Original subtitles

--Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

Narrator: IN THE DAYS OF THE AMERICAN WILD WEST,

YOU DIDN'T LEAVE HOME WITHOUT A GUN.

BOTH THE SHERIFFS AND OUTLAWS CARRIED GUNS AND AMMUNITION.

IT WAS IMPORTANT TO HAVE YOUR GUN EASILY ACCESSIBLE.

WEARING A HOLSTER AROUND THE WAIST

PUTTS A GUN IN THE PERFECT POSITION FOR A QUICK DRAW.

THESE HANDCRAFTED LEATHER BELTS AND HOLSTERS

ARE MODELED AFTER THOSE MADE IN THE LATE 1800s.

THEY'RE MADE FOR MOVIES, COWBOY SHOOTING COMPETITIONS,

AND HISTORICAL REENACTMENTS.

A CRAFTSMAN STARTS BY USING A PRESS

AND A SERIES OF DIES

TO CUT OUT OUT THE HOLSTER AND BELT COMPONENTS.

THIS IS VEGETABLE-TANNED LEATHER,

THE ONLY TYPE OF LEATHER

THAT'S FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO CARVE OR STAMP.

HE LAYS A PAPER TEMPLATE OVER ONE END OF THE HOLSTER PIECE

AND MARKS TINY DOTS WITH AN AWL.

HE CONNECTS THE DOTS WITH A STRAIGHT LINE

USING A SMALL KNIFE.

HE PUNCHES A HOLE AT EACH DOT.

THE LINES AND HOLES FORM TWO WIDE LOOPS.

NEXT, HE CARVES A GROOVE FOR STITCHES ALONG

WHAT WILL BE THE MAIN SEAM OF THE HOLSTER BODY.

HE SPRAYS WATER ONTO THE LEATHER TO SOFTEN IT.

HE MAKES DECORATIVE LINES WITH A COMPASS.

THEN, HE IMPRINTS A DESIGN INTO THE LEATHER

BY STRIKING A STAMP WITH A MALLET.

BECAUSE THE LEATHER IS MOIST, IT COMPRESSES EASILY,

ASSUMING THE SHAPE OF THE STAMP.

THESE STAMPS ARE MODERN-DAY COPIES

OF THE ONES USED IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY.

A ROSETTE IS A COMMON MOTIF OF THAT ERA.

HE USES ONE TOOL FOR THE OUTLINE,

ONE FOR THE PETALS,

AND ANOTHER FOR THE CENTER OF THE FLOWER.

THEN, HE ADDS DETAILS WITH A SMALL CHISEL-EDGED KNIFE

AND STAMPS ON HIS MAKER'S MARK.

HE SHAVES ANY SHARP CORNERS AND SMOOTHLY FINISHES THE EDGE.

THE HOLSTER PIECE IS NOW CUT, EMBELLISHED, AND FINISHED.

THE NEXT STEP IS TO SEW IT.

HE MARKS THE STITCH HOLES ACROSS THE BOTTOM

WHERE HE WILL LATER SEW THE TOE PLUG.

THEN, HE PIERCES THE HOLES WITH AN AWL.

HE SOAKS SOME SHEEP'S WOOL IN NEATSFOOT OIL AND RUBS IT IN.

THIS NOURISHES AND CONDITIONS THE LEATHER,

PRESERVING THE IMPRESSIONS AND ENHANCING THE COLOR.

ONCE THE OIL IS SOAKED IN,

HE APPLIES A SMOOTHING SOLUTION ONTO THE EDGES

AND RUBS THEM WITH A PIECE OF CANVAS.

NOW THE SEWING CAN BEGIN.

HE FOLDS ONE END OF THE HOLSTER PIECE TO FORM A POUCH.

THEN, HE SEWS INSIDE THE GROOVE HE CUT FOR THE MAIN SEAM.

STITCHES SUNKEN IN A GROOVE

ARE FAR STRONGER THAN SURFACE STITCHES.

WHEN HE COMPLETES THE SEAM,

HE BURNS THE END OF THE POLYESTER THREAD WITH A LIGHTER.

THEN, HE SEWS ON THE TOE PLUG AND INSERTS THE POUCH

INTO THE DOUBLE LOOPS AT THE OTHER END OF THE PIECE.

NEXT, HE WORKS ON THE BELT.

AFTER PIERCING STITCH HOLES IN THE MAIN BELT STRIP,

HE SEWS ON A THINNER, FLEXIBLE STRIP,

BENDING IT INTO LOOPS TO HOLD AMMO.

HE GLUES ON A LEATHER LINING TO MAKE THE BELT MORE DURABLE.

