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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,793 --> 00:00:04,793 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 2 00:00:04,793 --> 00:00:07,758 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 3 00:00:53,344 --> 00:00:56,551 Narrator: CAST-IRON STOVES HAVE BEEN ADDING WARMTH TO PEOPLE'S LIVES 4 00:00:56,551 --> 00:00:58,655 FOR MORE THAN THREE CENTURIES. 5 00:00:58,655 --> 00:01:02,448 TODAY THERE ARE NEW REASONS TO COZY UP TO THIS INVENTION. 6 00:01:02,448 --> 00:01:04,068 IT'S HAD A MAJOR UPDATE. 7 00:01:04,068 --> 00:01:07,482 MODERN STOVES BURN WOOD MORE CLEANLY AND EFFICIENTLY, 8 00:01:07,482 --> 00:01:08,551 PROVIDING HEAT 9 00:01:08,551 --> 00:01:11,379 WITHOUT THE DIRTY FALLOUT FROM THE CHIMNEY. 10 00:01:15,517 --> 00:01:18,482 MODERN CAST-IRON STOVES HARDLY RESEMBLE 11 00:01:18,482 --> 00:01:21,965 THEIR SMOKE-BELCHING, SOOT-SPEWING PREDECESSORS. 12 00:01:21,965 --> 00:01:24,620 THE DESIGN CREATES A HOTTER FIRE, 13 00:01:24,620 --> 00:01:28,310 SO IT REQUIRES LESS FUEL AND RELEASES LITTLE SMOKE. 14 00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:31,965 IT ALL STARTS WITH A PILE OF IRON SCRAP, 15 00:01:31,965 --> 00:01:37,482 THINGS LIKE OLD STOVES, SINKS, BRAKE DRUMS, AND ROTORS. 16 00:01:40,137 --> 00:01:43,965 A MAGNETIZED CRANE TRANSFERS THE SCRAP 17 00:01:43,965 --> 00:01:46,793 TO A PROPANE-FIRED PREHEATER. 18 00:01:49,758 --> 00:01:51,448 12 MINUTES SPENT IN THE PREHEATER 19 00:01:51,448 --> 00:01:54,586 REMOVES MOISTURE FROM THE IRON SCRAP. 20 00:01:54,586 --> 00:01:57,827 THE SCRAP IRON SPILLS INTO A HOPPER 21 00:01:57,827 --> 00:02:00,931 THAT FUNNELS IT INTO AN ELECTRIC FURNACE. 22 00:02:03,655 --> 00:02:05,482 THE TEMPERATURE IN THE FURNACE 23 00:02:05,482 --> 00:02:08,103 IS A BLISTERING 2,700 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, 24 00:02:08,103 --> 00:02:12,862 AND THE IRON MELTS INTO A FIERY LIQUID. 25 00:02:12,862 --> 00:02:15,793 THE FURNACE TILTS TO POUR THE MOLTEN IRON 26 00:02:15,793 --> 00:02:18,689 INTO A LADLE FOR TRANSFER. 27 00:02:26,517 --> 00:02:29,310 NEXT, THEY MAKE THE MOLDS OF THE STOVE PARTS, 28 00:02:29,310 --> 00:02:32,758 USING A MIX OF SAND, CLAY, WATER, AND COAL. 29 00:02:32,758 --> 00:02:36,862 THEY BLOW THE INGREDIENTS BETWEEN THE ALUMINUM PATTERNS. 30 00:02:36,862 --> 00:02:42,034 A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SQUEEZES THE PATTERNS TOGETHER. 31 00:02:42,034 --> 00:02:47,275 THE SAND MIX COMPACTS AND TAKES THE SHAPE OF THE PATTERNS. 32 00:02:47,275 --> 00:02:49,310 THEY NOW HAVE SAND MOLDS. 33 00:02:54,517 --> 00:02:56,206 THE MOLTEN IRON ARRIVES 34 00:02:56,206 --> 00:03:00,310 AND FLOWS INTO A CHANNEL LEADING TO THE MOLDS. 35 00:03:00,310 --> 00:03:02,275 AS THE LIQUID METAL COOLS, 36 00:03:02,275 --> 00:03:05,344 IT SOLIDIFIES INTO THE SHAPE OF THE MOLD. 37 00:03:05,344 --> 00:03:10,724 A VIBRATING CONVEYOR SHAKES AND BREAKS THE SAND MOLDS 38 00:03:10,724 --> 00:03:15,793 TO REVEAL THE CAST-IRON STOVE PARTS. 39 00:03:15,793 --> 00:03:18,620 A WORKER KNOCKS OFF UNWANTED BITS, 40 00:03:18,620 --> 00:03:21,448 AND THEN IT'S INTO A BLAST CLEANER. 41 00:03:23,827 --> 00:03:25,827 INSIDE THE BLAST CLEANER, 42 00:03:25,827 --> 00:03:28,724 STEEL GRIT BOMBARDS THE STOVE PARTS 43 00:03:28,724 --> 00:03:31,655 TO REMOVE REMNANTS OF THE SAND MOLDS 44 00:03:31,655 --> 00:03:33,827 AND EXPOSE THE METAL. 45 00:03:37,551 --> 00:03:43,206 ESSENTIALLY IT BLASTS THE DIRT OFF, AND THEY COME OUT CLEAN. 