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Narrator: HISTORICALLY, WHEELS
WERE MADE OF METAL OR WOOD.
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00:00:56,241 --> 00:00:58,689
WITH THE INVENTION
OF AIR FILLED CAR TIRES
3
00:00:58,689 --> 00:01:00,965
IN THE EARLY PART
OF THE 20th CENTURY,
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00:01:00,965 --> 00:01:03,517
THE RIDE WAS REVOLUTIONIZED.
5
00:01:03,517 --> 00:01:04,931
THE INFLATED RUBBER TIRES
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00:01:04,931 --> 00:01:07,275
COULD BETTER ABSORB
THE BUMPS ON THE ROAD
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00:01:07,275 --> 00:01:08,689
AND THE ADDITION OF TREAD
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00:01:08,689 --> 00:01:11,827
GAVE THE INVENTION
SERIOUS TRACTION.
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00:01:14,551 --> 00:01:18,137
CAR TIRES HAVE COME A LONG WAY
IN THE LAST CENTURY.
10
00:01:18,137 --> 00:01:20,310
THE MODERN SUMMER TIRE
IS MADE OF
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00:01:20,310 --> 00:01:22,517
10 TO 15 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS,
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00:01:22,517 --> 00:01:25,793
WHICH INCLUDE
NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER,
13
00:01:25,793 --> 00:01:29,517
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES,
AND CARBON BLACK -- A PIGMENT.
14
00:01:29,517 --> 00:01:31,931
GIANT BLENDERS
MIX THESE INGREDIENTS
15
00:01:31,931 --> 00:01:34,310
UNDER HEAT
AND TREMENDOUS PRESSURE.
16
00:01:34,310 --> 00:01:38,172
THERE ARE VARIOUS FORMULATIONS
FOR DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE TIRE.
17
00:01:38,172 --> 00:01:41,517
IN EACH CASE, THE RESULT IS
GUMMY RUBBER DOUGH,
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00:01:41,517 --> 00:01:44,482
WHICH MACHINERY
THEN ROLLS INTO SHEETS
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00:01:44,482 --> 00:01:47,620
TO AWAIT FURTHER KNEADING
AND PROCESSING.
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00:01:47,620 --> 00:01:51,965
POLYESTER FABRIC UNROLLS INTO
A MACHINE CALLED A CALENDER.
21
00:01:51,965 --> 00:01:54,344
THE CALENDER
IS EQUIPPED WITH ROLLERS
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00:01:54,344 --> 00:01:57,482
THAT APPLY WARM RUBBER
TO BOTH SIDES OF THE FABRIC.
23
00:01:57,482 --> 00:02:00,068
THIS PRODUCES
A RUBBERIZED FABRIC
24
00:02:00,068 --> 00:02:03,172
THAT WILL BE USED
TO REINFORCE THE TIRE.
25
00:02:03,172 --> 00:02:06,068
THIS FABRIC PLY IS NEEDED
BECAUSE RUBBER ALONE
26
00:02:06,068 --> 00:02:09,482
ISN'T STURDY ENOUGH
TO MAKE A TIRE.
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00:02:09,482 --> 00:02:14,034
NUMEROUS COTTON CORDS NOW
SPIN OFF BOBBINS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
28
00:02:14,034 --> 00:02:17,655
MACHINERY PULLS THEM ONTO
THE WARM, RUBBERIZED FABRIC.
29
00:02:17,655 --> 00:02:20,586
THEY LAND ON A BIT OF AN ANGLE
AND ADHERE.
30
00:02:22,448 --> 00:02:25,862
THIS CORDING CREATES CHANNELS
THAT PROVIDE PATHWAYS
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00:02:25,862 --> 00:02:30,379
FOR VENTING AIR
DURING THE ACTUAL TIRE BUILDING.
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00:02:30,379 --> 00:02:32,344
MAKING RUBBER FOR TREAD REQUIRES
33
00:02:32,344 --> 00:02:34,758
THREE DIFFERENT
RUBBER FORMULATIONS.
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00:02:34,758 --> 00:02:37,965
EXTRUDERS SHAPE
THE THREE STREAMS OF RUBBER
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00:02:37,965 --> 00:02:41,655
AND THEN THEY ENTER A DIE
THAT FORMS THEM INTO ONE.
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00:02:41,655 --> 00:02:44,724
MINI PAINT ROLLERS APPLY
DIFFERENT COLORED STRIPES.
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00:02:44,724 --> 00:02:46,896
IT'S A CODING SYSTEM
FOR IDENTIFICATION
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00:02:46,896 --> 00:02:49,862
OF THE INGREDIENTS
DURING PROCESSING.
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00:02:49,862 --> 00:02:54,344
TO AVOID TENSION, THE SYSTEM
CREATES SLACK IN THE FEED.
40
00:02:54,344 --> 00:02:56,827
A BLADE SLICES THE TREAD RUBBER
TO LENGTH.
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00:02:56,827 --> 00:03:01,275
NEXT, MANY STEEL CABLES UNCOIL
AT ONCE TO MAKE THE BEAD --
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00:03:01,275 --> 00:03:03,655
THE PART OF THE TIRE THAT GIVES
IT THE STRENGTH IT NEEDS
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00:03:03,655 --> 00:03:07,034
TO STAY ON THE WHEEL RIM.
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00:03:07,034 --> 00:03:10,586
MACHINERY ARRANGES THE CABLES
IN THE DESIRED CONFIGURATION
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00:03:10,586 --> 00:03:13,172
AND ENCASES THEM IN RUBBER.