THEN, HE SEWS ON THE BILLETS.

THEY'RE THE PIECES THAT GO ON EACH END OF THE MAIN BELT STRIP.

ONE BILLET HAS THE BUCKLE,

AND THE OTHER HAS THE ADJUSTMENT HOLES.

AFTER APPLYING SOME DECORATIVE NICKLE STUDS KNOWN AS SPOTS,

HE THREADS THE BELT THROUGH THE HOLSTER...

...AND INSERTS THE AMMO.

THIS DOUBLE-LOOP HOLSTER IS A COPY OF AN 1880s HOLSTER

DESIGNED TO HOLD A SINGLE-ACTION ARMY PISTOL.

THE CRAFTSMAN CAN MAKE

SEVERAL DIFFERENT AUTHENTIC STYLES FROM THIS ERA,

CUSTOMIZING THE HOLSTER TO CARRY A WEAPON OF ANY SIZE OR SHAPE.

Narrator: FROM OCEAN WILDLIFE TO SHIPWRECKS,

THE UNDERSEA WORLD IS BREATHTAKING.

MANY RECREATIONAL SCUBA DIVERS

WANT TO CAPTURE WHAT THEY SEE ON VIDEO.

THEY CAN DO THIS WITH AN ORDINARY VIDEO CAMERA,

ENCASED IN A SPECIALLY DESIGNED WATERTIGHT HOUSING UNIT.

THIS UNDERWATER HOUSING HAS REMOTE CAMERA CONTROLS

AND A BUILT-IN MONITOR

THAT SHOWS YOU WHAT THE VIDEO CAMERA SEES.

AT THE FACTORY, A COMPUTER-GUIDED MILL USES

A VARIETY OF BITS TO SHAPE A TUBE OF EXTRUDED ALUMINUM.

THE MACHINE PREPARES THE ENDS TO RECEIVE FRONT AND BACK PIECES.

IT FORMS A GROOVE FOR A RUBBER O-RING

TO KEEP WATER OUT

AND MAKES ATTACHMENT POINTS

ON EACH SIDE OF THE HOUSING FOR HANDLES.

THEN, THE MILL CUTS THE FRONT AND BACK PIECES

OUT OF TWO BLOCKS OF ALUMINUM.

THE MACHINING PROCESS LEAVES TOOL MARKS,

SO THEY POLISH THE HOUSING PARTS

BY PUTTING THEM IN A TUMBLER FULL OF CERAMIC STONES.

AFTER ABOUT AN HOUR OF RUBBING AGAINST THE STONES,

THE ALUMINUM IS SMOOTH AND READY TO BE ANODIZED.

THIS PROCESS ETCHES, DYES, AND SEALS THE METAL SURFACE,

PROTECTING IT FROM THE CORROSIVE EFFECTS OF SALT WATER.

NEXT, A COMPUTER-GUIDED LASER

ETCHES IN THE MANUFACTURER'S LOGO.

LASER ETCHING IS FAR MORE DURABLE THAN PRINTING

BECAUSE IT BLEACHES THE BLACK ANODIZED SURFACE WHITE

SO THE LETTERING CAN'T RUB OFF OVER TIME.

SEVERAL PARTS OF THE HOUSING ARE MADE OF PLASTIC.

WORKERS POUR PLASTIC PELLETS

INTO AN INJECTION-MOLDING MACHINE.

THE MACHINE MELTS THE PELLETS,

THEN SHOOTS THE LIQUEFIED PLASTIC INTO A MOLD.

AFTER ABOUT 15 SECONDS,

THE MACHINE OPENS THE MOLD AND EJECTS A NEWLY FORMED PART.

THIS PART IS A LATCH THAT ALLOWS YOU

TO OPEN THE HOUSING TO INSERT A VIDEO CAMERA.

THE HANDLES ARE MADE OF RUBBER-COVERED ALUMINUM.

EACH OF ITS CAMERA-CONTROL BUTTONS

HAS AN O-RING AROUND IT TO KEEP OUT WATER.

THE CONTROLS ARE POWERED BY TWO LITHIUM BATTERIES

THAT SIT INSIDE A SEPARATE SEALED COMPARTMENT.

WHEN YOU PRESS A CONTROL BUTTON,

THE POST UNDERNEATH IT MAKES CONTACT WITH ELECTRONICS INSIDE.

THIS PRODUCES AN INFRARED SIGNAL

THAT COMMUNICATES WITH THE CAMERA

THROUGH TINY GLASS WINDOWS.

THE BACK OF THE HOUSING HAS A BUILT-IN LCD MONITOR,

WHICH DISPLAYS WHAT THE CAMERA SEES.