46 00:03:43,206 --> 00:03:46,965 AN EMPLOYEE GRINDS THE EDGES OF THE METAL STOVE PARTS. 47 00:03:46,965 --> 00:03:49,034 HE BLENDS IN THE LINE CREATED 48 00:03:49,034 --> 00:03:52,586 WHERE THE TWO PARTS OF THE MOLD CAME TOGETHER DURING CASTING. 49 00:03:54,482 --> 00:03:57,793 IT TAKES 40 PARTS TO MAKE ONE WOODBURNING STOVE, 50 00:03:57,793 --> 00:04:01,586 AND EACH ONE IS CAST IN A SAND MOLD MADE FROM A PATTERN. 51 00:04:05,448 --> 00:04:08,206 NEXT, A WORKER DRILLS THREADS FOR THE BOLTS 52 00:04:08,206 --> 00:04:11,206 THAT WILL HOLD ALL THE PARTS OF THE STOVE TOGETHER. 53 00:04:15,793 --> 00:04:19,931 ONCE THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS HAS BEEN PREPPED, 54 00:04:19,931 --> 00:04:25,965 THEY SPRAY AN ENAMEL COATING ONTO THEM AND BAKE IT ON. 55 00:04:25,965 --> 00:04:28,586 A LASER THEN CUTS OUT A STEEL HEAT SHIELD 56 00:04:28,586 --> 00:04:31,379 FOR THE BACK OF THE WOOD STOVE. 57 00:04:31,379 --> 00:04:35,034 THE INTRICATE CUTS ARE COMPUTER DRIVEN. 58 00:04:38,586 --> 00:04:43,413 AN EMPLOYEE BENDS THE HEAT SHIELD TO FIT THE STOVE. 59 00:04:43,413 --> 00:04:46,241 NEXT, A WORKER PACKS A KIND OF MORTAR 60 00:04:46,241 --> 00:04:49,000 INTO A SILICONE MOLD OF THE FIREBOX. 61 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:52,413 THE TABLE ITS ON VIBRATES TO SETTLE THE MATERIAL 62 00:04:52,413 --> 00:04:54,379 AND ELIMINATE AIR POCKETS 63 00:04:54,379 --> 00:04:58,655 SO THE FIREBOX WILL BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND HIGH TEMPERATURES. 64 00:04:58,655 --> 00:05:00,482 THE SHAPE OF THE FIREBOX 65 00:05:00,482 --> 00:05:03,896 IS CRUCIAL TO THE STOVE'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 66 00:05:03,896 --> 00:05:07,758 AND SO ARE THE HOLES THAT HAVE BEEN MOLDED INTO IT. 67 00:05:07,758 --> 00:05:09,965 THESE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED HOLES 68 00:05:09,965 --> 00:05:11,517 WILL INTRODUCE FRESH AIR 69 00:05:11,517 --> 00:05:14,965 TO BURN GASES THAT WOULD OTHERWISE GO UP IN SMOKE, 70 00:05:14,965 --> 00:05:18,586 PREVENTING ENERGY LOSS AND POLLUTION AT THE SAME TIME. 71 00:05:20,655 --> 00:05:22,724 THE PARTS HAVE ALL BEEN FABRICATED, 72 00:05:22,724 --> 00:05:25,275 AND THEY'RE READY TO PUT THE PIECES TOGETHER. 73 00:05:25,275 --> 00:05:27,931 THEY ASSEMBLE THE STOVE FROM THE BOTTOM UP. 74 00:05:27,931 --> 00:05:31,482 THEY BOLT THE PARTS AND SEAL THE JOINTS TO MAKE THEM AIRTIGHT. 75 00:05:31,482 --> 00:05:34,827 THE ASSEMBLY TAKES ABOUT AN HOUR. 76 00:05:39,655 --> 00:05:42,103 THIS CAST-IRON STOVE IS NOW READY 77 00:05:42,103 --> 00:05:45,931 TO KEEP THESE FIRES BURNING FOR MANY YEARS TO COME. 78 00:06:01,103 --> 00:06:02,965 Narrator: AN ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT 79 00:06:02,965 --> 00:06:05,241 IS A LIGHTWEIGHT, MOTORIZED FLYING MACHINE 80 00:06:05,241 --> 00:06:06,827 THAT LOOKS LIKE A HANG GLIDER. 81 00:06:06,827 --> 00:06:09,517 HANG GLIDING INSPIRED THE INVENTION OF ULTRALIGHTS 82 00:06:09,517 --> 00:06:11,103 BACK IN THE LATE 1970s. 83 00:06:11,103 --> 00:06:12,689 THE IDEA WAS TO CREATE 84 00:06:12,689 --> 00:06:15,965 A SLOW BUT AFFORDABLE METHOD OF MOTORIZED FLIGHT 85 00:06:15,965 --> 00:06:19,413 SUBJECT TO MINIMAL AEROSPACE REGULATIONS. 86 00:06:22,172 --> 00:06:25,172 THEY'RE CALLED ULTRALIGHTS OR MICROLIGHTS. 87 00:06:25,172 --> 00:06:29,827 THIS MADE-IN-FRANCE 2-SEATER MODEL WEIGHS ABOUT 485 POUNDS. 