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Narrator:
TODAY ON "HOW IT'S MADE"...
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PRESSED GLASS ORIGINATED
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00:00:54,655 --> 00:00:57,689
IN 19th CENTURY
AMERICA AND ENGLAND,
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00:00:57,689 --> 00:01:00,172
AND IT REVOLUTIONIZED GLASSWARE.
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00:01:00,172 --> 00:01:02,655
IT OFFERED THE LOOK OF CRYSTAL
ON A BUDGET,
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00:01:02,655 --> 00:01:05,034
ADDING ELEGANCE
TO A HUMBLE MEAL.
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00:01:05,034 --> 00:01:07,689
IT BECAME KNOWN
AS "POOR MAN'S CRYSTAL."
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00:01:07,689 --> 00:01:10,413
TODAY, THIS AFFORDABLE GLASS
STILL HAS CLASS.
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PRESSED GLASS OR CUT CRYSTAL...
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INVENTED IN THE 18th CENTURY,
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PRESSED GLASS
CAN STILL IMPRESS COMPANY
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AND KEEP THEM GUESSING.
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00:01:23,689 --> 00:01:28,068
PRESSED-GLASS INGREDIENTS
INCLUDE LIME, SODIUM NITRATE,
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SODA ASH, SILICA SAND,
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MINERAL OR CHEMICAL COLORANTS,
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00:01:34,103 --> 00:01:38,172
AND LEFTOVER OR REJECTED GLASS
FROM THE FACTORY.
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00:01:38,172 --> 00:01:39,586
THEY MELT THE INGREDIENTS
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IN A FURNACE HEATED AT
OVER 2,900 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
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A WORKER TWIRLS A ROD
WITH A CERAMIC BOWL ON THE END
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00:01:46,965 --> 00:01:50,689
INTO IT, AND THE HOT LIQUID
GLASS CLINGS TO IT.
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THEN IT'S READY FOR TRANSFER
TO THE IRON MOLD.
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00:01:53,689 --> 00:01:55,655
WHEN THE MOLD IS PARTLY FULL,
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A WORKER SNIPS THE LIQUID GLASS
WITH SCISSORS TO CUT THE FLOW.
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00:01:59,413 --> 00:02:02,482
HE PLACES A RING WITH PEGS
ON THE RIM TO ALIGN THE MOLD
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00:02:02,482 --> 00:02:03,862
WITH A PLUNGER.
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00:02:03,862 --> 00:02:05,241
HE LOWERS THE PLUNGER
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00:02:05,241 --> 00:02:07,517
AND APPLIES PHYSICAL PRESSURE
TO A LEVER
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TO SQUEEZE THE GLASS
INTO EVERY CREVICE.
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THIS TRANSFORMS THE GLASS BLOB
INTO A BERRY BOWL
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00:02:13,896 --> 00:02:16,620
WITH ELABORATE IMPRESSIONS
ON THE OUTSIDE.
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00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:20,896
AS IT COOLS, THE BOWL HARDENS
JUST ENOUGH TO BE EXTRACTED,
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BUT IT'S STILL QUITE SOFT.
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CAREFUL
TO NOT DISTORT THE SHAPE,
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HE TRANSFERS THE BOWL
TO TWO BRICKS.
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A HOSE BELOW THE BRICKS PUMPS
AIR TO COOL THE GLASS FURTHER.
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OVER A PERIOD OF FOUR HOURS,
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THE TEAM MAKES 250 BERRY BOWLS.
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SOME OF THE BOWLS
WILL BE FLATTENED
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TO TURN THEM
INTO DESSERT PLATES,
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00:02:42,620 --> 00:02:46,482
WHILE OTHERS WILL BE WORKED
INTO THE SHAPE OF CANDY BASKETS.
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ONCE THE GLASS
HAS FIRMED UP ENOUGH,
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THE BOWLS TAKE A COUPLE OF TRIPS
THROUGH THE GLAZER,
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FIRST UPSIDE DOWN,
AND THEN RIGHT SIDE UP.
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A GAS FLAME MELTS
THE OUTER LAYER OF THE GLASS
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TO MAKE IT SHINE
BOTH INSIDE AND OUT.
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HE CLAMPS THE BOWL ONTO THE END
OF A ROD CALLED A SNAP,
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AND PLACES INTO A SECOND
SMALLER FURNACE BRIEFLY.
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THIS SOFTENS THE GLASS
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TO PREPARE IT
FOR ANOTHER TRANSFORMATION.
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STILL CLAMPED ON THE ROD,
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A WORKER SPINS THE BOWL.
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WITH A STICK OF WOOD, HE APPLIES
PRESSURE TO THE UPPER PART
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TO FLATTEN AND FLARE IT OUT.
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HE THEN DRAWS THE PIECE
BETWEEN TWO PIPES
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TO BEND THE SIDES UPWARD.
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00:03:34,931 --> 00:03:39,689
THE PRESSED-GLASS BERRY BOWL
HAS NOW BECOME A CANDY BASKET,
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BUT BASKETS NEED HANDLES,
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00:03:41,793 --> 00:03:46,275
SO IT'S BACK TO THE FURNACE
TO GATHER MORE GLASS.
