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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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00:00:07,310 --> 00:00:10,310
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator:
TODAY ON "HOW IT'S MADE":
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POTASH,
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LEATHER BRACELETS,
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00:00:38,344 --> 00:00:40,655
WILD RICE
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00:00:44,068 --> 00:00:46,413
AND HEX KEY L-WRENCHES.
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00:00:53,241 --> 00:00:57,344
POTASH IS USED PRIMARILY
AS AN AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZER.
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00:00:57,344 --> 00:01:01,000
IT'S EXTRACTED FROM UNDERGROUND
BY EITHER CONVENTIONAL MINING
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00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:03,793
OR BY INJECTING HOT BRINE
INTO THE FORMATION
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00:01:03,793 --> 00:01:06,620
TO DISSOLVE POTASH
IN SALT CRYSTALS.
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00:01:06,620 --> 00:01:08,724
IT THEN PUMPS
THE SOLUTION BACK UP
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00:01:08,724 --> 00:01:13,517
AND SEPARATES OUT THE POTASH
IN SETTLING PONDS.
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00:01:13,517 --> 00:01:15,793
POTASH
IS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE,
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00:01:15,793 --> 00:01:18,517
THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND KCL.
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00:01:18,517 --> 00:01:22,275
IT CAN BE PROCESSED INTO A
GRANULAR AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZER
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00:01:22,275 --> 00:01:26,551
OR INTO A HIGHER GRADE PRODUCT
FOR INDUSTRIAL USE.
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00:01:26,551 --> 00:01:28,448
AT THIS CANADIAN
POTASH MINE,
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THE DEPOSIT LIES JUST OVER
A HALF A MILE UNDERGROUND.
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00:01:31,551 --> 00:01:34,034
THE ORE IS COMPRISED
OF THREE MATERIALS:
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00:01:34,034 --> 00:01:37,034
KCL, CLAY AND SODIUM CHLORIDE,
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THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND NACL,
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BETTER KNOWN
AS TABLE SALT.
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00:01:42,344 --> 00:01:45,758
THE BIG MACHINE MANUFACTURERS
USE TO CUT THE FACE OF THE ROCK
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00:01:45,758 --> 00:01:47,620
IS CALLED A CONTINUOUS MINER.
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IT HAS TWO ROTORS,
EACH WITH THREE ARMS.
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00:01:50,896 --> 00:01:54,068
EACH ARM HAS SIX PAIRS
OF BITS WITH CARBIDE TIPS
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THAT GRIND THE FACE
OF THE ROCK,
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FLAKING OFF THE ORE.
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THE ROTOR ARMS SWEEP
THE ORE INTO THE MACHINE,
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00:02:02,103 --> 00:02:04,931
WHICH FEEDS IT OFF THE BACK
ONTO BRIDGE CONVEYORS,
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A SERIES OF CONVEYOR BELTS
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THAT LEAD TO A MAIN
CONVEYOR BELT.
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MINERS FASTEN SHEETS OF POLYMER
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TO THE ROCK ABOVE
TO ERECT WALLS
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WHICH DIRECT THE FLOW
OF FRESH AIR
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00:02:18,379 --> 00:02:21,068
THAT'S PUMPED DOWN
INTO THE MINE FOR VENTILATION.
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THE BRIDGE CONVEYORS TRANSFER
THE ORE TO A MAIN CONVEYOR.
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AT THIS PARTICULAR
POTASH MINE,
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UP TO 10 MACHINES WORK
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SIMULTANEOUSLY AT
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS.
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ALL THOSE MAIN CONVEYORS,
NEARLY 22 MILES OF MOVING BELTS,
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CONVERGE AT THE SKIP,
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00:02:43,931 --> 00:02:45,517
A GIGANTIC ELEVATOR BUCKET
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00:02:45,517 --> 00:02:48,000
WHICH HOISTS UP TO 49 TONS
OF ORE AT A TIME
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00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,068
TO THE SURFACE AND DUMPS
IT INTO A STORAGE BIN.
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00:02:54,689 --> 00:03:00,068
A CONVEYOR TRANSFERS THE ORE
TO THE MILL FOR PROCESSING.
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00:03:00,068 --> 00:03:05,413
FIRST THE ORE TUMBLES DOWN
A SERIES OF VIBRATING SCREENS.
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00:03:05,413 --> 00:03:07,689
SMALLER PARTICLES DROP
THROUGH THE OPENINGS
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00:03:07,689 --> 00:03:09,482
AND MOVE ON TO THE NEXT STATION
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00:03:09,482 --> 00:03:11,586
WHILE LARGER PARTICLES
STAY ON TOP
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WHERE THEY ARE WHISKED OFF
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00:03:13,137 --> 00:03:15,517
WITH THE FLOW OF BRINE
INTO A CRUSHER.
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THE FINER PARTICLES FLOW
TO THE FINE FLOTATION TANK
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WHILE THE LARGER ONES SINK
TO THE BOTTOM, DRAIN OUT,
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THEN TRAVEL TO THE COURSE
FLOTATION TANK.
