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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:22,689 --> 00:00:26,000 Narrator: TODAY ON "HOW IT'S MADE"... 2 00:00:52,655 --> 00:00:54,655 PRESSED GLASS ORIGINATED 3 00:00:54,655 --> 00:00:57,689 IN 19th CENTURY AMERICA AND ENGLAND, 4 00:00:57,689 --> 00:01:00,172 AND IT REVOLUTIONIZED GLASSWARE. 5 00:01:00,172 --> 00:01:02,655 IT OFFERED THE LOOK OF CRYSTAL ON A BUDGET, 6 00:01:02,655 --> 00:01:05,034 ADDING ELEGANCE TO A HUMBLE MEAL. 7 00:01:05,034 --> 00:01:07,689 IT BECAME KNOWN AS "POOR MAN'S CRYSTAL." 8 00:01:07,689 --> 00:01:10,413 TODAY, THIS AFFORDABLE GLASS STILL HAS CLASS. 9 00:01:14,620 --> 00:01:17,241 PRESSED GLASS OR CUT CRYSTAL... 10 00:01:17,241 --> 00:01:19,172 INVENTED IN THE 18th CENTURY, 11 00:01:19,172 --> 00:01:21,103 PRESSED GLASS CAN STILL IMPRESS COMPANY 12 00:01:21,103 --> 00:01:23,689 AND KEEP THEM GUESSING. 13 00:01:23,689 --> 00:01:28,068 PRESSED-GLASS INGREDIENTS INCLUDE LIME, SODIUM NITRATE, 14 00:01:28,068 --> 00:01:31,103 SODA ASH, SILICA SAND, 15 00:01:31,103 --> 00:01:34,103 MINERAL OR CHEMICAL COLORANTS, 16 00:01:34,103 --> 00:01:38,172 AND LEFTOVER OR REJECTED GLASS FROM THE FACTORY. 17 00:01:38,172 --> 00:01:39,586 THEY MELT THE INGREDIENTS 18 00:01:39,586 --> 00:01:43,310 IN A FURNACE HEATED AT OVER 2,900 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 19 00:01:43,310 --> 00:01:46,965 A WORKER TWIRLS A ROD WITH A CERAMIC BOWL ON THE END 20 00:01:46,965 --> 00:01:50,689 INTO IT, AND THE HOT LIQUID GLASS CLINGS TO IT. 21 00:01:50,689 --> 00:01:53,689 THEN IT'S READY FOR TRANSFER TO THE IRON MOLD. 22 00:01:53,689 --> 00:01:55,655 WHEN THE MOLD IS PARTLY FULL, 23 00:01:55,655 --> 00:01:59,413 A WORKER SNIPS THE LIQUID GLASS WITH SCISSORS TO CUT THE FLOW. 24 00:01:59,413 --> 00:02:02,482 HE PLACES A RING WITH PEGS ON THE RIM TO ALIGN THE MOLD 25 00:02:02,482 --> 00:02:03,862 WITH A PLUNGER. 26 00:02:03,862 --> 00:02:05,241 HE LOWERS THE PLUNGER 27 00:02:05,241 --> 00:02:07,517 AND APPLIES PHYSICAL PRESSURE TO A LEVER 28 00:02:07,517 --> 00:02:10,103 TO SQUEEZE THE GLASS INTO EVERY CREVICE. 29 00:02:10,103 --> 00:02:13,896 THIS TRANSFORMS THE GLASS BLOB INTO A BERRY BOWL 30 00:02:13,896 --> 00:02:16,620 WITH ELABORATE IMPRESSIONS ON THE OUTSIDE. 31 00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:20,896 AS IT COOLS, THE BOWL HARDENS JUST ENOUGH TO BE EXTRACTED, 32 00:02:20,896 --> 00:02:23,413 BUT IT'S STILL QUITE SOFT. 33 00:02:23,413 --> 00:02:25,413 CAREFUL TO NOT DISTORT THE SHAPE, 34 00:02:25,413 --> 00:02:28,517 HE TRANSFERS THE BOWL TO TWO BRICKS. 35 00:02:28,517 --> 00:02:32,793 A HOSE BELOW THE BRICKS PUMPS AIR TO COOL THE GLASS FURTHER. 36 00:02:32,793 --> 00:02:35,517 OVER A PERIOD OF FOUR HOURS, 37 00:02:35,517 --> 00:02:39,034 THE TEAM MAKES 250 BERRY BOWLS. 38 00:02:39,034 --> 00:02:40,448 SOME OF THE BOWLS WILL BE FLATTENED 39 00:02:40,448 --> 00:02:42,620 TO TURN THEM INTO DESSERT PLATES, 40 00:02:42,620 --> 00:02:46,482 WHILE OTHERS WILL BE WORKED INTO THE SHAPE OF CANDY BASKETS. 41 00:02:48,758 --> 00:02:50,758 ONCE THE GLASS HAS FIRMED UP ENOUGH, 42 00:02:50,758 --> 00:02:54,206 THE BOWLS TAKE A COUPLE OF TRIPS THROUGH THE GLAZER, 43 00:02:54,206 --> 00:02:57,586 FIRST UPSIDE DOWN, AND THEN RIGHT SIDE UP. 44 00:02:57,586 --> 00:03:00,482 A GAS FLAME MELTS THE OUTER LAYER OF THE GLASS 45 00:03:00,482 --> 00:03:02,551 TO MAKE IT SHINE BOTH INSIDE AND OUT. 46 00:03:05,068 --> 00:03:08,413 HE CLAMPS THE BOWL ONTO THE END OF A ROD CALLED A SNAP, 47 00:03:08,413 --> 00:03:12,655 AND PLACES INTO A SECOND SMALLER FURNACE BRIEFLY. 