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00:03:13,172 --> 00:03:16,172
MORE EQUIPMENT ROLLS
THE BEAD MATERIAL INTO HOOPS
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00:03:16,172 --> 00:03:18,000
SIZED TO FIT THE WHEEL RIM.
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00:03:22,517 --> 00:03:24,655
THEY'RE NOW
READY TO BUILD THE TIRE.
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00:03:24,655 --> 00:03:27,034
USING A SPECIAL ROTATING DRUM,
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00:03:27,034 --> 00:03:30,482
A WORKER ARRANGES
THE TWO BEAD HOOPS ON IT.
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00:03:30,482 --> 00:03:33,241
NEXT UP IS
AN AIRTIGHT PIECE OF RUBBER
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00:03:33,241 --> 00:03:37,655
THAT WILL ACT AS AN INNER TUBE
FOLLOWED BY THE CORDED PLY.
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00:03:37,655 --> 00:03:40,448
INFLATED BLADDERS
ROLL THE RUBBER AROUND THE BEAD
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00:03:40,448 --> 00:03:43,896
ON BOTH SIDES AND THEN RETRACT.
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00:03:43,896 --> 00:03:48,517
A SERVER
APPLIES SIDE WALLS TO THE BEADS.
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00:03:48,517 --> 00:03:52,379
LITTLE ROLLERS FOLD
THE SIDE WALLS OVER THE BEADS.
57
00:03:52,379 --> 00:03:56,620
THIS COMPLETES THE INNER PART,
OR SKELETON, OF THE TIRE.
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00:03:56,620 --> 00:03:59,379
THEY ASSEMBLE
THE OUTER LAYER SEPARATELY
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00:03:59,379 --> 00:04:03,344
BEGINNING WITH STRIPS OF RUBBER
EMBEDDED WITH STEEL CORD.
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00:04:03,344 --> 00:04:05,724
THE SYSTEM WRAPS THIS RUBBER
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00:04:05,724 --> 00:04:08,862
AROUND A SECOND
TIRE-BUILDING DRUM.
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00:04:08,862 --> 00:04:11,689
NEXT UP
ARE NARROW STRIPS OF RUBBER PLY.
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00:04:11,689 --> 00:04:14,172
THE COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM
WINDS THEM
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00:04:14,172 --> 00:04:18,206
WITH JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF
TENSION FOR A GRADUATED EFFECT.
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00:04:18,206 --> 00:04:20,448
THEY'RE NOW READY FOR
THE LAST LAYER --
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00:04:20,448 --> 00:04:21,448
THE TREAD RUBBER.
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00:04:21,448 --> 00:04:25,103
MACHINERY APPLIES IT TO THE PLY.
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00:04:25,103 --> 00:04:29,758
IT'S TIME FOR THE TWO
TIRE FABRICATIONS TO BECOME ONE.
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00:04:29,758 --> 00:04:32,655
A TRANSFER RING
COLLECTS THE ASSEMBLY
70
00:04:32,655 --> 00:04:35,413
AND TRANSFERS IT
TO THE INNER PART.
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00:04:35,413 --> 00:04:38,275
COMPRESSED AIR INFLATES THE TIRE
TO SHAPE IT
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00:04:38,275 --> 00:04:41,827
AND ALL THE STICKY LAYERS
ADHERE TOGETHER.
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00:04:44,310 --> 00:04:47,620
THE MACHINE ROLLS
THE EDGE OF THE TREAD RUBBER
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00:04:47,620 --> 00:04:49,206
OVER THE SIDE WALLS.
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00:04:49,206 --> 00:04:53,103
THEY NOW HAVE WHAT'S KNOWN IN
THE INDUSTRY AS A GREEN TIRE --
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00:04:53,103 --> 00:04:55,724
AN UNCURED TIRE
WITHOUT TREAD PATTERN.
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00:04:58,068 --> 00:05:01,965
NEXT, IT'S INTO A MOLD
TO BAKE AND SHAPE THE TIRE.
78
00:05:03,965 --> 00:05:07,448
THE TWO PARTS OF THE MOLD COME
TOGETHER LIKE A WAFFLE IRON.
79
00:05:07,448 --> 00:05:11,034
INSIDE, HOT STEAMY BLADDERS
EXPAND TO SHAPE THE TIRE
80
00:05:11,034 --> 00:05:13,758
AND TRANSFER THE TREAD PATTERN
TO IT.
81
00:05:13,758 --> 00:05:18,310
THIS SPECIFIC TREAD PATTERN
IS DESIGNED FOR SUMMER TIRES.
82
00:05:18,310 --> 00:05:21,206
THIS CUTOUT OF A CAR TIRE
DEMONSTRATES
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00:05:21,206 --> 00:05:24,517
HOW ALL THE LAYERS
HAVE BEEN FUSED TOGETHER.
84
00:05:24,517 --> 00:05:26,862
THE TIME
IN THE HOT, PRESSURIZED MOLD
85
00:05:26,862 --> 00:05:29,172
HAS CAUSED THE
RUBBER TO VULCANIZE --
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00:05:29,172 --> 00:05:31,482
A CHEMICAL REACTION
THAT TRANSFORMS IT
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00:05:31,482 --> 00:05:33,275
FROM A WEAK AND STICKY SUBSTANCE
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00:05:33,275 --> 00:05:35,931
TO ONE THAT'S
STRONG AND ELASTIC.