BOTH THE MONITOR AND CAMERA PLUG INTO THE SAME CIRCUIT BOARD.

THE HANDLES FASTEN TO THE HOUSING

WITH A THREADED RING.

THERE ARE ALSO HOLES ON TOP OF THE HOUSING

FOR ATTACHING A CARRYING HANDLE.

BEFORE ATTACHING THE FRONT AND BACK OF THE HOUSING,

THEY APPLY RUBBER O-RINGS TO KEEP WATER OUT.

THEN, THEY INSTALL THE FLIP FILTER.

IT ATTACHES MAGNETICALLY TO A PIVOT

ON THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSING

AND IS OPERATED BY AN ARM ON THE OUTSIDE.

THIS FILTER IS ESSENTIAL

BECAUSE WATER ABSORBS CERTAIN LIGHT WAVE LENGTHS,

ELIMINATING THE APPEARANCE OF RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, AND GREEN,

DEPENDING ON HOW DEEP YOU GO.

TO RESTORE THESE COLORS IN THE VIDEO,

THE DIVER FLIPS THE FILTER OVER THE CAMERA LENS.

THE FACTORY TESTS EVERY HOUSING

TO MAKE SURE IT'S COMPLETELY WATERTIGHT.

THE TESTER INSERTS A VIDEO CAMERA

AND SUBMERGES THE HOUSING IN A WATER-FILLED TANK.

HE PRESSURIZES THE TANK

TO SIMULATE THE UNDERWATER PRESSURE

THE HOUSING WILL EXPERIENCE AT A DEPTH OF ABOUT 300 FEET.

THE HOUSING PASSES THE TEST

ONLY IF ALL THE SEALS HOLD UP

AND NO WATER LEAKS INSIDE, RUINING THE CAMERA.

IN ADDITION TO A FLIP FILTER,

DIVERS SOMETIMES USE LIGHTS TO COUNTER THE MUTING EFFECT

THAT UNDERWATER DEPTH HAS ON COLORS.

THE HOUSING HAS ATTACHMENT POINTS ON THE HANDLES

FOR MOUNTING LIGHTS,

ENABLING THE VIDEO CAMERA TO CAPTURE

THE TRUE VIVID COLORS OF THE UNDERSEA WORLD.

Narrator: SOY BEVERAGES

ORIGINATED IN CHINA CENTURIES AGO,

LONG BEFORE LACTOSE INTOLERANCE AND DAIRY ALLERGIES.

RECENTLY, THIS DAIRY-FREE DRINK

HAS BECOME A POPULAR ALTERNATIVE TO MILK,

ALLOWING PEOPLE TO ORDER A LATTE, BUT HOLD THE LACTOSE.

IT'S NOT MILK, BUT IT'S A GOOD SUBSTITUTE.

A SOY BEVERAGE IS MADE FROM LIQUEFIED SOY BEANS.

IT HAS THE LOOK AND CONSISTENCY OF ANIMAL MILK,

BUT IS AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT PRODUCT.

IT STARTS WITH A SPECIFIC KIND OF SOYBEAN,

ONE THAT HAS JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT

OF PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATES.

THEY HARVEST THESE SOYBEANS WHEN THE PLANTS ARE DRY.

LESS MOISTURE MEANS THE BEANS WILL BE LESS PRONE TO SPOILING.

THEY DEHULL THE SOYBEANS AND CRACK THEM INTO SMALL BITS.

A LIFT CARRIES THE HEAVY BAG OF BEAN BITS

TO A SCALE TO WEIGH THEM FOR PROCESSING.

THE OPERATOR CUTS OPEN THE BOTTOM OF THE BAG,

RELEASING THE CRACKED SOYBEANS INTO A HOPPER.

HERE, AUGERS MOVE THE CRACKED BEANS UP TO TWO LARGE GRINDERS.

THE SYSTEM PIPES IN HOT WATER,

AND THE GRINDERS WHIP THE BEANS AND WATER

INTO A CREAMY SOY-BEVERAGE CONCENTRATE.

THE BEVERAGE TRAVELS THROUGH STEAM-HEATED PIPES.

THIS KILLS OFF ANY BACTERIA THAT MAY HAVE COME FROM THE FIELD.

THEN, IT'S INTO A VACUUM CHAMBER FOR A COOLDOWN.

MOST OF THE MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT IS SEALED FROM THE AIR

TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION.

THE SOY-BEVERAGE CONCENTRATE

LEAVES THE VACUUM CHAMBER AND ENTERS A CENTRIFUGE.

IT SPINS OUT MUCH OF THE CHUNKY INSOLUBLE FIBER,

LEAVING SMOOTHER, THINNER LIQUID.