48 00:03:13,862 --> 00:03:16,000 THIS SOFTENS THE GLASS 49 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:18,931 TO PREPARE IT FOR ANOTHER TRANSFORMATION. 50 00:03:18,931 --> 00:03:20,517 STILL CLAMPED ON THE ROD, 51 00:03:20,517 --> 00:03:23,137 A WORKER SPINS THE BOWL. 52 00:03:23,137 --> 00:03:26,206 WITH A STICK OF WOOD, HE APPLIES PRESSURE TO THE UPPER PART 53 00:03:26,206 --> 00:03:29,793 TO FLATTEN AND FLARE IT OUT. 54 00:03:29,793 --> 00:03:32,448 HE THEN DRAWS THE PIECE BETWEEN TWO PIPES 55 00:03:32,448 --> 00:03:34,931 TO BEND THE SIDES UPWARD. 56 00:03:34,931 --> 00:03:39,689 THE PRESSED-GLASS BERRY BOWL HAS NOW BECOME A CANDY BASKET, 57 00:03:39,689 --> 00:03:41,793 BUT BASKETS NEED HANDLES, 58 00:03:41,793 --> 00:03:46,275 SO IT'S BACK TO THE FURNACE TO GATHER MORE GLASS. 59 00:03:46,275 --> 00:03:48,931 HE COLLECTS A LITTLE LESS THIS TIME. 60 00:03:52,517 --> 00:03:56,034 HE MOVES THE MOLTEN GLASS AROUND ON A METAL TABLE 61 00:03:56,034 --> 00:03:57,172 TO ROLL IT LONGER. 62 00:04:01,275 --> 00:04:02,931 HE INSERTS IT IN A MOLD 63 00:04:02,931 --> 00:04:04,965 THAT GIVES THE GLASS A RIB PATTERN. 64 00:04:09,275 --> 00:04:12,517 HE HEATS THE GLASS IN THE FURNACE ONE MORE TIME. 65 00:04:14,275 --> 00:04:18,965 SOFT AND STICKY, THE GLASS HANDLE ADHERES TO THE BASKET. 66 00:04:18,965 --> 00:04:21,896 HE PULLS THE HANDLE LONGER AS HE TWIRLS THE BASKET, 67 00:04:21,896 --> 00:04:25,206 AND THEN ATTACHES THE OTHER END OF THE HANDLE TO IT. 68 00:04:25,206 --> 00:04:28,103 THE HANDLE IS A BIT SAGGY, SO BEFORE IT COOLS, 69 00:04:28,103 --> 00:04:31,551 HE IMPROVES THE SHAPE USING AN IRON ROLLER. 70 00:04:31,551 --> 00:04:34,034 AS HE WORKS THE GLASS, 71 00:04:34,034 --> 00:04:38,586 HE PULLS THE HANDLE UP AND MAKES IT MORE WELL-ROUNDED. 72 00:04:38,586 --> 00:04:41,310 UNCLAMPED FROM THE GATHERING ROD NOW, 73 00:04:41,310 --> 00:04:43,758 HE SMOOTHES THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE HANDLE 74 00:04:43,758 --> 00:04:46,862 AND TWEAKS ITS SHAPE UNTIL SATISFIED. 75 00:04:49,172 --> 00:04:51,827 USING A TORCH, HE MELTS THE GLASS A BIT 76 00:04:51,827 --> 00:04:53,379 WHERE THE HANDLE MEETS THE BASKET 77 00:04:53,379 --> 00:04:56,068 TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION. 78 00:05:01,068 --> 00:05:03,793 AND NOW IT'S OVER TO THE OVEN. 79 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,551 HERE, THE PRESSED GLASS IS HEATED 80 00:05:08,551 --> 00:05:10,103 AND THEN COOLED TO ROOM TEMPERATURE 81 00:05:10,103 --> 00:05:13,344 OVER A PERIOD OF THREE AND A HALF HOURS. 82 00:05:13,344 --> 00:05:16,413 THIS GRADUAL HEATING AND COOLING IS CRITICAL. 83 00:05:16,413 --> 00:05:19,034 IT RELEASES STRESS IN THE PRESSED GLASS 84 00:05:19,034 --> 00:05:21,275 TO MAKE IT LESS LIKELY TO SHATTER. 85 00:05:23,103 --> 00:05:25,827 FOR GENERATIONS, MOLDS HAVE BEEN USED 86 00:05:25,827 --> 00:05:27,862 TO MASS PRODUCE PRESSED-GLASS PIECES 87 00:05:27,862 --> 00:05:30,931 THAT CAN LOOK LIKE EXPENSIVE CRYSTAL. 88 00:05:30,931 --> 00:05:34,965 WITH ALL THAT PRACTICE, THEY HAVE THIS DOWN TO A FINE ART. 89 00:05:37,206 --> 00:05:40,413 SOME WORKS ARE REPRODUCTIONS OF VINTAGE PIECES, 90 00:05:40,413 --> 00:05:42,724 OTHERS ARE NEW PATTERNS. 91 00:05:43,931 --> 00:05:46,448 THE APPEAL IS TIMELESS. 92 00:06:01,620 --> 00:06:03,275 Narrator: PICKUP TRUCKS ARE IDEAL 93 00:06:03,275 --> 00:06:05,103 FOR TRANSPORTING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, 94 00:06:05,103 --> 00:06:06,620 BUT OFTEN THESE ITEMS HAVE TO BE COVERED 95 00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:10,172 AND LOCKED AWAY TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE ELEMENTS AND THEFT. 