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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator: THE TYPICAL CANDIDATE
FOR A KNEE REPLACEMENT
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00:00:55,793 --> 00:00:57,068
HAS OSTEOARTHRITIS,
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WHERE THE CARTILAGE IN THE KNEE
HAS WORN AWAY.
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00:01:00,172 --> 00:01:01,896
KNEE REPLACEMENT SURGERY
7
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RESTORES THE WORN AREAS
WITH AN IMPLANT.
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00:01:03,896 --> 00:01:06,172
TO HELP PLACE
THE IMPLANT PROPERLY,
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THE SURGEON CAN USE
AN INSTRUMENT CUSTOM-DESIGNED
10
00:01:09,137 --> 00:01:11,655
FOR THE PATIENT'S
DAMAGED ANATOMY.
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00:01:13,551 --> 00:01:15,206
A SUCCESSFUL KNEE REPLACEMENT
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00:01:15,206 --> 00:01:18,137
DEPENDS ON ITS ALIGNMENT
WITH THE FEMUR AND TIBIA,
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00:01:18,137 --> 00:01:21,620
THE UPPER AND LOWER LEG BONES
THAT CONNECT AT THE KNEE.
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00:01:21,620 --> 00:01:25,103
THAT'S A CHALLENGE BECAUSE
KNEE IMPLANTS ARE STANDARD,
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00:01:25,103 --> 00:01:27,413
WHILE EVERY PATIENT'S BONES
ARE UNIQUE.
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00:01:27,413 --> 00:01:30,689
SO STARTING WITH AN MRI SCAN
OF THE PATIENT'S KNEE,
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THIS MEDICAL DEVICE COMPANY
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PRODUCES CUSTOM-MADE
SURGICAL TEMPLATES,
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00:01:35,344 --> 00:01:37,586
PLASTIC DEVICES THE SURGEON USES
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00:01:37,586 --> 00:01:40,448
TO SCULPT THE SURFACE
THE PATIENT'S BONES
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00:01:40,448 --> 00:01:43,034
TO ALIGN THE KNEE IMPLANT
ACCURATELY.
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00:01:43,034 --> 00:01:46,517
THE SURGEON NO LONGER HAS TO
VISUALLY CALCULATE THE BONE CUTS
23
00:01:46,517 --> 00:01:48,655
ON THE SPOT
IN THE OPERATING ROOM,
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WHICH TAKES MORE TIME
AND IS MORE INVASIVE.
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AN ENGINEER USES THE MRI SCAN
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TO CREATE 3-D MODELS OF
THE PATIENT'S FEMUR AND TIBIA.
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THE PATIENT'S CARTILAGE HAS
WORN OUT IN BETWEEN THESE BONES,
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CAUSING PAINFUL RUBBING
THAT ERODES THE BONE SURFACE.
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00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:10,586
THE IMPLANT EFFECTIVELY REPLACES
THE DAMAGED BONE AND CARTILAGE.
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00:02:10,586 --> 00:02:12,413
ONCE EACH BONE MODEL IS READY,
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ANOTHER ENGINEER
APPLIES A 3-D MODEL
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00:02:14,758 --> 00:02:17,448
OF THE CORRECT-SIZE IMPLANT,
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00:02:17,448 --> 00:02:20,137
THEN, FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
THE SURGEON HAS PROVIDED,
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00:02:20,137 --> 00:02:22,862
PERFORMS VIRTUAL SURGERY
ON THE BONE MODEL.
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00:02:22,862 --> 00:02:25,172
THIS WILL PROPERLY ALIGN
THE IMPLANT
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TO THE PATIENT'S
SPECIFIC ANATOMY
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AND FIT IT TO THE ANGLE AT WHICH
THAT PARTICULAR KNEE MOVES.
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DURING THE SURGERY SIMULATION,
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THE COMPUTER RECORDS
EVERY BONE CUT.
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00:02:36,724 --> 00:02:39,689
THE SURGEON REVIEWS
AND APPROVES THIS SURGICAL PLAN
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ONLY ONCE
BEFORE MANUFACTURING BEGINS.
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00:02:42,517 --> 00:02:46,344
THE COMPUTER,
WHICH RECORDED THE BONE CUTS,
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GUIDES A 3-D PRINTER
TO PRODUCE PLASTIC TEMPLATES
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00:02:49,137 --> 00:02:51,655
FOR BOTH THE FEMUR AND TIBIA.
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THE SURGEON WILL USE THESE
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TO REPEAT THE SAME EXACT CUTS
IN REAL LIFE.
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THE 3-D PRINTER APPLIES A LAYER
OF POWDERED PLASTIC,
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00:02:58,827 --> 00:03:00,965
THEN FOLLOWING
THE COMPUTER MODEL,
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00:03:00,965 --> 00:03:03,482
SOLIDIFIES SELECT AREAS
WITH A LASER.
