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00:00:05,172 --> 00:00:08,137
--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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00:00:08,137 --> 00:00:11,068
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
3
00:00:53,310 --> 00:00:56,241
A COMBINATION SQUARE IS
A MEASURING TOOL YOU USE
4
00:00:56,241 --> 00:00:57,482
WHEN BUILDING WITH WOOD,
5
00:00:57,482 --> 00:00:59,000
MASONRY OR METAL
6
00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:00,689
TO MAKE SURE
SOMETHING'S STRAIGHT,
7
00:01:00,689 --> 00:01:02,551
EVEN AND LEVEL.
8
00:01:02,551 --> 00:01:03,896
IT'S ESSENTIALLY A RULER
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00:01:03,896 --> 00:01:06,724
WITH INTERCHANGEABLE
SLIDING HEADS.
10
00:01:06,724 --> 00:01:08,793
THE MOST BASIC HEAD,
CALLED A SQUARE,
11
00:01:08,793 --> 00:01:13,310
MEASURES 90
AND 45 DEGREE ANGLES.
12
00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:16,827
THIS COMBINATION SQUARE
COMES WITH THREE HEADS.
13
00:01:16,827 --> 00:01:19,793
THEY LOCK INTO A GROOVE
ON ONE SIDE OF THE BLADE.
14
00:01:19,793 --> 00:01:22,344
THE BLADE STARTS
OUT GROOVED BUT BLANK.
15
00:01:22,344 --> 00:01:24,827
SO TO ETCH
THE GRADUATIONS INTO IT,
16
00:01:24,827 --> 00:01:27,827
THEY FIRST COAT THE SURFACES
WITH PHOTORESIST,
17
00:01:27,827 --> 00:01:29,103
A CHEMICAL THAT HARDENS
18
00:01:29,103 --> 00:01:32,689
WHEN EXPOSED
TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.
19
00:01:32,689 --> 00:01:34,172
THEN THEY FLASH UV
20
00:01:34,172 --> 00:01:35,965
LIGHT ON BOTH SIDES
OF THE BLADE
21
00:01:35,965 --> 00:01:39,241
THROUGH POLYESTER FILM NEGATIVES
OF THE GRADUATIONS.
22
00:01:39,241 --> 00:01:41,413
THE LIGHT HARDENS
ONLY THE PHOTO
23
00:01:41,413 --> 00:01:43,827
RESISTANT HITS THROUGH
THE CLEAR PARTS.
24
00:01:43,827 --> 00:01:47,103
THE REST REMAIN SOFT.
25
00:01:47,103 --> 00:01:49,275
AFTER MANUALLY
MASKING THE GROOVE,
26
00:01:49,275 --> 00:01:53,551
WORKERS PUT THE BLADE THROUGH
A PHOTOCHEMICAL ETCHING MACHINE.
27
00:01:53,551 --> 00:01:56,103
IT WASHES OFF
THE SOFT PHOTORESIST
28
00:01:56,103 --> 00:01:58,586
THAT'S IN THE PATTERN
OF THE GRADUATIONS,
29
00:01:58,586 --> 00:02:00,344
THEN HITS THAT BARED STEEL
30
00:02:00,344 --> 00:02:02,413
WITH A METAL-EATING
SALT SOLUTION,
31
00:02:02,413 --> 00:02:05,724
ETCHING THE GRADUATIONS
INTO THE BLADE.
32
00:02:05,724 --> 00:02:08,862
EVERYTHING ELSE IS MASKED
BY HARDENED PHOTO RESIST,
33
00:02:08,862 --> 00:02:12,758
WHICH THEY WASH OFF AFTERWARD.
34
00:02:12,758 --> 00:02:15,103
THE BLADE MEASURES
IN IMPERIAL UNITS.
35
00:02:15,103 --> 00:02:16,793
THEY SET IT IN THIS MACHINE,
36
00:02:16,793 --> 00:02:20,620
WHICH REGISTERS THE LOCATION
OF THE 1-INCH MARK,
37
00:02:20,620 --> 00:02:22,827
THEN GRINDS DOWN
THE END OF THE BLADE
38
00:02:22,827 --> 00:02:26,862
UNTIL IT'S PRECISELY
1 INCH FROM THAT LINE.
39
00:02:26,862 --> 00:02:29,482
THEY RUN THE BLADE
THROUGH A SANDBLASTER.
40
00:02:29,482 --> 00:02:32,379
IT SHOOTS GLASS BEADS
ONTO THE STEEL SURFACE
41
00:02:32,379 --> 00:02:34,586
TO MAKE IT
MICROSCOPICALLY ROUGH.
42
00:02:34,586 --> 00:02:36,931
THIS WILL GIVE THE CHROME
PLATING A MATTE,
43
00:02:36,931 --> 00:02:39,137
RATHER THAN GLOSSY FINISH,
44
00:02:39,137 --> 00:02:43,310
MAKING THE GRADUATIONS
EASIER TO READ.
45
00:02:43,310 --> 00:02:44,517
BEFORE PLATING,
46
00:02:44,517 --> 00:02:47,551
THEY CLEAN THE BLADE
BY DIPPING IT IN ACID.
47
00:02:49,793 --> 00:02:51,965
THEN THEY SUBMERGE IT
IN THE ELECTROPLATING TANK
48
00:02:51,965 --> 00:02:54,310
FOR ABOUT 15 SECONDS.
49
00:02:54,310 --> 00:02:55,793
NOW, THE STEEL BLADE,
50
00:02:55,793 --> 00:02:58,103
WITH ITS GRADUATIONS
ON BOTH SIDES,
51
00:02:58,103 --> 00:02:59,931
IS PLATED IN CHROME.
52
00:03:02,103 --> 00:03:06,931
THE NEXT STEP
IS CALLED BLACK FILLING.