96 00:06:10,172 --> 00:06:13,172 THAT'S WHY MANY PICKUP OWNERS INSTALL CAPS, 97 00:06:13,172 --> 00:06:16,724 HARD TOP COVERS TYPICALLY MADE OF FIBERGLASS OR ALUMINUM 98 00:06:16,724 --> 00:06:19,310 WITH OPTIONAL BUILT-IN STORAGE. 99 00:06:22,068 --> 00:06:25,448 THIS TRUCK CAP IS MADE OF DURABLE FIBERGLASS 100 00:06:25,448 --> 00:06:27,793 AND IS DESIGNED TO FIT EVERY FULL-SIZED PICKUP 101 00:06:27,793 --> 00:06:29,551 ON THE MARKET. 102 00:06:29,551 --> 00:06:33,137 A TRUCK CAP HAS TO BE BOTH PRACTICAL AND ATTRACTIVE, 103 00:06:33,137 --> 00:06:37,551 SO IT FIRST TAKES SHAPE ON A CAR DESIGNER'S SKETCH PAD. 104 00:06:37,551 --> 00:06:41,482 ENGINEERS USE COMPUTER SOFTWARE TO TRANSLATE THE DESIGN SKETCHES 105 00:06:41,482 --> 00:06:45,103 INTO TECHNICAL DRAWINGS FOR PRODUCING SEVERAL MOLDS, 106 00:06:45,103 --> 00:06:49,241 ONE FOR EACH OF THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE TRUCK CAP. 107 00:06:49,241 --> 00:06:52,448 THE FIRST STEP IS TO WAX THE MOLD'S SURFACE, 108 00:06:52,448 --> 00:06:55,758 SO THAT THE TRUCK CAP PART WILL EXTRA EASILY. 109 00:06:55,758 --> 00:06:58,241 THE MOLD IS MADE OF COLORED FIBER GLASS 110 00:06:58,241 --> 00:07:02,620 TO CONTRAST THE WHITE MATERIALS THEY'LL APPLY TO IT. 111 00:07:02,620 --> 00:07:06,241 THE FIRST OF THOSE MATERIALS IS GEL COAT, A POLYESTER RESIN 112 00:07:06,241 --> 00:07:10,275 THAT PRODUCES A SMOOTH AND SHINY FINISH ON FIBERGLASS. 113 00:07:10,275 --> 00:07:13,275 THEY SPRAY ON A HALF MILLIMETER THICK COAT. 114 00:07:13,275 --> 00:07:15,586 THE BEAUTY OF GEL COAT IS THAT A NICK OR CRACK 115 00:07:15,586 --> 00:07:21,000 CAN BE EASILY REPAIRED WITH A BIT OF GRINDING AND FILLING. 116 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:22,310 SO THE TRUCK CAP'S SURFACE 117 00:07:22,310 --> 00:07:26,310 CAN ALWAYS BE RESTORED TO AN IMPECCABLE STATE. 118 00:07:26,310 --> 00:07:29,206 THE GEL COAT CURES IN ABOUT 45 MINUTES, 119 00:07:29,206 --> 00:07:32,172 AT WHICH POINT THEY BEGIN SHOOTING CHOPPED UP FIBERGLASS 120 00:07:32,172 --> 00:07:34,586 THAT'S IMPREGNATED WITH RESIN. 121 00:07:34,586 --> 00:07:36,896 THEY COMPRESS THIS NEW LAYER WITH ROLLERS 122 00:07:36,896 --> 00:07:40,586 TO ABOUT FIVE MILLIMETERS THICK. 123 00:07:40,586 --> 00:07:44,034 ROUGHLY TWO HOURS LATER, THE RESIN HAS HARDENED 124 00:07:44,034 --> 00:07:46,448 AND IT'S TIME TO USE SPECIAL EXTRACTION JACKS 125 00:07:46,448 --> 00:07:49,310 TO REMOVE THE NOW SOLID ROOF FROM THE MOLD. 126 00:07:51,344 --> 00:07:55,000 THEY REPEAT THIS SAME MOLDING PROCESS FOR ALL THE OTHER PARTS. 127 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,965 BECAUSE THIS PARTICULAR TRUCK CAP MODEL HAS DOUBLE DOORS 128 00:07:57,965 --> 00:07:59,758 ON BOTH THE BACK AND SIDE, 129 00:07:59,758 --> 00:08:02,655 THERE ARE 10 DIFFERENT PARTS TO MOLD. 130 00:08:05,206 --> 00:08:09,000 A ROBOTIC CIRCULAR SAW TRIMS EACH MOLDED PART. 131 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,034 THIS IS THE TRUCK CAP'S AIR DEFLECTOR. 132 00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:15,344 THE SAW BLADE HAS DIAMOND PARTICLES AFFIXED TO ITS EDGE, 133 00:08:15,344 --> 00:08:20,517 ENABLING IT TO CUT THE FIBERGLASS WITHOUT SHREDDING IT. 134 00:08:20,517 --> 00:08:23,275 BY THE TIME THE ROBOT FINISHES TRIMMING, 135 00:08:23,275 --> 00:08:25,517 THE PART MEETS EXACT SPECIFICATIONS 136 00:08:25,517 --> 00:08:28,000 AND HAS NEAT, SMOOTH EDGES. 