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00:03:29,068 --> 00:03:31,517
THE PARTICLES ARE
TREATED WITH CHEMICALS.
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OVER THE COURSE
OF FIVE MINUTES IN FLOTATION,
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00:03:36,793 --> 00:03:39,724
THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT MAKES
THE KCL PARTICLES ATTACH
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00:03:39,724 --> 00:03:44,103
TO AIR BUBBLES
AND RISE TO THE SURFACE.
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IN THE COURSE FLOTATION TANK
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PADDLES SKIM THE SURFACE,
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00:03:47,517 --> 00:03:50,655
PUSHING THE FLOATING
KCL INTO A COLLECTOR.
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00:03:50,655 --> 00:03:52,793
THE CLAY AND NACL
PARTICLES DRAIN
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00:03:52,793 --> 00:03:56,482
OUT THE OTHER END.
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00:03:56,482 --> 00:03:58,758
SIMILARLY IN THE FINE
FLOTATION UNIT,
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00:03:58,758 --> 00:04:01,379
THE KCL PARTICLES ATTACH
TO AIR BUBBLES
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00:04:01,379 --> 00:04:03,103
AND RISE TO THE TOP
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00:04:03,103 --> 00:04:05,965
WHERE THEY OVERFLOW
INTO A COLLECTOR.
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00:04:07,103 --> 00:04:10,000
THE COLLECTED POTASH
THEN GOES THROUGH A CENTRIFUGE
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00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:12,896
AND A DRYER TO REMOVE
ALL THE MOISTURE.
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THE DRYER FEEDS THIS
VIBRATING SCREENING MACHINE,
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WHICH SEPARATES THE KCL
PARTICLES INTO THREE CATEGORIES.
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OVERSIZED PARTICLES GO BACK
TO THE CRUSHER.
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00:04:24,551 --> 00:04:26,517
UNDERSIZED
PARTICLES GO TO MACHINES
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WHICH COMPACT THEM INTO BOARDS
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00:04:29,172 --> 00:04:31,482
THEN BREAK THE BOARDS
INTO NEW PARTICLES
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00:04:31,482 --> 00:04:33,655
WHICH THEN GO BACK
TO THE VIBRATING MACHINE
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00:04:33,655 --> 00:04:36,137
FOR ANOTHER ROUND
OF SCREENING.
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00:04:36,137 --> 00:04:38,068
THE FINAL PRODUCT
SIZE PARTICLES
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GO DIRECTLY TO
THE SHIPPING WAREHOUSE.
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THIS GRANULAR POTASH IS THE TYPE
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00:04:43,413 --> 00:04:46,551
USED AS AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZER.
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IT'S KCL CONCENTRATION
IS 95 PERCENT
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00:04:49,758 --> 00:04:53,448
BECAUSE THERE'S SOME
RESIDUAL CLAY AND NACL.
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00:04:53,448 --> 00:04:55,931
TECHNICIANS REGULARLY TEST
PRODUCT SAMPLES
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00:04:55,931 --> 00:04:58,482
TO VERIFY THE KCL CONTENT.
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00:05:00,344 --> 00:05:03,206
THEY GRIND EACH SAMPLE
INTO A FIND POWDER
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00:05:03,206 --> 00:05:04,758
AND COMPRESS IT INSIDE
A STAINLESS
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00:05:04,758 --> 00:05:07,965
STEEL CAP TO FORM A PELLET.
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00:05:07,965 --> 00:05:09,862
THEN THE WORKERS LOAD THE PELLET
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00:05:09,862 --> 00:05:13,793
INTO AN X-RAY
FLUORESCENCE ANALYZER.
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00:05:13,793 --> 00:05:15,724
THE PELLETIZED SAMPLE ABSORBS
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00:05:15,724 --> 00:05:20,482
THAT ENERGY THEN RELEASES ENERGY
AS FLUORESCENT RADIATION.
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00:05:20,482 --> 00:05:23,275
THE ANALYZER MEASURES
THE FLUORESCENT RADIATION
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00:05:23,275 --> 00:05:26,827
TO DETERMINE THE SAMPLE'S
CONCENTRATION OF KCL.
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THE MILL ALSO
PROCESSES POTASH
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FOR INDUSTRIAL USE.
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THIS HIGHER GRADE POTASH
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00:05:34,275 --> 00:05:37,206
WITH A KCL CONCENTRATION
OF 99 PERCENT
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IS A WHITE POWDER
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MANUFACTURERS
MAKE IT BY DISSOLVING
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THE 95 PERCENT KCL
GRANULAR POTASH
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IN HOT BRINE TO REMOVE MORE
OF THE RESIDUAL NACL AND CLAY.
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00:05:49,068 --> 00:05:51,103
THEN WORKERS CRYSTALLIZE
THE POTASH
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00:05:51,103 --> 00:05:53,448
BY EVAPORATION AND COOLING.
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00:05:53,448 --> 00:05:57,689
THE RESULT, POTASH
THAT'S ALMOST PURE KCL.
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Narrator:
HANDCRAFTED LEATHER BRACELETS
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ARE AN UNCONVENTIONAL
JEWELRY CHOICE.