53
00:03:06,931 --> 00:03:08,724
THEY APPLY BLACK ENAMEL PAINT
54
00:03:08,724 --> 00:03:10,344
TO BOTH SIDES OF THE BLADE,
55
00:03:10,344 --> 00:03:12,689
THEN WIPE THE SURFACE CLEAN.
56
00:03:12,689 --> 00:03:16,379
THE BLACK REMAINS
IN THE RECESSED GRADUATIONS,
57
00:03:16,379 --> 00:03:19,586
MAKING THE NUMBERS
AND LINES EASIER TO READ.
58
00:03:19,586 --> 00:03:22,758
FIFTEEN MINUTES IN AN OVEN
TO BAKE ON THE BLACKFILL,
59
00:03:22,758 --> 00:03:25,034
THEN A QUALITY
CONTROL INSPECTION
60
00:03:25,034 --> 00:03:28,517
AND THE BLADE IS FINISHED.
61
00:03:28,517 --> 00:03:30,724
MEANWHILE, IN ANOTHER PART
OF THE FACTORY,
62
00:03:30,724 --> 00:03:33,448
THIS COMPUTER GUIDED
MACHINE USES BOTH MILLING
63
00:03:33,448 --> 00:03:35,172
AND DRILLING TOOLS TO MACHINE
64
00:03:35,172 --> 00:03:38,413
FORGED PIECES
OF STEEL INTO HEADS.
65
00:03:38,413 --> 00:03:40,517
THIS IS THE FORGED SQUARE HEAD,
66
00:03:40,517 --> 00:03:43,517
BEFORE AND AFTER MACHINING
TO ITS FINISHED SHAPE.
67
00:03:43,517 --> 00:03:48,034
THE NEXT STEP
IS TO HARDEN THE STEEL.
68
00:03:48,034 --> 00:03:51,000
THEY PLACE THE HEAD
INTO THE FURNACE FOR 3 MINUTES
69
00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:54,379
AT MORE THAN
1,472 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
70
00:03:54,379 --> 00:03:57,068
THE HEAD COMES OUT
COVERED IN BLACK SOOT.
71
00:03:57,068 --> 00:03:59,000
SO THEY SANDBLAST IT CLEAN.
72
00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:02,172
THE SURFACE IS NOW
PREPPED FOR PAINTING.
73
00:04:02,172 --> 00:04:05,068
THE APPLY POWDERED PAINT
ELECTROSTATICALLY,
74
00:04:05,068 --> 00:04:08,103
RUNNING A POSITIVE
ELECTRICAL CHARGE TO THE HEAD
75
00:04:08,103 --> 00:04:10,172
AND A NEGATIVE
ONE TO THE PAINT.
76
00:04:10,172 --> 00:04:13,275
THIS DRAWS THE PAINT
TO THE PART LIKE A MAGNET,
77
00:04:13,275 --> 00:04:17,586
COATING THE ENTIRE SERVICE
IN AN EVEN LAYER.
78
00:04:17,586 --> 00:04:22,620
A 45 MINUTE TRIP THROUGH
AN OVEN BAKES ON THE PAINT.
79
00:04:22,620 --> 00:04:25,689
THEN, THEY MOUNT THE HEAD
ON A COMPUTER-GUIDED MACHINE
80
00:04:25,689 --> 00:04:27,034
THAT GRINDS THAT PAINT OFF
81
00:04:27,034 --> 00:04:29,758
THE HEAD'S
ANGLE-MEASURING SURFACES.
82
00:04:29,758 --> 00:04:33,344
THEY INSTALL
THE HEAD'S BUBBLE LEVEL.
83
00:04:33,344 --> 00:04:35,758
FIRST, THEY INSERT
A WHITE PAPER BACKGROUND,
84
00:04:35,758 --> 00:04:38,758
WHICH MAKES IT EASIER
TO SEE THE AIR BUBBLE.
85
00:04:41,517 --> 00:04:44,275
THEN THEY INSERT THE GLASS
VIAL CONTAINING THE BUBBLE
86
00:04:44,275 --> 00:04:46,896
FLOATING IN A GLUCOSE SOLUTION.
87
00:04:46,896 --> 00:04:49,379
A DAB OF PLASTER AT BOTH
ENDS HOLDS THE VIAL
88
00:04:49,379 --> 00:04:52,620
IN ITS DESIGNATED SLOT.
89
00:04:52,620 --> 00:04:54,068
THEY ASSEMBLE THE LOCK BOLT
90
00:04:54,068 --> 00:04:57,482
THAT HOLDS THE HEAD
IN THE BLADE'S GROOVE.
91
00:04:57,482 --> 00:04:58,724
THEY MOUNT IT WITH A SPRING
92
00:04:58,724 --> 00:05:00,620
AND A WASHER TO PREVENT THE LOCK
93
00:05:00,620 --> 00:05:03,517
FROM ROTATING
AND SECURE IT WITH A NUT.
94
00:05:06,413 --> 00:05:09,931
THEN THEY CLOSE UP THE BUBBLE
LEVEL SLOT WITH AN ENDCAP.
95
00:05:14,413 --> 00:05:16,965
THEY RUN THE UNPAINTED
ANGLE MEASURING SURFACES
96
00:05:16,965 --> 00:05:22,241
AGAINST THE BUFFING WHEEL
TO POLISH THE STEEL TO A SHINE.
97
00:05:22,241 --> 00:05:23,689
THE LAST STEP,
98
00:05:23,689 --> 00:05:27,724
INSERTING A SCRIBING
AWL INTO ITS SLOT.
99
00:05:27,724 --> 00:05:29,862
YOU USE THE AWL
TO MAKE A SCRATCH MARK
100
00:05:29,862 --> 00:05:32,517
WHEN YOU TAKE A MEASUREMENT.