137 00:08:32,034 --> 00:08:33,655 WITH ALL THE PARTS READY NOW, 138 00:08:33,655 --> 00:08:36,482 IT'S TIME TO ASSEMBLE THE TRUCK CAP. 139 00:08:40,172 --> 00:08:45,379 FIRST, THEY UNITE THE ROOF AND THE UNIVERSAL FIT BASE. 140 00:08:45,379 --> 00:08:48,793 BOTH SLIDE INTO AN ALUMINUM TRIM. 141 00:08:48,793 --> 00:08:51,137 WORKERS CLAMP THEM IN POSITION FROM THE INSIDE. 142 00:08:54,965 --> 00:08:58,344 NEXT, AS REQUIRED BY MOTOR VEHICLE REGULATIONS, 143 00:08:58,344 --> 00:09:02,137 THEY INSTALL BRAKE LIGHTS AT THE TOP OF THE REAR DOORS. 144 00:09:06,137 --> 00:09:08,310 THEN, ON THE RIGHT-SIDE REAR DOOR, 145 00:09:08,310 --> 00:09:11,172 THEY MOUNT A CHROME-PLATED DOOR HANDLE. 146 00:09:11,172 --> 00:09:15,137 THE PLATING HAS BEEN TREATED WITH AN ANTI-CORROSION COATING. 147 00:09:15,137 --> 00:09:17,793 FOR THE SAKE OF CONVENIENCE, THE DOOR HANDLE LOCK 148 00:09:17,793 --> 00:09:20,862 IS DESIGNED TO WORK WITH THE TRUCK'S IGNITION KEY 149 00:09:20,862 --> 00:09:23,000 SO THE DRIVER DOESN'T HAVE TO CARRY AROUND A SEPARATE KEY 150 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:25,379 FOR THE CAP. 151 00:09:25,379 --> 00:09:26,931 THE DOORS MOUNT WITH STURDY HINGES 152 00:09:26,931 --> 00:09:30,241 IS MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL, WHICH IS RUST RESISTANT. 153 00:09:32,517 --> 00:09:36,413 NEXT, USING A TEMPLATE TO GET THE POSITIONING JUST RIGHT, 154 00:09:36,413 --> 00:09:38,448 THEY GLUE THE COMPANY AND MODEL NAME LOGOS 155 00:09:38,448 --> 00:09:40,655 TO THE RIGHT REAR DOOR. 156 00:09:40,655 --> 00:09:42,862 FOR AESTHETICS, THESE PLASTIC LOGOS 157 00:09:42,862 --> 00:09:46,482 ARE CHROME PLATED TO MATCH THE DOOR HANDLE. 158 00:09:46,482 --> 00:09:48,103 AFTER MOUNTING THE DOORS, 159 00:09:48,103 --> 00:09:50,689 THEY INSTALL GAS STRUTS ON EACH DOOR 160 00:09:50,689 --> 00:09:54,344 TO PROVIDE RESISTANCE TO CONTROL THE DOOR SWING. 161 00:09:54,344 --> 00:09:55,896 WORKERS ALSO INSTALL A PAIR 162 00:09:55,896 --> 00:09:58,103 OF THREE-FOOT-LONG L.E.D. LIGHTS. 163 00:09:58,103 --> 00:09:59,551 THEY'RE ON A MAGNETIC SWITCH, 164 00:09:59,551 --> 00:10:04,068 TURNING THEM ON AND OFF WHEN THE DOORS OPEN AND CLOSE. 165 00:10:04,068 --> 00:10:07,655 ONCE IT'S FULLY ASSEMBLED, IT UNDERGOES A THOROUGH INSPECTION. 166 00:10:07,655 --> 00:10:10,793 A TRUCK CAP WEIGHS ABOUT 660 POUNDS, 167 00:10:10,793 --> 00:10:14,482 SO YOU NEED A MECHANICAL LIFT TO MOUNT IT ON A PICKUP. 168 00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:18,379 IT AFFIXES WITH FOUR TIE-DOWN LEVERS 169 00:10:18,379 --> 00:10:19,793 THAT HOOK UNDER THE RAILS, 170 00:10:19,793 --> 00:10:23,172 RUNNING DOWN THE INTERIOR SIDES OF THE TRUCK 171 00:10:23,172 --> 00:10:26,206 SO THERE'S NO CHANCE OF THE CAP LIFTING OFF. 172 00:10:27,517 --> 00:10:29,517 BEFORE SHIPPING OUT TO THE CUSTOMER, 173 00:10:29,517 --> 00:10:32,965 EVERY TRUCK CAP GOES THROUGH A WATER TEST, 174 00:10:32,965 --> 00:10:35,793 SUBJECTED TO A TORRENT FOR THREE MINUTES STRAIGHT 175 00:10:35,793 --> 00:10:38,413 TO MAKE SURE NO WATER LEAKS INSIDE. 176 00:10:42,068 --> 00:10:46,379 TRUCK CAPS CAN BE ORDERED WITH A PULL-OUT CARGO BED, 177 00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:48,655 SHELVING, STORAGE BINS, 178 00:10:48,655 --> 00:10:50,896 AND OTHER FEATURES, 179 00:10:50,896 --> 00:10:53,620 TRANSFORMING AN ORDINARY PICKUP TRUCK 180 00:10:53,620 --> 00:10:56,689 INTO A WORKSHOP ON WHEELS. 181 00:11:09,482 --> 00:11:11,172 Narrator: WHAT'S WARM, SOFT, WATER REPELLENT, 182 00:11:11,172 --> 00:11:13,965 AND, AS AN ADDED BONUS, HYPOALLERGENIC? 