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00:03:03,482 --> 00:03:06,482
THIS PROCESS KEEPS REPEATING,
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00:03:06,482 --> 00:03:10,137
BUILDING UP THE SHAPE
OF THESE SURGICAL TEMPLATES
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00:03:10,137 --> 00:03:11,413
LAYER BY LAYER.
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00:03:11,413 --> 00:03:14,793
ONE PRINTER RUN PRODUCES
PERSONALIZED TEMPLATES
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00:03:14,793 --> 00:03:17,103
FOR UP TO 50 PATIENTS AT A TIME,
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SO THE LASER INSCRIBES
THE PATIENT'S NAME
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00:03:19,965 --> 00:03:22,586
AND IDENTIFICATION CODE
ON EACH PART.
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ONCE THE PRINTING'S DONE,
IT'S JUST A MATTER
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OF BREAKING UP THE UNSOLIDIFIED
POWDERED PLASTIC...
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00:03:36,448 --> 00:03:39,758
...AND FISHING OUT
THE TEMPLATES.
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00:03:53,586 --> 00:03:57,896
THEY BRUSH OFF THE BULK
OF THE REMAINING POWDER.
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00:03:59,620 --> 00:04:01,068
THE POSTS ON THE BOTTOM
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00:04:01,068 --> 00:04:03,965
ARE THE POINTS AT WHICH PINS
AFFIX THE TEMPLATE TO THE BONE
63
00:04:03,965 --> 00:04:06,034
DURING SURGERY.
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00:04:08,551 --> 00:04:11,344
NEXT, THE TEMPLATES GO
INTO A TUMBLER
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00:04:11,344 --> 00:04:14,172
CONTAINING PLASTIC BALLS
AND AIR JETS.
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00:04:19,034 --> 00:04:21,206
AS THE DRUM ROTATES
FOR 20 MINUTES,
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00:04:21,206 --> 00:04:23,931
THE BALLS KNOCK OFF
AND THE AIR JETS BLOWS OFF
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00:04:23,931 --> 00:04:25,758
MOST OF THE REMAINING POWDER.
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00:04:31,103 --> 00:04:34,482
THE TEMPLATES EXIT THE TUMBLER
90% CLEAN.
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00:04:34,482 --> 00:04:36,931
THEY GO THROUGH TWO WASH CYCLES
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00:04:36,931 --> 00:04:40,034
TO REMOVE THE LAST REMNANTS
OF POWDER.
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00:04:40,034 --> 00:04:44,172
BEFORE PACKAGING,
THEY'LL BE STERILIZED.
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00:04:44,172 --> 00:04:47,206
BUT FIRST,
EVERY TEMPLATE MUST PASS
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00:04:47,206 --> 00:04:49,620
A QUALITY-CONTROL INSPECTION.
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00:04:49,620 --> 00:04:53,000
USING A LASER,
A TECHNICIAN SCANS IT
76
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,172
TO MAKE SURE
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
77
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PRODUCED AN EXACT MATCH
TO THE PATIENT'S BONE.
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00:05:06,896 --> 00:05:10,793
THIS MODEL SHOWS HOW THE FEMUR
AND TIBIA FORM THE KNEE JOINT
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00:05:10,793 --> 00:05:14,137
AND HOW THE SURGEON SECURES
THE CUSTOMIZED TEMPLATE
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00:05:14,137 --> 00:05:16,517
ONTO EACH OF THESE BONES.
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00:05:16,517 --> 00:05:17,862
THANKS TO THESE DEVICES,
82
00:05:17,862 --> 00:05:20,689
THE SURGEON DOESN'T HAVE TO
FIGURE OUT THE BONE CUTS
83
00:05:20,689 --> 00:05:23,034
ON THE FLY
IN THE OPERATING ROOM.
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THEY'RE ALL PRE-CALCULATED
BY THE COMPUTER MODEL.
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00:05:26,206 --> 00:05:28,827
THIS METHOD ELIMINATES
SEVERAL STEPS REQUIRED
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00:05:28,827 --> 00:05:31,000
IN STANDARD SURGERY.
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00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:33,310
THE OPERATION TAKES LESS TIME
88
00:05:33,310 --> 00:05:35,103
AND REQUIRES
HALF AS MANY INSTRUMENTS
89
00:05:35,103 --> 00:05:36,896
TO SET UP AND CLEAN UP.
90
00:05:36,896 --> 00:05:38,724
AND BECAUSE THE SURGEON
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00:05:38,724 --> 00:05:40,896
NO LONGER HAS TO DRILL A HOLE
IN THE BONE
92
00:05:40,896 --> 00:05:42,965
TO CHECK THE KNEE IMPLANT'S
ALIGNMENT,
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00:05:42,965 --> 00:05:46,103
THE PATIENT EXPERIENCES
LESS PAIN AND BLEEDING
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AND A SMALLER CHANCE
OF DEVELOPING COMPLICATIONS.