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00:05:35,931 --> 00:05:38,689
A WORKER TRIMS EXCESS RUBBER.
90
00:05:38,689 --> 00:05:40,655
AFTER FINAL INSPECTIONS CONFIRM
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00:05:40,655 --> 00:05:43,931
THE TIRE SHAPE IS UNIFORM
AND GEOMETRICALLY CORRECT,
92
00:05:43,931 --> 00:05:46,068
THE TIRE IS READY FOR SHIPMENT.
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00:05:46,068 --> 00:05:48,827
IT'S TIME FOR THE RUBBER
TO HIT THE ROAD.
94
00:06:01,275 --> 00:06:03,689
Narrator:
SILK FABRIC ORIGINATED IN CHINA
95
00:06:03,689 --> 00:06:05,724
AT LEAST 5,000 YEARS AGO
96
00:06:05,724 --> 00:06:07,689
AND BECAME A COVETED LUXURY.
97
00:06:07,689 --> 00:06:10,379
SILK THREAD
IS PRODUCED BY SILKWORMS
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00:06:10,379 --> 00:06:11,827
WHEN THEY MAKE THEIR COCOONS.
99
00:06:11,827 --> 00:06:13,448
SERICULTURE,
100
00:06:13,448 --> 00:06:16,275
OR COMMERCIALLY BREEDING
SILKWORMS FOR SILK PRODUCTION,
101
00:06:16,275 --> 00:06:19,724
IS PRACTICED
IN SEVERAL ASIAN COUNTRIES.
102
00:06:23,172 --> 00:06:26,310
FROM HOME GOODS
TO ACCESSORIES AND CLOTHING,
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00:06:26,310 --> 00:06:29,724
THERE ARE FEW TEXTILES
AS ELEGANT AND LUXURIOUS,
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00:06:29,724 --> 00:06:33,034
OR AS PRIZED
THROUGHOUT THE AGES, AS SILK.
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00:06:33,034 --> 00:06:34,931
IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE
THIS BEAUTIFUL FABRIC
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00:06:34,931 --> 00:06:37,655
COMES FROM WORMS.
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00:06:37,655 --> 00:06:41,448
THE FEMALE SILKWORM
LAYS UP TO 400 EGGS IN ONE SHOT
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00:06:41,448 --> 00:06:43,344
THEN PROMPTLY DIES.
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00:06:43,344 --> 00:06:47,068
EACH EGG, ABOUT TWO WEEKS LATER,
HATCHES INTO A LARVA.
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00:06:47,068 --> 00:06:50,103
THE LARVA FEEDS ON FRESH
MULBERRY LEAVES CONTINUOUSLY,
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00:06:50,103 --> 00:06:53,482
INCREASING ITS BODY WEIGHT
10,000 FOLD
112
00:06:53,482 --> 00:06:56,586
AND GROWING TO A LENGTH
OF ABOUT THREE INCHES.
113
00:06:56,586 --> 00:07:00,103
THEN, AS IT ENTERS THE
PUPA PHASE OF ITS LIFE CYCLE,
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00:07:00,103 --> 00:07:02,000
IT EXCRETES LIQUID RAW SILK
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00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:04,827
FROM SALIVARY GLANDS
IN ITS MOUTH.
116
00:07:04,827 --> 00:07:07,620
WHEN THAT LIQUID SILK
CONTACTS WITH THE AIR,
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00:07:07,620 --> 00:07:10,655
IT HARDENS INTO A SINGLE THREAD.
118
00:07:10,655 --> 00:07:14,172
PUPATING LARVA
WINDS THAT THREAD AROUND ITSELF
119
00:07:14,172 --> 00:07:17,586
INTO A THICK, COZY COCOON.
120
00:07:17,586 --> 00:07:20,931
NORMALLY,
THE PUPA INSIDE BECOMES A MOTH
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00:07:20,931 --> 00:07:23,448
AND THE COCOON
BREAKS AS IT EMERGES.
122
00:07:23,448 --> 00:07:26,655
HOWEVER, THIS SEVERS
THE CONTINUOUS SILK THREAD.
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00:07:26,655 --> 00:07:28,379
SO TO KEEP THE THREAD INTACT,
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00:07:28,379 --> 00:07:31,103
THEY BOIL THE COCOON
FOR ABOUT THREE MINUTES
125
00:07:31,103 --> 00:07:32,931
TO KILL THE PUPA INSIDE
126
00:07:32,931 --> 00:07:35,655
BEFORE IT
TRANSFORMS INTO A MOTH.
127
00:07:37,655 --> 00:07:40,034
BOILING THE COCOONS ALSO
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00:07:40,034 --> 00:07:42,655
MAKES THE WOUND THREAD
EASIER TO UNRAVEL
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00:07:42,655 --> 00:07:45,172
BY MELTING AWAY
MOST OF THE SERICIN --
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00:07:45,172 --> 00:07:48,137
THE GELATINOUS PROTEIN
THAT BINDS IT.
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00:07:48,137 --> 00:07:50,620
TO HARVEST THE SILK,
THEY TAKE THREADS
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00:07:50,620 --> 00:07:53,206
FROM 30 TO 50 COCOONS AT A TIME.
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00:07:53,206 --> 00:07:54,758
THEY FEED THEM ALL TOGETHER
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00:07:54,758 --> 00:07:56,758
THROUGH A HOLE
IN THE BAMBOO STICK
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00:07:56,758 --> 00:07:59,103
ONTO A HAND-OPERATED REEL.