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00:03:46,275 --> 00:03:48,931
HE COLLECTS
A LITTLE LESS THIS TIME.
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00:03:52,517 --> 00:03:56,034
HE MOVES THE MOLTEN GLASS
AROUND ON A METAL TABLE
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TO ROLL IT LONGER.
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00:04:01,275 --> 00:04:02,931
HE INSERTS IT IN A MOLD
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00:04:02,931 --> 00:04:04,965
THAT GIVES THE GLASS
A RIB PATTERN.
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00:04:09,275 --> 00:04:12,517
HE HEATS THE GLASS
IN THE FURNACE ONE MORE TIME.
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00:04:14,275 --> 00:04:18,965
SOFT AND STICKY, THE GLASS
HANDLE ADHERES TO THE BASKET.
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00:04:18,965 --> 00:04:21,896
HE PULLS THE HANDLE LONGER
AS HE TWIRLS THE BASKET,
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00:04:21,896 --> 00:04:25,206
AND THEN ATTACHES THE OTHER END
OF THE HANDLE TO IT.
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THE HANDLE IS A BIT SAGGY,
SO BEFORE IT COOLS,
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HE IMPROVES THE SHAPE
USING AN IRON ROLLER.
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AS HE WORKS THE GLASS,
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HE PULLS THE HANDLE UP
AND MAKES IT MORE WELL-ROUNDED.
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00:04:38,586 --> 00:04:41,310
UNCLAMPED
FROM THE GATHERING ROD NOW,
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00:04:41,310 --> 00:04:43,758
HE SMOOTHES THE OUTER SURFACE
OF THE HANDLE
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00:04:43,758 --> 00:04:46,862
AND TWEAKS ITS SHAPE
UNTIL SATISFIED.
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USING A TORCH,
HE MELTS THE GLASS A BIT
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00:04:51,827 --> 00:04:53,379
WHERE THE HANDLE
MEETS THE BASKET
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00:04:53,379 --> 00:04:56,068
TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION.
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00:05:01,068 --> 00:05:03,793
AND NOW IT'S OVER TO THE OVEN.
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00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,551
HERE,
THE PRESSED GLASS IS HEATED
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00:05:08,551 --> 00:05:10,103
AND THEN COOLED
TO ROOM TEMPERATURE
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OVER A PERIOD
OF THREE AND A HALF HOURS.
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00:05:13,344 --> 00:05:16,413
THIS GRADUAL HEATING
AND COOLING IS CRITICAL.
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00:05:16,413 --> 00:05:19,034
IT RELEASES STRESS
IN THE PRESSED GLASS
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00:05:19,034 --> 00:05:21,275
TO MAKE IT LESS LIKELY
TO SHATTER.
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00:05:23,103 --> 00:05:25,827
FOR GENERATIONS,
MOLDS HAVE BEEN USED
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00:05:25,827 --> 00:05:27,862
TO MASS PRODUCE
PRESSED-GLASS PIECES
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THAT CAN LOOK
LIKE EXPENSIVE CRYSTAL.
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00:05:30,931 --> 00:05:34,965
WITH ALL THAT PRACTICE, THEY
HAVE THIS DOWN TO A FINE ART.
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00:05:37,206 --> 00:05:40,413
SOME WORKS ARE REPRODUCTIONS
OF VINTAGE PIECES,
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OTHERS ARE NEW PATTERNS.
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THE APPEAL IS TIMELESS.
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Narrator:
PICKUP TRUCKS ARE IDEAL
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FOR TRANSPORTING TOOLS
AND MATERIALS,
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00:06:05,103 --> 00:06:06,620
BUT OFTEN THESE ITEMS
HAVE TO BE COVERED
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AND LOCKED AWAY TO PROTECT THEM
FROM THE ELEMENTS AND THEFT.
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THAT'S WHY MANY PICKUP OWNERS
INSTALL CAPS,
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HARD TOP COVERS TYPICALLY MADE
OF FIBERGLASS OR ALUMINUM
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00:06:16,724 --> 00:06:19,310
WITH OPTIONAL BUILT-IN STORAGE.
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THIS TRUCK CAP IS MADE
OF DURABLE FIBERGLASS
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00:06:25,448 --> 00:06:27,793
AND IS DESIGNED
TO FIT EVERY FULL-SIZED PICKUP
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ON THE MARKET.
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00:06:29,551 --> 00:06:33,137
A TRUCK CAP HAS TO BE
BOTH PRACTICAL AND ATTRACTIVE,
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00:06:33,137 --> 00:06:37,551
SO IT FIRST TAKES SHAPE
ON A CAR DESIGNER'S SKETCH PAD.
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00:06:37,551 --> 00:06:41,482
ENGINEERS USE COMPUTER SOFTWARE
TO TRANSLATE THE DESIGN SKETCHES
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00:06:41,482 --> 00:06:45,103
INTO TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
FOR PRODUCING SEVERAL MOLDS,
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00:06:45,103 --> 00:06:49,241
ONE FOR EACH OF THE VARIOUS
PARTS OF THE TRUCK CAP.
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THE FIRST STEP IS TO WAX
THE MOLD'S SURFACE,
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SO THAT THE TRUCK CAP PART
WILL EXTRA EASILY.