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TRADITIONAL BRACELETS ARE CHAINS
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OR BANGLES MADE
OF METAL OR STONES.
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BUT THESE FIT LIKE A CUFF
AND ARE ECLECTIC IN DESIGN.
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EACH ONE IS AN ORIGINAL.
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SO THE WEARER
CAN EXPRESS INDIVIDUALITY.
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HANDCRAFTED LEATHER BRACELETS
ARE SUBSTANTIAL PIECES
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DESIGNED TO DRAW
ATTENTION TO THE WRIST.
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THEY CAN ALSO COMPLEMENT
AN OUTFIT IN A BIG WAY.
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MAKING ONE STARTS
WITH A STRIP OF STAINLESS
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00:06:42,586 --> 00:06:46,344
STEEL THAT WILL SERVE
AS THE BRACELET'S BASE.
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00:06:46,344 --> 00:06:51,344
THE ARTISAN BENDS IT
BY HAND INTO A ROUND SHAPE.
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USING PLIERS SHE CLOSES
THE GAP A LITTLE MORE.
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00:06:56,172 --> 00:06:58,206
THIS BRACELET IS
MEANT TO BE LARGE,
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00:06:58,206 --> 00:07:00,379
SO THE LOOSE FIT SEEMS RIGHT.
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00:07:03,379 --> 00:07:06,620
SHE SORTS THROUGH A COLLECTION
OF LEATHER PIECES AND IDEAS
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00:07:06,620 --> 00:07:10,379
FOR THE DESIGN BEGIN
TO TAKE SHAPE.
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SHE SELECTS A PIECE TO COVER
THE INSIDE OF THE BRACELET.
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00:07:16,310 --> 00:07:18,620
SHE DRAWS AN OUTLINE
OF THE BRACELET ON PAPER
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00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:20,379
TO CREATE A PATTERN
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00:07:20,379 --> 00:07:23,379
AND SHE CUTS IT OUT.
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00:07:23,379 --> 00:07:25,689
SHE STICKS THE PATTERN
TO THE LEATHER.
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00:07:25,689 --> 00:07:27,103
USING A UTILITY KNIFE,
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SHE FOLLOWS THE PATTERN
TO CUT THE SHAPE IN LEATHER.
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THE EDGE OF A TRIANGULAR RULER
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00:07:32,206 --> 00:07:34,758
SERVES AS A GUIDE
FOR A STRAIGHT CUT.
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00:07:37,137 --> 00:07:41,000
SHE PEELS THE CUT LEATHER AWAY
FROM THE PAPER PATTERN
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00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,344
AND APPLIES A TEXTILE ADHESIVE
TO THE BACK OF THE LEATHER.
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00:07:47,275 --> 00:07:49,965
SHE CURLS THE LEATHER
AND INSERTS IT, GLUED SIDE DOWN,
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00:07:49,965 --> 00:07:54,034
INTO THE STEEL
BRACELET FORM.
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00:07:54,034 --> 00:07:58,103
SHE APPLIES PRESSURE
FOR A STRONG ADHESION.
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00:07:58,103 --> 00:07:59,862
FOR THE BRACELET'S
OUTER MATERIALS
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00:07:59,862 --> 00:08:01,689
THERE ARE MANY COLORFUL OPTIONS,
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00:08:01,689 --> 00:08:03,724
FROM DYED EXOTIC LEATHERS
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00:08:03,724 --> 00:08:07,310
TO LUMINOUS
SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES.
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SHE SORTS THROUGH
THE DIFFERENT LEATHERS
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00:08:08,931 --> 00:08:12,379
AND STONES,
LOOKING FOR INSPIRATION.
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00:08:12,379 --> 00:08:13,931
SHE SELECTS A QUARTZ STONE
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00:08:13,931 --> 00:08:17,275
AND A PIECE
OF FISH SCALE LEATHER.
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00:08:17,275 --> 00:08:21,620
ONCE TANNED, FISH SKINS
CAN BE SURPRISINGLY TOUGH.
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00:08:21,620 --> 00:08:25,000
SHE CUTS THE FISH LEATHER
TO SIZE USING A PAPER TEMPLATE
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00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:28,724
OF THE FRONT OF
THE STEEL BRACELET BASE.
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00:08:28,724 --> 00:08:30,517
SHE WRAPS IT AROUND
THE BRACELET BAND
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00:08:30,517 --> 00:08:32,448
TO CHECK THE FIT.
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00:08:36,344 --> 00:08:38,862
SHE APPLIES GLUE
TO THE BACK OF THE QUARTZ
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00:08:38,862 --> 00:08:43,793
AND THEN POSITIONS THE STONE
IN THE CENTER OF THE LEATHER.
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00:08:43,793 --> 00:08:45,793
THE GLUE TACKS IT IN PLACE
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00:08:45,793 --> 00:08:47,896
WHILE SHE NOW STITCHES
A BEADED SURROUND
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00:08:47,896 --> 00:08:50,655
TO PERMANENTLY SECURE
THE STONE TO THE LEATHER.
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00:08:53,137 --> 00:08:55,620
SHE SELECTS SPECIAL
BEADING NEEDLES FOR THIS.