101
00:05:32,517 --> 00:05:37,965
NOW, THE FINAL ASSEMBLY,
THE SQUARE HEAD,
102
00:05:37,965 --> 00:05:40,068
THE PROTRACTOR HEAD
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00:05:43,206 --> 00:05:46,103
AND THE CENTER HEAD.
104
00:05:46,103 --> 00:05:48,655
ALL THREE COME ON
THE COMBINATION SQUARE.
105
00:05:48,655 --> 00:05:52,931
BUT WHEN USING THE TOOL,
YOU INSTALL ONLY ONE AT A TIME.
106
00:06:02,413 --> 00:06:04,275
NARRATOR: BY THE LATE 1960s,
107
00:06:04,275 --> 00:06:05,862
FISHERMEN JUST COULDN'T KEEP UP
108
00:06:05,862 --> 00:06:08,413
WITH A GROWING GLOBAL
DEMAND FOR SHRIMP.
109
00:06:08,413 --> 00:06:11,310
THIS GAVE BIRTH TO
COMMERCIAL SHRIMP FARMING.
110
00:06:11,310 --> 00:06:12,862
MOST SHRIMP FARMS ARE LOCATED
111
00:06:12,862 --> 00:06:15,758
NEAR THE SEA FOR ACCESS
TO SALT WATER.
112
00:06:15,758 --> 00:06:18,620
THE GREATEST PRODUCER
OF FARMED SHRIMP IS ASIA,
113
00:06:18,620 --> 00:06:22,344
WITH THAILAND BEING
THE LARGEST EXPORTER.
114
00:06:22,344 --> 00:06:25,068
SHRIMP HATCHERIES RAISE
THE OFFSPRING
115
00:06:25,068 --> 00:06:28,241
OF THEIR BREEDING STOCK
THROUGH THREE LARVAL STAGES,
116
00:06:28,241 --> 00:06:30,068
THEN SELL THEM TO SHRIMP FARMS,
117
00:06:30,068 --> 00:06:34,275
WHICH GROW THEM
TO MARKET SIZE.
118
00:06:34,275 --> 00:06:35,931
AS THIS MODEL DEMONSTRATES,
119
00:06:35,931 --> 00:06:39,517
THE SHRIMP FARM FIRST PURIFIES
THE SEAWATER IT USES,
120
00:06:39,517 --> 00:06:41,517
THROUGH A SYSTEM
OF TREATMENT PONDS
121
00:06:41,517 --> 00:06:45,931
CONTAINING FISH
THAT FEED ON MICROORGANISMS.
122
00:06:45,931 --> 00:06:47,931
THEN THE FARM PUMPS
THE TREATED WATER
123
00:06:47,931 --> 00:06:49,413
TO A CULTURE POND,
124
00:06:49,413 --> 00:06:52,896
IN WHICH THE JUVENILE
SHRIMP GROW TO MATURITY.
125
00:06:52,896 --> 00:06:57,482
THIS IS WHAT THE SHRIMP LOOK
LIKE AT ABOUT 2 MONTHS OLD.
126
00:06:57,482 --> 00:06:59,310
SHRIMP FARMS ARE
TYPICALLY LOCATED
127
00:06:59,310 --> 00:07:02,482
ON A COAST FOR SEAWATER ACCESS.
128
00:07:02,482 --> 00:07:04,275
WORKERS SPREAD
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
129
00:07:04,275 --> 00:07:06,310
BEFORE FILLING THE CULTURE POND
130
00:07:06,310 --> 00:07:08,034
TO RESTORE THE SOIL BOTTOM
131
00:07:08,034 --> 00:07:12,034
TO OPTIMUM CONDITIONS
BETWEEN HARVESTS.
132
00:07:12,034 --> 00:07:14,896
THEY PUMP SEAWATER INTO
THE FIRST TREATMENT POND,
133
00:07:14,896 --> 00:07:19,000
WHERE TILAPIA FISH NATURALLY
PURIFY THE WATER BY CONSUMING
134
00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,344
FLOATING MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS
CALLED PLANKTON.
135
00:07:22,344 --> 00:07:24,551
PLANT MATTER
IN FISH FECES SETTLE
136
00:07:24,551 --> 00:07:26,448
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE POND.
137
00:07:26,448 --> 00:07:27,965
A PUMP MOVES WATER FROM THIS
138
00:07:27,965 --> 00:07:30,068
FIRST TREATMENT POND
TO A SECOND ONE.
139
00:07:30,068 --> 00:07:35,758
FOR ANOTHER ROUND OF THIS
NATURAL CLEANING PROCESS.
140
00:07:35,758 --> 00:07:37,620
THEN A PUMP TRANSFERS THE WATER
141
00:07:37,620 --> 00:07:40,586
FROM THE SECOND TREATMENT POND
TO THE CULTURAL POND.
142
00:07:43,827 --> 00:07:45,551
ONCE THE POND IS FULL,
143
00:07:45,551 --> 00:07:49,137
THEY RELEASE THE JUVENILE SHRIMP
PURCHASED FROM THE HATCHERY.
144
00:07:49,137 --> 00:07:52,448
WORKERS REGULARLY MONITOR
THE WATER'S OXYGEN LEVEL
145
00:07:52,448 --> 00:07:54,068
AND RUN AERATION PROPELLERS
146
00:07:54,068 --> 00:07:56,620
WHEN IT DROPS TOO LOW.
147
00:07:56,620 --> 00:07:58,379
THE AGITATION ALSO HELPS
148
00:07:58,379 --> 00:08:01,931
DEBRIS SETTLE AT
THE BOTTOM OF THE POND.
149
00:08:01,931 --> 00:08:05,379
WORKERS RUN A WEEKLY WATER
QUALITY TEST ON SAMPLES
150
00:08:05,379 --> 00:08:08,379
DRAWN FROM THE TREATMENT
AND CULTURE PONDS.