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THE MOLD IS MADE
OF COLORED FIBER GLASS
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TO CONTRAST THE WHITE MATERIALS
THEY'LL APPLY TO IT.
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00:07:02,620 --> 00:07:06,241
THE FIRST OF THOSE MATERIALS
IS GEL COAT, A POLYESTER RESIN
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00:07:06,241 --> 00:07:10,275
THAT PRODUCES A SMOOTH
AND SHINY FINISH ON FIBERGLASS.
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THEY SPRAY ON
A HALF MILLIMETER THICK COAT.
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00:07:13,275 --> 00:07:15,586
THE BEAUTY OF GEL COAT
IS THAT A NICK OR CRACK
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CAN BE EASILY REPAIRED WITH
A BIT OF GRINDING AND FILLING.
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SO THE TRUCK CAP'S SURFACE
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CAN ALWAYS BE RESTORED
TO AN IMPECCABLE STATE.
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THE GEL COAT CURES
IN ABOUT 45 MINUTES,
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00:07:29,206 --> 00:07:32,172
AT WHICH POINT THEY BEGIN
SHOOTING CHOPPED UP FIBERGLASS
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00:07:32,172 --> 00:07:34,586
THAT'S IMPREGNATED WITH RESIN.
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THEY COMPRESS THIS NEW LAYER
WITH ROLLERS
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TO ABOUT FIVE MILLIMETERS THICK.
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00:07:40,586 --> 00:07:44,034
ROUGHLY TWO HOURS LATER,
THE RESIN HAS HARDENED
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00:07:44,034 --> 00:07:46,448
AND IT'S TIME
TO USE SPECIAL EXTRACTION JACKS
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00:07:46,448 --> 00:07:49,310
TO REMOVE THE NOW SOLID ROOF
FROM THE MOLD.
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00:07:51,344 --> 00:07:55,000
THEY REPEAT THIS SAME MOLDING
PROCESS FOR ALL THE OTHER PARTS.
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BECAUSE THIS PARTICULAR TRUCK
CAP MODEL HAS DOUBLE DOORS
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00:07:57,965 --> 00:07:59,758
ON BOTH THE BACK AND SIDE,
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00:07:59,758 --> 00:08:02,655
THERE ARE 10 DIFFERENT PARTS
TO MOLD.
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00:08:05,206 --> 00:08:09,000
A ROBOTIC CIRCULAR SAW TRIMS
EACH MOLDED PART.
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00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,034
THIS IS THE TRUCK CAP'S
AIR DEFLECTOR.
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00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:15,344
THE SAW BLADE HAS DIAMOND
PARTICLES AFFIXED TO ITS EDGE,
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00:08:15,344 --> 00:08:20,517
ENABLING IT TO CUT THE
FIBERGLASS WITHOUT SHREDDING IT.
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00:08:20,517 --> 00:08:23,275
BY THE TIME
THE ROBOT FINISHES TRIMMING,
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00:08:23,275 --> 00:08:25,517
THE PART MEETS
EXACT SPECIFICATIONS
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AND HAS NEAT, SMOOTH EDGES.
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00:08:32,034 --> 00:08:33,655
WITH ALL THE PARTS READY NOW,
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IT'S TIME
TO ASSEMBLE THE TRUCK CAP.
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00:08:40,172 --> 00:08:45,379
FIRST, THEY UNITE THE ROOF
AND THE UNIVERSAL FIT BASE.
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00:08:45,379 --> 00:08:48,793
BOTH SLIDE
INTO AN ALUMINUM TRIM.
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00:08:48,793 --> 00:08:51,137
WORKERS CLAMP THEM IN POSITION
FROM THE INSIDE.
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00:08:54,965 --> 00:08:58,344
NEXT, AS REQUIRED
BY MOTOR VEHICLE REGULATIONS,
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00:08:58,344 --> 00:09:02,137
THEY INSTALL BRAKE LIGHTS
AT THE TOP OF THE REAR DOORS.
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00:09:06,137 --> 00:09:08,310
THEN,
ON THE RIGHT-SIDE REAR DOOR,
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00:09:08,310 --> 00:09:11,172
THEY MOUNT
A CHROME-PLATED DOOR HANDLE.
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00:09:11,172 --> 00:09:15,137
THE PLATING HAS BEEN TREATED
WITH AN ANTI-CORROSION COATING.
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00:09:15,137 --> 00:09:17,793
FOR THE SAKE OF CONVENIENCE,
THE DOOR HANDLE LOCK
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00:09:17,793 --> 00:09:20,862
IS DESIGNED TO WORK
WITH THE TRUCK'S IGNITION KEY
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00:09:20,862 --> 00:09:23,000
SO THE DRIVER DOESN'T HAVE TO
CARRY AROUND A SEPARATE KEY
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00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:25,379
FOR THE CAP.
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00:09:25,379 --> 00:09:26,931
THE DOORS
MOUNT WITH STURDY HINGES
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00:09:26,931 --> 00:09:30,241
IS MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL,
WHICH IS RUST RESISTANT.
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00:09:32,517 --> 00:09:36,413
NEXT, USING A TEMPLATE TO GET
THE POSITIONING JUST RIGHT,
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00:09:36,413 --> 00:09:38,448
THEY GLUE THE COMPANY
AND MODEL NAME LOGOS
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TO THE RIGHT REAR DOOR.