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00:07:59,103 --> 00:08:02,379
THEN, SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY,
THEY TURN THE REEL,
137
00:08:02,379 --> 00:08:06,448
UNRAVELING THE COCOONS.
138
00:08:06,448 --> 00:08:09,172
AS THE THREAD PASSES TOGETHER
THROUGH THE STICK,
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00:08:09,172 --> 00:08:11,965
THE REMAINING SERICIN
GLUES THEM TOGETHER
140
00:08:11,965 --> 00:08:15,034
FORMING A SINGLE,
THICKER THREAD.
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00:08:17,310 --> 00:08:20,586
THE SILK THREADS COMING TOGETHER
ARE SO FINE --
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00:08:20,586 --> 00:08:24,275
ONLY ABOUT ONE ONE-HUNDREDTH
OF A MILLIMETER IN DIAMETER --
143
00:08:24,275 --> 00:08:26,862
THAT IT TAKES
2,000 TO 3,000 COCOONS
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00:08:26,862 --> 00:08:29,724
TO PRODUCE
A POUND OF SILK THREAD.
145
00:08:32,482 --> 00:08:35,724
UNRAVELING COCOONS
IS A TIME-CONSUMING PROCESS,
146
00:08:35,724 --> 00:08:38,034
BECAUSE A SINGLE THREAD
CAN BE AS LONG AS
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00:08:38,034 --> 00:08:41,517
NINE PROFESSIONAL SOCCER FIELDS.
148
00:08:41,517 --> 00:08:45,103
TO MAKE THIS FEATHER-LIKE
SILK THREAD EASIER TO HANDLE,
149
00:08:45,103 --> 00:08:48,862
THEY WEIGH IT DOWN WITH SAND
BEFORE ROLLING IT INTO A BUNDLE.
150
00:08:53,965 --> 00:08:57,862
NEXT, THEY WASH AWAY
THE SAND AND REMAINING SERICIN,
151
00:08:57,862 --> 00:09:01,655
THEN BLEACH THE THREAD
SO IT WILL UNIFORMLY ABSORB
152
00:09:01,655 --> 00:09:05,103
THE SYNTHETIC DYE.
153
00:09:05,103 --> 00:09:09,137
IT'S CRITICAL TO MONITOR
THE RATIO OF DYE TO HOT WATER,
154
00:09:09,137 --> 00:09:12,241
AS WELL AS WATER TEMPERATURE
AND SOAKING TIME,
155
00:09:12,241 --> 00:09:16,241
AS ALL THESE FACTORS COMBINED
EFFECT THE QUALITY OF THE COLOR.
156
00:09:16,241 --> 00:09:20,931
AFTER RINSING AWAY THE
EXCESS DYE WITH LUKEWARM WATER,
157
00:09:20,931 --> 00:09:23,379
THEY HANG THE THREAD TO DRY.
158
00:09:29,413 --> 00:09:32,344
THEY MOUNT THE BUNDLES
OF DRY, DYED SILK THREAD
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00:09:32,344 --> 00:09:33,482
ON A BIG MACHINE,
160
00:09:33,482 --> 00:09:36,000
WHICH TRANSFERS THEM
TO SMALLER ROLLERS.
161
00:09:42,344 --> 00:09:46,000
THOSE ROLLERS THEN
GO ON AN AUTOMATED MACHINE,
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00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:49,482
WHICH TRANSFERS THE THREAD
TO SMALL BOBBINS.
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00:09:49,482 --> 00:09:50,896
TO CRAFT SILK FABRIC,
164
00:09:50,896 --> 00:09:53,896
WEAVERS WILL PASS
BOBBINS OF THREAD HORIZONTALLY
165
00:09:53,896 --> 00:09:55,655
BETWEEN VERTICAL THREADS
166
00:09:55,655 --> 00:09:58,586
ON A TRADITIONAL,
HAND-OPERATED LOOM.
167
00:09:58,586 --> 00:10:02,586
ANOTHER MACHINE, MEANWHILE,
WINDS THREAD AROUND SPOOLS.
168
00:10:02,586 --> 00:10:05,551
A WORKER THEN INSTALLS
A SET NUMBER OF SPOOL THREADS
169
00:10:05,551 --> 00:10:06,689
ON A MECHANISM,
170
00:10:06,689 --> 00:10:08,827
WHICH ALIGNS THEM VERTICALLY
ON THE LOOM
171
00:10:08,827 --> 00:10:11,034
PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER.
172
00:10:11,034 --> 00:10:13,793
FABRIC THAT'S
ABOUT THREE FEET WIDE
173
00:10:13,793 --> 00:10:16,931
TYPICALLY REQUIRES
4,000 VERTICAL THREADS.
174
00:10:16,931 --> 00:10:19,310
BY STEPPING ON
THE LOOM'S FOOT PEDAL,
175
00:10:19,310 --> 00:10:22,724
THE WEAVER REPEATEDLY RAISES
EVERY SECOND VERTICAL THREAD,
176
00:10:22,724 --> 00:10:25,620
AND WITH A TUG OF A CORD,
PASSES A SHUTTLE
177
00:10:25,620 --> 00:10:29,689
CONTAINING A BOBBIN OF THREAD
HORIZONTALLY IN BETWEEN.
178
00:10:29,689 --> 00:10:32,896
THIS INTERTWINING OF
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL THREADS
179
00:10:32,896 --> 00:10:35,137
WEAVES THE SILK FABRIC.