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Narrator: THE EARLIEST VERSION
OF LEAF SPRINGS
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WERE LIKELY
FLEXIBLE WOODEN POLES
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00:06:05,551 --> 00:06:08,241
USED IN CARRIAGES
IN ANCIENT ROME.
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00:06:08,241 --> 00:06:09,965
IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY,
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METAL LEAF SPRINGS
WERE DEVELOPED.
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00:06:12,275 --> 00:06:14,724
TODAY THE JOURNEY CONTINUES,
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00:06:14,724 --> 00:06:19,172
AND IT'S FAIRLY SMOOTH THANKS
TO THESE SUSPENSION SPRINGS.
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A LEAF SPRING IS A STACK
OF CURVED PLATES OR LEAVES,
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00:06:26,827 --> 00:06:29,310
OR SOMETIMES EVEN JUST ONE.
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00:06:29,310 --> 00:06:30,896
THIS SPRING HAS THE FLEX
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00:06:30,896 --> 00:06:33,344
TO ABSORB BUMPS AND DIPS
IN THE ROAD,
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00:06:33,344 --> 00:06:36,068
BUT IT'S STRONG ENOUGH
TO PROVIDE SERIOUS SUPPORT.
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00:06:36,068 --> 00:06:38,931
TODAY THESE SUPER-STRONG
SUSPENSION SPRINGS
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ARE GENERALLY USED FOR TRUCKS
AND OTHER HEAVY VEHICLES
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MORE THAN CARS.
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PRODUCTION STARTS
WITH SPRING STEEL.
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00:06:47,655 --> 00:06:50,793
IT'S AN ALLOY
THAT HAS ELASTICITY.
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00:06:50,793 --> 00:06:54,103
BIG SHEARS CUT THE STEEL
TO VARIOUS LENGTHS
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FOR A MULTI-LEAF SPRING.
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IT'S ONE OF THE TWO KINDS
OF LEAF SPRINGS.
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00:06:59,931 --> 00:07:01,241
USING A BAND SAW,
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00:07:01,241 --> 00:07:03,689
THEY CUT STEEL FOR THE OTHER
KIND OF LEAF SPRING,
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00:07:03,689 --> 00:07:07,172
KNOWN AS A FULL TAPER SPRING.
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00:07:07,172 --> 00:07:09,068
IT'S MADE OF ONE TO FOUR LEAVES
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00:07:09,068 --> 00:07:12,793
THAT ARE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME
LENGTH BUT VARIOUS THICKNESSES.
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00:07:12,793 --> 00:07:15,862
AFTER CUTTING,
THEY RAPIDLY HEAT THE ENDS.
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00:07:15,862 --> 00:07:19,517
COMPUTERIZED MACHINERY
ROLLS AND STRETCHES THE PIECE
122
00:07:19,517 --> 00:07:21,655
TO A TAPERED PROFILE.
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00:07:21,655 --> 00:07:23,896
THIS ACHIEVES
THE SAME FLEX EFFECT
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00:07:23,896 --> 00:07:27,517
AS THE PROGRESSIVELY SHORTER
LEAVES ON THE MULTI-LEAF SPRING,
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00:07:27,517 --> 00:07:32,034
BUT THE END PRODUCT WILL BE
LIGHTER AND NOT AS STIFF.
126
00:07:32,034 --> 00:07:35,862
NEXT, IT'S INTO A PRESS
THAT TRIMS THE STRETCHED ENDS
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00:07:35,862 --> 00:07:38,896
AND PUNCHES HOLES
FOR VARIOUS COMPONENTS.
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00:07:38,896 --> 00:07:40,620
IT TAKES ABOUT AN HOUR
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00:07:40,620 --> 00:07:44,275
FOR THE STEEL TO COOL DOWN
FOR THE NEXT OPERATION.
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00:07:46,793 --> 00:07:49,413
MEANWHILE,
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE TEAM
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00:07:49,413 --> 00:07:52,379
ARE HARD AT WORK
ON THE MULTI-LEAF SPRING.
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00:07:52,379 --> 00:07:55,000
THEY FEED THE HEATED TIP
OF THE MAIN LEAF
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TO A MACHINE THAT WRAPS IT
AROUND A DIE FORM.
134
00:08:02,137 --> 00:08:03,655
THIS CREATES AN EYE MOUNT
135
00:08:03,655 --> 00:08:06,827
FOR ATTACHING THE SPRING
TO THE VEHICLE.
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00:08:06,827 --> 00:08:10,482
THEY CREATE AN EYE MOUNT
ON THE OTHER END, AS WELL.
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00:08:15,827 --> 00:08:19,862
NEXT THEY CURL THE ENDS
OF A SLIGHTLY LONGER STEEL BAR
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00:08:19,862 --> 00:08:22,275
INTO A LOOSE "C" SHAPE.