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00:09:40,655 --> 00:09:42,862
FOR AESTHETICS,
THESE PLASTIC LOGOS
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00:09:42,862 --> 00:09:46,482
ARE CHROME PLATED
TO MATCH THE DOOR HANDLE.
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00:09:46,482 --> 00:09:48,103
AFTER MOUNTING THE DOORS,
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00:09:48,103 --> 00:09:50,689
THEY INSTALL GAS STRUTS
ON EACH DOOR
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00:09:50,689 --> 00:09:54,344
TO PROVIDE RESISTANCE
TO CONTROL THE DOOR SWING.
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00:09:54,344 --> 00:09:55,896
WORKERS ALSO INSTALL A PAIR
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00:09:55,896 --> 00:09:58,103
OF THREE-FOOT-LONG
L.E.D. LIGHTS.
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00:09:58,103 --> 00:09:59,551
THEY'RE ON A MAGNETIC SWITCH,
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00:09:59,551 --> 00:10:04,068
TURNING THEM ON AND OFF
WHEN THE DOORS OPEN AND CLOSE.
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00:10:04,068 --> 00:10:07,655
ONCE IT'S FULLY ASSEMBLED, IT
UNDERGOES A THOROUGH INSPECTION.
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00:10:07,655 --> 00:10:10,793
A TRUCK CAP
WEIGHS ABOUT 660 POUNDS,
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00:10:10,793 --> 00:10:14,482
SO YOU NEED A MECHANICAL LIFT
TO MOUNT IT ON A PICKUP.
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00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:18,379
IT AFFIXES
WITH FOUR TIE-DOWN LEVERS
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00:10:18,379 --> 00:10:19,793
THAT HOOK UNDER THE RAILS,
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00:10:19,793 --> 00:10:23,172
RUNNING DOWN THE INTERIOR SIDES
OF THE TRUCK
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00:10:23,172 --> 00:10:26,206
SO THERE'S NO CHANCE
OF THE CAP LIFTING OFF.
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00:10:27,517 --> 00:10:29,517
BEFORE SHIPPING OUT
TO THE CUSTOMER,
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00:10:29,517 --> 00:10:32,965
EVERY TRUCK CAP
GOES THROUGH A WATER TEST,
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00:10:32,965 --> 00:10:35,793
SUBJECTED TO A TORRENT
FOR THREE MINUTES STRAIGHT
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00:10:35,793 --> 00:10:38,413
TO MAKE SURE
NO WATER LEAKS INSIDE.
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00:10:42,068 --> 00:10:46,379
TRUCK CAPS CAN BE ORDERED
WITH A PULL-OUT CARGO BED,
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00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:48,655
SHELVING, STORAGE BINS,
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00:10:48,655 --> 00:10:50,896
AND OTHER FEATURES,
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00:10:50,896 --> 00:10:53,620
TRANSFORMING
AN ORDINARY PICKUP TRUCK
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00:10:53,620 --> 00:10:56,689
INTO A WORKSHOP ON WHEELS.
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00:11:09,482 --> 00:11:11,172
Narrator: WHAT'S WARM, SOFT,
WATER REPELLENT,
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00:11:11,172 --> 00:11:13,965
AND, AS AN ADDED BONUS,
HYPOALLERGENIC?
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00:11:13,965 --> 00:11:16,172
SOMETHING MADE OF ALPACA YARN.
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00:11:16,172 --> 00:11:17,517
SIMILAR TO SHEEP'S WOOL,
185
00:11:17,517 --> 00:11:19,724
IT'S SMOOTHER
DUE TO THE SCALE STRUCTURE
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00:11:19,724 --> 00:11:21,517
OF THE INDIVIDUAL FIBERS.
187
00:11:21,517 --> 00:11:23,241
AND IT DOESN'T CONTAIN LANOLIN,
188
00:11:23,241 --> 00:11:25,620
A NATURAL WAX IN SHEEP'S WOOL
189
00:11:25,620 --> 00:11:27,862
TO WHICH
SOME PEOPLE ARE ALLERGIC.
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00:11:29,586 --> 00:11:32,517
ALPACAS COME
IN 22 DIFFERENT COLORS,
191
00:11:32,517 --> 00:11:34,068
RANGING FROM PURE WHITE
192
00:11:34,068 --> 00:11:36,827
THROUGH VARIOUS SHADES
OF BEIGES, BROWNS,
193
00:11:36,827 --> 00:11:39,586
AND GRAYS, TO PURE BLACK.
194
00:11:39,586 --> 00:11:42,655
BREEDERS SHEAR THEIR ALPACAS
AND SELL THE FLEECE
195
00:11:42,655 --> 00:11:46,137
OR SEND IT TO MILLS
FOR PROCESSING INTO YARN.
196
00:11:46,137 --> 00:11:48,137
WHITE FLEECE
IS IN GREATEST DEMAND,
197
00:11:48,137 --> 00:11:51,310
AND IT CAN BE DYED
ANY NUMBER OF COLORS.
