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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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00:00:04,793 --> 00:00:07,758
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator:
CAST-IRON STOVES HAVE BEEN
ADDING WARMTH TO PEOPLE'S LIVES
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00:00:56,551 --> 00:00:58,655
FOR MORE THAN THREE CENTURIES.
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TODAY THERE ARE NEW REASONS
TO COZY UP TO THIS INVENTION.
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00:01:02,448 --> 00:01:04,068
IT'S HAD A MAJOR UPDATE.
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00:01:04,068 --> 00:01:07,482
MODERN STOVES BURN WOOD
MORE CLEANLY AND EFFICIENTLY,
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PROVIDING HEAT
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WITHOUT THE DIRTY FALLOUT
FROM THE CHIMNEY.
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00:01:15,517 --> 00:01:18,482
MODERN CAST-IRON STOVES
HARDLY RESEMBLE
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00:01:18,482 --> 00:01:21,965
THEIR SMOKE-BELCHING,
SOOT-SPEWING PREDECESSORS.
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00:01:21,965 --> 00:01:24,620
THE DESIGN CREATES
A HOTTER FIRE,
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00:01:24,620 --> 00:01:28,310
SO IT REQUIRES LESS FUEL
AND RELEASES LITTLE SMOKE.
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00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:31,965
IT ALL STARTS
WITH A PILE OF IRON SCRAP,
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00:01:31,965 --> 00:01:37,482
THINGS LIKE OLD STOVES, SINKS,
BRAKE DRUMS, AND ROTORS.
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00:01:40,137 --> 00:01:43,965
A MAGNETIZED CRANE
TRANSFERS THE SCRAP
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TO A PROPANE-FIRED PREHEATER.
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12 MINUTES
SPENT IN THE PREHEATER
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00:01:51,448 --> 00:01:54,586
REMOVES MOISTURE
FROM THE IRON SCRAP.
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00:01:54,586 --> 00:01:57,827
THE SCRAP IRON
SPILLS INTO A HOPPER
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00:01:57,827 --> 00:02:00,931
THAT FUNNELS IT
INTO AN ELECTRIC FURNACE.
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00:02:03,655 --> 00:02:05,482
THE TEMPERATURE IN THE FURNACE
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00:02:05,482 --> 00:02:08,103
IS A BLISTERING
2,700 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT,
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00:02:08,103 --> 00:02:12,862
AND THE IRON MELTS
INTO A FIERY LIQUID.
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00:02:12,862 --> 00:02:15,793
THE FURNACE TILTS
TO POUR THE MOLTEN IRON
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INTO A LADLE FOR TRANSFER.
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00:02:26,517 --> 00:02:29,310
NEXT, THEY MAKE THE MOLDS
OF THE STOVE PARTS,
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USING A MIX OF SAND, CLAY,
WATER, AND COAL.
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00:02:32,758 --> 00:02:36,862
THEY BLOW THE INGREDIENTS
BETWEEN THE ALUMINUM PATTERNS.
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A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SQUEEZES
THE PATTERNS TOGETHER.
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00:02:42,034 --> 00:02:47,275
THE SAND MIX COMPACTS AND TAKES
THE SHAPE OF THE PATTERNS.
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THEY NOW HAVE SAND MOLDS.
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THE MOLTEN IRON ARRIVES
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AND FLOWS INTO A CHANNEL
LEADING TO THE MOLDS.
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00:03:00,310 --> 00:03:02,275
AS THE LIQUID METAL COOLS,
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IT SOLIDIFIES INTO THE SHAPE
OF THE MOLD.
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A VIBRATING CONVEYOR SHAKES
AND BREAKS THE SAND MOLDS
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TO REVEAL
THE CAST-IRON STOVE PARTS.
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A WORKER KNOCKS OFF
UNWANTED BITS,
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00:03:18,620 --> 00:03:21,448
AND THEN
IT'S INTO A BLAST CLEANER.
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00:03:23,827 --> 00:03:25,827
INSIDE THE BLAST CLEANER,
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00:03:25,827 --> 00:03:28,724
STEEL GRIT BOMBARDS
THE STOVE PARTS
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00:03:28,724 --> 00:03:31,655
TO REMOVE REMNANTS
OF THE SAND MOLDS
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00:03:31,655 --> 00:03:33,827
AND EXPOSE THE METAL.
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ESSENTIALLY IT BLASTS THE DIRT
OFF, AND THEY COME OUT CLEAN.
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AN EMPLOYEE GRINDS THE EDGES
OF THE METAL STOVE PARTS.
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HE BLENDS IN THE LINE CREATED
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WHERE THE TWO PARTS OF THE MOLD
CAME TOGETHER DURING CASTING.
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IT TAKES 40 PARTS TO MAKE
ONE WOODBURNING STOVE,
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00:03:57,793 --> 00:04:01,586
AND EACH ONE IS CAST IN
A SAND MOLD MADE FROM A PATTERN.
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NEXT, A WORKER DRILLS THREADS
FOR THE BOLTS
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THAT WILL HOLD ALL THE PARTS
OF THE STOVE TOGETHER.