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00:08:55,620 --> 00:08:57,655
THE HEADS OF THESE NEEDLES
ARE TINY ENOUGH
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00:08:57,655 --> 00:08:59,827
TO PASS THROUGH THE MINI BEADS.
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00:09:03,310 --> 00:09:06,241
SHE'LL USE BEADING CORD
MADE OF A TOUGH POLYETHYLENE
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00:09:06,241 --> 00:09:08,655
TO STRING AND STITCH THE BEADS.
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00:09:14,172 --> 00:09:17,000
FOR THE FIRST THREE ROWS
SHE USES SILVER BEADS
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00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,206
THAT ARE TWO MILLIMETERS
IN DIAMETER.
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00:09:20,206 --> 00:09:23,068
SHE PULLS THE BEADING
SNUG TO THE QUARTZ STONE
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00:09:23,068 --> 00:09:27,206
AS SHE STITCHES THE BEADS
TO THE FISH LEATHER.
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00:09:27,206 --> 00:09:29,034
IN ADDITION TO SECURING
THE STONE,
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00:09:29,034 --> 00:09:31,275
THE BEADED SURROUND
ALSO SERVES
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00:09:31,275 --> 00:09:34,793
AS AN EMBELLISHMENT
TO IT'S BEAUTY.
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00:09:34,793 --> 00:09:37,344
SHE COMPLETES THE THREE
ROWS OF SILVER BEADS
171
00:09:37,344 --> 00:09:40,275
AND SWITCHES TO GLASS BEADS.
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00:09:40,275 --> 00:09:42,517
AT 1.7 MILLIMETERS DIAMETER,
173
00:09:42,517 --> 00:09:46,724
THEY'RE A LITTLE SMALLER
AND TRICKIER TO WORK WITH.
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00:09:46,724 --> 00:09:49,206
SHE PULLS THE THREAD THROUGH
THE EYELETS OF THE BEADS
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00:09:49,206 --> 00:09:51,034
A TOTAL OF FOR TIMES
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00:09:51,034 --> 00:09:54,034
TO FORM A TIGHT POUCH AROUND
THE PERIMETER OF THE STONE.
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00:09:58,034 --> 00:09:59,655
SHE NOW APPLIES STRONG GLUE
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00:09:59,655 --> 00:10:02,379
TO THE STEEL EXTERIOR
OF THE BRACELET BASE.
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00:10:05,965 --> 00:10:09,620
AND IT'S TIME FOR THE NEXT
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS, BLACK LACE.
180
00:10:11,655 --> 00:10:13,586
SHE GLUES THE LACE TO THE BASE
181
00:10:13,586 --> 00:10:16,413
SO THAT THE FLOWERY
BORDER OVERHANGS.
182
00:10:25,310 --> 00:10:28,413
SHE NOW SPREADS GLUE ONTO
THE BACK OF THE FISH LEATHER.
183
00:10:31,241 --> 00:10:33,965
SHE WRAPS THE LEATHER
AROUND THE LACE-COVERED BASE
184
00:10:33,965 --> 00:10:36,103
AND PRESSES IT FIRMLY TO IT.
185
00:10:40,206 --> 00:10:42,896
SHE THEN STITCHES SILVER
BEADS AROUND THE EDGES
186
00:10:42,896 --> 00:10:47,413
TO JOIN THE LEATHERS
AND ENCASE THE STEEL BASE.
187
00:10:47,413 --> 00:10:48,827
THE BEADED STITCHING
MATCHES
188
00:10:48,827 --> 00:10:50,275
THE QUARTZ
STONE SURROUND
189
00:10:50,275 --> 00:10:52,206
FOR ANOTHER
DECORATIVE TOUCH.
190
00:10:55,965 --> 00:10:59,206
THIS HANDCRAFTED LEATHER
BRACELET IS NOW COMPLETE
191
00:10:59,206 --> 00:11:01,517
AND READY TO ADD SOMETHING
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT
192
00:11:01,517 --> 00:11:03,896
TO SOMEONE'S JEWELRY COLLECTION.
193
00:11:15,758 --> 00:11:17,965
Narrator: WILD RICE IS THE GRAIN
HARVESTED
194
00:11:17,965 --> 00:11:20,482
FROM FOUR SPECIES
OF AQUATIC GRASSES
195
00:11:20,482 --> 00:11:22,241
THAT GROW IN MANY
FRESHWATER LAKES
196
00:11:22,241 --> 00:11:25,482
IN NORTHERN UNITED STATES
AND CANADA.
197
00:11:25,482 --> 00:11:27,379
HISTORICALLY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
198
00:11:27,379 --> 00:11:30,137
HARVESTED THIS PLENTIFUL
AND NUTRITIOUS FOOD
199
00:11:30,137 --> 00:11:32,793
WHICH THEY CONSIDERED
TO BE A SACRED GIFT.
200
00:11:35,827 --> 00:11:37,965
WILD RICE WAS
A VITAL FOOD SOURCE
201
00:11:37,965 --> 00:11:40,517
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS.