198
00:11:51,310 --> 00:11:53,172
BEFORE SENDING OUT THE FLEECE,
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00:11:53,172 --> 00:11:55,517
THE BREEDERS PULL OFF HAY,
LEAVES,
200
00:11:55,517 --> 00:11:58,034
AND OTHER STUCK-ON VEGETATION.
201
00:11:58,034 --> 00:11:59,896
WHEN THE FLEECE
ARRIVES AT THE MILL,
202
00:11:59,896 --> 00:12:02,862
IT UNDERGOES REPEATED
WASHES WITH NATURAL SOAPS
203
00:12:02,862 --> 00:12:05,517
UNTIL IT'S PRISTINE.
204
00:12:05,517 --> 00:12:07,241
AFTER THE FLEECE AIR DRIES,
205
00:12:07,241 --> 00:12:09,896
A CONVEYER BELT
FEEDS IT INTO THE PICKER.
206
00:12:09,896 --> 00:12:13,068
THE MACHINE'S TOOTH DRUM
PULLS APART THE CLUMPS,
207
00:12:13,068 --> 00:12:15,827
A PROCESS CALLED
"OPENING THE FIBERS."
208
00:12:15,827 --> 00:12:18,586
THE DRUM THEN SHOOTS
THOSE FIBERS INTO A COMPARTMENT
209
00:12:18,586 --> 00:12:21,551
CALLED THE PICKER CLOSET.
210
00:12:21,551 --> 00:12:23,344
ONCE ALL THE FLEECE
HAS BEEN OPENED,
211
00:12:23,344 --> 00:12:26,517
THEY TURN OFF THE MACHINE
AND SPRAY THE FLUFFY FIBERS
212
00:12:26,517 --> 00:12:29,413
THOROUGHLY WITH A BLEND
OF CONDITIONERS.
213
00:12:29,413 --> 00:12:32,241
THESE CONDITIONERS ARE LEFT
TO ABSORB OVERNIGHT
214
00:12:32,241 --> 00:12:36,034
TO REDUCE STATIC ELECTRICITY
THE NEXT STEP GENERATES.
215
00:12:39,068 --> 00:12:41,793
THE FIBER SEPARATOR
COMBS THE FIBERS
216
00:12:41,793 --> 00:12:44,931
WITH A SERIES
OF FINE TOOTH ROLLERS.
217
00:12:47,275 --> 00:12:49,344
THIS SIMULTANEOUSLY
STRAIGHTENS THE FIBERS
218
00:12:49,344 --> 00:12:53,344
AND SEPARATES THEM BY GRADE.
219
00:12:53,344 --> 00:12:54,551
THE FIRST SET OF ROLLERS
220
00:12:54,551 --> 00:12:57,827
REMOVES ANY REMAINING BITS
OF VEGETATION,
221
00:12:57,827 --> 00:13:00,413
WHILE THE SECOND SET
REMOVES COARSE FIBERS
222
00:13:00,413 --> 00:13:03,206
SO THAT ONLY VERY FINE FIBERS
EXIT THE MACHINE.
223
00:13:05,793 --> 00:13:08,206
THE NEXT STEP
IS TO DIVIDE THESE FINE FIBERS
224
00:13:08,206 --> 00:13:10,103
INTO BUNDLES OF EQUAL WEIGHT.
225
00:13:12,344 --> 00:13:15,206
THE SET WEIGHT VARIES
ACCORDING TO THE GRADE OF FIBER
226
00:13:15,206 --> 00:13:19,344
THAT THE NEXT MACHINE,
THE CARDER, WILL BE PROCESSING.
227
00:13:19,344 --> 00:13:22,517
A FINE FIBER
REQUIRES HEAVIER BUNDLES.
228
00:13:27,931 --> 00:13:31,551
THE CONVEYER BELT FEEDING THE
CARDER IS MARKED IN SECTIONS.
229
00:13:31,551 --> 00:13:34,586
THEY PLACE ONE BUNDLE
IN EACH SECTION.
230
00:13:34,586 --> 00:13:36,241
THIS STEADY, EVEN INPUT
231
00:13:36,241 --> 00:13:40,758
ENSURES THAT THE MACHINE
PRODUCES A CONSISTENT OUTPUT.
232
00:13:40,758 --> 00:13:42,586
INSIDE THE CARDER,
233
00:13:42,586 --> 00:13:45,000
A SERIES OF COMBS SPREADS
THE FIBERS OVER A DRUM,
234
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,965
ALIGNING THEM PARALLEL
TO EACH OTHER.
235
00:13:48,965 --> 00:13:54,551
THIS PRODUCES A THIN, FLAT LAYER
OF FINE FIBER CALLED WEB.
236
00:13:54,551 --> 00:13:56,482
WEB CAN BE STACKED
IN SEVERAL LAYERS
237
00:13:56,482 --> 00:13:57,793
TO MAKE BATTING,
238
00:13:57,793 --> 00:14:01,620
THE STUFFING MATERIAL
IN QUILTS AND DUVETS.
239
00:14:01,620 --> 00:14:05,448
BATTING CAN BE
FURTHER PROCESSED INTO FELT.