151
00:08:08,379 --> 00:08:10,379
REGULARLY MONITORING
THE CULTURAL POND
152
00:08:10,379 --> 00:08:12,034
IS PARTICULARLY CRITICAL
153
00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:15,862
BECAUSE SHRIMP FECES AND URINE
BREAK DOWN INTO AMMONIA,
154
00:08:15,862 --> 00:08:18,310
WHICH IS TOXIC AT HIGH LEVEL.
155
00:08:18,310 --> 00:08:21,620
THE TEST SOLUTION REACTS
TO THE CONCENTRATION OF AMMONIA
156
00:08:21,620 --> 00:08:22,931
IN THE WATER SAMPLE,
157
00:08:22,931 --> 00:08:25,793
TURNING A SHADE
OF YELLOW OR GREEN.
158
00:08:25,793 --> 00:08:28,172
THEY CONSULT A COLOR CHART
TO TRANSLATE THIS
159
00:08:28,172 --> 00:08:31,655
INTO A MILLIGRAMS
OF AMMONIA PER METER READING.
160
00:08:31,655 --> 00:08:34,310
THEN THEY CONSULT
A TABLE SHOWING SAFE,
161
00:08:34,310 --> 00:08:37,482
DANGEROUS AND TOXIC LEVELS.
162
00:08:37,482 --> 00:08:39,827
IF THE READING IS
ABOVE THE SAFE RANGE,
163
00:08:39,827 --> 00:08:41,103
THEY DILUTE THE AMMONIA
164
00:08:41,103 --> 00:08:42,758
BY PUMPING MORE TREATED WATER
165
00:08:42,758 --> 00:08:45,724
INTO THE CULTURE POND.
166
00:08:45,724 --> 00:08:48,310
ONCE A WEEK, THEY ALSO
PULL A FEW SHRIMP
167
00:08:48,310 --> 00:08:52,000
FROM THE CULTURE POND
TO EXTRACT THEIR LIVERS.
168
00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:55,758
FIRST, THEY EXAMINE
THE SHAPE OF THE ORGAN.
169
00:08:55,758 --> 00:08:57,758
THEY EXAMINE IT UNDER
A MICROSCOPE
170
00:08:57,758 --> 00:09:01,275
TO SEE HOW FATTY IT IS.
171
00:09:01,275 --> 00:09:04,206
A WELL-SHAPED LIVER
WITH SUFFICIENT FAT INDICATES
172
00:09:04,206 --> 00:09:05,896
THE SHRIMP WAS
IN GOOD HEALTH,
173
00:09:05,896 --> 00:09:08,896
AND, THEREFORE, THE OTHERS BACK
IN THE POND ARE TOO.
174
00:09:13,275 --> 00:09:16,034
THE GROWING SHRIMP ARE FED
AN ALL-NATURAL DIET,
175
00:09:16,034 --> 00:09:18,586
WHICH INCLUDES PROBIOTICS,
176
00:09:18,586 --> 00:09:20,620
TAMARIND,
177
00:09:20,620 --> 00:09:23,103
WHICH IS SOAKED IN WATER...
178
00:09:25,689 --> 00:09:29,206
AND GARLIC.
179
00:09:29,206 --> 00:09:32,034
WORKERS ADD THESE THREE
INGREDIENTS TO THE SHRIMP FEED,
180
00:09:32,034 --> 00:09:35,241
WHICH IS A MIXTURE
OF FISH MEAL, FISH OIL,
181
00:09:35,241 --> 00:09:37,862
SOY BEAN PULP AND RICE FLOUR.
182
00:09:39,896 --> 00:09:42,413
TAMARIND MAINTAINS
THE RIGHT LEVEL OF ACIDITY
183
00:09:42,413 --> 00:09:45,758
IN THE SHRIMP'S GUT.
184
00:09:45,758 --> 00:09:48,862
GARLIC PREVENTS BACTERIA
BUILDUP IN THE COLON.
185
00:09:52,068 --> 00:09:55,517
AND THE PROBIOTIC SOLUTION
PROVIDES BENEFICIAL BACTERIA,
186
00:09:55,517 --> 00:09:57,655
WHICH PREVENTS INFECTIONS
AND IMPROVES
187
00:09:57,655 --> 00:10:00,620
HOW THE SHRIMP
DIGESTS NUTRIENTS.
188
00:10:03,068 --> 00:10:05,896
AFTER BLENDING AND LIQUEFYING
THE THREE INGREDIENTS,
189
00:10:05,896 --> 00:10:08,137
THEY MIX IN 6
FLUID OUNCES PER
190
00:10:08,137 --> 00:10:10,137
2 POUNDS OF SHRIMP FEED.
191
00:10:15,758 --> 00:10:19,068
FOUR TIMES A DAY,
AT 8 AM, NOON,
192
00:10:19,068 --> 00:10:22,137
4 PM AND 8 PM,
WORKERS POUR FOOD
193
00:10:22,137 --> 00:10:24,206
ONTO AN AUTOMATIC
FEEDING MACHINE,
194
00:10:24,206 --> 00:10:27,793
WHICH DISTRIBUTES IT EVENLY
THROUGHOUT THE CULTURE POND.
195
00:10:32,827 --> 00:10:36,344
THE SHRIMP FEED OVER
THE ENTIRE 12 HOUR PERIOD,
196
00:10:36,344 --> 00:10:37,931
EATING THE EQUIVALENT
OF ABOUT 4%
197
00:10:37,931 --> 00:10:40,000
TO 5% OF THEIR BODY WEIGHT.
198
00:10:47,793 --> 00:10:50,068
AFTER 4 TO 5 MONTHS
IN THE CULTURAL POND,
199
00:10:50,068 --> 00:10:52,793
THE SHRIMP MATURE
TO MARKET SIZE,
200
00:10:52,793 --> 00:10:57,275
WHICH IS 20 TO 30 GRAMS.