180
00:10:35,137 --> 00:10:38,448
TO CREATE A PATTERN, THE WEAVER
USES MULTIPLE SHUTTLES
181
00:10:38,448 --> 00:10:41,551
CONTAINING THREADS OF DIFFERENT
COLORS, THICKNESSES,
182
00:10:41,551 --> 00:10:43,758
AND TEXTURES.
183
00:10:43,758 --> 00:10:47,103
SOME PATTERS, SUCH AS AN
INTRICATE WEAVE CALLED BROCADE,
184
00:10:47,103 --> 00:10:50,620
ARE SO INTRICATE THAT EVEN
THE MOST EXPERIENCED WEAVERS
185
00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:55,275
PRODUCE JUST TWO TO SIX INCHES
OF FABRIC PER DAY.
186
00:10:55,275 --> 00:10:58,241
NOW, THAT'S WEARABLE ART.
187
00:11:08,689 --> 00:11:11,206
Narrator:
A CENTURIES-OLD PAINTING
IS ACTUALLY
188
00:11:11,206 --> 00:11:14,241
EASIER TO RESTORE
THAN A DECADES-OLD PAINTING.
189
00:11:14,241 --> 00:11:17,965
FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS,
ARTISTS USED PURE OIL PAINTS,
190
00:11:17,965 --> 00:11:19,551
BUT BY THE 20th CENTURY,
191
00:11:19,551 --> 00:11:22,448
ARTISTS BEGAN USING
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAINT,
192
00:11:22,448 --> 00:11:25,793
MAKING RESTORATION
MORE CHALLENGING.
193
00:11:30,068 --> 00:11:33,379
A TRADITIONAL PAINTING
IS TYPICALLY OIL ON CANVAS,
194
00:11:33,379 --> 00:11:36,482
PROTECTED WITH A LAYER
OF NATURAL RESIN VARNISH.
195
00:11:36,482 --> 00:11:40,137
OVER TIME, A LINEN CANVAS
CAN BECOME BRITTLE,
196
00:11:40,137 --> 00:11:42,413
DISTORT, AND SOMETIMES TEAR.
197
00:11:42,413 --> 00:11:46,275
VARNISH YELLOWS
AND DIRT AND DUST ACCUMULATE,
198
00:11:46,275 --> 00:11:49,620
RENDERING THE ONCE-VIBRANT
PAINTING DARK AND DULL
199
00:11:49,620 --> 00:11:52,448
AND IN DIRE NEED OF
PROFESSIONAL CONSERVATION.
200
00:11:52,448 --> 00:11:56,241
THE CONSERVATION PROCESS
IS MULTI-FACETED.
201
00:11:56,241 --> 00:11:59,724
THEY HAVE TO STRIP AWAY
ANY PREVIOUS RESTORATION,
202
00:11:59,724 --> 00:12:01,965
THEN PERFORM A NEW RESTORATION,
203
00:12:01,965 --> 00:12:07,000
YET MAKE IT ENTIRELY REVERSIBLE
TO ALLOW FOR FUTURE RESTORATION.
204
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:09,344
THE CONSERVATORS
BEGIN WITH SPOT TESTS
205
00:12:09,344 --> 00:12:12,103
TO OBSERVE HOW
DIFFERENT COLORS IN THE PAINTING
206
00:12:12,103 --> 00:12:14,241
REACT TO CLEANING.
207
00:12:14,241 --> 00:12:16,241
THEY DIP A COTTON SWAP
IN MILD DETERGENT
208
00:12:16,241 --> 00:12:17,724
AND RUB GENTLY,
209
00:12:17,724 --> 00:12:19,689
TESTING FOR DISCOLORED VARNISH
210
00:12:19,689 --> 00:12:22,275
AND ANY PREVIOUS RESTORATION.
211
00:12:22,275 --> 00:12:25,482
WHEN ALL THAT'S DONE,
THEY SWAB ON SOME SOLVENT
212
00:12:25,482 --> 00:12:28,068
TO NEUTRALIZE
THE DETERGENT RESIDUE.
213
00:12:28,068 --> 00:12:31,586
NEXT, THEY SPRAY THE BACK
OF THE CANVAS WITH WATER
214
00:12:31,586 --> 00:12:34,275
AND LIE THE PAINTING
ON A VACUUM HOT TABLE.
215
00:12:34,275 --> 00:12:36,896
THE HEAT
TURNS THE MOISTURE TO STEAM,
216
00:12:36,896 --> 00:12:39,172
WHICH RELAXES
THE PAINT AND LINEN
217
00:12:39,172 --> 00:12:43,000
AS THE VACUUM PULLS
THE BUMPS AND PUCKERS FLAT.
218
00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:45,724
IF THE CANVAS
ISN'T STRUCTURALLY SOUND,
219
00:12:45,724 --> 00:12:48,000
THEY APPLY ADHESIVE,
A SYNTHETIC BACKING,
220
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,655
THEN A NEW LINEN CANVAS.
221
00:12:50,655 --> 00:12:53,068
WITH THERMOMETERS
MONITORING THE TEMPERATURE,
222
00:12:53,068 --> 00:12:55,137
THE HEAT ACTIVATES THE ADHESIVE
223
00:12:55,137 --> 00:12:58,896
AND THE VACUUM DRAWS EVERYTHING
TAUT AGAINST THE HOT TABLE,
224
00:12:58,896 --> 00:13:01,482
BONDING OLD LINEN TO NEW.