183 00:11:13,965 --> 00:11:16,172 SOMETHING MADE OF ALPACA YARN. 184 00:11:16,172 --> 00:11:17,517 SIMILAR TO SHEEP'S WOOL, 185 00:11:17,517 --> 00:11:19,724 IT'S SMOOTHER DUE TO THE SCALE STRUCTURE 186 00:11:19,724 --> 00:11:21,517 OF THE INDIVIDUAL FIBERS. 187 00:11:21,517 --> 00:11:23,241 AND IT DOESN'T CONTAIN LANOLIN, 188 00:11:23,241 --> 00:11:25,620 A NATURAL WAX IN SHEEP'S WOOL 189 00:11:25,620 --> 00:11:27,862 TO WHICH SOME PEOPLE ARE ALLERGIC. 190 00:11:29,586 --> 00:11:32,517 ALPACAS COME IN 22 DIFFERENT COLORS, 191 00:11:32,517 --> 00:11:34,068 RANGING FROM PURE WHITE 192 00:11:34,068 --> 00:11:36,827 THROUGH VARIOUS SHADES OF BEIGES, BROWNS, 193 00:11:36,827 --> 00:11:39,586 AND GRAYS, TO PURE BLACK. 194 00:11:39,586 --> 00:11:42,655 BREEDERS SHEAR THEIR ALPACAS AND SELL THE FLEECE 195 00:11:42,655 --> 00:11:46,137 OR SEND IT TO MILLS FOR PROCESSING INTO YARN. 196 00:11:46,137 --> 00:11:48,137 WHITE FLEECE IS IN GREATEST DEMAND, 197 00:11:48,137 --> 00:11:51,310 AND IT CAN BE DYED ANY NUMBER OF COLORS. 198 00:11:51,310 --> 00:11:53,172 BEFORE SENDING OUT THE FLEECE, 199 00:11:53,172 --> 00:11:55,517 THE BREEDERS PULL OFF HAY, LEAVES, 200 00:11:55,517 --> 00:11:58,034 AND OTHER STUCK-ON VEGETATION. 201 00:11:58,034 --> 00:11:59,896 WHEN THE FLEECE ARRIVES AT THE MILL, 202 00:11:59,896 --> 00:12:02,862 IT UNDERGOES REPEATED WASHES WITH NATURAL SOAPS 203 00:12:02,862 --> 00:12:05,517 UNTIL IT'S PRISTINE. 204 00:12:05,517 --> 00:12:07,241 AFTER THE FLEECE AIR DRIES, 205 00:12:07,241 --> 00:12:09,896 A CONVEYER BELT FEEDS IT INTO THE PICKER. 206 00:12:09,896 --> 00:12:13,068 THE MACHINE'S TOOTH DRUM PULLS APART THE CLUMPS, 207 00:12:13,068 --> 00:12:15,827 A PROCESS CALLED "OPENING THE FIBERS." 208 00:12:15,827 --> 00:12:18,586 THE DRUM THEN SHOOTS THOSE FIBERS INTO A COMPARTMENT 209 00:12:18,586 --> 00:12:21,551 CALLED THE PICKER CLOSET. 210 00:12:21,551 --> 00:12:23,344 ONCE ALL THE FLEECE HAS BEEN OPENED, 211 00:12:23,344 --> 00:12:26,517 THEY TURN OFF THE MACHINE AND SPRAY THE FLUFFY FIBERS 212 00:12:26,517 --> 00:12:29,413 THOROUGHLY WITH A BLEND OF CONDITIONERS. 213 00:12:29,413 --> 00:12:32,241 THESE CONDITIONERS ARE LEFT TO ABSORB OVERNIGHT 214 00:12:32,241 --> 00:12:36,034 TO REDUCE STATIC ELECTRICITY THE NEXT STEP GENERATES. 215 00:12:39,068 --> 00:12:41,793 THE FIBER SEPARATOR COMBS THE FIBERS 216 00:12:41,793 --> 00:12:44,931 WITH A SERIES OF FINE TOOTH ROLLERS. 217 00:12:47,275 --> 00:12:49,344 THIS SIMULTANEOUSLY STRAIGHTENS THE FIBERS 218 00:12:49,344 --> 00:12:53,344 AND SEPARATES THEM BY GRADE. 219 00:12:53,344 --> 00:12:54,551 THE FIRST SET OF ROLLERS 220 00:12:54,551 --> 00:12:57,827 REMOVES ANY REMAINING BITS OF VEGETATION, 221 00:12:57,827 --> 00:13:00,413 WHILE THE SECOND SET REMOVES COARSE FIBERS 222 00:13:00,413 --> 00:13:03,206 SO THAT ONLY VERY FINE FIBERS EXIT THE MACHINE. 223 00:13:05,793 --> 00:13:08,206 THE NEXT STEP IS TO DIVIDE THESE FINE FIBERS 224 00:13:08,206 --> 00:13:10,103 INTO BUNDLES OF EQUAL WEIGHT. 225 00:13:12,344 --> 00:13:15,206 THE SET WEIGHT VARIES ACCORDING TO THE GRADE OF FIBER 226 00:13:15,206 --> 00:13:19,344 THAT THE NEXT MACHINE, THE CARDER, WILL BE PROCESSING. 227 00:13:19,344 --> 00:13:22,517 A FINE FIBER REQUIRES HEAVIER BUNDLES. 228 00:13:27,931 --> 00:13:31,551 THE CONVEYER BELT FEEDING THE CARDER IS MARKED IN SECTIONS. 229 00:13:31,551 --> 00:13:34,586 THEY PLACE ONE BUNDLE IN EACH SECTION. 230 00:13:34,586 --> 00:13:36,241 THIS STEADY, EVEN INPUT 231 00:13:36,241 --> 00:13:40,758 ENSURES THAT THE MACHINE PRODUCES A CONSISTENT OUTPUT. 