201
00:10:57,275 --> 00:10:58,551
ONCE THEY'RE HARVESTED,
202
00:10:58,551 --> 00:11:00,655
THE FARM DRAINS
THE CULTURE POND
203
00:11:00,655 --> 00:11:03,724
AND STARTS THE PROCESS
ALL OVER AGAIN.
204
00:11:17,620 --> 00:11:20,620
THE BALL VALVE CAME INTO
LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIAL USE
205
00:11:20,620 --> 00:11:22,965
DURING THE 20th CENTURY.
206
00:11:22,965 --> 00:11:24,586
WITH A HOLLOW AND PIVOTING BALL
207
00:11:24,586 --> 00:11:26,620
TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF FLUIDS,
208
00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:30,379
THIS VALVE IS DURABLE
AND RESISTANT TO CONTAMINATION.
209
00:11:30,379 --> 00:11:33,034
IT'S WHY MANY INDUSTRIES
RELY ON BALL VALVES
210
00:11:33,034 --> 00:11:35,034
TO KEEP PRODUCTION FLOWING.
211
00:11:38,413 --> 00:11:41,068
BALL VALVES CONTROL
THE FLOW OF GASES.
212
00:11:41,068 --> 00:11:43,586
IN MACHINERY USED TO PRODUCE
HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS
213
00:11:43,586 --> 00:11:45,620
LIKE LED LIGHTS.
214
00:11:45,620 --> 00:11:47,379
IT'S JUST ONE WAY
THEY CONTRIBUTE
215
00:11:47,379 --> 00:11:49,931
TO THE MODERN WORLD.
216
00:11:49,931 --> 00:11:51,655
MAKING BALL VALVES FOR LED
217
00:11:51,655 --> 00:11:53,034
MANUFACTURING STARTS
218
00:11:53,034 --> 00:11:56,931
WITH AN 11-FOOT
LONG STEEL BAR STOCK.
219
00:11:56,931 --> 00:12:01,206
AS COOLANT, A SAW CARVES
IT UP LIKE SALAMI,
220
00:12:01,206 --> 00:12:05,551
PRODUCING 50 OR 60 STEEL PUCKS.
221
00:12:05,551 --> 00:12:08,689
COMPUTERIZED TOOLING
THEN DRILLS HOLES IN THE PUCKS,
222
00:12:08,689 --> 00:12:12,103
AS IT BEGINS TO TRANSFORM THEM
INTO THE VALVE CENTER PARTS.
223
00:12:12,103 --> 00:12:17,586
THE SYSTEM CHANGES
TOOL BITS AUTOMATICALLY.
224
00:12:17,586 --> 00:12:19,379
CUTTERS SQUARE UP THE PUCKS,
225
00:12:19,379 --> 00:12:22,586
SO THAT THEY'LL FIT IN THE LED
CHIP MAKING MACHINERY.
226
00:12:25,206 --> 00:12:27,896
A GRINDING TOOL MILLS
THE TOPS OF THE PARTS
227
00:12:27,896 --> 00:12:30,000
TO A PRECISE TOLERANCE.
228
00:12:32,448 --> 00:12:35,000
ONCE THE FINAL SHAPE
HAS BEEN ACHIEVED,
229
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:37,896
A WORKER GIVES
THE PART A SANDING.
230
00:12:37,896 --> 00:12:40,655
HE REMOVES ROUGH BITS,
KNOWN AS BURRS,
231
00:12:40,655 --> 00:12:44,448
AND SMOOTHES THE ENTIRE SURFACE.
232
00:12:44,448 --> 00:12:46,000
WITH A NARROW BLADE,
233
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:48,586
HE THEN SCRAPES OFF
ANY BURRS IN THE HOLES
234
00:12:48,586 --> 00:12:51,448
THAT COULD IMPEDE
THE VALVE'S FUNCTION.
235
00:12:51,448 --> 00:12:53,172
WITH THE DEBURRING COMPLETE,
236
00:12:53,172 --> 00:12:56,034
HE MEASURES EACH VALVE BODY.
237
00:12:56,034 --> 00:12:59,241
CERAMIC BITS THAT LOOK
LIKE AQUARIUM GRAVEL
238
00:12:59,241 --> 00:13:03,517
WILL NOW BE USED TO POLISH
THE STEEL VALVE PARTS.
239
00:13:03,517 --> 00:13:05,689
THE OPERATOR PLACES
THE VALVE BODIES
240
00:13:05,689 --> 00:13:08,586
IN THE CELLS OF A DRUM TUMBLER.
241
00:13:08,586 --> 00:13:11,620
HE PUTS THE LID ON THE TUMBLER
AND SETS IT IN MOTION.
242
00:13:11,620 --> 00:13:14,862
THE FRICTION POLISHES THE STEEL,
243
00:13:14,862 --> 00:13:16,379
CREATING A SMOOTH SURFACE
244
00:13:16,379 --> 00:13:19,482
THAT WON'T BLOCK THE MOVEMENT
OF GAS MOLECULES.
245
00:13:22,724 --> 00:13:26,379
NEXT, THEY ASSEMBLE FLANGES
TO THE ENDCAPS.
246
00:13:26,379 --> 00:13:29,000
AFTER TACK WELDING
THE TWO PARTS TOGETHER,
247
00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,586
AN OPERATOR PLACES THEM
IN A REVOLVING FIXTURE.
248
00:13:32,586 --> 00:13:34,241
HE WELDS THEM TOGETHER,
249
00:13:34,241 --> 00:13:36,517
CREATING A SUBSTANTIAL
INSIDE SEAM
250
00:13:36,517 --> 00:13:40,586
THAT WILL HOLD UP
TO VACUUM CONDITIONS.
251
00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:42,965
HE SCRUBS OFF THE HEAT STAIN
INSIDE THE PART,
252
00:13:42,965 --> 00:13:45,000
USING A WIRE BRUSH.