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ONCE THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS
HAS BEEN PREPPED,
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THEY SPRAY AN ENAMEL COATING
ONTO THEM AND BAKE IT ON.
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A LASER THEN CUTS OUT
A STEEL HEAT SHIELD
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FOR THE BACK OF THE WOOD STOVE.
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THE INTRICATE CUTS
ARE COMPUTER DRIVEN.
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AN EMPLOYEE BENDS THE
HEAT SHIELD TO FIT THE STOVE.
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NEXT, A WORKER PACKS
A KIND OF MORTAR
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INTO A SILICONE MOLD
OF THE FIREBOX.
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00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:52,413
THE TABLE ITS ON VIBRATES
TO SETTLE THE MATERIAL
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00:04:52,413 --> 00:04:54,379
AND ELIMINATE AIR POCKETS
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00:04:54,379 --> 00:04:58,655
SO THE FIREBOX WILL BE ABLE
TO WITHSTAND HIGH TEMPERATURES.
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00:04:58,655 --> 00:05:00,482
THE SHAPE OF THE FIREBOX
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IS CRUCIAL TO THE STOVE'S
ENERGY EFFICIENCY,
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AND SO ARE THE HOLES
THAT HAVE BEEN MOLDED INTO IT.
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THESE STRATEGICALLY
LOCATED HOLES
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WILL INTRODUCE FRESH AIR
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00:05:11,517 --> 00:05:14,965
TO BURN GASES THAT WOULD
OTHERWISE GO UP IN SMOKE,
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00:05:14,965 --> 00:05:18,586
PREVENTING ENERGY LOSS
AND POLLUTION AT THE SAME TIME.
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00:05:20,655 --> 00:05:22,724
THE PARTS
HAVE ALL BEEN FABRICATED,
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AND THEY'RE READY
TO PUT THE PIECES TOGETHER.
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THEY ASSEMBLE THE STOVE
FROM THE BOTTOM UP.
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00:05:27,931 --> 00:05:31,482
THEY BOLT THE PARTS AND SEAL THE
JOINTS TO MAKE THEM AIRTIGHT.
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THE ASSEMBLY TAKES
ABOUT AN HOUR.
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THIS CAST-IRON STOVE
IS NOW READY
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TO KEEP THESE FIRES BURNING
FOR MANY YEARS TO COME.
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Narrator:
AN ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT
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IS A LIGHTWEIGHT,
MOTORIZED FLYING MACHINE
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00:06:05,241 --> 00:06:06,827
THAT LOOKS LIKE A HANG GLIDER.
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00:06:06,827 --> 00:06:09,517
HANG GLIDING INSPIRED
THE INVENTION OF ULTRALIGHTS
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00:06:09,517 --> 00:06:11,103
BACK IN THE LATE 1970s.
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00:06:11,103 --> 00:06:12,689
THE IDEA WAS TO CREATE
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00:06:12,689 --> 00:06:15,965
A SLOW BUT AFFORDABLE METHOD
OF MOTORIZED FLIGHT
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00:06:15,965 --> 00:06:19,413
SUBJECT TO MINIMAL
AEROSPACE REGULATIONS.
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THEY'RE CALLED ULTRALIGHTS
OR MICROLIGHTS.
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00:06:25,172 --> 00:06:29,827
THIS MADE-IN-FRANCE 2-SEATER
MODEL WEIGHS ABOUT 485 POUNDS.
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00:06:29,827 --> 00:06:31,620
TO BE CLASSIFIED
AS AN ULTRALIGHT
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00:06:31,620 --> 00:06:33,827
BY THE INTERNATIONAL
AIR SPORTS FEDERATION,
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00:06:33,827 --> 00:06:37,206
TAKEOFF WEIGHT
CAN'T EXCEED 990 POUNDS
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AND MINIMUM SPEED CAN'T SURPASS
40 MILES PER HOUR.
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THE WING SURFACE,
CALLED THE SAIL,
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IS MADE OF A STURDY
POLYESTER-BASED MATERIAL
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00:06:47,448 --> 00:06:49,103
TREATED WITH A SPECIAL COATING
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00:06:49,103 --> 00:06:51,827
THAT PROTECTS IT
FROM THE SUN'S ULTRAVIOLET RAYS.
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00:06:51,827 --> 00:06:54,896
THEY UNROLL DIFFERENT COLORS
OF THIS FABRIC
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00:06:54,896 --> 00:06:57,827
ONTO A CUTTING TABLE
MARKED WITH PATTERNS
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00:06:57,827 --> 00:07:00,482
FOR THE FOUR SEPARATE
SAIL SECTIONS.
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00:07:03,344 --> 00:07:05,344
THEY STAPLE THE FABRICS
TO THE TABLE
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00:07:05,344 --> 00:07:08,206
TO HOLD THEM STEADY
WHILE TRACING THE PATTERNS.
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00:07:08,206 --> 00:07:11,206
ONCE THEY FINISH TRACING,
THEY CUT OUT THE PIECES,
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00:07:11,206 --> 00:07:14,275
THEN CONNECT THEM
WITH DOUBLE-SIDED ADHESIVE TAPE
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00:07:14,275 --> 00:07:16,758
TO POSITION THEM CORRECTLY
FOR SEWING.