THE SOYBEAN FIBER WON'T BE WASTED.

IT WILL BE USED IN FOOD PRODUCTS AND ANIMAL FEED.

THE SOY LIQUID FLOWS INTO A BIG BLENDER.

THEY PIPE IN FILTERED WATER,

ADD REFINED SUGAR, VANILLA EXTRACT,

AS WELL AS VARIOUS VITAMINS AND MINERALS.

HE CLOSES THE LID WHILE THE BLENDER MIXES

THE INGREDIENTS INTO A FROTHY SOY BEVERAGE.

THE SOY BEVERAGE EXITS THE BLENDER

AND FLOWS INTO A HUGE STORAGE TANK,

WHERE AN AGITATOR

KEEPS THE VARIOUS INGREDIENTS WELL-MIXED.

THE TANK IS REFRIGERATED

TO PRESERVE THE BEVERAGE WHILE IT'S HELD FOR TESTING.

THE OPERATOR TAKES A SAMPLE TO TEST

THE CONSISTENCY AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE BEVERAGE.

WITH HIS APPROVAL, THE BEVERAGE IS RELEASED FROM THE TANKS.

IT FLOWS THROUGH PIPES INJECTED WITH VERY HOT STEAM.

THIS KILLS OFF ANY MICROORGANISMS THAT MAY REMAIN.

AFTER A QUICK COOLING,

THE SOY BEVERAGE GOES INTO A HOMOGENIZER.

IT PUSHES THE BEVERAGE THROUGH SMALL HOLES

TO BREAK DOWN THE FAT,

REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES.

THE SOY BEVERAGE ACCUMULATES

IN A STERILE TANK UNTIL IT'S READY TO BE PACKAGED.

THE SOY BEVERAGES ARE PACKAGED

WITHOUT ANY EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

THE PACKAGING MATERIAL IS MADE OF A POLYETHYLENE LAMINATE.

MACHINERY TAKES THE LAMINATE UP TO A STEEL RING

THAT FORMS IT INTO A TUBULAR SHAPE.

HOT JAWS SEAL THE SIDES AND BOTTOM,

THEN INJECT THE SOY BEVERAGE AND SEAL THE TOP.

THE CARTONS LAND ON THE CONVEYOR ON THEIR SIDE.

THEY'RE LIQUID-TIGHT SO NOTHING SPILLS.

THEN, A CONVEYOR TRANSFERS THEM

TO A REVOLVING WHEEL THAT TURNS THEM RIGHT-SIDE-UP.

NOW THAT THEY ARE ORIENTED CORRECTLY,

THEY RIDE A WINDY CONVEYOR TO A CAPPING STATION.

PLASTIC CAPS LAND ON SPOUTS

THAT HAVE BEEN MOLDED TO THE PACKAGES.

A SYSTEM OF RUBBER BELTS SCREW THE CAPS ONTO THE SPOUTS.

THIS PACKAGING CAN PRESERVE A SOY BEVERAGE FOR UP TO A YEAR.

IT PROBABLY WON'T BE ON THE SHELF FOR THAT LONG

BECAUSE SOMEONE IS ALWAYS LOOKING

FOR A DIETARY ALTERNATIVE.

Narrator: DOGS AND CATS HAVE ROUND NAILS,

WHILE HUMANS HAVE FLAT ONES.

SPECIAL TRIMMING TOOLS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED

TO GIVE THEM THE PERFECT PEDICURE.

GUILLOTINE-STYLE CLIPPERS HAVE A HOLE FOR THE PET'S NAIL

AND A SLIDING BLADE THAT CUTS IT

SO THE PET WILL BE BACK ON ITS FEET IN NO TIME.

LONG NAILS CAN DAMAGE A DOG'S FOOT PADS,

SO THEY MUST BE TRIMMED FROM TIME TO TIME.

PETS USUALLY DON'T LIKE HAVING THEIR NAILS DONE,

BUT A GUILLOTINE-STYLE TRIMMER

CAN MAKE THE EXPERIENCE LESS OF AN ORDEAL.

ITS SLIDING BLADE TRIMS THEIR NAILS QUICKLY

SO IT'S OVER BEFORE THEY KNOW IT.

PRODUCTION OF GUILLOTINE-STYLE PET-NAIL TRIMMERS

STARTS WITH A FEEDER SYSTEM.

THE FEEDER SYSTEM

UNCOILS A STRIP OF STEEL INTO A PUNCH PRESS.

THE PRESS CUTS OUT TWO HANDLE BLANKS AT ONCE.