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00:08:22,275 --> 00:08:25,137
THIS PIECE WILL SERVE
AS AN OUTER PROTECTIVE WRAP
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00:08:25,137 --> 00:08:28,034
FOR THE MAIN LEAF
AND PROTECT THE EYE MOUNTS.
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00:08:28,034 --> 00:08:30,068
BACK TO THE TAPER SPRING,
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00:08:30,068 --> 00:08:34,068
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY BENDS IT
TO THE FINAL "Z" SHAPE
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00:08:34,068 --> 00:08:37,172
SO IT WILL FIT AROUND
A VEHICLE AXLE.
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00:08:37,172 --> 00:08:40,620
THEY SOAK BOTH THE TAPER
AND MULTI-LEAF SPRINGS IN OIL
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00:08:40,620 --> 00:08:44,034
AND TEMPER THEM IN A FURNACE
TO STRENGTHEN THE STEEL.
146
00:08:44,034 --> 00:08:48,241
THEN IT'S TIME FOR A PROCESS
KNOWN AS PEENING.
147
00:08:48,241 --> 00:08:50,965
MACHINERY CLAMPS
THE STEEL LEAF ONTO A CARRIAGE,
148
00:08:50,965 --> 00:08:52,793
WHICH TAKES IT THROUGH A CHAMBER
149
00:08:52,793 --> 00:08:55,965
FOR BLASTING
WITH TINY STEEL PELLETS.
150
00:08:55,965 --> 00:08:58,724
THE BLASTING
CHANGES THE SURFACE TENSION,
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00:08:58,724 --> 00:09:00,758
FURTHER STRENGTHENING THE METAL.
152
00:09:00,758 --> 00:09:03,758
A WORKER NOW ASSEMBLES
THE MULTI-LEAF SPRING.
153
00:09:03,758 --> 00:09:07,034
HE INSERTS A PIN THROUGH
THE CENTER OF THE MAIN LEAF
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00:09:07,034 --> 00:09:09,137
AND WRAP TO ALIGN THEM.
155
00:09:09,137 --> 00:09:12,241
EACH OF THE NEXT LEAVES
IS SHORTER THAN THE LAST.
156
00:09:12,241 --> 00:09:14,551
THEY'RE KNOWN
AS GRADUATED LEAVES.
157
00:09:14,551 --> 00:09:18,310
IT'S A DESIGN THAT WILL MAKE
THE SPRING MORE FLEXIBLE.
158
00:09:20,379 --> 00:09:23,551
HE TRANSFERS THE STACK
TO A HYDRAULIC STATION...
159
00:09:25,482 --> 00:09:29,344
...AND INSERTS A DIFFERENT PIN
FOR MORE PRECISE ALIGNMENT.
160
00:09:30,931 --> 00:09:32,827
HE ACTIVATES
THE HYDRAULIC MECHANISM,
161
00:09:32,827 --> 00:09:35,862
AND IT SQUEEZES
THE LEAVES TOGETHER.
162
00:09:35,862 --> 00:09:39,344
THE MECHANISM MAINTAINS
THE LEAVES UNDER TENSION
163
00:09:39,344 --> 00:09:42,965
AS HE REMOVES THE PIN
AND NOW BOLTS THEM TOGETHER.
164
00:09:47,724 --> 00:09:52,758
HE POUNDS CLIPS INSTALLED AT
SPECIFIC LOCATIONS ON THE SPRING
165
00:09:52,758 --> 00:09:55,137
TO CLOSE THEM
AROUND THE LEAVES.
166
00:09:55,137 --> 00:09:59,862
THE CLIPS TIGHTEN THE STACK
ALL THE WAY ACROSS
167
00:09:59,862 --> 00:10:02,827
AND WILL STOP THE LEAVES
FROM TWISTING OR TURNING.
168
00:10:02,827 --> 00:10:06,586
NEXT, ANOTHER HYDRAULIC DEVICE
APPLIES PRESSURE,
169
00:10:06,586 --> 00:10:10,206
THIS TIME TO SIMULATE THE LOAD
THE SPRING WILL CARRY.
170
00:10:10,206 --> 00:10:12,448
THIS SETS THE SPRING
TO A SPECIFIC HEIGHT
171
00:10:12,448 --> 00:10:16,413
AND COMPRESSES IT TO STIFFEN
THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE.
172
00:10:16,413 --> 00:10:18,724
THE WORKER MEASURES THE SPRING
173
00:10:18,724 --> 00:10:22,413
TO CONFIRM THAT IT MEETS
THE SPECIFICATIONS.
174
00:10:22,413 --> 00:10:24,620
THE ASSEMBLED LEAF SPRINGS
175
00:10:24,620 --> 00:10:27,793
NOW TAKE A QUICK DIP
IN A TANK OF BLACK PAINT.