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00:07:16,758 --> 00:07:18,551
THEY REINFORCE SELECT AREAS
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00:07:18,551 --> 00:07:21,413
WITH ADHESIVE-BACKED
POLYESTER MESH FABRIC.
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THEN A SEWER STITCHES
THE PIECES TOGETHER
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00:07:27,068 --> 00:07:29,931
WITH HIGH-STRENGTH,
U.V.-RESISTANT THREAD.
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00:07:29,931 --> 00:07:32,827
IN THIS FIRST STAGE
OF THE SEWING PROCESS,
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00:07:32,827 --> 00:07:36,517
THEY STITCH TOGETHER
1/4 OF THE SAIL AT A TIME.
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IN THE SECOND STAGE OF SEWING,
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00:07:39,793 --> 00:07:44,000
THEY SEW TOGETHER THE TOP
AND UNDERSURFACES OF EACH SIDE.
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00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:45,965
THEN, IN THE FINAL STAGE,
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00:07:45,965 --> 00:07:49,655
THEY STITCH
THE RIGHT AND LEFT TOGETHER.
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00:07:49,655 --> 00:07:51,965
IN ANOTHER PART OF THE FACTORY,
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00:07:51,965 --> 00:07:55,379
THE BODY OF THE AIRCRAFT
BEGINS TAKING SHAPE.
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00:07:55,379 --> 00:07:58,137
IT'S CALLED THE TRIKE
BECAUSE IT SITS ON THREE WHEELS,
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LIKE A TRICYCLE.
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THEY BUILD IT IN SECTIONS,
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00:08:01,448 --> 00:08:04,413
WELDING TOGETHER
SEVERAL STAINLESS-STEEL TUBES.
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AFTER THE SECTIONS RECEIVE
A BAKED-ON COAT OF PAINT,
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WORKERS ASSEMBLE THEM
TO EACH OTHER
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00:08:09,862 --> 00:08:11,620
AROUND THE FUEL TANK.
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00:08:11,620 --> 00:08:16,206
THE 17-GALLON TANK IS MADE
OF LIGHTWEIGHT POLYPROPYLENE,
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00:08:16,206 --> 00:08:18,827
A TYPE OF PLASTIC
THAT'S U.V. RESISTANT
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00:08:18,827 --> 00:08:21,206
AND IMPACT RESISTANT.
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00:08:21,206 --> 00:08:25,206
ONCE THE TRIKE
IS FULLY ASSEMBLED,
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THEY MOUNT
THE THREE SMALL WHEELS,
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00:08:27,206 --> 00:08:30,344
SIMILAR TO THOSE
ON MOTORIZED SCOOTERS.
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00:08:38,275 --> 00:08:41,896
NEXT, THEY BOLT A 100-HORSEPOWER
GASOLINE ENGINE,
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00:08:41,896 --> 00:08:44,310
SIMILAR TO A FULL-SIZED
MOTORCYCLE ENGINE,
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00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:46,275
TO THE BACK OF THE TRIKE.
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00:08:51,689 --> 00:08:54,827
ON THE FRONT OF THE TRIKE,
THEY INSTALL PEDALS
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00:08:54,827 --> 00:08:57,689
FOR PROPELLING THE CRAFT
ON THE GROUND...
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00:08:57,689 --> 00:09:02,448
AND A MOTORCYCLE-STYLE PLASTIC
CONSOLE WITH WINDSHIELD.
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00:09:02,448 --> 00:09:05,241
THE CONSOLE HOUSES
THE INSTRUMENTATION PANEL.
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00:09:08,275 --> 00:09:10,896
THEY MOUNT THE RADIATOR
IN THE CENTER OF THE TRIKE,
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00:09:10,896 --> 00:09:13,068
COVER IT WITH FOAM AND FABRIC,
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00:09:13,068 --> 00:09:15,413
THEN INSTALL
A PAIR OF UPHOLSTERED SEATS
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00:09:15,413 --> 00:09:17,827
FOR PILOT AND PASSENGER.
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00:09:17,827 --> 00:09:21,137
THEN THEY PROTECT THE ENGINE
WITH A PLASTIC HOUSING.
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00:09:21,137 --> 00:09:23,965
THEY MOUNT AN ALUMINUM-
AND-CARBON-FIBER PROPELLER
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00:09:23,965 --> 00:09:27,827
ON THE SHAFT OF THE GEARBOX
CONNECTED TO THE ENGINE.
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00:09:27,827 --> 00:09:29,241
NOW FOR THE WING.
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00:09:29,241 --> 00:09:33,172
ITS MAIN STRUCTURE IS MADE UP
OF HINGED ALUMINUM TUBES
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00:09:33,172 --> 00:09:35,275
WHICH FOLD FOR TRANSPORT.
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00:09:35,275 --> 00:09:37,793
ALUMINUM IS LIGHTWEIGHT
AND RUSTPROOF,
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00:09:37,793 --> 00:09:39,655
WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR FLIGHT.
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00:09:39,655 --> 00:09:44,241
THEY SLIP THE SAIL OVER THE
TUBING, THEN UNFOLD THE WING.