225
00:13:01,482 --> 00:13:06,068
AND THE CONSERVATORS CAN TURN
THEIR ATTENTION TO THE ARTWORK.
226
00:13:06,068 --> 00:13:08,965
THEY BEGIN BY
MIXING A CLEANING SOLUTION --
227
00:13:08,965 --> 00:13:11,689
1% CHEMICAL-GRADE AMMONIA,
228
00:13:11,689 --> 00:13:14,896
20% STRONG DETERGENT,
229
00:13:14,896 --> 00:13:17,241
AND 79% WATER.
230
00:13:27,241 --> 00:13:31,448
THEY DIP A SWAB
IN THE CLEANING SOLUTION
231
00:13:31,448 --> 00:13:35,793
AND ANOTHER IN THE SOLVENT.
232
00:13:35,793 --> 00:13:38,586
WORKING A SMALL AREA AT A TIME,
233
00:13:38,586 --> 00:13:41,000
THEY GENTLY GLIDE
THE CLEANING-SOLUTION SWAB
234
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,655
OVER THE SURFACE.
235
00:13:42,655 --> 00:13:44,689
IT'S CRITICAL NOT TO RUB,
236
00:13:44,689 --> 00:13:48,103
AS ANY ABRASION
COULD HARM THE PAINTING.
237
00:13:48,103 --> 00:13:52,000
NEXT, THEY GENTLY ROLL THE
SOLVENT SWAB OVER THE SAME AREA
238
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:56,103
TO NEUTRALIZE
THE CLEANING-SOLUTION RESIDUE.
239
00:13:56,103 --> 00:13:59,620
THEY REPEAT THE SOLUTION-SOLVENT
PROCEDURE AREA BY AREA
240
00:13:59,620 --> 00:14:03,206
UNTIL THEY'VE REMOVED SURFACE
DIRT FROM THE ENTIRE PAINTING.
241
00:14:03,206 --> 00:14:06,413
THEN THEY START ALL OVER AGAIN,
242
00:14:06,413 --> 00:14:09,724
THIS TIME REMOVING
OLD, YELLOWED VARNISH,
243
00:14:09,724 --> 00:14:13,344
EMBEDDED DIRT,
AND PREVIOUS RESTORATION.
244
00:14:13,344 --> 00:14:15,448
THE CLEANING COMPLETED,
245
00:14:15,448 --> 00:14:19,000
THEY CAN NOW ADDRESS
THE TEARS AND DAMAGES.
246
00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:20,862
USING A SMALL PALLET KNIFE,
247
00:14:20,862 --> 00:14:23,689
THEY FILL THE CAVITIES
OF THE TEAR WITH GESSO,
248
00:14:23,689 --> 00:14:26,965
MATERIAL THAT'S USED
AS A BACKGROUND FOR PAINTINGS.
249
00:14:26,965 --> 00:14:28,655
THIS GESSO IS REVERSIBLE,
250
00:14:28,655 --> 00:14:31,724
MEANING IT CAN
EASILY BE REMOVED, IF REQUIRED,
251
00:14:31,724 --> 00:14:35,034
DURING A FUTURE RESTORATION.
252
00:14:35,034 --> 00:14:36,793
ONCE THE GESSO DRIES,
253
00:14:36,793 --> 00:14:39,517
THEY WIPE AWAY THE EXCESS
WITH A DAMP CLOTH,
254
00:14:39,517 --> 00:14:43,034
LEAVING A REPAIR THAT'S FLUSH
WITH THE SURROUNDING SURFACE.
255
00:14:44,689 --> 00:14:47,137
THEN THEY
SEAL THE GESSO WITH VARNISH.
256
00:14:47,137 --> 00:14:50,310
THIS CREATES A BARRIER
BETWEEN THE EXISTING PAINT LAYER
257
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:52,379
AND THE ONE
THEY'RE ABOUT TO ADD,
258
00:14:52,379 --> 00:14:56,827
MAKING IT REMOVABLE
FOR FUTURE RESTORATION.
259
00:14:56,827 --> 00:14:59,344
THEY RETOUCH THE REPAIRED AREA,
260
00:14:59,344 --> 00:15:02,620
EXPERTLY
MATCHING COLORS TO THE ORIGINAL
261
00:15:02,620 --> 00:15:07,275
AND BLENDING THEM SEAMLESSLY
WITH THE SURROUNDING AREA.
262
00:15:07,275 --> 00:15:09,586
THIS PROCESS, CALLED INPAINTING,
263
00:15:09,586 --> 00:15:11,965
IS WHERE THE CONSERVATORS'
FINE-ART TRAINING
264
00:15:11,965 --> 00:15:13,965
IS PUT TO THE TEST.
265
00:15:19,931 --> 00:15:22,034
RATHER THAN USE OIL PAINTS,
266
00:15:22,034 --> 00:15:25,103
THEY MIX PIGMENTS
WITH ACRYLIC RESIN.
267
00:15:25,103 --> 00:15:28,137
THIS PRODUCES PAINT
THAT LOOKS JUST LIKE OILS
268
00:15:28,137 --> 00:15:30,344
BUT IS REMOVABLE
WITH MILD SOLVENTS
269
00:15:30,344 --> 00:15:32,620
IN THE EVENT OF
A FUTURE RESTORATION.