176
00:10:31,931 --> 00:10:35,724
THE PAINT COATS THE LEAVES,
CLIPS, AND FASTENERS
177
00:10:35,724 --> 00:10:39,689
TO GIVE THESE SUSPENSION SPRINGS
A UNIFORM FINISH.
178
00:10:39,689 --> 00:10:42,517
PAINTED BLACK,
THEY SHOULD BLEND IN
179
00:10:42,517 --> 00:10:46,931
WITH ALL THE OTHER COMPONENTS
ON THE VEHICLE'S UNDERCARRIAGE.
180
00:10:46,931 --> 00:10:52,448
NOW COMPLETE, THESE LEAF SPRINGS
CAN BE DEPENDED ON FOR SUPPORT
181
00:10:52,448 --> 00:10:54,655
WHEN THE GOING GETS ROUGH.
182
00:11:08,310 --> 00:11:10,965
Narrator:
LAVANDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA
183
00:11:10,965 --> 00:11:13,689
MIGHT SOUND LIKE A NAME
OF AN ANCIENT ROMAN EMPEROR,
184
00:11:13,689 --> 00:11:17,103
BUT IT'S ACTUALLY THE SCIENTIFIC
NAME FOR THE LAVENDER PLANT.
185
00:11:17,103 --> 00:11:19,448
THE LEAVES
AND STRIKING BLUE PETALS
186
00:11:19,448 --> 00:11:21,379
OF THIS AROMATIC FLOWERING SHRUB
187
00:11:21,379 --> 00:11:23,931
ARE USED TO MAKE
LAVENDER ESSENTIAL OIL,
188
00:11:23,931 --> 00:11:26,896
AN INGREDIENT IN MANY HEALTH
AND BEAUTY PRODUCTS.
189
00:11:29,034 --> 00:11:33,172
LAVENDER ESSENTIAL OIL
HAS ANTIVIRAL, ANTIBACTERIAL,
190
00:11:33,172 --> 00:11:35,448
AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
PROPERTIES.
191
00:11:35,448 --> 00:11:38,103
NO WONDER IT'S LONG BEEN
A NATURAL REMEDY
192
00:11:38,103 --> 00:11:39,965
FOR MANY AILMENTS.
193
00:11:39,965 --> 00:11:43,827
AND WITH ITS FLOWERY FRAGRANCE
AND RELAXING EFFECTS,
194
00:11:43,827 --> 00:11:48,137
IT'S A COMMON INGREDIENT IN
LOTIONS, SOAPS, AND BATH OILS.
195
00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:52,724
LAVENDER IS A PERENNIAL PLANT
196
00:11:52,724 --> 00:11:55,586
THAT BEGINS FLOWERING
IN ITS SECOND YEAR.
197
00:11:55,586 --> 00:11:58,896
HARVEST TIME AT THIS
CANADIAN FARM IS IN JULY,
198
00:11:58,896 --> 00:12:01,137
AT THE PEAK OF THE FIRST BLOOM.
199
00:12:01,137 --> 00:12:03,620
THERE'S A SECOND BLOOM
AFTERWARD,
200
00:12:03,620 --> 00:12:07,655
BUT NOT SIGNIFICANT ENOUGH
TO WARRANT ANOTHER HARVEST.
201
00:12:07,655 --> 00:12:11,000
WEEDS LIKE TO GROW AT THE BASE
OF LAVENDER PLANTS,
202
00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:14,275
SIPHONING OFF WATER
AND IMPORTANT SOIL NUTRIENTS.
203
00:12:14,275 --> 00:12:16,068
SO BETWEEN MAY AND SEPTEMBER,
204
00:12:16,068 --> 00:12:18,793
KILLING THOSE WEEDS
IS A VITAL DAILY RITUAL.
205
00:12:18,793 --> 00:12:21,206
THE WEEDING MACHINE
206
00:12:21,206 --> 00:12:23,862
LIFTS THE LAVENDER STEMS
OUT OF THE WAY,
207
00:12:23,862 --> 00:12:27,034
THEN BLASTS THE WEEDS
AROUND THE BASE WITH HOT STEAM.
208
00:12:35,344 --> 00:12:37,586
TO DETERMINE
THE RIGHT TIME TO HARVEST,
209
00:12:37,586 --> 00:12:40,068
THE PRODUCER LOOKS
AT THE QUANTITY OF BLOOMS
210
00:12:40,068 --> 00:12:43,551
AND THE COLOR OF THE FLOWERS.
211
00:12:43,551 --> 00:12:45,310
THEY SHOULD BE PURPLE-BLUE,
212
00:12:45,310 --> 00:12:47,896
ON THE VERGE
OF TURNING GRAYISH-BROWN.