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00:09:44,241 --> 00:09:48,827
THIN ALUMINUM TUBES PROVIDE
CROSSWISE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
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00:09:48,827 --> 00:09:54,103
A SYSTEM OF CABLES KEEPS
THE WING IN THE OPEN POSITION.
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00:09:54,103 --> 00:09:56,620
ANOTHER SYSTEM OF CABLES,
CALLED THE CORSET,
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00:09:56,620 --> 00:09:59,172
MANIPULATES
THE BILLOWING OF THE SAIL.
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00:09:59,172 --> 00:10:02,241
THIS ENABLES THE PILOT
TO ALTER THE AERODYNAMICS
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00:10:02,241 --> 00:10:05,482
TO INCREASE OR REDUCE SPEED.
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00:10:05,482 --> 00:10:08,137
UNDER THE WING,
THEY INSTALL THE A-FRAME,
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00:10:08,137 --> 00:10:10,551
THE ULTRALIGHT'S
STEERING MECHANISM.
157
00:10:10,551 --> 00:10:14,275
THE PILOT MANIPULATES THE
A-FRAME WITH A HORIZONTAL BAR,
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00:10:14,275 --> 00:10:18,517
CHANGING THE TRIKE'S
BODY POSITION UNDER THE WING.
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00:10:18,517 --> 00:10:22,931
THE LAST STEP IS TO BOLT THE
FRONT OF THE TRIKE TO THE WING
160
00:10:22,931 --> 00:10:27,137
AND HOOK UP
THE SAFETY BACKUP CABLES.
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00:10:27,137 --> 00:10:29,448
THE PILOT STEERS THE ULTRALIGHT
162
00:10:29,448 --> 00:10:32,551
BY WEIGHT-SHIFTING
WITH THE A-FRAME BAR,
163
00:10:32,551 --> 00:10:35,551
TILTING THE TRIKE
TOWARD THE FRONT TO DESCEND,
164
00:10:35,551 --> 00:10:38,103
TO THE RIGHT TO VEER RIGHT,
AND SO ON.
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00:10:38,103 --> 00:10:43,241
TYPICAL CRUISING SPEED
IS AROUND 75 MILES PER HOUR.
166
00:10:43,241 --> 00:10:44,482
WITH AN OPEN COCKPIT,
167
00:10:44,482 --> 00:10:46,517
AIR TEMPERATURE
AND OXYGEN LEVELS
168
00:10:46,517 --> 00:10:50,379
LIMIT HOW HIGH
AN ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT CAN FLY.
169
00:10:50,379 --> 00:10:53,172
MAXIMUM ALTITUDE
IS ABOUT 3,300 FEET,
170
00:10:53,172 --> 00:10:55,241
HIGH ENOUGH FOR A THRILL RIDE
171
00:10:55,241 --> 00:10:58,896
YET STILL LOW ENOUGH
FOR A SPECTACULAR VIEW.
172
00:11:08,413 --> 00:11:11,482
Narrator: AFTER A BUSY DAY
OF SKIING AND SNOWBOARDING,
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00:11:11,482 --> 00:11:13,551
SKI SLOPES GET WORN DOWN
174
00:11:13,551 --> 00:11:17,379
AND DEVELOP RUTS, BUMPS,
ICE, AND BARE SPOTS.
175
00:11:17,379 --> 00:11:20,551
SKI RESORTS TYPICALLY REFRESH
THE SLOPES OVERNIGHT
176
00:11:20,551 --> 00:11:24,068
BY GROOMING THE SNOW
WITH SPECIALIZED TRACK MACHINES.
177
00:11:24,068 --> 00:11:26,793
BY MORNING,
THE RUNS ARE AS GOOD AS NEW.
178
00:11:29,827 --> 00:11:32,758
A SNOW GROOMER IS LIKE
A BULLDOZER ON TRACKS,
179
00:11:32,758 --> 00:11:35,793
EXCEPT INSTEAD OF PUSHING DIRT,
IT PUSHES SNOW.
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00:11:35,793 --> 00:11:39,724
IT USES GROOMING IMPLEMENTS
MOUNTED TO THE FRONT AND BACK.
181
00:11:39,724 --> 00:11:41,275
TO BUILD A SNOW GROOMER,
182
00:11:41,275 --> 00:11:44,241
WORKERS BEGIN BY ALIGNING
FRONT AND REAR FRAMES
183
00:11:44,241 --> 00:11:45,862
WITH THE VEHICLE'S MAIN FRAME
184
00:11:45,862 --> 00:11:48,655
WITH THE HELP
OF POSITIONING JIGS.
185
00:11:50,689 --> 00:11:52,793
THEN A WELDER GETS TO WORK.
186
00:11:52,793 --> 00:11:55,724
FIRST,
HE TACKS EVERYTHING TOGETHER.
187
00:11:55,724 --> 00:11:57,655
THEN, WITH A MECHANICAL LIFT,
188
00:11:57,655 --> 00:12:00,241
HE RAISES AND TILTS
THE TACKED FRAME
189
00:12:00,241 --> 00:12:02,827
TO GAIN ACCESS
FROM VARIOUS ANGLES.