253
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,586
THE STAIN HAS ALSO SPREAD
AROUND THE SEAMS
254
00:13:47,586 --> 00:13:49,206
ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE PARTS.
255
00:13:49,206 --> 00:13:54,413
SO A WORKER RINSES THE OUTSIDE
OF THE SEAM WITH WATER.
256
00:13:54,413 --> 00:13:56,310
HE WASHES OFF THE STAIN
257
00:13:56,310 --> 00:13:58,793
USING AN ELECTRIFIED
CARBON BRUSH
258
00:13:58,793 --> 00:14:01,206
AND AN ACID CLEANING SOLUTION.
259
00:14:04,517 --> 00:14:07,206
THEN IT'S IN TO
AN ULTRASONIC CLEANER,
260
00:14:07,206 --> 00:14:09,310
WHERE SOUNDWAVES
RIPPLE THROUGH WATER
261
00:14:09,310 --> 00:14:13,655
TO REMOVE DUST
AND CLEANING SOLUTION RESIDUE.
262
00:14:13,655 --> 00:14:15,000
TO ASSEMBLE THE BALL VALVE,
263
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:16,310
THE TECHNICIAN PLACES
264
00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:19,172
TWO RUBBER O-RINGS
ON TOP OF AN ENDCAP.
265
00:14:22,620 --> 00:14:24,758
NEXT IS A THICK SYNTHETIC RING,
266
00:14:24,758 --> 00:14:27,758
WHICH WILL SECURE
THE BALL IN THE VALVE.
267
00:14:27,758 --> 00:14:30,344
HE SEATS THE VALVE BODY OVER IT.
268
00:14:34,448 --> 00:14:36,862
HE CLEANSES
THE HOLLOW STEEL BALL
269
00:14:36,862 --> 00:14:39,068
AND INSERTS IT
IN THE VALVE BODY.
270
00:14:42,655 --> 00:14:44,827
HE STACKS MORE RUBBER SEALERS,
271
00:14:44,827 --> 00:14:49,310
ANOTHER SYNTHETIC SEALER
AND ANOTHER ENDCAP ON TOP.
272
00:14:49,310 --> 00:14:51,896
HE INSERTS LONG BOLTS
INTO THE FOUR CORNERS
273
00:14:51,896 --> 00:14:53,344
OF THE VALVE
274
00:14:53,344 --> 00:14:56,379
AND SECURES THEM TIGHTLY
WITH NUTS TO KEEP AIR
275
00:14:56,379 --> 00:14:58,413
FROM SEEPING INTO THE VALVE.
276
00:15:01,413 --> 00:15:03,482
HE ATTACHES A HANDLE
TO THE STEM,
277
00:15:03,482 --> 00:15:07,275
PROTRUDING FROM THE VALVE BODY.
278
00:15:07,275 --> 00:15:10,241
HE INSTALLS A STOP PIN
TO PREVENT THE HANDLE
279
00:15:10,241 --> 00:15:14,482
FROM OPENING BEYOND
A QUARTER TURN.
280
00:15:14,482 --> 00:15:17,137
FINALLY, HE TIGHTENS THE NUT
THAT LOCKS THE HANDLE
281
00:15:17,137 --> 00:15:20,620
TO THE VALVE STEM.
282
00:15:20,620 --> 00:15:23,931
HE NOW SECURES THE BALL VALVE
IN A VISE
283
00:15:23,931 --> 00:15:27,724
TO HOLD IT STEADY
WHILE HE TESTS ITS FUNCTION.
284
00:15:27,724 --> 00:15:29,862
WHEN THE WHOLE OF THE BALL
IS ALIGNED WITH FLANGES
285
00:15:29,862 --> 00:15:32,379
OF THE ENDCAPS,
THE VALVE IS OPEN.
286
00:15:32,379 --> 00:15:36,000
AND WHEN IT'S PERPENDICULAR
TO IT, IT'S SHUT.
287
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:38,310
SATISFIED WITH ITS FUNCTION,
288
00:15:38,310 --> 00:15:42,000
HE TRANSFERS THE BALL VALVE
TO THE LASER ENGRAVER.
289
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,413
THE LASER ETCHES
THE SERIAL NUMBER
290
00:15:44,413 --> 00:15:47,068
AND OTHER INFORMATION
ONTO THE VALVE BODY.
291
00:15:49,655 --> 00:15:52,068
AND NOW, ONE FINAL TEST,
292
00:15:52,068 --> 00:15:53,827
THE TECHNICIAN CONNECTS
THE VALVE
293
00:15:53,827 --> 00:15:55,551
TO A VACUUM PUMPING SYSTEM
294
00:15:55,551 --> 00:15:59,000
AND ACTIVATES
A LEAK-DETECTING DEVICE.
295
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:00,827
WHILE THE PUMP DRAWS A VACUUM,
296
00:16:00,827 --> 00:16:03,655
HE SPRAYS HELIUM GAS
ONTO THE VALVE
297
00:16:03,655 --> 00:16:05,896
TO DETECT ANY LEAKS.
298
00:16:05,896 --> 00:16:08,896
THIS ENSURES THE VALVE
WILL OPERATE PROPERLY
299
00:16:08,896 --> 00:16:11,379
IN A HIGH VACUUM ENVIRONMENT.
300
00:16:11,379 --> 00:16:14,275
SOME OF THESE BALL VALVES
ARE MANUALLY OPERATED.
301
00:16:14,275 --> 00:16:17,034
AND OTHERS ARE COMPUTERIZED.
302
00:16:17,034 --> 00:16:18,827
BOTH VERSIONS ARE
DESIGNED TO HOLD UP
303
00:16:18,827 --> 00:16:21,931
TO HIGH VACUUM CONDITIONS
AND HANDLE THE FLOW.