240
00:14:05,448 --> 00:14:08,758
WEB CAN ALSO BE PROCESSED
INTO ROVING,
241
00:14:08,758 --> 00:14:10,965
A LONG THICK STREAM OF FIBER
242
00:14:10,965 --> 00:14:13,965
WHICH CRAFTS PEOPLE HAND SPIN
INTO YARN,
243
00:14:13,965 --> 00:14:16,551
OR WHICH HIGH-SPEED MACHINES
HERE AT THE MILL
244
00:14:16,551 --> 00:14:19,689
SPIN INTO STORE-BOUGHT YARN.
245
00:14:19,689 --> 00:14:23,241
THE ROVING DECK ON THE CARDER
COMPRESSES THE WEB INTO A STREAM
246
00:14:23,241 --> 00:14:26,000
WHILE ROTATING IT
TO HOLD THE ALIGNED FIBERS
247
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:28,793
IN A SNAKE LIKE SHAPE.
248
00:14:28,793 --> 00:14:31,068
TO MAKE WHAT'S KNOWN
AS WOOLEN YARN,
249
00:14:31,068 --> 00:14:34,137
THE ROVING
GOES DIRECTLY TO THE SPINNER.
250
00:14:34,137 --> 00:14:37,000
HOWEVER, TO MAKE WHAT'S CALLED
SEMI-WORSTED YARN,
251
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,068
THIS MACHINE,
CALLED A DRAW FRAME,
252
00:14:39,068 --> 00:14:41,344
MUST FIRST COMBINE
TWO OR MORE ROVINGS
253
00:14:41,344 --> 00:14:45,862
INTO A CONSISTENT STREAM
CALLED A SLIVER.
254
00:14:45,862 --> 00:14:47,344
THE THINNER THE YARN,
255
00:14:47,344 --> 00:14:51,413
THE MORE OFTEN THE ROVINGS
PASS THROUGH THE DRAW FRAME.
256
00:14:51,413 --> 00:14:53,172
FINALLY, SEVERAL SLIVERS
257
00:14:53,172 --> 00:14:55,448
SIMULTANEOUSLY
ENTER THE SPINNER,
258
00:14:55,448 --> 00:14:57,827
WHICH TWISTS EACH ONE SEPARATELY
THROUGH A COMBINATION
259
00:14:57,827 --> 00:15:00,379
OF PRESSURE AND SPEED.
260
00:15:00,379 --> 00:15:02,551
THE NEXT MACHINE,
CALLED THE PLYER,
261
00:15:02,551 --> 00:15:05,551
THEN FORMS THE YARN
BY TWISTING MULTIPLE SINGLES
262
00:15:05,551 --> 00:15:08,103
TOGETHER
IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
263
00:15:08,103 --> 00:15:09,206
TWISTING TWO SINGLES,
264
00:15:09,206 --> 00:15:12,172
FOR EXAMPLE,
MAKES A TWO-PLY YARN.
265
00:15:12,172 --> 00:15:13,896
THE MILL PRODUCES DIFFERENT
WEIGHTS OF YARN
266
00:15:13,896 --> 00:15:16,034
FROM LACE TO BULKY,
267
00:15:16,034 --> 00:15:18,551
BY VARYING THE VOLUME
OF FIBER PER PLY,
268
00:15:18,551 --> 00:15:21,896
AS WELL AS THE SPINNING SPEED.
269
00:15:21,896 --> 00:15:23,655
THEY MOUNT THE SPOOLS
OF FINISHED YARN
270
00:15:23,655 --> 00:15:26,034
ON THE SKEIN WINDER.
271
00:15:26,034 --> 00:15:29,862
A SKEIN IS A BUNDLE OF YARN
THAT'S FIRST WOUND THEN TWISTED.
272
00:15:29,862 --> 00:15:33,724
THEY SET THE MACHINE TO WIND
A SPECIFIC LENGTH OF YARN.
273
00:15:33,724 --> 00:15:35,034
WHEN IT STOPS,
274
00:15:35,034 --> 00:15:38,206
THEY TIE THE SKEIN ON TWO ENDS
AND REMOVE IT.
275
00:15:38,206 --> 00:15:42,241
THEN THEY DYE THE YARN
OR LEAVE IT ITS NATURAL COLOR.
276
00:15:42,241 --> 00:15:45,310
SOME MILLS DYE THEIR FLEECE
AFTER WASHING,
277
00:15:45,310 --> 00:15:47,620
PRIOR TO PROCESSING IT
INTO YARN.
278
00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:50,827
THE FINAL STEP
IS TO HAND-TWIST THE SKEIN.
279
00:15:50,827 --> 00:15:55,103
THEY ALSO WIND YARN INTO BALLS
AND CONES.
280
00:15:55,103 --> 00:15:58,965
WARM AND WATER REPELLENT,
THIS SILKY, SMOOTH ALPACA YARN
281
00:15:58,965 --> 00:16:04,413
IS ALL SET TO BE KNIT
OR WOVEN INTO A COZY WOOLEN.
282
00:16:17,689 --> 00:16:19,689
Narrator: THE UTILITY KNIFE
IS KNOWN BY MANY OTHER NAMES --
283
00:16:19,689 --> 00:16:22,689
CARPET KNIFE, BOX CUTTER,
SHEET-ROCK KNIFE,
284
00:16:22,689 --> 00:16:25,655
AND CRAFT KNIFE ARE JUST A FEW.