202
00:11:40,517 --> 00:11:42,793
IT ALSO BECAME
A VALUABLE COMMODITY,
203
00:11:42,793 --> 00:11:46,034
WHICH INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
EXCHANGED WITH FUR TRADERS
204
00:11:46,034 --> 00:11:48,689
WHO TRAVELED THE TERRITORY
BY CANOE AND NEEDED
205
00:11:48,689 --> 00:11:53,206
PORTABLE, NUTRITIOUS FOOD
THAT DIDN'T SPOIL.
206
00:11:53,206 --> 00:11:55,620
BEDS OF WILD RICE
PLANTS STILL GROW TODAY
207
00:11:55,620 --> 00:11:59,310
IN THE SHALLOW AREAS
OF RIVERS AND LAKES.
208
00:11:59,310 --> 00:12:02,965
PEOPLE STILL HARVEST THE RICE
BY TRADITIONAL MEANS,
209
00:12:02,965 --> 00:12:05,827
IN A CANOE USING
TWO CEDAR FLAILS
210
00:12:05,827 --> 00:12:07,724
AND WINNOWING BASKETS.
211
00:12:07,724 --> 00:12:10,517
THE BASKETS ARE MADE
FROM BARK PIECES LACED TOGETHER
212
00:12:10,517 --> 00:12:13,137
WITH DRIED ROOTS
OF BLACK SPRUCE TREES.
213
00:12:15,310 --> 00:12:18,482
HARVEST TIME IS USUALLY
IN EARLY SEPTEMBER,
214
00:12:18,482 --> 00:12:19,896
ONCE THE PLANTS
ARE PROTRUDING
215
00:12:19,896 --> 00:12:24,068
FROM THE WATER AT LEAST
HALF A YARD OR SO.
216
00:12:24,068 --> 00:12:27,655
PADDLING THROUGH THE RICE BEDS
WOULD UPROOT THE PLANTS
217
00:12:27,655 --> 00:12:29,482
SO ONE PERSON PROPELS THE BOAT
218
00:12:29,482 --> 00:12:31,620
WITH A FORKED POLE
219
00:12:31,620 --> 00:12:33,448
WHILE THE OTHER GENTLY
BENDS THE PLANTS
220
00:12:33,448 --> 00:12:35,931
OVER THE CANOE
WITH ONE FLAIL
221
00:12:35,931 --> 00:12:37,827
AND GENTLY KNOCKS OFF
THE MATURE KERNELS
222
00:12:37,827 --> 00:12:40,344
WITH THE OTHER.
223
00:12:40,344 --> 00:12:43,896
THE HARVESTED KERNELS PILE UP
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CANOE.
224
00:12:46,724 --> 00:12:50,620
HARVESTING WILD RICE IS
A DELICATE OPERATION.
225
00:12:50,620 --> 00:12:52,206
YOU HAVE TO KNOCK
JUST HARD ENOUGH
226
00:12:52,206 --> 00:12:54,517
TO DISLODGE THE KERNELS,
227
00:12:54,517 --> 00:12:56,862
YET NOT BREAK
THE PLANT STALKS.
228
00:12:59,724 --> 00:13:01,034
EACH KERNEL IS COMPRISED
229
00:13:01,034 --> 00:13:03,827
OF A FIBROUS HULL
ENCASING A RICE GRAIN.
230
00:13:10,034 --> 00:13:13,586
BACK ON LAND, HARVESTERS
TRANSPORT THE HARVESTED KERNELS
231
00:13:13,586 --> 00:13:16,517
BY A WINNOWING
BASKED OR A GRAIN SACK.
232
00:13:16,517 --> 00:13:19,931
THE HARVESTERS DUMP THEM
ONTO EITHER BIRCH BARK SHEETS,
233
00:13:19,931 --> 00:13:23,000
A TARP, OR SMOOTH BEDROCK
234
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,724
THEN SPREAD THEM OUT
TO CURE IN THE SUN.
235
00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:31,000
SUN CURING TAKES ANYWHERE
FROM SEVERAL HOURS
236
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,068
TO SEVERAL DAYS
DEPENDING ON THE WEATHER.
237
00:13:36,448 --> 00:13:40,827
THE NEXT STEP IS TO PARCH
THE KERNELS OVER AN OPEN FIRE.
238
00:13:40,827 --> 00:13:42,758
THIS EVAPORATES
ADDITION MOISTURE,
239
00:13:42,758 --> 00:13:47,862
ENABLING THE RICE TO BE STORED
INDEFINITELY WITHOUT SPOILING.
240
00:13:47,862 --> 00:13:51,689
IT ALSO GIVES THE RICE
A ROASTED NUTTY FLAVOR.
241
00:13:51,689 --> 00:13:54,689
FOR CENTURIES INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
PARCHED THE KERNELS
242
00:13:54,689 --> 00:13:57,655
ON A WOVEN WILLOW
RACK ABOVE THE FIRE,
243
00:13:57,655 --> 00:14:01,862
LETTING THE RISING HEAT
AND SMOKE PERMEATE THE RICE.
