

WORKING EXAMPLE OF THIS EXTRAORDINARY 2,000-YEAR-OLD TOOL.

EXTRAORDINARY 2,000-YEAR-OLD TOOL. THE HYDRAULIC TRIP HAMMER.

TOOL. THE HYDRAULIC TRIP HAMMER. IT USED A WATER WHEEL AND

THE HYDRAULIC TRIP HAMMER. IT USED A WATER WHEEL AND GRAVITY TO TRANSFORM ANCIENT

IT USED A WATER WHEEL AND GRAVITY TO TRANSFORM ANCIENT AGRICULTURE.

GRAVITY TO TRANSFORM ANCIENT AGRICULTURE. RICHARD WINDLEY HAS BUILT A

AGRICULTURE. RICHARD WINDLEY HAS BUILT A MODEL OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY

RICHARD WINDLEY HAS BUILT A MODEL OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY POWER TOOL.

MODEL OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY POWER TOOL. >> NOW, IN THE SHAFT THERE ARE A

POWER TOOL. >> NOW, IN THE SHAFT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PEGS.

>> NOW, IN THE SHAFT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PEGS. EACH TIME ONE OF THESE PEGS HITS

NUMBER OF PEGS. EACH TIME ONE OF THESE PEGS HITS ONE OF THESE PIVOTED LEVERS...

EACH TIME ONE OF THESE PEGS HITS ONE OF THESE PIVOTED LEVERS... IT TRIPS.

ONE OF THESE PIVOTED LEVERS... IT TRIPS. HENCE THE NAME "TRIP HAMMER."

IT TRIPS. HENCE THE NAME "TRIP HAMMER." THE HAMMER DROPS UNDER THE

HENCE THE NAME "TRIP HAMMER." THE HAMMER DROPS UNDER THE WEIGHT OF THE HAMMER HEAD, AND

THE HAMMER DROPS UNDER THE WEIGHT OF THE HAMMER HEAD, AND THAT FORCE IS IMPORTED ONTO THE

WEIGHT OF THE HAMMER HEAD, AND THAT FORCE IS IMPORTED ONTO THE GRAIN WHICH ARE IN THESE CUPS.

THAT FORCE IS IMPORTED ONTO THE GRAIN WHICH ARE IN THESE CUPS. THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING

GRAIN WHICH ARE IN THESE CUPS. THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING CONTINUOUSLY, THEY COULD HAVE

THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING CONTINUOUSLY, THEY COULD HAVE EVEN RUN 24 HOURS A DAY.

CONTINUOUSLY, THEY COULD HAVE EVEN RUN 24 HOURS A DAY. IT'S VERY, VERY EFFECTIVE.

>> Narrator: EACH HAMMER COULD GENERATE 100 POUNDS OF FORCE. IT MEANT THAT ALL EIGHT HAMMERS

GENERATE 100 POUNDS OF FORCE. IT MEANT THAT ALL EIGHT HAMMERS WOULD OPERATE WITH 800 POUNDS OF

IT MEANT THAT ALL EIGHT HAMMERS WOULD OPERATE WITH 800 POUNDS OF FORCE IN A SINGLE ROTATION.

WOULD OPERATE WITH 800 POUNDS OF FORCE IN A SINGLE ROTATION. SUDDENLY ONE MACHINE REPLACED

FORCE IN A SINGLE ROTATION. SUDDENLY ONE MACHINE REPLACED TEN WORKMEN, WORKING 24 HOURS A

SUDDENLY ONE MACHINE REPLACED TEN WORKMEN, WORKING 24 HOURS A DAY.

THE GENIUS WAS IN USING A SIMPLE WATER WHEEL TO TURN A SHAFT TO REPEATEDLY DRIVE THE HAMMERS.

WATER WHEEL TO TURN A SHAFT TO REPEATEDLY DRIVE THE HAMMERS. >> IT'S A DEVICE WHICH IS

REPEATEDLY DRIVE THE HAMMERS. >> IT'S A DEVICE WHICH IS ACTUALLY TURNING ROTARY MOTION,

>> IT'S A DEVICE WHICH IS ACTUALLY TURNING ROTARY MOTION, AND WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING AN UP

ACTUALLY TURNING ROTARY MOTION, AND WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING AN UP AND DOWN MOTION.

AND WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING AN UP AND DOWN MOTION. SO WE'RE TRANSFERRING ROTARY

AND DOWN MOTION. SO WE'RE TRANSFERRING ROTARY INTO A SORT OF LINEAR ACTION.

SO WE'RE TRANSFERRING ROTARY INTO A SORT OF LINEAR ACTION. SO IT WAS NOT UNTIL ABOUT THE

INTO A SORT OF LINEAR ACTION. SO IT WAS NOT UNTIL ABOUT THE 14th AND 15th CENTURY DID DROP

SO IT WAS NOT UNTIL ABOUT THE 14th AND 15th CENTURY DID DROP HAMMERS AND TRIP HAMMERS FIRST

14th AND 15th CENTURY DID DROP HAMMERS AND TRIP HAMMERS FIRST APPEAR.

HAMMERS AND TRIP HAMMERS FIRST APPEAR. THE CHINESE WERE WAY, WAY AHEAD

APPEAR. THE CHINESE WERE WAY, WAY AHEAD IN TERMS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY.

THE CHINESE WERE WAY, WAY AHEAD IN TERMS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY. >> Narrator: AT FIRST, IT WAS

IN TERMS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY. >> Narrator: AT FIRST, IT WAS USED TO HAMMER WHEAT INTO FLOUR.