88 00:06:29,827 --> 00:06:31,620 TO BE CLASSIFIED AS AN ULTRALIGHT 89 00:06:31,620 --> 00:06:33,827 BY THE INTERNATIONAL AIR SPORTS FEDERATION, 90 00:06:33,827 --> 00:06:37,206 TAKEOFF WEIGHT CAN'T EXCEED 990 POUNDS 91 00:06:37,206 --> 00:06:41,413 AND MINIMUM SPEED CAN'T SURPASS 40 MILES PER HOUR. 92 00:06:41,413 --> 00:06:44,103 THE WING SURFACE, CALLED THE SAIL, 93 00:06:44,103 --> 00:06:47,448 IS MADE OF A STURDY POLYESTER-BASED MATERIAL 94 00:06:47,448 --> 00:06:49,103 TREATED WITH A SPECIAL COATING 95 00:06:49,103 --> 00:06:51,827 THAT PROTECTS IT FROM THE SUN'S ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. 96 00:06:51,827 --> 00:06:54,896 THEY UNROLL DIFFERENT COLORS OF THIS FABRIC 97 00:06:54,896 --> 00:06:57,827 ONTO A CUTTING TABLE MARKED WITH PATTERNS 98 00:06:57,827 --> 00:07:00,482 FOR THE FOUR SEPARATE SAIL SECTIONS. 99 00:07:03,344 --> 00:07:05,344 THEY STAPLE THE FABRICS TO THE TABLE 100 00:07:05,344 --> 00:07:08,206 TO HOLD THEM STEADY WHILE TRACING THE PATTERNS. 101 00:07:08,206 --> 00:07:11,206 ONCE THEY FINISH TRACING, THEY CUT OUT THE PIECES, 102 00:07:11,206 --> 00:07:14,275 THEN CONNECT THEM WITH DOUBLE-SIDED ADHESIVE TAPE 103 00:07:14,275 --> 00:07:16,758 TO POSITION THEM CORRECTLY FOR SEWING. 104 00:07:16,758 --> 00:07:18,551 THEY REINFORCE SELECT AREAS 105 00:07:18,551 --> 00:07:21,413 WITH ADHESIVE-BACKED POLYESTER MESH FABRIC. 106 00:07:24,241 --> 00:07:27,068 THEN A SEWER STITCHES THE PIECES TOGETHER 107 00:07:27,068 --> 00:07:29,931 WITH HIGH-STRENGTH, U.V.-RESISTANT THREAD. 108 00:07:29,931 --> 00:07:32,827 IN THIS FIRST STAGE OF THE SEWING PROCESS, 109 00:07:32,827 --> 00:07:36,517 THEY STITCH TOGETHER 1/4 OF THE SAIL AT A TIME. 110 00:07:36,517 --> 00:07:39,793 IN THE SECOND STAGE OF SEWING, 111 00:07:39,793 --> 00:07:44,000 THEY SEW TOGETHER THE TOP AND UNDERSURFACES OF EACH SIDE. 112 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:45,965 THEN, IN THE FINAL STAGE, 113 00:07:45,965 --> 00:07:49,655 THEY STITCH THE RIGHT AND LEFT TOGETHER. 114 00:07:49,655 --> 00:07:51,965 IN ANOTHER PART OF THE FACTORY, 115 00:07:51,965 --> 00:07:55,379 THE BODY OF THE AIRCRAFT BEGINS TAKING SHAPE. 116 00:07:55,379 --> 00:07:58,137 IT'S CALLED THE TRIKE BECAUSE IT SITS ON THREE WHEELS, 117 00:07:58,137 --> 00:07:59,724 LIKE A TRICYCLE. 118 00:07:59,724 --> 00:08:01,448 THEY BUILD IT IN SECTIONS, 119 00:08:01,448 --> 00:08:04,413 WELDING TOGETHER SEVERAL STAINLESS-STEEL TUBES. 120 00:08:04,413 --> 00:08:07,793 AFTER THE SECTIONS RECEIVE A BAKED-ON COAT OF PAINT, 121 00:08:07,793 --> 00:08:09,862 WORKERS ASSEMBLE THEM TO EACH OTHER 122 00:08:09,862 --> 00:08:11,620 AROUND THE FUEL TANK. 123 00:08:11,620 --> 00:08:16,206 THE 17-GALLON TANK IS MADE OF LIGHTWEIGHT POLYPROPYLENE, 124 00:08:16,206 --> 00:08:18,827 A TYPE OF PLASTIC THAT'S U.V. RESISTANT 125 00:08:18,827 --> 00:08:21,206 AND IMPACT RESISTANT. 126 00:08:21,206 --> 00:08:25,206 ONCE THE TRIKE IS FULLY ASSEMBLED, 127 00:08:25,206 --> 00:08:27,206 THEY MOUNT THE THREE SMALL WHEELS, 128 00:08:27,206 --> 00:08:30,344 SIMILAR TO THOSE ON MOTORIZED SCOOTERS. 129 00:08:38,275 --> 00:08:41,896 NEXT, THEY BOLT A 100-HORSEPOWER GASOLINE ENGINE, 130 00:08:41,896 --> 00:08:44,310 SIMILAR TO A FULL-SIZED MOTORCYCLE ENGINE, 131 00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:46,275 TO THE BACK OF THE TRIKE. 132 00:08:51,689 --> 00:08:54,827 ON THE FRONT OF THE TRIKE, THEY INSTALL PEDALS 133 00:08:54,827 --> 00:08:57,689 FOR PROPELLING THE CRAFT ON THE GROUND... 134 00:08:57,689 --> 00:09:02,448 AND A MOTORCYCLE-STYLE PLASTIC CONSOLE WITH WINDSHIELD. 135 00:09:02,448 --> 00:09:05,241 THE CONSOLE HOUSES THE INSTRUMENTATION PANEL. 