270
00:15:37,517 --> 00:15:40,793
THEY BRUSH VARNISH
OVER THE INPAINTING
271
00:15:40,793 --> 00:15:43,793
SO THAT THE SHEEN MATCHES
THAT OF THE SURROUNDING AREA.
272
00:15:46,206 --> 00:15:48,551
AND NOW, THE FINAL STEP.
273
00:15:48,551 --> 00:15:50,344
THEY SPRAY THE ENTIRE PAINTING
274
00:15:50,344 --> 00:15:53,586
WITH A LIGHT COAT OF
REMOVABLE SYNTHETIC VARNISH THAT
275
00:15:53,586 --> 00:15:55,758
DOESN'T YELLOW OVER TIME.
276
00:15:55,758 --> 00:15:59,103
THIS EVENS OUT
AND PROTECTS THE SURFACE.
277
00:15:59,103 --> 00:16:01,068
ONCE THE VARNISH CURES,
278
00:16:01,068 --> 00:16:03,862
THE PAINTING
GOES BACK INTO ITS FRAME,
279
00:16:03,862 --> 00:16:06,931
JUST THE WAY
THE ARTIST INTENDED.
280
00:16:16,827 --> 00:16:20,137
Narrator: UNDERWATER EXPLORATION
WAS A SHALLOW EXPERIENCE
281
00:16:20,137 --> 00:16:21,965
UNTIL SCUBA TANKS WERE DEVELOPED
282
00:16:21,965 --> 00:16:24,103
IN THE MIDDLE OF
THE 20th CENTURY.
283
00:16:24,103 --> 00:16:25,758
FILLED WITH COMPRESSED AIR
284
00:16:25,758 --> 00:16:28,241
AND ATTACHED TO
A BREATHING REGULATOR,
285
00:16:28,241 --> 00:16:31,413
SCUBA TANKS ENABLE DIVERS
TO STAY UNDERWATER LONGER.
286
00:16:31,413 --> 00:16:35,068
THIS INVENTION TOOK DIVING
TO A WHOLE NEW LEVEL.
287
00:16:38,827 --> 00:16:42,000
SCUBA TANKS ARE A WAY TO
BOTTLE THE AIR WE BREATHE
288
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,551
AND TAKE IT WITH US UNDERWATER.
289
00:16:44,551 --> 00:16:46,724
TO MAKE ALUMINUM SCUBA TANKS,
290
00:16:46,724 --> 00:16:51,551
THEY START WITH SOLID,
CYLINDRICAL CHUNKS CALLED SLUGS.
291
00:16:51,551 --> 00:16:53,275
THE ALUMINUM-ALLOY SLUGS
292
00:16:53,275 --> 00:16:56,517
TUMBLE AROUND
IN A PERFORATED, ROTATING DRUM,
293
00:16:56,517 --> 00:17:00,103
WHICH TAKES THEM THROUGH
A SERIES OF CHEMICAL BATHS.
294
00:17:00,103 --> 00:17:03,068
THE BATHS CLEAN AND TREAT
THE SURFACE OF THE ALUMINUM
295
00:17:03,068 --> 00:17:07,000
TO PREPARE THE SLUGS
FOR FORMING.
296
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,931
THE OPERATOR LOADS
THE SLUGS INTO A FEEDER SYSTEM
297
00:17:10,931 --> 00:17:13,275
THAT SERVES THEM UP
ONE AT A TIME
298
00:17:13,275 --> 00:17:15,931
TO A HYDRAULIC EXTRUSION PRESS.
299
00:17:17,931 --> 00:17:20,275
AN EXTRUSION PISTON
FORCES THE SLUG
300
00:17:20,275 --> 00:17:23,344
INTO A DIE INSIDE THE PRESS.
301
00:17:23,344 --> 00:17:26,103
IT HOLLOWS
AND STRETCHES THE SLUG
302
00:17:26,103 --> 00:17:29,517
INTO THE SHAPE OF A SCUBA TANK.
303
00:17:29,517 --> 00:17:32,206
IT TAKES
ABOUT 1,300 TONS OF FORCE
304
00:17:32,206 --> 00:17:35,620
TO TRANSFORM
A SOLID, SHORT CHUNK OF ALUMINUM
305
00:17:35,620 --> 00:17:38,620
INTO A LONGER, HOLLOW CYLINDER.
306
00:17:40,724 --> 00:17:44,000
THE SHAPING PROCESS ITSELF
GENERATES HEAT,
307
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,620
MAKING THE ALUMINUM
SOFTER AND MORE MALLEABLE.
308
00:17:47,620 --> 00:17:50,931
THE PRESS ESTABLISHES
THE OUTER DIAMETER OF THE TANK,
309
00:17:50,931 --> 00:17:53,689
THE INNER ONE, AND THE BASE.
310
00:17:53,689 --> 00:17:57,448
THE PROCESS
TAKES JUST 20 SECONDS.
311
00:17:57,448 --> 00:18:00,068
THE FRESHLY FORMED CYLINDER
NOW SPINS
312
00:18:00,068 --> 00:18:03,275
AS A ROLLER APPLIES A LUBRICANT
TO THE OPEN END.
313
00:18:05,103 --> 00:18:09,172
THE MACHINE EJECTS THE CYLINDER.
314
00:18:09,172 --> 00:18:14,103
THEN IT'S OVER TO
THE HYDRAULIC NECK PRESS.