>> Narrator: AT FIRST, IT WAS USED TO HAMMER WHEAT INTO FLOUR. BUT SOON, IT MOVED BEYOND

USED TO HAMMER WHEAT INTO FLOUR. BUT SOON, IT MOVED BEYOND AGRICULTURE AND WAS THE POWER

BUT SOON, IT MOVED BEYOND AGRICULTURE AND WAS THE POWER TOOL THAT IGNITED THE CHINESE

AGRICULTURE AND WAS THE POWER TOOL THAT IGNITED THE CHINESE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

TOOL THAT IGNITED THE CHINESE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. THE ANCIENT TEXTS TELL US THAT

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. THE ANCIENT TEXTS TELL US THAT THE MEGA TOOL WAS SOON ADAPTED

THE ANCIENT TEXTS TELL US THAT THE MEGA TOOL WAS SOON ADAPTED FROM CRUSHING GRAIN TO POUNDING

THE MEGA TOOL WAS SOON ADAPTED FROM CRUSHING GRAIN TO POUNDING METAL IN INDUSTRIALIZED METAL

FROM CRUSHING GRAIN TO POUNDING METAL IN INDUSTRIALIZED METAL WORKSHOPS.

METAL IN INDUSTRIALIZED METAL WORKSHOPS. COULD THAT ANCIENT CHINESE TOOL

WORKSHOPS. COULD THAT ANCIENT CHINESE TOOL HAVE DONE THE IMPOSSIBLE AND

COULD THAT ANCIENT CHINESE TOOL HAVE DONE THE IMPOSSIBLE AND PREDATED THE POWER TOOLS OF THE

HAVE DONE THE IMPOSSIBLE AND PREDATED THE POWER TOOLS OF THE MODERN FOUNDRY BY 2,000 YEARS?

PREDATED THE POWER TOOLS OF THE MODERN FOUNDRY BY 2,000 YEARS? WOLVERHAMPTON, ENGLAND.

MODERN FOUNDRY BY 2,000 YEARS? WOLVERHAMPTON, ENGLAND. IN THIS FOUNDRY, THESE TOOLS ARE

WOLVERHAMPTON, ENGLAND. IN THIS FOUNDRY, THESE TOOLS ARE EVIDENCE THAT VERY LITTLE HAS

IN THIS FOUNDRY, THESE TOOLS ARE EVIDENCE THAT VERY LITTLE HAS CHANGED.

EVIDENCE THAT VERY LITTLE HAS CHANGED. >> THE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS

CHANGED. >> THE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS THAT YOU HAVE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR

>> THE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS THAT YOU HAVE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR ON THE TOP OF THIS MACHINE

THAT YOU HAVE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR ON THE TOP OF THIS MACHINE RATHER THAN A WATER WHEEL.

ON THE TOP OF THIS MACHINE RATHER THAN A WATER WHEEL. THE FALLING WEIGHT IS 2,000 LBS

RATHER THAN A WATER WHEEL. THE FALLING WEIGHT IS 2,000 LBS AND WE CAN DROP IT FROM 10 FEET.

THE FALLING WEIGHT IS 2,000 LBS AND WE CAN DROP IT FROM 10 FEET. SO THAT'S 20,000 FOOT POUNDS IN

AND WE CAN DROP IT FROM 10 FEET. SO THAT'S 20,000 FOOT POUNDS IN EACH BLOW.

SO THAT'S 20,000 FOOT POUNDS IN EACH BLOW. IF A NORMAL PERSON WERE TO USE A

EACH BLOW. IF A NORMAL PERSON WERE TO USE A SLEDGEHAMMER, THIS WOULD PRODUCE

IF A NORMAL PERSON WERE TO USE A SLEDGEHAMMER, THIS WOULD PRODUCE AT LEAST 2,000 TIMES WHAT A

SLEDGEHAMMER, THIS WOULD PRODUCE AT LEAST 2,000 TIMES WHAT A SLEDGEHAMMER WOULD.

WITHOUT THIS PIECE OF KIT, THERE WOULD BE NO AIRPLANES FLYING. THERE WOULD BE NO CARS OR

WOULD BE NO AIRPLANES FLYING. THERE WOULD BE NO CARS OR LORRIES ON THE ROAD.

THERE WOULD BE NO CARS OR LORRIES ON THE ROAD. SO IT IS ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL

LORRIES ON THE ROAD. SO IT IS ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL TO TRANSPORT.

SO IT IS ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL TO TRANSPORT. >> Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO,

TO TRANSPORT. >> Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO, THE CHINESE POWER TOOL GOT THERE

>> Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO, THE CHINESE POWER TOOL GOT THERE FIRST.

AND THE GENIUS OF ITS DESIGN MEANS THAT ITS MODERN COUNTERPART IS STILL PUNCHING

MEANS THAT ITS MODERN COUNTERPART IS STILL PUNCHING OUT VITAL COMPONENTS THAT KEEP

COUNTERPART IS STILL PUNCHING OUT VITAL COMPONENTS THAT KEEP OUR WORLD RUNNING TODAY.

TOOLS WE THINK OF AS MODERN INVENTED THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN THE PAST, ANCIENT TOOLS TO CUT

INVENTED THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN THE PAST, ANCIENT TOOLS TO CUT INTO THE HUMAN EYE, A TOOL FROM

THE PAST, ANCIENT TOOLS TO CUT INTO THE HUMAN EYE, A TOOL FROM ANCIENT EGYPT SO ADVANCED, WE

INTO THE HUMAN EYE, A TOOL FROM ANCIENT EGYPT SO ADVANCED, WE ARE STILL UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND

ANCIENT EGYPT SO ADVANCED, WE ARE STILL UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND ITS GENIUS.

ARE STILL UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND ITS GENIUS. NOTHING WAS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE

ITS GENIUS. NOTHING WAS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE ANCIENT WORLD.