190
00:12:02,827 --> 00:12:05,620
AFTER WELDING ON
ADDITIONAL PARTS,
191
00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:07,034
INCLUDING 10 AXLES,
192
00:12:07,034 --> 00:12:09,517
THEY PRIME AND PAINT THE FRAME.
193
00:12:09,517 --> 00:12:13,862
THEN A MECHANIC INSTALLS
A HEAVY-DUTY SUSPENSION SYSTEM
194
00:12:13,862 --> 00:12:15,965
DESIGNED TO AUTOMATICALLY ADAPT
195
00:12:15,965 --> 00:12:18,310
TO THE TYPE AND SHAPE
OF TERRAIN,
196
00:12:18,310 --> 00:12:19,758
MAXIMIZING TRACTION.
197
00:12:19,758 --> 00:12:23,137
NEXT, HE GREASES THE 10 AXLES
198
00:12:23,137 --> 00:12:27,241
AND INSTALLS A WHEEL HUB
AND BEARINGS ON EACH ONE.
199
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:31,724
HE THEN MOUNTS THE WHEEL,
200
00:12:31,724 --> 00:12:34,655
TIGHTENING THE BOLTS
TO A SPECIFIED TORQUE
201
00:12:34,655 --> 00:12:39,137
TO ENSURE OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE
AND DURABILITY.
202
00:12:42,793 --> 00:12:47,827
MEANWHILE, ANOTHER MECHANIC
INSTALLS THE HYDRAULIC HOSES.
203
00:12:47,827 --> 00:12:50,241
THESE CONTROL
THE GROOMING IMPLEMENTS
204
00:12:50,241 --> 00:12:53,034
AND THE SPROCKET
ON WHICH EACH TRACK TURNS.
205
00:12:53,034 --> 00:12:57,482
THEN HE CONNECTS THE HOSES
TO THE MAIN HYDRAULIC VALVE.
206
00:12:57,482 --> 00:12:59,137
AT ANOTHER WORKSTATION,
207
00:12:59,137 --> 00:13:02,034
A MECHANIC ASSEMBLES
THE DIESEL ENGINE,
208
00:13:02,034 --> 00:13:05,137
THE TRANSMISSION,
AND FOUR HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
209
00:13:05,137 --> 00:13:08,413
TWO OF THESE PUMPS DRIVE OIL
TO THE HYDRAULIC MOTORS,
210
00:13:08,413 --> 00:13:11,344
WHICH PROPEL THE VEHICLE
FORWARD AND BACKWARD.
211
00:13:11,344 --> 00:13:13,724
THE TWO OTHERS
PUMP HYDRAULIC FLUID
212
00:13:13,724 --> 00:13:16,862
TO OPERATE THE IMPLEMENTS
AND THE COOLING SYSTEM.
213
00:13:16,862 --> 00:13:19,344
THEY LOWER THIS ASSEMBLED UNIT
INTO THE FRAME
214
00:13:19,344 --> 00:13:23,000
AND MAKE THE REQUIRED ELECTRICAL
AND HYDRAULIC CONNECTIONS.
215
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,965
MEANWHILE, ANOTHER TEAM PREPARES
THE NEXT UNIT,
216
00:13:25,965 --> 00:13:28,241
STARTING
WITH THE COOLING SYSTEM,
217
00:13:28,241 --> 00:13:30,620
TWO POWERFUL FANS
WHICH COOL THE ENGINE
218
00:13:30,620 --> 00:13:32,517
AND HYDRAULIC FLUID.
219
00:13:32,517 --> 00:13:34,965
NEXT, THEY INSTALL
THE EXHAUST SYSTEM
220
00:13:34,965 --> 00:13:37,413
AND TWO BATTERIES
TO POWER THE ENGINE.
221
00:13:37,413 --> 00:13:40,482
THEY MOUNT THIS ASSEMBLED UNIT
ABOVE THE TRANSMISSION
222
00:13:40,482 --> 00:13:42,862
AND MAKE
ALL THE NECESSARY CONNECTIONS.
223
00:13:42,862 --> 00:13:45,103
THEY LOWER THE CAB
ONTO THE FRAME,
224
00:13:45,103 --> 00:13:47,862
CONNECT MORE ELECTRICAL
AND HYDRAULIC LINES,
225
00:13:47,862 --> 00:13:52,103
AND FILL ALL SYSTEMS
WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE FLUIDS.
226
00:13:52,103 --> 00:13:54,586
THE VEHICLE NOW UNDERGOES
EXTENSIVE TESTING
227
00:13:54,586 --> 00:13:55,793
IN A DYNAMOMETER,
228
00:13:55,793 --> 00:13:58,068
WHICH OPERATES THE ENGINE
AND HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS
229
00:13:58,068 --> 00:14:01,344
AT MAXIMUM CAPACITY.
230
00:14:01,344 --> 00:14:05,448
IF ALL SYSTEMS PERFORM ACCORDING
TO ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS,
231
00:14:05,448 --> 00:14:07,482
THE VEHICLE GETS THE GO-AHEAD
232
00:14:07,482 --> 00:14:10,862
TO RECEIVE
THE SNOW-GROOMING IMPLEMENTS.