285
00:16:25,655 --> 00:16:27,827
ALL THOSE NAMES
REFLECT THE MANY USES
286
00:16:27,827 --> 00:16:31,793
FOR THIS RETRACTABLE KNIFE
AND ITS INCREDIBLE VERSATILITY.
287
00:16:31,793 --> 00:16:34,827
IT COMES IN HANDY EVERY TIME.
288
00:16:37,137 --> 00:16:40,965
IN 70 YEARS, THE DESIGN OF
THIS RETRACTABLE UTILITY KNIFE
289
00:16:40,965 --> 00:16:42,965
HASN'T REALLY CHANGED MUCH.
290
00:16:42,965 --> 00:16:45,931
WHY MESS WITH A CONCEPT
THAT WORKS?
291
00:16:45,931 --> 00:16:48,310
A HOLLOW CASE
WITH AN INTERLOCKING NOSE
292
00:16:48,310 --> 00:16:51,655
FOR THE BLADE,
HELD TOGETHER BY A SINGLE SCREW.
293
00:16:51,655 --> 00:16:56,413
IT CAN BE EASILY UNSCREWED
TO ACCESS SPARE BLADES INSIDE.
294
00:16:56,413 --> 00:17:01,448
TO MAKE THE BLADES, CARBON STEEL
UNCOILS INTO A DIE PRESS.
295
00:17:01,448 --> 00:17:04,965
A ROLLER TAKES UP THE SLACK
AS THE STEEL INCHES
296
00:17:04,965 --> 00:17:06,241
FORWARD FOR EACH FORMING.
297
00:17:08,275 --> 00:17:10,103
THE PRESS SCORES THE STEEL
298
00:17:10,103 --> 00:17:12,241
TO ROUGH OUT THE SHAPE
OF THE BLADES,
299
00:17:12,241 --> 00:17:15,000
PUNCHES NOTCHES FOR ATTACHING
THEM TO THE HANDLE,
300
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,068
AND STAMPS PRODUCT INFORMATION
ONTO THEM.
301
00:17:21,758 --> 00:17:25,482
AT THIS POINT, THE STEEL IS JUST
A LITTLE STIFFER THAN TIN FOIL.
302
00:17:25,482 --> 00:17:29,413
A TRIP THROUGH A 25-FOOT-LONG
FURNACE TOUGHENS IT UP.
303
00:17:29,413 --> 00:17:32,896
EXPOSED TO SCORCHING HEAT
AND THEN QUENCHED BY WATER,
304
00:17:32,896 --> 00:17:37,103
THE STEEL HARDENS SIGNIFICANTLY.
305
00:17:37,103 --> 00:17:39,965
AFTER THE BRAND NAME
HAS BEEN PRINTED ON THE STEEL,
306
00:17:39,965 --> 00:17:42,655
THE RIBBON OF BLADES RIDES
THROUGH A GRINDING STATION
307
00:17:42,655 --> 00:17:46,517
WITH DIFFERENT
STONE-GRINDING WHEELS.
308
00:17:46,517 --> 00:17:49,689
THEY SHARPEN THE STEEL EDGE.
309
00:17:49,689 --> 00:17:52,103
THE STEEL NOW PASSES
UNDER AN INDUCTION COIL
310
00:17:52,103 --> 00:17:55,551
THAT RADIATES HEAT TO FURTHER
HARDEN THE CUTTING EDGE.
311
00:17:57,482 --> 00:17:59,137
A MACHINE CALLED THE BREAKER
312
00:17:59,137 --> 00:18:02,137
SNAPS THE STEEL
ALONG THE SCORE LINES.
313
00:18:02,137 --> 00:18:04,344
IT SPITS OUT
THE UNWANTED TRIANGULAR BITS
314
00:18:04,344 --> 00:18:06,172
BETWEEN THE BLADES
FOR RECYCLING.
315
00:18:06,172 --> 00:18:09,034
THE BLADES
FLOW OUT OF THE BREAKER
316
00:18:09,034 --> 00:18:11,034
AND INTO A STEEL CHANNEL.
317
00:18:11,034 --> 00:18:15,206
A PUSHER MOVES THEM
DOWN THE CHANNEL INTO A TRAY.
318
00:18:15,206 --> 00:18:20,206
THIS SYSTEM SNAPS AND PACKS
250 BLADES A MINUTE.
319
00:18:20,206 --> 00:18:24,448
THEY INSERT ONE BLADE FROM EVERY
PRODUCTION RUN INTO THIS TESTER.
320
00:18:24,448 --> 00:18:27,413
THE TESTER MOVES THE BLADE
BACK AND FORTH REPEATEDLY
321
00:18:27,413 --> 00:18:30,655
TO SLICE THROUGH THICK STACKS
OF PAPER STRIPS.
322
00:18:30,655 --> 00:18:31,827
THIS GIVES THEM A MEASURE
323
00:18:31,827 --> 00:18:35,206
OF THE BLADE'S SHARPNESS
AND DURABILITY.