232 00:13:40,758 --> 00:13:42,586 INSIDE THE CARDER, 233 00:13:42,586 --> 00:13:45,000 A SERIES OF COMBS SPREADS THE FIBERS OVER A DRUM, 234 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,965 ALIGNING THEM PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER. 235 00:13:48,965 --> 00:13:54,551 THIS PRODUCES A THIN, FLAT LAYER OF FINE FIBER CALLED WEB. 236 00:13:54,551 --> 00:13:56,482 WEB CAN BE STACKED IN SEVERAL LAYERS 237 00:13:56,482 --> 00:13:57,793 TO MAKE BATTING, 238 00:13:57,793 --> 00:14:01,620 THE STUFFING MATERIAL IN QUILTS AND DUVETS. 239 00:14:01,620 --> 00:14:05,448 BATTING CAN BE FURTHER PROCESSED INTO FELT. 240 00:14:05,448 --> 00:14:08,758 WEB CAN ALSO BE PROCESSED INTO ROVING, 241 00:14:08,758 --> 00:14:10,965 A LONG THICK STREAM OF FIBER 242 00:14:10,965 --> 00:14:13,965 WHICH CRAFTS PEOPLE HAND SPIN INTO YARN, 243 00:14:13,965 --> 00:14:16,551 OR WHICH HIGH-SPEED MACHINES HERE AT THE MILL 244 00:14:16,551 --> 00:14:19,689 SPIN INTO STORE-BOUGHT YARN. 245 00:14:19,689 --> 00:14:23,241 THE ROVING DECK ON THE CARDER COMPRESSES THE WEB INTO A STREAM 246 00:14:23,241 --> 00:14:26,000 WHILE ROTATING IT TO HOLD THE ALIGNED FIBERS 247 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:28,793 IN A SNAKE LIKE SHAPE. 248 00:14:28,793 --> 00:14:31,068 TO MAKE WHAT'S KNOWN AS WOOLEN YARN, 249 00:14:31,068 --> 00:14:34,137 THE ROVING GOES DIRECTLY TO THE SPINNER. 250 00:14:34,137 --> 00:14:37,000 HOWEVER, TO MAKE WHAT'S CALLED SEMI-WORSTED YARN, 251 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,068 THIS MACHINE, CALLED A DRAW FRAME, 252 00:14:39,068 --> 00:14:41,344 MUST FIRST COMBINE TWO OR MORE ROVINGS 253 00:14:41,344 --> 00:14:45,862 INTO A CONSISTENT STREAM CALLED A SLIVER. 254 00:14:45,862 --> 00:14:47,344 THE THINNER THE YARN, 255 00:14:47,344 --> 00:14:51,413 THE MORE OFTEN THE ROVINGS PASS THROUGH THE DRAW FRAME. 256 00:14:51,413 --> 00:14:53,172 FINALLY, SEVERAL SLIVERS 257 00:14:53,172 --> 00:14:55,448 SIMULTANEOUSLY ENTER THE SPINNER, 258 00:14:55,448 --> 00:14:57,827 WHICH TWISTS EACH ONE SEPARATELY THROUGH A COMBINATION 259 00:14:57,827 --> 00:15:00,379 OF PRESSURE AND SPEED. 260 00:15:00,379 --> 00:15:02,551 THE NEXT MACHINE, CALLED THE PLYER, 261 00:15:02,551 --> 00:15:05,551 THEN FORMS THE YARN BY TWISTING MULTIPLE SINGLES 262 00:15:05,551 --> 00:15:08,103 TOGETHER IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 263 00:15:08,103 --> 00:15:09,206 TWISTING TWO SINGLES, 264 00:15:09,206 --> 00:15:12,172 FOR EXAMPLE, MAKES A TWO-PLY YARN. 265 00:15:12,172 --> 00:15:13,896 THE MILL PRODUCES DIFFERENT WEIGHTS OF YARN 266 00:15:13,896 --> 00:15:16,034 FROM LACE TO BULKY, 267 00:15:16,034 --> 00:15:18,551 BY VARYING THE VOLUME OF FIBER PER PLY, 268 00:15:18,551 --> 00:15:21,896 AS WELL AS THE SPINNING SPEED. 269 00:15:21,896 --> 00:15:23,655 THEY MOUNT THE SPOOLS OF FINISHED YARN 270 00:15:23,655 --> 00:15:26,034 ON THE SKEIN WINDER. 271 00:15:26,034 --> 00:15:29,862 A SKEIN IS A BUNDLE OF YARN THAT'S FIRST WOUND THEN TWISTED. 272 00:15:29,862 --> 00:15:33,724 THEY SET THE MACHINE TO WIND A SPECIFIC LENGTH OF YARN. 273 00:15:33,724 --> 00:15:35,034 WHEN IT STOPS, 274 00:15:35,034 --> 00:15:38,206 THEY TIE THE SKEIN ON TWO ENDS AND REMOVE IT. 275 00:15:38,206 --> 00:15:42,241 THEN THEY DYE THE YARN OR LEAVE IT ITS NATURAL COLOR. 276 00:15:42,241 --> 00:15:45,310 SOME MILLS DYE THEIR FLEECE AFTER WASHING, 277 00:15:45,310 --> 00:15:47,620 PRIOR TO PROCESSING IT INTO YARN. 278 00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:50,827 THE FINAL STEP IS TO HAND-TWIST THE SKEIN. 