244
00:14:01,862 --> 00:14:04,275
ONCE THE TRADE BEGAN
WITH THE EUROPEANS,
245
00:14:04,275 --> 00:14:07,517
THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE BEGAN
USING CAST IRON KETTLES SET
246
00:14:07,517 --> 00:14:09,586
DIRECTLY ON THE FLAMES.
247
00:14:09,586 --> 00:14:12,275
FRESH RICE GRAINS
ARE GREEN AND FLEXIBLE.
248
00:14:12,275 --> 00:14:14,827
AFTER PARCHING
THEY'RE BROWN OR BLACK
249
00:14:14,827 --> 00:14:19,103
AND SNAP CLEANLY
INTO TWO WHEN BENT.
250
00:14:19,103 --> 00:14:21,241
NEXT COMES THRESHING,
251
00:14:21,241 --> 00:14:23,862
REMOVING THE GRAINS
FROM THE HULLS.
252
00:14:23,862 --> 00:14:26,241
HARVESTERS COOL THE KERNELS
IN THE BASKET,
253
00:14:26,241 --> 00:14:29,241
THEN POUR THEM BACK
INTO THE PARCHING POT.
254
00:14:29,241 --> 00:14:32,000
BEFORE ACQUIRING CAST
IRON IMPLEMENTS,
255
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,448
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WOULD POUR
THEIR KERNELS IN A HOLE
256
00:14:34,448 --> 00:14:37,310
IN THE GROUND LINED WITH WOOD
OR ANIMAL HIDE.
257
00:14:39,965 --> 00:14:44,241
THRESHING DOESN'T REQUIRE
ANY SPECIAL HANDCRAFTED TOOLS,
258
00:14:44,241 --> 00:14:46,689
JUST A PAIR OF FEET.
259
00:14:46,689 --> 00:14:48,448
THE PRESSURE
OF EACH STEP FORCES
260
00:14:48,448 --> 00:14:50,862
THE RICE GRAINS
OUT OF THEIR HULLS.
261
00:14:55,655 --> 00:14:56,965
THIS IS WHAT THE RICE LOOKS LIKE
262
00:14:56,965 --> 00:15:03,586
BEFORE THRESHING AND AFTER.
263
00:15:03,586 --> 00:15:05,241
THE LAST STEP IS WINNOWING,
264
00:15:05,241 --> 00:15:09,931
SEPARATING THE RICE GRAINS
FROM THE NOW-EMPTY HULLS.
265
00:15:09,931 --> 00:15:12,586
THERE ARE TWO
TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES:
266
00:15:12,586 --> 00:15:14,448
REPEATEDLY FLIPPING
THE RICE IN A SINGLE
267
00:15:14,448 --> 00:15:17,310
WINNOWING BASKET LIKE THIS
268
00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:20,724
OR POURING IT
FROM ONE BASKET TO ANOTHER.
269
00:15:20,724 --> 00:15:23,482
THE MOVEMENT CREATES
WIND THAT BLOWS AWAY
270
00:15:23,482 --> 00:15:27,068
THE FEATHER-LIGHT HULLS.
271
00:15:27,068 --> 00:15:31,896
EVENTUALLY ONLY THE RICE GRAINS
REMAIN IN THE BASKET.
272
00:15:31,896 --> 00:15:34,482
TODAY, INSTEAD
OF DEERSKIN POUCHES,
273
00:15:34,482 --> 00:15:39,689
HARVESTERS STORE WILD RICE
IN CONTAINERS OR PLASTIC BAGS.
274
00:15:39,689 --> 00:15:41,517
THE GRAINS RANGE IN COLOR
275
00:15:41,517 --> 00:15:42,965
DEPENDING ON THE BODY OF WATER
276
00:15:42,965 --> 00:15:45,034
FROM WHICH THEY WERE HARVESTED
277
00:15:45,034 --> 00:15:48,620
AND HOW LONG AFTER HARVESTING
THE GRAINS WERE PARCHED.
278
00:15:48,620 --> 00:15:51,551
WILD RICE IS HIGH
IN PROTEIN IN FIBER,
279
00:15:51,551 --> 00:15:53,620
LOW IN CALORIES IN FAT,
280
00:15:53,620 --> 00:15:56,517
CONTAINS ALL ESSENTIAL
AMINO ACIDS
281
00:15:56,517 --> 00:15:58,103
AND IS RICH IN B VITAMINS,
282
00:15:58,103 --> 00:16:00,551
POTASSIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS.
283
00:16:11,310 --> 00:16:13,206
Narrator: HEX KEY L-WRENCHES
ARE DESIGNED
284
00:16:13,206 --> 00:16:14,827
TO TURN SCREWS AND BOLTS
285
00:16:14,827 --> 00:16:17,172
THAT WOULD OTHERWISE
BE TRICKY TO REACH.
286
00:16:17,172 --> 00:16:19,310
THEY HAVE BALL-SHAPED
HEXAGONAL HEADS
287
00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:20,655
THAT TAKE AN ANGLED APPROACH
288
00:16:20,655 --> 00:16:22,793
TO INSTALLING
THREADED FASTENERS.
289
00:16:22,793 --> 00:16:25,000
THE LONG ARMS OF THESE
L-SHAPED WRENCHES
290
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,413
ALSO EXTEND THE USER'S
REACH INTO TIGHT SPOTS.