136 00:09:08,275 --> 00:09:10,896 THEY MOUNT THE RADIATOR IN THE CENTER OF THE TRIKE, 137 00:09:10,896 --> 00:09:13,068 COVER IT WITH FOAM AND FABRIC, 138 00:09:13,068 --> 00:09:15,413 THEN INSTALL A PAIR OF UPHOLSTERED SEATS 139 00:09:15,413 --> 00:09:17,827 FOR PILOT AND PASSENGER. 140 00:09:17,827 --> 00:09:21,137 THEN THEY PROTECT THE ENGINE WITH A PLASTIC HOUSING. 141 00:09:21,137 --> 00:09:23,965 THEY MOUNT AN ALUMINUM- AND-CARBON-FIBER PROPELLER 142 00:09:23,965 --> 00:09:27,827 ON THE SHAFT OF THE GEARBOX CONNECTED TO THE ENGINE. 143 00:09:27,827 --> 00:09:29,241 NOW FOR THE WING. 144 00:09:29,241 --> 00:09:33,172 ITS MAIN STRUCTURE IS MADE UP OF HINGED ALUMINUM TUBES 145 00:09:33,172 --> 00:09:35,275 WHICH FOLD FOR TRANSPORT. 146 00:09:35,275 --> 00:09:37,793 ALUMINUM IS LIGHTWEIGHT AND RUSTPROOF, 147 00:09:37,793 --> 00:09:39,655 WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR FLIGHT. 148 00:09:39,655 --> 00:09:44,241 THEY SLIP THE SAIL OVER THE TUBING, THEN UNFOLD THE WING. 149 00:09:44,241 --> 00:09:48,827 THIN ALUMINUM TUBES PROVIDE CROSSWISE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT. 150 00:09:48,827 --> 00:09:54,103 A SYSTEM OF CABLES KEEPS THE WING IN THE OPEN POSITION. 151 00:09:54,103 --> 00:09:56,620 ANOTHER SYSTEM OF CABLES, CALLED THE CORSET, 152 00:09:56,620 --> 00:09:59,172 MANIPULATES THE BILLOWING OF THE SAIL. 153 00:09:59,172 --> 00:10:02,241 THIS ENABLES THE PILOT TO ALTER THE AERODYNAMICS 154 00:10:02,241 --> 00:10:05,482 TO INCREASE OR REDUCE SPEED. 155 00:10:05,482 --> 00:10:08,137 UNDER THE WING, THEY INSTALL THE A-FRAME, 156 00:10:08,137 --> 00:10:10,551 THE ULTRALIGHT'S STEERING MECHANISM. 157 00:10:10,551 --> 00:10:14,275 THE PILOT MANIPULATES THE A-FRAME WITH A HORIZONTAL BAR, 158 00:10:14,275 --> 00:10:18,517 CHANGING THE TRIKE'S BODY POSITION UNDER THE WING. 159 00:10:18,517 --> 00:10:22,931 THE LAST STEP IS TO BOLT THE FRONT OF THE TRIKE TO THE WING 160 00:10:22,931 --> 00:10:27,137 AND HOOK UP THE SAFETY BACKUP CABLES. 161 00:10:27,137 --> 00:10:29,448 THE PILOT STEERS THE ULTRALIGHT 162 00:10:29,448 --> 00:10:32,551 BY WEIGHT-SHIFTING WITH THE A-FRAME BAR, 163 00:10:32,551 --> 00:10:35,551 TILTING THE TRIKE TOWARD THE FRONT TO DESCEND, 164 00:10:35,551 --> 00:10:38,103 TO THE RIGHT TO VEER RIGHT, AND SO ON. 165 00:10:38,103 --> 00:10:43,241 TYPICAL CRUISING SPEED IS AROUND 75 MILES PER HOUR. 166 00:10:43,241 --> 00:10:44,482 WITH AN OPEN COCKPIT, 167 00:10:44,482 --> 00:10:46,517 AIR TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN LEVELS 168 00:10:46,517 --> 00:10:50,379 LIMIT HOW HIGH AN ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT CAN FLY. 169 00:10:50,379 --> 00:10:53,172 MAXIMUM ALTITUDE IS ABOUT 3,300 FEET, 170 00:10:53,172 --> 00:10:55,241 HIGH ENOUGH FOR A THRILL RIDE 171 00:10:55,241 --> 00:10:58,896 YET STILL LOW ENOUGH FOR A SPECTACULAR VIEW. 172 00:11:08,413 --> 00:11:11,482 Narrator: AFTER A BUSY DAY OF SKIING AND SNOWBOARDING, 173 00:11:11,482 --> 00:11:13,551 SKI SLOPES GET WORN DOWN 174 00:11:13,551 --> 00:11:17,379 AND DEVELOP RUTS, BUMPS, ICE, AND BARE SPOTS. 175 00:11:17,379 --> 00:11:20,551 SKI RESORTS TYPICALLY REFRESH THE SLOPES OVERNIGHT 176 00:11:20,551 --> 00:11:24,068 BY GROOMING THE SNOW WITH SPECIALIZED TRACK MACHINES. 