279 00:15:50,827 --> 00:15:55,103 THEY ALSO WIND YARN INTO BALLS AND CONES. 280 00:15:55,103 --> 00:15:58,965 WARM AND WATER REPELLENT, THIS SILKY, SMOOTH ALPACA YARN 281 00:15:58,965 --> 00:16:04,413 IS ALL SET TO BE KNIT OR WOVEN INTO A COZY WOOLEN. 282 00:16:17,689 --> 00:16:19,689 Narrator: THE UTILITY KNIFE IS KNOWN BY MANY OTHER NAMES -- 283 00:16:19,689 --> 00:16:22,689 CARPET KNIFE, BOX CUTTER, SHEET-ROCK KNIFE, 284 00:16:22,689 --> 00:16:25,655 AND CRAFT KNIFE ARE JUST A FEW. 285 00:16:25,655 --> 00:16:27,827 ALL THOSE NAMES REFLECT THE MANY USES 286 00:16:27,827 --> 00:16:31,793 FOR THIS RETRACTABLE KNIFE AND ITS INCREDIBLE VERSATILITY. 287 00:16:31,793 --> 00:16:34,827 IT COMES IN HANDY EVERY TIME. 288 00:16:37,137 --> 00:16:40,965 IN 70 YEARS, THE DESIGN OF THIS RETRACTABLE UTILITY KNIFE 289 00:16:40,965 --> 00:16:42,965 HASN'T REALLY CHANGED MUCH. 290 00:16:42,965 --> 00:16:45,931 WHY MESS WITH A CONCEPT THAT WORKS? 291 00:16:45,931 --> 00:16:48,310 A HOLLOW CASE WITH AN INTERLOCKING NOSE 292 00:16:48,310 --> 00:16:51,655 FOR THE BLADE, HELD TOGETHER BY A SINGLE SCREW. 293 00:16:51,655 --> 00:16:56,413 IT CAN BE EASILY UNSCREWED TO ACCESS SPARE BLADES INSIDE. 294 00:16:56,413 --> 00:17:01,448 TO MAKE THE BLADES, CARBON STEEL UNCOILS INTO A DIE PRESS. 295 00:17:01,448 --> 00:17:04,965 A ROLLER TAKES UP THE SLACK AS THE STEEL INCHES 296 00:17:04,965 --> 00:17:06,241 FORWARD FOR EACH FORMING. 297 00:17:08,275 --> 00:17:10,103 THE PRESS SCORES THE STEEL 298 00:17:10,103 --> 00:17:12,241 TO ROUGH OUT THE SHAPE OF THE BLADES, 299 00:17:12,241 --> 00:17:15,000 PUNCHES NOTCHES FOR ATTACHING THEM TO THE HANDLE, 300 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,068 AND STAMPS PRODUCT INFORMATION ONTO THEM. 301 00:17:21,758 --> 00:17:25,482 AT THIS POINT, THE STEEL IS JUST A LITTLE STIFFER THAN TIN FOIL. 302 00:17:25,482 --> 00:17:29,413 A TRIP THROUGH A 25-FOOT-LONG FURNACE TOUGHENS IT UP. 303 00:17:29,413 --> 00:17:32,896 EXPOSED TO SCORCHING HEAT AND THEN QUENCHED BY WATER, 304 00:17:32,896 --> 00:17:37,103 THE STEEL HARDENS SIGNIFICANTLY. 305 00:17:37,103 --> 00:17:39,965 AFTER THE BRAND NAME HAS BEEN PRINTED ON THE STEEL, 306 00:17:39,965 --> 00:17:42,655 THE RIBBON OF BLADES RIDES THROUGH A GRINDING STATION 307 00:17:42,655 --> 00:17:46,517 WITH DIFFERENT STONE-GRINDING WHEELS. 308 00:17:46,517 --> 00:17:49,689 THEY SHARPEN THE STEEL EDGE. 309 00:17:49,689 --> 00:17:52,103 THE STEEL NOW PASSES UNDER AN INDUCTION COIL 310 00:17:52,103 --> 00:17:55,551 THAT RADIATES HEAT TO FURTHER HARDEN THE CUTTING EDGE. 311 00:17:57,482 --> 00:17:59,137 A MACHINE CALLED THE BREAKER 312 00:17:59,137 --> 00:18:02,137 SNAPS THE STEEL ALONG THE SCORE LINES. 313 00:18:02,137 --> 00:18:04,344 IT SPITS OUT THE UNWANTED TRIANGULAR BITS 314 00:18:04,344 --> 00:18:06,172 BETWEEN THE BLADES FOR RECYCLING. 315 00:18:06,172 --> 00:18:09,034 THE BLADES FLOW OUT OF THE BREAKER 316 00:18:09,034 --> 00:18:11,034 AND INTO A STEEL CHANNEL. 317 00:18:11,034 --> 00:18:15,206 A PUSHER MOVES THEM DOWN THE CHANNEL INTO A TRAY. 318 00:18:15,206 --> 00:18:20,206 THIS SYSTEM SNAPS AND PACKS 250 BLADES A MINUTE. 319 00:18:20,206 --> 00:18:24,448 THEY INSERT ONE BLADE FROM EVERY PRODUCTION RUN INTO THIS TESTER. 320 00:18:24,448 --> 00:18:27,413 THE TESTER MOVES THE BLADE BACK AND FORTH REPEATEDLY 321 00:18:27,413 --> 00:18:30,655 TO SLICE THROUGH THICK STACKS OF PAPER STRIPS. 322 00:18:30,655 --> 00:18:31,827 THIS GIVES THEM A MEASURE 323 00:18:31,827 --> 00:18:35,206 OF THE BLADE'S SHARPNESS AND DURABILITY. 