304
00:16:32,517 --> 00:16:34,586
Narrator: IF YOU HAVE GRASS
OR WEEDS TO CUT,
305
00:16:34,586 --> 00:16:37,482
BUT CAN'T ACCESS THE SPOT
WITH YOUR LAWN MOWER,
306
00:16:37,482 --> 00:16:40,275
YOU NEED A STRING
TRIMMER FOR THE JOB.
307
00:16:40,275 --> 00:16:42,586
IT'S COMPACT,
LETTING YOU CUT AROUND
308
00:16:42,586 --> 00:16:44,137
AND IN BETWEEN OBJECTS,
309
00:16:44,137 --> 00:16:46,137
AND DOESN'T RIDE
ON THE GROUND.
310
00:16:46,137 --> 00:16:49,103
SO YOU CAN EASILY USE IT
ON A STEEP TERRAIN.
311
00:16:53,241 --> 00:16:56,310
A STRING TRIMMER SLICES
THE VEGETATION IN ITS PATH
312
00:16:56,310 --> 00:16:58,344
WITH A ROTATING NYLON LINE.
313
00:16:58,344 --> 00:17:01,103
THE MOTOR THAT TURNS
THE SPOOL OF LINE
314
00:17:01,103 --> 00:17:03,827
IS PROTECTED BY A TWO-PART
HOUSING MADE OF POLYMER.
315
00:17:05,689 --> 00:17:08,896
THE POLYMER PELLETS ARE PUMPED
THROUGH PIPES TO THE HOPPER,
316
00:17:08,896 --> 00:17:10,758
THAT FEEDS AN INJECTION
MOLDING MACHINE.
317
00:17:10,758 --> 00:17:13,172
THE MACHINE MELTS THEM,
318
00:17:13,172 --> 00:17:16,896
THEN SHOOTS THE LIQUID PLASTIC
INTO HOUSING-SHAPED MOLDS.
319
00:17:16,896 --> 00:17:21,482
THE MACHINE THEN COOLS THE MOLDS
TO SOLIDIFY THE PLASTIC
320
00:17:21,482 --> 00:17:23,586
AND EJECTS THE MOLDED PARTS,
321
00:17:23,586 --> 00:17:29,034
WHICH A ROBOT GRABS AND PLACES
IN A COLLECTION BOX.
322
00:17:29,034 --> 00:17:31,896
TO MAKE OTHER PLASTIC PARTS
OF THE STRING TRIMMER,
323
00:17:31,896 --> 00:17:35,448
THEY INSTALL DIFFERENT MOLDS
ON THE INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE
324
00:17:35,448 --> 00:17:36,724
AND HOOK UP THE FEED LINE
325
00:17:36,724 --> 00:17:40,103
FOR WHICHEVER COLOR PELLETS
THEY'RE USING.
326
00:17:40,103 --> 00:17:41,620
TO MAKE THE CUTTING LINE,
327
00:17:41,620 --> 00:17:45,344
AN EXTRUSION MACHINE MELTS
DOWN PLASTIC PELLETS,
328
00:17:45,344 --> 00:17:47,172
THEN FORCES THE LIQUID
PLASTIC THROUGH
329
00:17:47,172 --> 00:17:50,793
A ROUND DIE TO FORM LINE.
330
00:17:50,793 --> 00:17:53,862
A COLD WATER BATH COOLS
AND SOLIDIFIES THE SHAPE.
331
00:17:53,862 --> 00:17:56,689
THEN, HEATED ROLLERS
STRETCH THE LINE
332
00:17:56,689 --> 00:17:59,379
UNTIL ITS REDUCED
TO 3 MILLIMETERS IN DIAMETER.
333
00:18:01,068 --> 00:18:03,827
THE LINE IS WOUND
ONTO LARGE SPOOLS,
334
00:18:03,827 --> 00:18:05,137
WHICH FEED THE MACHINES
335
00:18:05,137 --> 00:18:09,000
THAT WIND THE FINISHED
TRIMMER SPOOLS.
336
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,379
ON THE ENGINE ASSEMBLY LINE,
337
00:18:10,379 --> 00:18:12,586
AN AUTOMATED MACHINE
APPLIES SEALANT
338
00:18:12,586 --> 00:18:15,827
TO THE MAGNESIUM ENGINE PAN.
339
00:18:19,689 --> 00:18:21,448
THEY PLACE THE CYLINDER
340
00:18:21,448 --> 00:18:23,275
ON AN ASSEMBLY FIXTURE,
341
00:18:23,275 --> 00:18:26,758
APPLY A GASKET,
THEN INSERT THE PISTON.
342
00:18:26,758 --> 00:18:28,551
ALREADY ASSEMBLED
TO THE CRANKCASE,
343
00:18:28,551 --> 00:18:30,793
ITS UP AND DOWN MOTION TURNS.
344
00:18:30,793 --> 00:18:33,896
THEN THEY MATE THE ENGINE PAN
TO THE CRANKCASE.
345
00:18:33,896 --> 00:18:39,241
THE SEALANT IN BETWEEN
MAKING THAT CONNECTION AIRTIGHT.
346
00:18:39,241 --> 00:18:42,241
AN AUTOMATED MACHINE SCREWS
THE COMPONENTS TOGETHER,
347
00:18:42,241 --> 00:18:44,517
THEN CLOSES OFF
THE EXHAUST PORTS
348
00:18:44,517 --> 00:18:48,241
AND PULLS A VACUUM
TO TEST THE SEAL.
349
00:18:48,241 --> 00:18:50,689
IF THE ENGINE ASSEMBLY
PASSES THE TEST,
350
00:18:50,689 --> 00:18:53,241
IT CONTINUES DOWN
THE ASSEMBLY LINE.
351
00:18:53,241 --> 00:18:55,551
THEY INSTALL A GASKET...
352
00:18:58,103 --> 00:19:01,137
THE CARBURETOR...