177 00:11:24,068 --> 00:11:26,793 BY MORNING, THE RUNS ARE AS GOOD AS NEW. 178 00:11:29,827 --> 00:11:32,758 A SNOW GROOMER IS LIKE A BULLDOZER ON TRACKS, 179 00:11:32,758 --> 00:11:35,793 EXCEPT INSTEAD OF PUSHING DIRT, IT PUSHES SNOW. 180 00:11:35,793 --> 00:11:39,724 IT USES GROOMING IMPLEMENTS MOUNTED TO THE FRONT AND BACK. 181 00:11:39,724 --> 00:11:41,275 TO BUILD A SNOW GROOMER, 182 00:11:41,275 --> 00:11:44,241 WORKERS BEGIN BY ALIGNING FRONT AND REAR FRAMES 183 00:11:44,241 --> 00:11:45,862 WITH THE VEHICLE'S MAIN FRAME 184 00:11:45,862 --> 00:11:48,655 WITH THE HELP OF POSITIONING JIGS. 185 00:11:50,689 --> 00:11:52,793 THEN A WELDER GETS TO WORK. 186 00:11:52,793 --> 00:11:55,724 FIRST, HE TACKS EVERYTHING TOGETHER. 187 00:11:55,724 --> 00:11:57,655 THEN, WITH A MECHANICAL LIFT, 188 00:11:57,655 --> 00:12:00,241 HE RAISES AND TILTS THE TACKED FRAME 189 00:12:00,241 --> 00:12:02,827 TO GAIN ACCESS FROM VARIOUS ANGLES. 190 00:12:02,827 --> 00:12:05,620 AFTER WELDING ON ADDITIONAL PARTS, 191 00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:07,034 INCLUDING 10 AXLES, 192 00:12:07,034 --> 00:12:09,517 THEY PRIME AND PAINT THE FRAME. 193 00:12:09,517 --> 00:12:13,862 THEN A MECHANIC INSTALLS A HEAVY-DUTY SUSPENSION SYSTEM 194 00:12:13,862 --> 00:12:15,965 DESIGNED TO AUTOMATICALLY ADAPT 195 00:12:15,965 --> 00:12:18,310 TO THE TYPE AND SHAPE OF TERRAIN, 196 00:12:18,310 --> 00:12:19,758 MAXIMIZING TRACTION. 197 00:12:19,758 --> 00:12:23,137 NEXT, HE GREASES THE 10 AXLES 198 00:12:23,137 --> 00:12:27,241 AND INSTALLS A WHEEL HUB AND BEARINGS ON EACH ONE. 199 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:31,724 HE THEN MOUNTS THE WHEEL, 200 00:12:31,724 --> 00:12:34,655 TIGHTENING THE BOLTS TO A SPECIFIED TORQUE 201 00:12:34,655 --> 00:12:39,137 TO ENSURE OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY. 202 00:12:42,793 --> 00:12:47,827 MEANWHILE, ANOTHER MECHANIC INSTALLS THE HYDRAULIC HOSES. 203 00:12:47,827 --> 00:12:50,241 THESE CONTROL THE GROOMING IMPLEMENTS 204 00:12:50,241 --> 00:12:53,034 AND THE SPROCKET ON WHICH EACH TRACK TURNS. 205 00:12:53,034 --> 00:12:57,482 THEN HE CONNECTS THE HOSES TO THE MAIN HYDRAULIC VALVE. 206 00:12:57,482 --> 00:12:59,137 AT ANOTHER WORKSTATION, 207 00:12:59,137 --> 00:13:02,034 A MECHANIC ASSEMBLES THE DIESEL ENGINE, 208 00:13:02,034 --> 00:13:05,137 THE TRANSMISSION, AND FOUR HYDRAULIC PUMPS. 209 00:13:05,137 --> 00:13:08,413 TWO OF THESE PUMPS DRIVE OIL TO THE HYDRAULIC MOTORS, 210 00:13:08,413 --> 00:13:11,344 WHICH PROPEL THE VEHICLE FORWARD AND BACKWARD. 211 00:13:11,344 --> 00:13:13,724 THE TWO OTHERS PUMP HYDRAULIC FLUID 212 00:13:13,724 --> 00:13:16,862 TO OPERATE THE IMPLEMENTS AND THE COOLING SYSTEM. 213 00:13:16,862 --> 00:13:19,344 THEY LOWER THIS ASSEMBLED UNIT INTO THE FRAME 214 00:13:19,344 --> 00:13:23,000 AND MAKE THE REQUIRED ELECTRICAL AND HYDRAULIC CONNECTIONS. 215 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,965 MEANWHILE, ANOTHER TEAM PREPARES THE NEXT UNIT, 216 00:13:25,965 --> 00:13:28,241 STARTING WITH THE COOLING SYSTEM, 217 00:13:28,241 --> 00:13:30,620 TWO POWERFUL FANS WHICH COOL THE ENGINE 218 00:13:30,620 --> 00:13:32,517 AND HYDRAULIC FLUID. 219 00:13:32,517 --> 00:13:34,965 NEXT, THEY INSTALL THE EXHAUST SYSTEM 220 00:13:34,965 --> 00:13:37,413 AND TWO BATTERIES TO POWER THE ENGINE. 221 00:13:37,413 --> 00:13:40,482 THEY MOUNT THIS ASSEMBLED UNIT ABOVE THE TRANSMISSION 222 00:13:40,482 --> 00:13:42,862 AND MAKE ALL THE NECESSARY CONNECTIONS. 223 00:13:42,862 --> 00:13:45,103 THEY LOWER THE CAB ONTO THE FRAME, 224 00:13:45,103 --> 00:13:47,862 CONNECT MORE ELECTRICAL AND HYDRAULIC LINES, 225 00:13:47,862 --> 00:13:52,103 AND FILL ALL SYSTEMS WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE FLUIDS. 