213
00:12:47,896 --> 00:12:50,862
THE PRODUCER
ALSO CRUSHES A FEW PETALS
214
00:12:50,862 --> 00:12:53,137
TO SEE HOW MUCH OIL COMES OUT.
215
00:12:53,137 --> 00:12:57,758
THE HARVESTER IS SPECIALLY
DESIGNED FOR CUTTING LAVENDER.
216
00:12:57,758 --> 00:13:01,103
LIKE A STYLIST CUTTING HAIR,
217
00:13:01,103 --> 00:13:05,551
IT PULLS THE STEM STRAIGHT UP,
THEN SNIPS NEAR THE BASE.
218
00:13:13,103 --> 00:13:15,931
THE CUT STEMS,
ABOUT 15 INCHES LONG,
219
00:13:15,931 --> 00:13:20,551
FALL ONTO A CONVEYER BELT,
WHICH MOVES THEM INTO A TRAY.
220
00:13:20,551 --> 00:13:24,137
FROM THERE, WORKERS MANUALLY
TRANSFER THE LAVENDER
221
00:13:24,137 --> 00:13:26,103
TO THE HARVESTER'S TRAILER.
222
00:13:26,103 --> 00:13:27,965
WHEN THE TRAILER IS FULL,
223
00:13:27,965 --> 00:13:32,620
THE HARVESTER DELIVERS ITS LOAD
TO THE ON-SITE DISTILLERY.
224
00:13:32,620 --> 00:13:35,517
WORKERS LOAD THE LAVENDER
INTO A STILL,
225
00:13:35,517 --> 00:13:37,379
A LARGE STAINLESS-STEEL VESSEL
226
00:13:37,379 --> 00:13:40,206
TYPICALLY USED TO PRODUCE
ALCOHOLIC SPIRITS.
227
00:13:43,379 --> 00:13:47,172
THEY COMPACT AS MUCH LAVENDER
AS POSSIBLE INTO THE STILL
228
00:13:47,172 --> 00:13:50,896
TO PREVENT THE FORMATION
OF AIR POCKETS.
229
00:13:50,896 --> 00:13:53,931
THE LESS AIR,
THE GREATER THE OIL YIELD.
230
00:14:03,655 --> 00:14:07,068
ONCE THE STILL IS STUFFED
TO COMPACTED CAPACITY,
231
00:14:07,068 --> 00:14:08,655
THEY CLOSE IT TIGHTLY
232
00:14:08,655 --> 00:14:12,000
AND START UP
AN OIL-FIRED BOILER.
233
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,310
THE BOILER
HEATS WATER INTO STEAM,
234
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:17,482
WHICH THEY THEN INJECT
INTO THE BOTTOM OF THE STILL
235
00:14:17,482 --> 00:14:18,862
AT VERY LOW PRESSURE.
236
00:14:18,862 --> 00:14:21,413
OVER THE COURSE
OF ABOUT 15 MINUTES,
237
00:14:21,413 --> 00:14:24,620
THE STEAM SLOWLY RISES
TO THE TOP OF THE STILL,
238
00:14:24,620 --> 00:14:27,068
HEATING THE LAVENDER
ALONG THE WAY.
239
00:14:27,068 --> 00:14:30,724
THEY CONTINUE THE STEAM
FOR ANOTHER HALF-HOUR OR SO.
240
00:14:30,724 --> 00:14:34,517
THIS BURSTS THE GLANDS
LOCATED PRIMARILY IN THE PETALS,
241
00:14:34,517 --> 00:14:36,827
RELEASING THE OIL.
242
00:14:40,931 --> 00:14:42,724
TO COLLECT THAT EXTRACTED OIL,
243
00:14:42,724 --> 00:14:45,137
THEY FEED COLD WATER
INTO A COILED PIPE
244
00:14:45,137 --> 00:14:46,724
RUNNING THROUGH THE STILL.
245
00:14:46,724 --> 00:14:50,172
WHEN THE HOT STEAM
HITS THAT COLD PIPE,
246
00:14:50,172 --> 00:14:53,551
IT CONDENSES,
TRANSFORMING BACK INTO WATER.
247
00:14:53,551 --> 00:14:56,586
ONLY NOW, THE WATER CONTAINS
LAVENDER OIL.
248
00:14:56,586 --> 00:14:59,793
THEY OPEN THE STILL'S TAP
249
00:14:59,793 --> 00:15:02,896
AND LET THE WATER FLOW
INTO A HOLDING TANK.
250
00:15:06,448 --> 00:15:09,931
ON AVERAGE,
THE PROPORTIONS ARE
251
00:15:09,931 --> 00:15:14,517
ONE PART LAVENDER OIL
TO 40 PARTS WATER.
252
00:15:18,689 --> 00:15:21,827
IN THE HOLDING TANK
OVER THE NEXT HOUR OR SO,
253
00:15:21,827 --> 00:15:25,379
THE OIL NATURALLY SEPARATES
AND RISES TO THE SURFACE.