233
00:14:10,862 --> 00:14:12,689
THE REAR IMPLEMENT IS A TILLER,
234
00:14:12,689 --> 00:14:15,344
WHICH BREAKS UP THE SNOW
INTO SMALL PARTICLES
235
00:14:15,344 --> 00:14:18,000
AND SHAPES NARROWLY SPACED
PARALLEL LINES
236
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620
ON THE TRAIL SURFACE.
237
00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:23,034
A POWERFUL,
BUILT-IN HYDRAULIC MOTOR
238
00:14:23,034 --> 00:14:25,689
SPINS THE STEEL-TOOTHED ROTORS
AT SPEEDS
239
00:14:25,689 --> 00:14:28,413
OF UP TO 1,350 REVOLUTIONS
PER MINUTE.
240
00:14:28,413 --> 00:14:31,206
THIS ENSURES
EVEN GROOMING THROUGHOUT.
241
00:14:31,206 --> 00:14:36,310
THE GROOMER'S TRACKS ARE MADE
OF ULTRA-DURABLE STEEL.
242
00:14:36,310 --> 00:14:39,000
A MECHANIC GUIDES
THE EDGE OF EACH TRACK
243
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,551
ONTO A HIGH-STRENGTH
URETHANE SPROCKET
244
00:14:41,551 --> 00:14:44,275
BOLTED TO THE REAR OF THE FRAME
245
00:14:44,275 --> 00:14:47,517
WHILE ANOTHER MECHANIC SLOWLY
DRIVES THE VEHICLE FORWARD
246
00:14:47,517 --> 00:14:49,655
TO PULL THE TRACK
OVER THE WHEELS.
247
00:14:52,724 --> 00:14:54,931
THEN THEY CLAMP THE TWO ENDS
TOGETHER
248
00:14:54,931 --> 00:14:59,103
AND JOIN THEM WITH GIANT HINGES,
CLOSING THE LOOP.
249
00:15:02,172 --> 00:15:05,034
IT'S TIME TO MOUNT
THE SNOW-GROOMING IMPLEMENTS.
250
00:15:05,034 --> 00:15:07,379
THEY ATTACH THE TILLER
TO THE REAR MECHANISM,
251
00:15:07,379 --> 00:15:09,482
WHICH CARRIES
THE HYDRAULIC CONNECTIONS
252
00:15:09,482 --> 00:15:12,310
FOR THE IMPLEMENT'S
ONBOARD MOTOR.
253
00:15:12,310 --> 00:15:17,068
THEY ATTACH A BLADE TO
THE IDENTICAL FRONT MECHANISM.
254
00:15:17,068 --> 00:15:18,206
THE BLADE PLOWS SNOW
255
00:15:18,206 --> 00:15:20,413
AND SCULPTS FEATURES
SUCH AS HALF-PIPES,
256
00:15:20,413 --> 00:15:24,344
THOSE GIANT,
U-SHAPED BOWLS OF SNOW
257
00:15:24,344 --> 00:15:28,896
IN WHICH FREESTYLE SKIERS
AND DAREDEVIL SNOWBOARDERS RIDE.
258
00:15:28,896 --> 00:15:32,000
FOR SAFETY,
THE CABIN HAS A STEEL SKELETON
259
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:34,103
WITH ROLL-OVER PROTECTION
FEATURES.
260
00:15:34,103 --> 00:15:36,103
A SPECIALLY DESIGNED JOYSTICK
261
00:15:36,103 --> 00:15:38,655
GIVES THE DRIVER
PRECISION CONTROL
262
00:15:38,655 --> 00:15:40,517
OVER THE BLADE AND TILLER.
263
00:15:40,517 --> 00:15:44,034
THE STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRONICS
INCLUDE THREE COMPUTERS,
264
00:15:44,034 --> 00:15:45,551
WHICH ENABLE THE DRIVER
265
00:15:45,551 --> 00:15:48,758
TO SELECT AND ADJUST
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS AND MODES,
266
00:15:48,758 --> 00:15:51,655
ALL OF IT DISPLAYING
ON A COLOR MONITOR.
267
00:15:51,655 --> 00:15:54,379
THE VEHICLE
NEVER SINKS INTO THE SNOW
268
00:15:54,379 --> 00:15:58,103
BECAUSE ITS WEIGHT IS OPTIMALLY
BALANCED ON THE TRACKS.
269
00:15:58,103 --> 00:16:00,137
THIS 22,000-POUND SNOW GROOMER
270
00:16:00,137 --> 00:16:03,103
ACTUALLY EXERTS LESS PRESSURE
ON THE SNOW
271
00:16:03,103 --> 00:16:06,482
THAN A SINGLE PERSON DOES
ON FOOT.
272
00:16:16,275 --> 00:16:18,482
Narrator: THE RUBBER BAND
WAS INVENTED IN ENGLAND
273
00:16:18,482 --> 00:16:20,758
IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
274
00:16:20,758 --> 00:16:23,793
THE KEY TO ITS SUCCESS,
OF COURSE, IS FLEXIBILITY.