353
00:19:01,137 --> 00:19:03,275
ANOTHER GASKET
354
00:19:03,275 --> 00:19:05,655
AND THE HOUSING
FOR THE AIR FILTER.
355
00:19:05,655 --> 00:19:08,862
THEN THEY INSTALL A BAFFLE,
356
00:19:08,862 --> 00:19:10,413
WHICH DISTRIBUTES AIR
357
00:19:10,413 --> 00:19:12,931
SO THAT IT ENTERS
THE AIR FILTER EVENLY.
358
00:19:12,931 --> 00:19:17,827
THEY ATTACH A GASKET
UNDER THE MUFFLER
359
00:19:17,827 --> 00:19:19,896
AND SCREW THE MUFFLER
ONTO THE CYLINDER.
360
00:19:19,896 --> 00:19:23,758
THE GASKET AND SEALANT
ON THE SCREWS ENSURE
361
00:19:23,758 --> 00:19:28,241
THE ONLY EXHAUST GASES
CAN ESCAPE THROUGH THE MUFFLER.
362
00:19:28,241 --> 00:19:30,137
NEXT, THE FLYWHEEL.
363
00:19:30,137 --> 00:19:33,137
WHEN IT ROTATES,
MAGNETS INSIDE PRODUCE
364
00:19:33,137 --> 00:19:35,793
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
THE IGNITION USES
365
00:19:35,793 --> 00:19:37,379
TO SET OFF THE SPARK PLUG
366
00:19:37,379 --> 00:19:41,000
THAT STARTS THE ENGINE
COMBUSTION CYCLE.
367
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:43,137
AFTER MOUNTING THE CLUTCH
ON THE FLYWHEEL,
368
00:19:43,137 --> 00:19:46,620
THEY INSTALL THE SPARK
PLUG ON THE CYLINDER.
369
00:19:46,620 --> 00:19:47,862
THIS AUTOMATED MACHINE
370
00:19:47,862 --> 00:19:50,034
SIMULTANEOUSLY TIGHTENS
THE SPARK PLUG,
371
00:19:50,034 --> 00:19:55,379
THE CLUTCH AND THE FLYWHEEL
TO SPECIFIED TORQUES.
372
00:19:55,379 --> 00:19:57,448
BY THIS POINT,
WORKERS HAVE WELDED
373
00:19:57,448 --> 00:19:59,586
A FUEL TANK
TO THE MOTOR HOUSING.
374
00:19:59,586 --> 00:20:01,965
THEY'VE ALSO INSTALLED
A TRIGGER,
375
00:20:01,965 --> 00:20:04,862
A TRIGGER RELEASE,
AND A STOP SWITCH.
376
00:20:04,862 --> 00:20:09,275
THEY PLACE THE ASSEMBLED
ENGINE INTO THE HOUSING.
377
00:20:09,275 --> 00:20:12,793
THEY ALSO PLACE THE AIR FILTER
INTO THE FILTER HOUSING.
378
00:20:15,517 --> 00:20:17,517
AT THE NEXT STATION,
379
00:20:17,517 --> 00:20:20,344
THEY ATTACH THE OTHER
HALF OF THE MOTOR HOUSING.
380
00:20:24,275 --> 00:20:27,931
A ROBOT TIGHTENS THE SCREWS
TO A SPECIFIC TORQUE.
381
00:20:31,172 --> 00:20:34,379
NEXT, THEY SCREW A COVER
ON TO THE FILTER HOUSING.
382
00:20:37,827 --> 00:20:40,551
THEN THEY CREATE
THE TRIMMER'S POWERHEAD
383
00:20:40,551 --> 00:20:43,758
BY INSTALLING
THE STARTER COVER.
384
00:20:43,758 --> 00:20:46,724
IT CONTAINS THE CORD YOU
PULL TO START THE ENGINE.
385
00:20:49,172 --> 00:20:50,448
ELSEWHERE IN THE FACTORY,
386
00:20:50,448 --> 00:20:52,241
THEY BUILD THE SHAFT ASSEMBLY,
387
00:20:52,241 --> 00:20:55,241
TO WHICH THEY'LL LATER
ATTACH THE POWERHEAD.
388
00:20:55,241 --> 00:20:58,000
FIRST, THEY PUT TOGETHER
THE HANDLE IN THE GEARHEAD
389
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,689
THAT TURNS THE SPOOL OF LINE.
390
00:21:00,689 --> 00:21:02,793
THEN THEY INSTALL THE SPOOL.
391
00:21:02,793 --> 00:21:05,241
WHEN THE CUTTING LINE WEARS
DOWN FROM USE,
392
00:21:05,241 --> 00:21:07,034
YOU TAP THE SPOOL
AGAINST THE GROUND
393
00:21:07,034 --> 00:21:11,000
TO AUTOMATICALLY ADVANCE
MORE LINE.
394
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:14,000
THEY INSERT THE SHAFT
ASSEMBLY INTO THE POWERHEAD.
395
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,103
THE OTHER END OF THE DRIVE
SHAFT CONNECTS TO THE GEARHEAD.
396
00:21:19,034 --> 00:21:22,827
THE LAST STEP IS TO ATTACH
THE GEARHEAD'S DEFLECTOR,
397
00:21:22,827 --> 00:21:24,551
WHICH IS DESIGNED
TO HELP PREVENT
398
00:21:24,551 --> 00:21:28,206
WHAT YOU'RE TRIMMING
FROM FLYING UP AT YOU.
399
00:21:28,206 --> 00:21:29,827
TO USE THE STRING TRIMMER,
400
00:21:29,827 --> 00:21:32,827
YOU FILL THE FUEL TANK
WITH A GAS AND OIL MIXTURE.
401
00:21:32,827 --> 00:21:36,793
THEN, JUST PULL THE CORD
TO START HER UP.
30985
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