226 00:13:52,103 --> 00:13:54,586 THE VEHICLE NOW UNDERGOES EXTENSIVE TESTING 227 00:13:54,586 --> 00:13:55,793 IN A DYNAMOMETER, 228 00:13:55,793 --> 00:13:58,068 WHICH OPERATES THE ENGINE AND HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS 229 00:13:58,068 --> 00:14:01,344 AT MAXIMUM CAPACITY. 230 00:14:01,344 --> 00:14:05,448 IF ALL SYSTEMS PERFORM ACCORDING TO ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS, 231 00:14:05,448 --> 00:14:07,482 THE VEHICLE GETS THE GO-AHEAD 232 00:14:07,482 --> 00:14:10,862 TO RECEIVE THE SNOW-GROOMING IMPLEMENTS. 233 00:14:10,862 --> 00:14:12,689 THE REAR IMPLEMENT IS A TILLER, 234 00:14:12,689 --> 00:14:15,344 WHICH BREAKS UP THE SNOW INTO SMALL PARTICLES 235 00:14:15,344 --> 00:14:18,000 AND SHAPES NARROWLY SPACED PARALLEL LINES 236 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620 ON THE TRAIL SURFACE. 237 00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:23,034 A POWERFUL, BUILT-IN HYDRAULIC MOTOR 238 00:14:23,034 --> 00:14:25,689 SPINS THE STEEL-TOOTHED ROTORS AT SPEEDS 239 00:14:25,689 --> 00:14:28,413 OF UP TO 1,350 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE. 240 00:14:28,413 --> 00:14:31,206 THIS ENSURES EVEN GROOMING THROUGHOUT. 241 00:14:31,206 --> 00:14:36,310 THE GROOMER'S TRACKS ARE MADE OF ULTRA-DURABLE STEEL. 242 00:14:36,310 --> 00:14:39,000 A MECHANIC GUIDES THE EDGE OF EACH TRACK 243 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,551 ONTO A HIGH-STRENGTH URETHANE SPROCKET 244 00:14:41,551 --> 00:14:44,275 BOLTED TO THE REAR OF THE FRAME 245 00:14:44,275 --> 00:14:47,517 WHILE ANOTHER MECHANIC SLOWLY DRIVES THE VEHICLE FORWARD 246 00:14:47,517 --> 00:14:49,655 TO PULL THE TRACK OVER THE WHEELS. 247 00:14:52,724 --> 00:14:54,931 THEN THEY CLAMP THE TWO ENDS TOGETHER 248 00:14:54,931 --> 00:14:59,103 AND JOIN THEM WITH GIANT HINGES, CLOSING THE LOOP. 249 00:15:02,172 --> 00:15:05,034 IT'S TIME TO MOUNT THE SNOW-GROOMING IMPLEMENTS. 250 00:15:05,034 --> 00:15:07,379 THEY ATTACH THE TILLER TO THE REAR MECHANISM, 251 00:15:07,379 --> 00:15:09,482 WHICH CARRIES THE HYDRAULIC CONNECTIONS 252 00:15:09,482 --> 00:15:12,310 FOR THE IMPLEMENT'S ONBOARD MOTOR. 253 00:15:12,310 --> 00:15:17,068 THEY ATTACH A BLADE TO THE IDENTICAL FRONT MECHANISM. 254 00:15:17,068 --> 00:15:18,206 THE BLADE PLOWS SNOW 255 00:15:18,206 --> 00:15:20,413 AND SCULPTS FEATURES SUCH AS HALF-PIPES, 256 00:15:20,413 --> 00:15:24,344 THOSE GIANT, U-SHAPED BOWLS OF SNOW 257 00:15:24,344 --> 00:15:28,896 IN WHICH FREESTYLE SKIERS AND DAREDEVIL SNOWBOARDERS RIDE. 258 00:15:28,896 --> 00:15:32,000 FOR SAFETY, THE CABIN HAS A STEEL SKELETON 259 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:34,103 WITH ROLL-OVER PROTECTION FEATURES. 260 00:15:34,103 --> 00:15:36,103 A SPECIALLY DESIGNED JOYSTICK 261 00:15:36,103 --> 00:15:38,655 GIVES THE DRIVER PRECISION CONTROL 262 00:15:38,655 --> 00:15:40,517 OVER THE BLADE AND TILLER. 263 00:15:40,517 --> 00:15:44,034 THE STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRONICS INCLUDE THREE COMPUTERS, 264 00:15:44,034 --> 00:15:45,551 WHICH ENABLE THE DRIVER 265 00:15:45,551 --> 00:15:48,758 TO SELECT AND ADJUST DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS AND MODES, 266 00:15:48,758 --> 00:15:51,655 ALL OF IT DISPLAYING ON A COLOR MONITOR. 267 00:15:51,655 --> 00:15:54,379 THE VEHICLE NEVER SINKS INTO THE SNOW 268 00:15:54,379 --> 00:15:58,103 BECAUSE ITS WEIGHT IS OPTIMALLY BALANCED ON THE TRACKS. 