324
00:18:35,206 --> 00:18:38,241
THE TRANSFORMATION FROM
BLUNT METAL TO RAZOR SHARP BLADE
325
00:18:38,241 --> 00:18:41,379
IS COMPLETE,
AND THE UTILITY KNIFE BLADES
326
00:18:41,379 --> 00:18:43,379
ARE READY
FOR THE GRIPPING PART --
327
00:18:43,379 --> 00:18:45,689
THE ZINC CASE.
328
00:18:45,689 --> 00:18:49,655
THEY CAST THE BACK AND FRONT
OF THE CASE IN A DIE.
329
00:18:49,655 --> 00:18:53,620
THE PARTS THEN BOUNCE AROUND
IN A VIBRATORY BOWL
330
00:18:53,620 --> 00:18:56,137
ALONG WITH
PYRAMID-SHAPED CERAMIC ROCKS.
331
00:18:56,137 --> 00:19:00,241
THE FRICTION
SMOOTHES THE ROUGH EDGES.
332
00:19:00,241 --> 00:19:02,758
AFTER ABOUT A HALF HOUR
IN THE VIBRATORY BOWL,
333
00:19:02,758 --> 00:19:06,068
THE CASING PARTS
ARE BLEMISH FREE.
334
00:19:06,068 --> 00:19:08,551
THEY HEAD INTO THE NEXT STATION.
335
00:19:08,551 --> 00:19:11,862
HERE, WORKERS COLLECT THEM
AND EXAMINE THEM FOR DEFECTS
336
00:19:11,862 --> 00:19:15,241
AS THEY HANG THEM
ON MOVING RACKS.
337
00:19:15,241 --> 00:19:18,103
THE RACKS WILL TAKE
THE UTILITY KNIFE PARTS
338
00:19:18,103 --> 00:19:20,586
THROUGH A WASH STATION
339
00:19:20,586 --> 00:19:23,965
TO GET RID OF A DUSTING
OF ZINC AND CERAMIC RESIDUE.
340
00:19:25,689 --> 00:19:29,034
IT'S KIND OF A POWER WASH
FOR THE KNIFE CASE PARTS.
341
00:19:29,034 --> 00:19:32,827
THEY RIDE BY A HIGH-PRESSURE
SPRAYER FOR A THOROUGH CLEANING.
342
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,034
AFTER THAT,
THEY TAKE A TRIP THROUGH A DRYER
343
00:19:39,034 --> 00:19:41,689
TO PREPARE THEM
FOR A POWDER COAT FINISH.
344
00:19:41,689 --> 00:19:43,655
ONCE THE POWDER COAT
IS BAKED ON,
345
00:19:43,655 --> 00:19:47,068
IT WILL PROTECT THE ZINC
UTILITY KNIFE FROM CORROSION.
346
00:19:50,827 --> 00:19:53,000
THE POWDER COAT
GIVES THE UTILITY KNIVES
347
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,206
A FINISH THAT'S TOUGHER
THAN CONVENTIONAL PAINT.
348
00:20:01,206 --> 00:20:03,517
HEADING
INTO THE UNLOAD STATION NOW,
349
00:20:03,517 --> 00:20:05,896
A BLAST FROM AN AIR GUN
KNOCKS THE PARTS OFF THE RACK.
350
00:20:12,379 --> 00:20:18,275
THANKS TO THE TOUGH FINISH,
THEY LAND WITHOUT A SCRATCH.
351
00:20:23,275 --> 00:20:26,000
THE UTILITY-KNIFE PARTS
ARE READY FOR ASSEMBLY,
352
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,172
AND THE WORKER
USES A SPECIAL FIXTURE FOR THAT.
353
00:20:29,172 --> 00:20:32,758
SHE PLACES THE BOTTOM HALF
OF THE KNIFE
354
00:20:32,758 --> 00:20:35,758
IN A RECESS IN THE FIXTURE.
355
00:20:35,758 --> 00:20:37,758
HANDLING THE BLUNT SIDE
OF THE BLADES,
356
00:20:37,758 --> 00:20:41,206
SHE INSERTS THREE OF THEM INTO
THE CASE'S STORAGE COMPARTMENT.
357
00:20:42,896 --> 00:20:46,689
SHE ALSO TUCKS THE TAB
OF AN INFORMATION CARD INTO IT.
358
00:20:46,689 --> 00:20:49,310
NEXT, SHE INSTALLS
THE RETRACTABLE MECHANISM
359
00:20:49,310 --> 00:20:52,275
FOR THE UTILITY KNIFE BLADES.
360
00:20:52,275 --> 00:20:55,137
SHE PLACES THE OTHER HALF
OF THE CASE ON THE ASSEMBLY
361
00:20:55,137 --> 00:20:58,827
AND THEN ACTUATES AN AUTO-SCREW
GUN TO CLOSE THE KNIFE.
362
00:21:00,241 --> 00:21:04,344
THEY ASSEMBLE OVER
40,000 UTILITY KNIVES PER DAY
363
00:21:04,344 --> 00:21:07,448
AT THIS FACTORY.
364
00:21:07,448 --> 00:21:10,000
NOW, THAT'S CUTTING EDGE.
365
00:21:21,172 --> 00:21:23,862
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
366
00:21:23,862 --> 00:21:26,620
OR YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS
FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
367
00:21:26,620 --> 00:21:29,103
DROP US A LINE AT...
29617
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