291
00:16:33,137 --> 00:16:34,724
HEX KEY L-WRENCHES OFTEN
292
00:16:34,724 --> 00:16:36,482
COME IN SETS
TO PROVIDE TOOLS
293
00:16:36,482 --> 00:16:39,137
FOR ALMOST EVERY JOB,
BIG OR SMALL.
294
00:16:41,137 --> 00:16:42,724
MAKING THESE WRENCHES STARTS
295
00:16:42,724 --> 00:16:45,000
WITH 13-FOOT LONG STEEL BARS
296
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,931
FORMED TO A HEXAGONAL PROFILE.
297
00:16:47,931 --> 00:16:50,206
A TECHNICIAN TESTS
THE SHORT PIECE TO CONFIRM
298
00:16:50,206 --> 00:16:52,344
IT COULD BE BENT
WITHOUT BREAKING.
299
00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:57,172
THE STEEL MUST BE HARD,
YET ELASTIC.
300
00:16:57,172 --> 00:17:00,413
A DIAMOND-TIPPED TOOL PRESSES
INTO ANOTHER PIECE.
301
00:17:00,413 --> 00:17:02,344
THE DEPTH OF THE INDENTATION
302
00:17:02,344 --> 00:17:05,137
IS A MEASURE OF
THE STEEL'S HARDNESS.
303
00:17:05,137 --> 00:17:08,310
AFTER THE STEEL PASSES
ALL TESTS, WORKERS SLICE
304
00:17:08,310 --> 00:17:10,413
THE JUST OVER 13-FOOT LONG BARS
305
00:17:10,413 --> 00:17:12,896
INTO SMALLER LENGTHS
USING A DIE CUTTER
306
00:17:12,896 --> 00:17:14,586
WITH A HEXAGONAL PROFILE
307
00:17:14,586 --> 00:17:17,206
TO PREVENT ANY DISTORTION
OF THE SHAPE.
308
00:17:17,206 --> 00:17:20,482
EACH STEEL PIECE
THEN SPINS IN A LATHE
309
00:17:20,482 --> 00:17:24,379
AS A COMPUTERIZED TOOL CARVES
A GENTLE SLOPE INTO THE END.
310
00:17:26,793 --> 00:17:31,827
THIS IS BEFORE
AND AFTER THE CONTOURING.
311
00:17:31,827 --> 00:17:36,103
A SECOND COMPUTERIZED
TOOL SHAPES THE END ROUNDER
312
00:17:36,103 --> 00:17:37,413
TO CREATE A SPHERE SHAPE
313
00:17:37,413 --> 00:17:40,206
THAT RETAINS
THE HEXAGONAL ANGLES.
314
00:17:43,172 --> 00:17:45,655
AN AUTOMATED LOADER SERVES
UP THE STEEL PIECES
315
00:17:45,655 --> 00:17:48,241
TO A SPIRAL COPPER
HEATING ELEMENT.
316
00:17:49,827 --> 00:17:51,827
THE ELEMENT HEATS
A SPECIFIC SPOT
317
00:17:51,827 --> 00:17:57,965
ON THE PIECE TO 1,112 DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT TO SOFTEN IT.
318
00:17:57,965 --> 00:18:01,931
A MECHANIZED TOOL THEN BENDS
THE STEEL AT THIS SOFTENED POINT
319
00:18:01,931 --> 00:18:05,172
TO GIVE IT AN L SHAPE.
320
00:18:05,172 --> 00:18:08,241
THE HEX KEY L-WRENCHES
HAVE NOW TAKEN SHAPE.
321
00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:11,827
IN THE NEXT OPERATION,
322
00:18:11,827 --> 00:18:13,310
WORKERS HEAT TREAT THE WRENCHES
323
00:18:13,310 --> 00:18:15,655
TO MAKE THE STEEL
EVEN HARDER.
324
00:18:15,655 --> 00:18:19,413
WORKERS FIRE THE PARTS
IN AN ELECTRICAL FURNACE,
325
00:18:19,413 --> 00:18:21,068
QUENCH THEM IN OIL
326
00:18:21,068 --> 00:18:22,724
AND THEN HEAT THEM
IN A SECOND FURNACE
327
00:18:22,724 --> 00:18:25,517
THAT'S NOT AS HOT
AS THE FIRST ONE.
328
00:18:25,517 --> 00:18:30,724
THE HEAT TREATMENT STRENGTHENS
THE STEEL BUT LEAVES A RESIDUE.
329
00:18:30,724 --> 00:18:33,689
A WASH AND THEN A SAND
BLAST CLEANS THEM UP A BIT,
330
00:18:33,689 --> 00:18:36,068
BUT THE WRENCHES
ARE QUITE TARNISHED LOOKING
331
00:18:36,068 --> 00:18:38,103
SO IT'S INTO A VIBRATING MACHINE
332
00:18:38,103 --> 00:18:41,793
WITH CERAMIC STONES
AND POLISHING SOLUTION.
333
00:18:41,793 --> 00:18:45,689
THIS CLEANS AND
BRIGHTENS THE STEEL.