269 00:15:58,103 --> 00:16:00,137 THIS 22,000-POUND SNOW GROOMER 270 00:16:00,137 --> 00:16:03,103 ACTUALLY EXERTS LESS PRESSURE ON THE SNOW 271 00:16:03,103 --> 00:16:06,482 THAN A SINGLE PERSON DOES ON FOOT. 272 00:16:16,275 --> 00:16:18,482 Narrator: THE RUBBER BAND WAS INVENTED IN ENGLAND 273 00:16:18,482 --> 00:16:20,758 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY. 274 00:16:20,758 --> 00:16:23,793 THE KEY TO ITS SUCCESS, OF COURSE, IS FLEXIBILITY. 275 00:16:23,793 --> 00:16:25,655 A RUBBER BAND CAN BE STRETCHED 276 00:16:25,655 --> 00:16:28,172 AROUND ITEMS OF VARIOUS SHAPES AND SIZES 277 00:16:28,172 --> 00:16:29,586 TO HOLD THEM TOGETHER, 278 00:16:29,586 --> 00:16:31,482 SO IN THE RUBBER-BAND INDUSTRY, 279 00:16:31,482 --> 00:16:34,241 THE POSSIBILITIES FOR EXPANSION ARE NUMEROUS. 280 00:16:37,482 --> 00:16:40,758 RUBBER BANDS COME IN HANDY FOR A WHOLE BUNCH OF THINGS. 281 00:16:40,758 --> 00:16:42,655 IF YOU HAVE A BUNCH OF ANYTHING, 282 00:16:42,655 --> 00:16:44,896 A RUBBER BAND CAN KEEP IT TOGETHER. 283 00:16:44,896 --> 00:16:49,586 PRODUCTION OF RUBBER BANDS STARTS WITH NATURAL RUBBER. 284 00:16:49,586 --> 00:16:51,275 THESE SPONGY SLABS HAVE BEEN MADE 285 00:16:51,275 --> 00:16:53,172 FROM THE SAP OF RUBBER TREES. 286 00:16:53,172 --> 00:16:55,689 NATURAL RUBBER HAS GREATER ELASTICITY 287 00:16:55,689 --> 00:16:57,517 THAN THE SYNTHETIC KIND, 288 00:16:57,517 --> 00:17:00,413 MAKING IT A BETTER CHOICE FOR RUBBER BANDS. 289 00:17:00,413 --> 00:17:03,689 A WORKER MEASURES AND POURS RUBBER PROCESSING OIL 290 00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:05,586 INTO A KNEADER MACHINE. 291 00:17:05,586 --> 00:17:09,344 HE ADDS POWDERED PIGMENT -- IN THIS CASE, YELLOW AND WHITE 292 00:17:09,344 --> 00:17:13,689 FOR A PALE YELLOW SHADE. 293 00:17:13,689 --> 00:17:16,206 HE FEEDS SEVERAL RUBBER SLABS 294 00:17:16,206 --> 00:17:20,206 TO THE KNEADER'S SPIRAL-SHAPED JAWS. 295 00:17:20,206 --> 00:17:25,620 THE SPIRALING BLADES INTERSECT TO BREAK UP THE RUBBER 296 00:17:25,620 --> 00:17:28,931 AND BLEND IN THE OTHER INGREDIENTS. 297 00:17:28,931 --> 00:17:33,758 THE KNEADING PROCESS GENERATES HEAT WHICH SOFTENS THE RUBBER, 298 00:17:33,758 --> 00:17:36,827 MAKING IT EASIER TO FORM INTO DOUGH. 299 00:17:39,413 --> 00:17:42,000 THE KNEADER SPITS OUT RUBBER-DOUGH CHUNKS. 300 00:17:45,137 --> 00:17:48,482 NEXT, A GIANT ROLLING PIN TRANSFORMS THE DOUGH 301 00:17:48,482 --> 00:17:51,137 INTO WIDE, THIN PIECES. 302 00:17:54,344 --> 00:17:56,310 HE SLICES THE STRIPS AND BUNDLES THEM. 303 00:17:56,310 --> 00:17:57,586 IN THIS FORM, 304 00:17:57,586 --> 00:18:00,655 IT WILL BE EASIER TO CONTROL THE WEIGHT OF THE RUBBER 305 00:18:00,655 --> 00:18:03,448 IN RELATION TO CHEMICALS THAT ARE ADDED NEXT. 306 00:18:06,068 --> 00:18:07,413 THEY ROLL THE RUBBER 307 00:18:07,413 --> 00:18:09,896 WITH A PRECISE AMOUNT OF SULFUR AND OTHER CHEMICALS 308 00:18:09,896 --> 00:18:13,137 THAT STRENGTHEN THE RUBBER AND MAKE IT MORE ELASTIC. 309 00:18:17,448 --> 00:18:20,862 THEY THEN ROLL THE RUBBER VERY THIN. 310 00:18:20,862 --> 00:18:23,620 A WORKER TWISTS AND CUTS IT INTO SMALL BUNDLES 311 00:18:23,620 --> 00:18:26,551 THAT FIT INTO THE OPENING OF AN EXTRUDING MACHINE. 312 00:18:28,724 --> 00:18:31,000 IT FORCES THE STILL-WARM AND MALLEABLE RUBBER 313 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,344 THROUGH DIES TO SHAPE IT INTO LONG, HOLLOW TUBES. 