275
00:16:23,793 --> 00:16:25,655
A RUBBER BAND CAN BE STRETCHED
276
00:16:25,655 --> 00:16:28,172
AROUND ITEMS
OF VARIOUS SHAPES AND SIZES
277
00:16:28,172 --> 00:16:29,586
TO HOLD THEM TOGETHER,
278
00:16:29,586 --> 00:16:31,482
SO IN THE RUBBER-BAND INDUSTRY,
279
00:16:31,482 --> 00:16:34,241
THE POSSIBILITIES FOR EXPANSION
ARE NUMEROUS.
280
00:16:37,482 --> 00:16:40,758
RUBBER BANDS COME IN HANDY
FOR A WHOLE BUNCH OF THINGS.
281
00:16:40,758 --> 00:16:42,655
IF YOU HAVE A BUNCH OF ANYTHING,
282
00:16:42,655 --> 00:16:44,896
A RUBBER BAND
CAN KEEP IT TOGETHER.
283
00:16:44,896 --> 00:16:49,586
PRODUCTION OF RUBBER BANDS
STARTS WITH NATURAL RUBBER.
284
00:16:49,586 --> 00:16:51,275
THESE SPONGY SLABS
HAVE BEEN MADE
285
00:16:51,275 --> 00:16:53,172
FROM THE SAP OF RUBBER TREES.
286
00:16:53,172 --> 00:16:55,689
NATURAL RUBBER
HAS GREATER ELASTICITY
287
00:16:55,689 --> 00:16:57,517
THAN THE SYNTHETIC KIND,
288
00:16:57,517 --> 00:17:00,413
MAKING IT A BETTER CHOICE
FOR RUBBER BANDS.
289
00:17:00,413 --> 00:17:03,689
A WORKER MEASURES AND POURS
RUBBER PROCESSING OIL
290
00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:05,586
INTO A KNEADER MACHINE.
291
00:17:05,586 --> 00:17:09,344
HE ADDS POWDERED PIGMENT --
IN THIS CASE, YELLOW AND WHITE
292
00:17:09,344 --> 00:17:13,689
FOR A PALE YELLOW SHADE.
293
00:17:13,689 --> 00:17:16,206
HE FEEDS SEVERAL RUBBER SLABS
294
00:17:16,206 --> 00:17:20,206
TO THE KNEADER'S
SPIRAL-SHAPED JAWS.
295
00:17:20,206 --> 00:17:25,620
THE SPIRALING BLADES INTERSECT
TO BREAK UP THE RUBBER
296
00:17:25,620 --> 00:17:28,931
AND BLEND IN
THE OTHER INGREDIENTS.
297
00:17:28,931 --> 00:17:33,758
THE KNEADING PROCESS GENERATES
HEAT WHICH SOFTENS THE RUBBER,
298
00:17:33,758 --> 00:17:36,827
MAKING IT EASIER
TO FORM INTO DOUGH.
299
00:17:39,413 --> 00:17:42,000
THE KNEADER SPITS OUT
RUBBER-DOUGH CHUNKS.
300
00:17:45,137 --> 00:17:48,482
NEXT, A GIANT ROLLING PIN
TRANSFORMS THE DOUGH
301
00:17:48,482 --> 00:17:51,137
INTO WIDE, THIN PIECES.
302
00:17:54,344 --> 00:17:56,310
HE SLICES THE STRIPS
AND BUNDLES THEM.
303
00:17:56,310 --> 00:17:57,586
IN THIS FORM,
304
00:17:57,586 --> 00:18:00,655
IT WILL BE EASIER TO CONTROL
THE WEIGHT OF THE RUBBER
305
00:18:00,655 --> 00:18:03,448
IN RELATION TO CHEMICALS
THAT ARE ADDED NEXT.
306
00:18:06,068 --> 00:18:07,413
THEY ROLL THE RUBBER
307
00:18:07,413 --> 00:18:09,896
WITH A PRECISE AMOUNT OF SULFUR
AND OTHER CHEMICALS
308
00:18:09,896 --> 00:18:13,137
THAT STRENGTHEN THE RUBBER
AND MAKE IT MORE ELASTIC.
309
00:18:17,448 --> 00:18:20,862
THEY THEN ROLL THE RUBBER
VERY THIN.
310
00:18:20,862 --> 00:18:23,620
A WORKER TWISTS AND CUTS IT
INTO SMALL BUNDLES
311
00:18:23,620 --> 00:18:26,551
THAT FIT INTO THE OPENING
OF AN EXTRUDING MACHINE.
312
00:18:28,724 --> 00:18:31,000
IT FORCES THE STILL-WARM
AND MALLEABLE RUBBER
313
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,344
THROUGH DIES TO SHAPE IT
INTO LONG, HOLLOW TUBES.
314
00:18:35,344 --> 00:18:38,241
THE EXTRUDER INJECTS AIR
AND TALCUM POWDER INTO THE TUBES
315
00:18:38,241 --> 00:18:40,620
TO KEEP THE WALLS
FROM COLLAPSING
316
00:18:40,620 --> 00:18:43,103
AND STICKING TOGETHER
WHILE WARM.