IT ALSO MAKES HOLES FOR SCREWS AND RIVETS,

AS WELL AS A HOOK FOR A SPRING.

A SECOND PRESS ROUNDS THE HANDLE TO MAKE IT EASIER TO GRIP.

HERE IS A LARGE HANDLE BEFORE AND AFTER THE SHAPING.

THE HANDLE NOW GOES INTO A THIRD PRESS.

THIS ONE FOLDS THE TABS DOWN TO CREATE A POCKET FOR THE BLADES.

HERE IS A HANDLE BEFORE AND AFTER THIS FORMING.

NEXT, A NARROW STRIP OF STEEL UNWINDS INTO A PRESS.

THE PRESS CUTS AND SHAPES IT INTO THE MAIN SLIDING BLADE.

THE HALF-MOON-SHAPED END WILL BE THE CUTTING EDGE.

A WORKER SLIDES THE BLADES ONTO A RACK

WITH THE HALF-MOON EDGE FACING DOWNWARD.

THIS MAKES IT EASIER

TO LOAD THE BLADES INTO A GRINDING FIXTURE.

SHE PLACES TWO IN EACH SLOT WITH THE HALF-MOON FACING UP.

A CARRIAGE MOVES THE FIXTURE BACK AND FORTH

UNDER A GRINDING STONE.

IT GRINDS THE ENTIRE ROW OF BLADES AT ONCE.

THIS IMPROVES THE STRENGTH AND SHARPNESS OF THE CUTTING EDGE.

SHE INSPECTS EVERY BLADE TO CONFIRM

THAT EACH ONE HAS BEEN GROUND TO THE CORRECT PROFILE.

ON THE LEFT IS A BLADE BEFORE GRINDING

AND ON THE RIGHT IS ONE AFTER.

SHE DIPS THE BLADES IN A CLEANING SOLUTION

AND RINSES THEM.

THIS CLEANING REMOVES

LUBRICATING-OIL RESIDUE AND METAL FILINGS.

SHE TRANSFERS THE BLADES TO A PERFORATED TRAY.

SHE SPREADS THEM EVENLY, SWITCHES ON AN OVERHEAD FAN,

AND LEAVES THEM TO DRY FOR SEVERAL MINUTES.

HEAT TREATMENT HARDENS THE BLADES,

AND POLISHING FINISHES THEM.

NEXT UP IS THE RETAINER BLADE.

IT'S THE ONE WITH THE HOLE FOR THE NAIL.

SHE ARRANGES THE CIRCULAR BLADES ON A MAGNETIZED TRAY.

THE BLADES CLING TO THE TRAY

AS A CARRIAGE MOVES THEM BACK AND FORTH UNDER A GRINDER.

THE GRINDING SHARPENS THE FRONT OF THE BLADES

AND REMOVES SCALE LEFT BY A HEAT TREATMENT.

THIS IS THE RETAINER BLADE BEFORE AND AFTER GRINDING.

THE PET-NAIL-TRIMMER PARTS ARE READY FOR ASSEMBLY.

THE EMPLOYEE RIVETS A METAL LINK

FOR THE SLIDING BLADE TO THE SMALLER HANDLE.

ONCE THE PARTS HAVE BEEN CHROME-PLATED,

ANOTHER WORKER HINGES THE LARGE HANDLE TO THE SMALLER ONE.

HE HOOKS ONE END OF A SPRING TO THE METAL LINK.

HE INSERTS THE SLIDING BLADE

INTO THE TRACK IN THE LARGE HANDLE,

LIFTING THE LINK TO HOOK IT INTO THE BLADE.

HE ADDS THE CIRCULAR RETAINER BLADE.

HE PLACES A METAL PLATE OVER THE TRACK

AND SCREWS IT IN PLACE.

THIS SECURES THE TOP BLADE,

WHILE ALLOWING THE LINK TO MOVE THE SLIDING BLADE.

HE HOOKS THE OTHER END OF THE SPRING

TO THE LARGER HANDLE

AND BENDS THE CIRCULAR BLADE SLIGHTLY

TO GIVE IT THE CORRECT PROFILE.

NOW A WORKER TESTS THE TRIMMER ON DRIED BUFFALO HIDE.

DRIED BUFFALO HIDE IS TOUGHER THAN PET NAILS.

WITH HIS OKAY, THIS CUTTING TOOL

IS READY FOR THE PAWS AND CLAWS FOR OUR FURRY FRIENDS.

THE MAIN BLADE CAN BE REPLACED IF IT BECOMES DULL,

WHICH MEANS THIS PET-NAIL TRIMMER

CAN BE USED FOR MANY YEARS TO COME.

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