314 00:18:35,344 --> 00:18:38,241 THE EXTRUDER INJECTS AIR AND TALCUM POWDER INTO THE TUBES 315 00:18:38,241 --> 00:18:40,620 TO KEEP THE WALLS FROM COLLAPSING 316 00:18:40,620 --> 00:18:43,103 AND STICKING TOGETHER WHILE WARM. 317 00:18:43,103 --> 00:18:46,137 THE TUBES COOL DOWN IN A TROUGH OF WATER, 318 00:18:46,137 --> 00:18:50,068 AND THEY DEFLATE AS THE INJECTED AIR DISSIPATES. 319 00:18:50,068 --> 00:18:53,172 NEXT, THESE ALUMINUM POLES WILL SERVE AS MOLDS 320 00:18:53,172 --> 00:18:55,068 FOR THE TUBES DURING CURING, 321 00:18:55,068 --> 00:18:59,241 GIVING THEM THE CORRECT SHAPE AND DIAMETER. 322 00:19:02,551 --> 00:19:05,172 THE WORKER SLIDES THE TUBES ONTO THE MOLDS. 323 00:19:05,172 --> 00:19:09,000 THE TALCUM POWDER INJECTED INTO THE TUBES DURING THEIR EXTRUSION 324 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,206 WILL ALSO ACT AS A RELEASE AGENT, 325 00:19:11,206 --> 00:19:14,620 KEEPING THEM FROM STICKING TO THE MOLDS DURING CURING. 326 00:19:16,379 --> 00:19:18,724 THEY LOAD THE TUBES INTO A STEAM OVEN, 327 00:19:18,724 --> 00:19:21,206 AND THE INTENSE HEAT VULCANIZES THE RUBBER 328 00:19:21,206 --> 00:19:24,931 TO BOOST ITS TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELASTICITY. 329 00:19:29,413 --> 00:19:30,655 OUT OF THE OVEN, 330 00:19:30,655 --> 00:19:33,827 WORKERS INJECT AIR BETWEEN THE TUBES AND THE MOLDS, 331 00:19:33,827 --> 00:19:38,551 MAKING IT EASIER TO PEEL THE NOW-VULCANIZED TUBES OFF. 332 00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:45,482 THEY RINSE THE RUBBER TUBES TO REMOVE TALCUM-POWDER RESIDUE. 333 00:19:45,482 --> 00:19:48,724 THERE'S SO MUCH THAT THE WATER TURNS MILKY WHITE. 334 00:19:51,344 --> 00:19:54,620 THEY HANG THE RUBBER TUBES TO DRAIN AWAY SOME OF THE WATER. 335 00:19:54,620 --> 00:19:58,586 BY THE TIME THEY'RE READY TO CUT, THEY'RE A BIT TOO DRY, 336 00:19:58,586 --> 00:20:01,413 SO A WORKER SPLASHES WATER ONTO THEM. 337 00:20:01,413 --> 00:20:03,068 WITH THE TUBES MOISTENED, 338 00:20:03,068 --> 00:20:05,862 THE NEXT OPERATION WILL RUN MORE SMOOTHLY. 339 00:20:05,862 --> 00:20:09,724 HE FEEDS SEVERAL TUBES AT ONCE TO A ROTATING BLADE 340 00:20:09,724 --> 00:20:11,275 WHICH CARVES THEM. 341 00:20:11,275 --> 00:20:15,896 THIS CREATES ELASTIC BANDS THAT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME WIDTH. 342 00:20:15,896 --> 00:20:18,448 IN THIS CASE, THAT'S 1.5 MILLIMETERS, 343 00:20:18,448 --> 00:20:22,206 AN AVERAGE THICKNESS FOR A RUBBER BAND. 344 00:20:25,413 --> 00:20:28,689 WITH THIS SYSTEM, THEY CAN CUT 1/2 A MILLION RUBBER BANDS 345 00:20:28,689 --> 00:20:31,586 IN AN HOUR. 346 00:20:31,586 --> 00:20:34,379 IT DOESN'T TAKE LONG FOR THE INVENTORY TO PILE UP. 347 00:20:34,379 --> 00:20:37,310 THERE ARE MILLIONS OF RUBBER BANDS HERE. 348 00:20:37,310 --> 00:20:42,448 A WORKER SCOOPS THEM UP AND EXAMINES EACH ONE FOR DEFECTS. 349 00:20:45,448 --> 00:20:48,896 ONCE APPROVED, ALL THAT'S LEFT IS THE PACKAGING. 350 00:20:48,896 --> 00:20:51,068 THE RUBBER BANDS RIDE A CONVEYOR 351 00:20:51,068 --> 00:20:54,413 THAT RELEASES THEM IN INCREMENTS INTO PLASTIC BAGS. 352 00:20:56,241 --> 00:20:57,793 IT HAS TAKEN ABOUT THREE HOURS 353 00:20:57,793 --> 00:21:00,620 TO PRODUCE THIS BAG OF RUBBER BANDS. 354 00:21:00,620 --> 00:21:05,206 ON A NORMAL DAY, THIS FACTORY GENERATES 40 MILLION ELASTICS. 355 00:21:05,206 --> 00:21:09,896 THAT'S A LOT BY ANY STRETCH OF THE IMAGINATION. 356 00:21:21,793 --> 00:21:24,275 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 357 00:21:24,275 --> 00:21:27,068 OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 358 00:21:27,068 --> 00:21:29,551 DROP US A LINE AT... 28966

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