317
00:18:43,103 --> 00:18:46,137
THE TUBES COOL DOWN
IN A TROUGH OF WATER,
318
00:18:46,137 --> 00:18:50,068
AND THEY DEFLATE
AS THE INJECTED AIR DISSIPATES.
319
00:18:50,068 --> 00:18:53,172
NEXT, THESE ALUMINUM POLES
WILL SERVE AS MOLDS
320
00:18:53,172 --> 00:18:55,068
FOR THE TUBES DURING CURING,
321
00:18:55,068 --> 00:18:59,241
GIVING THEM THE CORRECT SHAPE
AND DIAMETER.
322
00:19:02,551 --> 00:19:05,172
THE WORKER SLIDES THE TUBES
ONTO THE MOLDS.
323
00:19:05,172 --> 00:19:09,000
THE TALCUM POWDER INJECTED INTO
THE TUBES DURING THEIR EXTRUSION
324
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,206
WILL ALSO ACT
AS A RELEASE AGENT,
325
00:19:11,206 --> 00:19:14,620
KEEPING THEM FROM STICKING
TO THE MOLDS DURING CURING.
326
00:19:16,379 --> 00:19:18,724
THEY LOAD THE TUBES
INTO A STEAM OVEN,
327
00:19:18,724 --> 00:19:21,206
AND THE INTENSE HEAT VULCANIZES
THE RUBBER
328
00:19:21,206 --> 00:19:24,931
TO BOOST ITS TENSILE STRENGTH
AND ELASTICITY.
329
00:19:29,413 --> 00:19:30,655
OUT OF THE OVEN,
330
00:19:30,655 --> 00:19:33,827
WORKERS INJECT AIR BETWEEN
THE TUBES AND THE MOLDS,
331
00:19:33,827 --> 00:19:38,551
MAKING IT EASIER TO PEEL
THE NOW-VULCANIZED TUBES OFF.
332
00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:45,482
THEY RINSE THE RUBBER TUBES
TO REMOVE TALCUM-POWDER RESIDUE.
333
00:19:45,482 --> 00:19:48,724
THERE'S SO MUCH THAT THE WATER
TURNS MILKY WHITE.
334
00:19:51,344 --> 00:19:54,620
THEY HANG THE RUBBER TUBES
TO DRAIN AWAY SOME OF THE WATER.
335
00:19:54,620 --> 00:19:58,586
BY THE TIME THEY'RE READY
TO CUT, THEY'RE A BIT TOO DRY,
336
00:19:58,586 --> 00:20:01,413
SO A WORKER SPLASHES WATER
ONTO THEM.
337
00:20:01,413 --> 00:20:03,068
WITH THE TUBES MOISTENED,
338
00:20:03,068 --> 00:20:05,862
THE NEXT OPERATION
WILL RUN MORE SMOOTHLY.
339
00:20:05,862 --> 00:20:09,724
HE FEEDS SEVERAL TUBES AT ONCE
TO A ROTATING BLADE
340
00:20:09,724 --> 00:20:11,275
WHICH CARVES THEM.
341
00:20:11,275 --> 00:20:15,896
THIS CREATES ELASTIC BANDS
THAT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME WIDTH.
342
00:20:15,896 --> 00:20:18,448
IN THIS CASE,
THAT'S 1.5 MILLIMETERS,
343
00:20:18,448 --> 00:20:22,206
AN AVERAGE THICKNESS
FOR A RUBBER BAND.
344
00:20:25,413 --> 00:20:28,689
WITH THIS SYSTEM, THEY CAN CUT
1/2 A MILLION RUBBER BANDS
345
00:20:28,689 --> 00:20:31,586
IN AN HOUR.
346
00:20:31,586 --> 00:20:34,379
IT DOESN'T TAKE LONG
FOR THE INVENTORY TO PILE UP.
347
00:20:34,379 --> 00:20:37,310
THERE ARE MILLIONS
OF RUBBER BANDS HERE.
348
00:20:37,310 --> 00:20:42,448
A WORKER SCOOPS THEM UP AND
EXAMINES EACH ONE FOR DEFECTS.
349
00:20:45,448 --> 00:20:48,896
ONCE APPROVED, ALL THAT'S LEFT
IS THE PACKAGING.
350
00:20:48,896 --> 00:20:51,068
THE RUBBER BANDS RIDE A CONVEYOR
351
00:20:51,068 --> 00:20:54,413
THAT RELEASES THEM IN INCREMENTS
INTO PLASTIC BAGS.
352
00:20:56,241 --> 00:20:57,793
IT HAS TAKEN ABOUT THREE HOURS
353
00:20:57,793 --> 00:21:00,620
TO PRODUCE THIS BAG
OF RUBBER BANDS.
354
00:21:00,620 --> 00:21:05,206
ON A NORMAL DAY, THIS FACTORY
GENERATES 40 MILLION ELASTICS.
355
00:21:05,206 --> 00:21:09,896
THAT'S A LOT BY ANY STRETCH
OF THE IMAGINATION.
356
00:21:21,793 --> 00:21:24,275
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
357
00:21:24,275 --> 00:21:27,068
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
358
00:21:27,068 --> 00:21:29,551
DROP US A LINE AT...
28966
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