334
00:18:45,689 --> 00:18:48,827
A MAGNETIC CONVEYOR
EXTRACTS THEM FROM THE MIX
335
00:18:48,827 --> 00:18:51,517
AND TAKES THEM
TO A REVOLVING DRUM.
336
00:18:51,517 --> 00:18:54,344
HERE THE WRENCHES BOUNCE
AROUND WITH CORN GRAINS
337
00:18:54,344 --> 00:18:58,137
THAT ABSORB RESIDUAL MOISTURE
FROM THE POLISHING.
338
00:18:58,137 --> 00:19:00,689
WHAT A DIFFERENCE
THE CLEANING HAS MADE.
339
00:19:02,758 --> 00:19:05,310
ON RACKS NOW,
THE WRENCHES TAKE A DIP
340
00:19:05,310 --> 00:19:08,310
IN DIFFERENT NICKEL
AND CHROME BATHS.
341
00:19:08,310 --> 00:19:10,206
THE RACK DELIVERS
AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE
342
00:19:10,206 --> 00:19:11,827
TO THE PARTS,
343
00:19:11,827 --> 00:19:13,896
WHICH ATTRACTS
THE NICKEL AND CHROME.
344
00:19:13,896 --> 00:19:15,448
THE METALS COAT THE WRENCHES
345
00:19:15,448 --> 00:19:19,655
FOR A SHINY RUST-PROOF FINISH.
346
00:19:19,655 --> 00:19:23,000
NEXT A DEVICE SPINS
THE WRENCH IN FRONT OF A SENSOR.
347
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:24,689
THE SENSOR DETECTS
AND CROOKEDNESS
348
00:19:24,689 --> 00:19:28,172
IN THE WRENCH'S LONG ARM.
349
00:19:28,172 --> 00:19:33,344
IF NEEDED, HE STRAIGHTENS
THE STEEL WITH A SPECIAL TOOL.
350
00:19:33,344 --> 00:19:37,103
THE WRENCHES ARE NOW READY
FOR A SPRAY OF POWDER COAT.
351
00:19:37,103 --> 00:19:39,586
IT WILL PROVIDE
A DURABLE FINISH AND THE COLOR
352
00:19:39,586 --> 00:19:43,206
WILL INDICATE
THE WRENCH'S SIZE.
353
00:19:43,206 --> 00:19:45,965
AFTER POWDER COATING
A ROBOT TRANSFERS
354
00:19:45,965 --> 00:19:49,689
THE WRENCHES
TO A PRINTING STATION.
355
00:19:49,689 --> 00:19:52,344
A MECHANIZED TOOL NUDGES
THE WRENCHES FORWARD
356
00:19:52,344 --> 00:19:54,862
TO PUT THEM IN ALIGNMENT.
357
00:19:57,103 --> 00:19:59,724
ANOTHER ROBOT MOVES IN.
358
00:19:59,724 --> 00:20:00,965
IT PICKS ONE OF THE WRENCHES
359
00:20:00,965 --> 00:20:04,275
AND MOVES IT UNDER
A PRINTING PAD.
360
00:20:04,275 --> 00:20:06,448
THE PAD STAMPS
BRAND INFORMATION
361
00:20:06,448 --> 00:20:10,103
AND A SERIAL NUMBER
ON THE WRENCH.
362
00:20:10,103 --> 00:20:13,827
THE ROBOT RETRIEVES THE WRENCH
AND PLACES I ON A CONVEYOR.
363
00:20:16,551 --> 00:20:19,655
THEY NOW MAKE THE PLASTIC
HOLDERS FOR THE WRENCHES.
364
00:20:19,655 --> 00:20:22,482
THIS MACHINE MELTS
AND MOLDS PLASTIC UNDER PRESSURE
365
00:20:22,482 --> 00:20:25,034
TO PRODUCE THEM
IN SECONDS.
366
00:20:26,689 --> 00:20:28,896
A ROBOT REMOVES
THE PLASTIC HOLDERS
367
00:20:28,896 --> 00:20:30,103
FROM THE MACHINE
368
00:20:30,103 --> 00:20:34,068
AND DEPOSITS THEM
IN A BIN.
369
00:20:34,068 --> 00:20:37,275
A WORKER NOW PLACES TWO OF
THE HOLDERS UNDER A LASER.
370
00:20:39,586 --> 00:20:41,310
HE LOWERS THE PROTECTIVE SHIELD
371
00:20:41,310 --> 00:20:44,655
AND THE LASER ETCHES COMPANY
INFORMATION ONTO THE PLASTIC.
372
00:20:47,206 --> 00:20:50,344
ANOTHER MEMBER OF THE TEAM
INSERTS THE COLOR-CODED WRENCHES
373
00:20:50,344 --> 00:20:52,896
INTO THE CORRECT SLOTS
IN THE HOLDERS.
374
00:20:55,034 --> 00:21:00,000
THEY NOW HAVE A FULL KIT
OF HEX KEY L-WRENCHES.
375
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:03,137
IT SHOULD HAVE
ALL THE ANGLES COVERED.
29469
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