254
00:15:25,379 --> 00:15:26,689
AT THAT POINT,
255
00:15:26,689 --> 00:15:29,724
THEY BEGIN PUMPING THE WATER
TO ANOTHER CONTAINER,
256
00:15:29,724 --> 00:15:32,517
STOPPING
AT THE FIRST SIGN OF OIL.
257
00:15:32,517 --> 00:15:35,551
WHAT REMAINS IN THE TANK
IS THE FINAL PRODUCT --
258
00:15:35,551 --> 00:15:38,517
PURE LAVENDER ESSENTIAL OIL.
259
00:15:38,517 --> 00:15:39,862
THE PUMPED-OUT WATER
260
00:15:39,862 --> 00:15:43,172
IS A SECONDARY PRODUCT
CALLED LAVENDER FLOWER WATER.
261
00:15:43,172 --> 00:15:48,379
THE PRODUCER SENDS BOTH PRODUCTS
TO A LABORATORY TO BE FILTERED.
262
00:15:48,379 --> 00:15:52,586
PRODUCERS PRIMARILY SELL
LAVENDER OIL AND FLORAL WATER
263
00:15:52,586 --> 00:15:57,310
AS INGREDIENTS TO MANUFACTURERS
OF HEALTH AND BEAUTY PRODUCTS,
264
00:15:57,310 --> 00:15:58,827
BUT THEY ALSO OFTEN DESIGN
265
00:15:58,827 --> 00:16:01,068
THEIR OWN LINES
OF LAVENDER CREATIONS
266
00:16:01,068 --> 00:16:03,758
FOR PAMPERING THE BODY AND SOUL.
267
00:16:16,241 --> 00:16:19,000
Narrator: RIVETS HOLD
A LOT OF THINGS TOGETHER.
268
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:20,758
PRODUCT FABRICATED WITH RIVETS
269
00:16:20,758 --> 00:16:23,689
INCLUDE AIRCRAFT,
CARS, COMPUTERS,
270
00:16:23,689 --> 00:16:25,448
AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES.
271
00:16:25,448 --> 00:16:27,413
INSTALLED WITH A RIVET TOOL,
272
00:16:27,413 --> 00:16:31,000
THESE FASTENERS CREATE
STRONG AND PERMANENT JOINTS.
273
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:34,586
WITHOUT RIVETS, A LOT OF THINGS
MIGHT FALL APART.
274
00:16:37,275 --> 00:16:40,068
WHETHER THE JOB
IS LARGE OR SMALL,
275
00:16:40,068 --> 00:16:42,137
CHANCES ARE
THERE'S A RIVET FOR IT.
276
00:16:42,137 --> 00:16:43,827
AND USING A SPECIAL RIVET TOOL,
277
00:16:43,827 --> 00:16:48,482
IT'S POSSIBLE TO FORM STRONG
ATTACHMENTS QUICKLY AND EASILY.
278
00:16:48,482 --> 00:16:53,586
THE TWO TOGETHER
MAKE A PERFECT MATCH.
279
00:16:53,586 --> 00:16:57,137
THE RIVET TOOL STARTS
WITH A PRECAST ALUMINUM HANDLE.
280
00:16:57,137 --> 00:16:59,758
A TECHNICIAN
INSERTS A STEEL SLEEVE.
281
00:16:59,758 --> 00:17:02,931
IT WILL SERVE AS A CHAMBER
FOR HYDRAULIC FLUID.
282
00:17:02,931 --> 00:17:06,206
THE SPRING FOR
THE TOOL'S TRIGGER IS NEXT.
283
00:17:06,206 --> 00:17:09,137
SHE SCREWS AN ALUMINUM PLATE
TO THE BASE
284
00:17:09,137 --> 00:17:12,517
TO ENCLOSE THE TWO PARTS
AND THE HANDLE.
285
00:17:12,517 --> 00:17:15,137
THIS IS
THE PULLING-HEAD ASSEMBLY.
286
00:17:15,137 --> 00:17:18,241
IT HAS TINY JAWS
TO GRAB THE RIVET STEM.
287
00:17:18,241 --> 00:17:19,655
SHE LUBRICATES IT
288
00:17:19,655 --> 00:17:24,413
AND PRESSES IT INTO THE MAIN
BORE OF THE RIVET TOOL.
289
00:17:24,413 --> 00:17:28,689
SHE INSTALLS A FILL SCREW
IN THE TOP OF THE HANDLE CASTING
290
00:17:28,689 --> 00:17:32,689
FOR TOP-OFFS OF HYDRAULIC FLUID
DURING SERVICING.
291
00:17:32,689 --> 00:17:35,206
BUT THE INITIAL SUPPLY
OF HYDRAULIC FLUID
292
00:17:35,206 --> 00:17:38,068
IS ADDED THROUGH
THE STEEL SLEEVE AT THE BOTTOM.