324 00:18:35,206 --> 00:18:38,241 THE TRANSFORMATION FROM BLUNT METAL TO RAZOR SHARP BLADE 325 00:18:38,241 --> 00:18:41,379 IS COMPLETE, AND THE UTILITY KNIFE BLADES 326 00:18:41,379 --> 00:18:43,379 ARE READY FOR THE GRIPPING PART -- 327 00:18:43,379 --> 00:18:45,689 THE ZINC CASE. 328 00:18:45,689 --> 00:18:49,655 THEY CAST THE BACK AND FRONT OF THE CASE IN A DIE. 329 00:18:49,655 --> 00:18:53,620 THE PARTS THEN BOUNCE AROUND IN A VIBRATORY BOWL 330 00:18:53,620 --> 00:18:56,137 ALONG WITH PYRAMID-SHAPED CERAMIC ROCKS. 331 00:18:56,137 --> 00:19:00,241 THE FRICTION SMOOTHES THE ROUGH EDGES. 332 00:19:00,241 --> 00:19:02,758 AFTER ABOUT A HALF HOUR IN THE VIBRATORY BOWL, 333 00:19:02,758 --> 00:19:06,068 THE CASING PARTS ARE BLEMISH FREE. 334 00:19:06,068 --> 00:19:08,551 THEY HEAD INTO THE NEXT STATION. 335 00:19:08,551 --> 00:19:11,862 HERE, WORKERS COLLECT THEM AND EXAMINE THEM FOR DEFECTS 336 00:19:11,862 --> 00:19:15,241 AS THEY HANG THEM ON MOVING RACKS. 337 00:19:15,241 --> 00:19:18,103 THE RACKS WILL TAKE THE UTILITY KNIFE PARTS 338 00:19:18,103 --> 00:19:20,586 THROUGH A WASH STATION 339 00:19:20,586 --> 00:19:23,965 TO GET RID OF A DUSTING OF ZINC AND CERAMIC RESIDUE. 340 00:19:25,689 --> 00:19:29,034 IT'S KIND OF A POWER WASH FOR THE KNIFE CASE PARTS. 341 00:19:29,034 --> 00:19:32,827 THEY RIDE BY A HIGH-PRESSURE SPRAYER FOR A THOROUGH CLEANING. 342 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,034 AFTER THAT, THEY TAKE A TRIP THROUGH A DRYER 343 00:19:39,034 --> 00:19:41,689 TO PREPARE THEM FOR A POWDER COAT FINISH. 344 00:19:41,689 --> 00:19:43,655 ONCE THE POWDER COAT IS BAKED ON, 345 00:19:43,655 --> 00:19:47,068 IT WILL PROTECT THE ZINC UTILITY KNIFE FROM CORROSION. 346 00:19:50,827 --> 00:19:53,000 THE POWDER COAT GIVES THE UTILITY KNIVES 347 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,206 A FINISH THAT'S TOUGHER THAN CONVENTIONAL PAINT. 348 00:20:01,206 --> 00:20:03,517 HEADING INTO THE UNLOAD STATION NOW, 349 00:20:03,517 --> 00:20:05,896 A BLAST FROM AN AIR GUN KNOCKS THE PARTS OFF THE RACK. 350 00:20:12,379 --> 00:20:18,275 THANKS TO THE TOUGH FINISH, THEY LAND WITHOUT A SCRATCH. 351 00:20:23,275 --> 00:20:26,000 THE UTILITY-KNIFE PARTS ARE READY FOR ASSEMBLY, 352 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,172 AND THE WORKER USES A SPECIAL FIXTURE FOR THAT. 353 00:20:29,172 --> 00:20:32,758 SHE PLACES THE BOTTOM HALF OF THE KNIFE 354 00:20:32,758 --> 00:20:35,758 IN A RECESS IN THE FIXTURE. 355 00:20:35,758 --> 00:20:37,758 HANDLING THE BLUNT SIDE OF THE BLADES, 356 00:20:37,758 --> 00:20:41,206 SHE INSERTS THREE OF THEM INTO THE CASE'S STORAGE COMPARTMENT. 357 00:20:42,896 --> 00:20:46,689 SHE ALSO TUCKS THE TAB OF AN INFORMATION CARD INTO IT. 358 00:20:46,689 --> 00:20:49,310 NEXT, SHE INSTALLS THE RETRACTABLE MECHANISM 359 00:20:49,310 --> 00:20:52,275 FOR THE UTILITY KNIFE BLADES. 360 00:20:52,275 --> 00:20:55,137 SHE PLACES THE OTHER HALF OF THE CASE ON THE ASSEMBLY 361 00:20:55,137 --> 00:20:58,827 AND THEN ACTUATES AN AUTO-SCREW GUN TO CLOSE THE KNIFE. 362 00:21:00,241 --> 00:21:04,344 THEY ASSEMBLE OVER 40,000 UTILITY KNIVES PER DAY 363 00:21:04,344 --> 00:21:07,448 AT THIS FACTORY. 364 00:21:07,448 --> 00:21:10,000 NOW, THAT'S CUTTING EDGE. 365 00:21:21,172 --> 00:21:23,862 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 366 00:21:23,862 --> 00:21:26,620 OR YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 367 00:21:26,620 --> 00:21:29,103 DROP US A LINE AT... 29617

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