315
00:18:14,103 --> 00:18:16,517
THIS PRESS
FORCES THE OPENING OF THE TANK
316
00:18:16,517 --> 00:18:19,931
INTO A DIE
TO NARROW IT SUBSTANTIALLY.
317
00:18:21,827 --> 00:18:26,103
THIS ESTABLISHES THE BASIC SHAPE
OF THE SCUBA-TANK NECK.
318
00:18:26,103 --> 00:18:28,103
IT STILL NEEDS MORE WORK,
319
00:18:28,103 --> 00:18:31,586
BUT FIRST, THE TANK SHAPE
MUST BE FIRMED UP.
320
00:18:33,793 --> 00:18:38,241
THEY HEAT TREAT AND THEN QUENCH
THE SCUBA TANKS IN COOL WATER.
321
00:18:38,241 --> 00:18:42,344
THE SHOCK OF THE RAPID COOLING
HARDENS THE ALUMINUM.
322
00:18:44,896 --> 00:18:46,793
BACK TO THE NECK NOW.
323
00:18:46,793 --> 00:18:52,413
A SPINNING, COMPUTERIZED CUTTER
SHORTENS IT.
324
00:18:52,413 --> 00:18:55,896
THEN, ANOTHER CUTTER MOVES IN.
325
00:18:55,896 --> 00:18:58,482
FILINGS FLY
AS IT CARVES EXCESS METAL
326
00:18:58,482 --> 00:19:01,551
FROM THE OUTSIDE
OF THE SCUBA-TANK NECK.
327
00:19:08,931 --> 00:19:11,758
A COMPUTERIZED DRILL
WIDENS THE NECK HOLE
328
00:19:11,758 --> 00:19:14,931
AND CUTS A POCKET
FOR AN O RING SEAL.
329
00:19:20,068 --> 00:19:21,793
THE NEXT TOOL CARVES A THREAD
330
00:19:21,793 --> 00:19:24,620
INTO THE INSIDE WALL
OF THE NECK.
331
00:19:26,413 --> 00:19:29,310
THE THREADED PROFILE
WILL ALLOW FOR CONNECTIONS
332
00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:33,620
TO AN AIR-FILL-UP VALVE
AND TO A BREATHING REGULATOR.
333
00:19:38,827 --> 00:19:41,551
EVERY SCUBA TANK
UNDERGOES A TEST
334
00:19:41,551 --> 00:19:44,793
TO MEASURE TANK EXPANSION
UNDER PRESSURE.
335
00:19:44,793 --> 00:19:47,068
THEY FILL EACH SCUBA TANK
WITH WATER
336
00:19:47,068 --> 00:19:51,448
AND PLACE IT IN A TEST JACKET
THAT'S ALSO FILLED WITH WATER.
337
00:19:51,448 --> 00:19:54,724
TESTING EQUIPMENT INCREASES
THE PRESSURE IN THE SCUBA TANK,
338
00:19:54,724 --> 00:19:59,034
AND THE TANK EXPANDS, PLACING
WATER FROM THE TEST JACKET.
339
00:19:59,034 --> 00:20:02,137
BY MEASURING
THE DISPLACED WATER,
340
00:20:02,137 --> 00:20:05,241
THEY DETERMINE
THE RATE OF TANK EXPANSION,
341
00:20:05,241 --> 00:20:08,379
AND IF IT'S ACCEPTABLE,
THE TANK MOVES ON.
342
00:20:11,655 --> 00:20:15,275
A SCUBA TANK NOW
SPINS AGAINST A SANDING BELT.
343
00:20:15,275 --> 00:20:18,620
THIS SANDING GIVES THE EXTERIOR
A BRUSHED FINISH,
344
00:20:18,620 --> 00:20:21,137
WHICH SOME DIVERS PREFER.
345
00:20:24,862 --> 00:20:27,172
THEY ETCH THE SERIAL NUMBER
AND OTHER INFORMATION
346
00:20:27,172 --> 00:20:29,689
ONTO THE UPPER PART OF THE TANK.
347
00:20:32,724 --> 00:20:35,689
FOR A MORE COLORFUL LOOK,
THE FACTORY APPLIES
348
00:20:35,689 --> 00:20:40,862
A VIBRANT, TRANSLUCENT POWDER
COAT TO THE BRUSHED FINISH.
349
00:20:40,862 --> 00:20:43,310
THE FINISH IS PURELY AESTHETIC.
350
00:20:43,310 --> 00:20:44,724
ALUMINUM DOESN'T RUST,
351
00:20:44,724 --> 00:20:48,034
SO A NATURAL FINISH WOULD
WEATHER UNDERWATER CONDITIONS
352
00:20:48,034 --> 00:20:50,448
AS WELL AS THE POWDER COAT.
353
00:20:53,689 --> 00:20:57,655
THEY BAKE ON THE POWDER COAT,
GIVING THE TANKS A GLOSSY LOOK.
354
00:21:01,827 --> 00:21:06,620
THESE ALUMINUM SCUBA TANKS ARE
NOW READY TO TAKE THE PRESSURE.
355
00:21:06,620 --> 00:21:08,379
LIFE IS SURE TO BE
356
00:21:08,379 --> 00:21:11,724
ONE UNDERWATER ADVENTURE
AFTER ANOTHER.
357
00:21:11,724 --> 00:21:14,724
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358
00:21:14,724 --> 00:21:17,689
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
359
00:21:22,482 --> 00:21:24,793
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
360
00:21:24,793 --> 00:21:27,655
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361
00:21:27,655 --> 00:21:29,724
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