293
00:17:38,068 --> 00:17:40,758
SHE INSERTS
AN AIR-PISTON ASSEMBLY
294
00:17:40,758 --> 00:17:42,862
INTO THE FLUID-FILLED CHAMBER.
295
00:17:42,862 --> 00:17:45,620
SHE THREADS A SCREW INTO
THE NOSE OF THE RIVET TOOL.
296
00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:48,551
THIS KEEPS THE INTERNAL WORKINGS
IN THE CORRECT POSITION
297
00:17:48,551 --> 00:17:50,310
FOR THE NEXT STEP.
298
00:17:50,310 --> 00:17:53,620
SHE PLACES THE BASE OF THE TOOL
INTO AN AIR CHAMBER,
299
00:17:53,620 --> 00:17:55,206
THEN HOOKS UP AN AIR HOSE
300
00:17:55,206 --> 00:17:57,413
AND SECURES IT
WITH STEEL CLAMPS.
301
00:17:57,413 --> 00:17:59,413
SHE PLUGS THE TOOL
INTO AN AIR SUPPLY
302
00:17:59,413 --> 00:18:00,758
AND PULLS THE TRIGGER.
303
00:18:00,758 --> 00:18:04,379
THE AIR PUTS PRESSURE
ON THE HYDRAULIC FLUID INSIDE
304
00:18:04,379 --> 00:18:07,068
TO ACTIVATE
THE RIVETING MECHANISM.
305
00:18:07,068 --> 00:18:09,310
AND NOW THE TEST --
306
00:18:09,310 --> 00:18:11,896
SHE PLACES A RIVET
IN THE NOSE OF THE TOOL,
307
00:18:11,896 --> 00:18:14,103
THEN INSERTS
THE OTHER END OF THE RIVET
308
00:18:14,103 --> 00:18:15,689
INTO A HOLE ON THE TEST PLATE
309
00:18:15,689 --> 00:18:17,241
AND PRESSES THE TRIGGER.
310
00:18:17,241 --> 00:18:20,379
THE TOOL EFFICIENTLY INSTALLS
THE RIVET IN THE HOLE.
311
00:18:20,379 --> 00:18:25,137
IT'S TIME TO STOCK UP ON RIVETS.
THEY MAKE THEM FROM ROUND WIRE.
312
00:18:25,137 --> 00:18:27,413
A MACHINE
CUTS THE WIRE TO LENGTH
313
00:18:27,413 --> 00:18:29,793
AND THEN PUNCHES IT
INTO A DIE TWICE
314
00:18:29,793 --> 00:18:33,793
TO FORM A RIVET STEM BLANK.
315
00:18:35,724 --> 00:18:38,931
HERE'S THE CUTTING AND FORMING
ACTION IN SLOW MOTION.
316
00:18:44,827 --> 00:18:47,310
THE MACHINE OPERATES IN A BLUR,
317
00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:50,758
PRODUCING 200
RIVET STEM BLANKS A MINUTE.
318
00:18:53,137 --> 00:18:57,103
THE STEM BLANKS MOVE
BETWEEN SERRATED ROLLING DIES.
319
00:18:57,103 --> 00:18:58,551
THE DIES FORM GROOVES
320
00:18:58,551 --> 00:19:01,724
TO ALLOW THE STEM TO BE GRIPPED
BY A RIVET TOOL.
321
00:19:01,724 --> 00:19:05,103
THEY ALSO MAKE RIDGES THAT
WILL SERVE AS A BREAKING POINT
322
00:19:05,103 --> 00:19:06,724
DURING RIVET INSTALLATION.
323
00:19:06,724 --> 00:19:09,172
THIS IS A SLOW-MOTION CLOSE-UP
324
00:19:09,172 --> 00:19:12,551
OF THE SERRATED ROLLING DIES
IN ACTION.
325
00:19:12,551 --> 00:19:18,655
HERE'S THE RIVET STEM
BEFORE AND AFTER FORMING.
326
00:19:18,655 --> 00:19:22,448
THE NEXT MACHINE
CREATES THE RIVET BODY.
327
00:19:22,448 --> 00:19:24,793
IT CUTS WIRE
TO THE CORRECT LENGTH
328
00:19:24,793 --> 00:19:28,896
AND FORCES IT INTO DIES.
329
00:19:28,896 --> 00:19:32,379
IT TAKES FIVE PUNCHES
TO TRANSFORM THE SOLID WIRE
330
00:19:32,379 --> 00:19:34,172
INTO A HOLLOW RIVET BODY.
331
00:19:39,379 --> 00:19:42,827
THESE MACHINES CAN PRODUCE
UP TO 300 PARTS A MINUTE.
332
00:19:45,482 --> 00:19:50,000
NEXT, THE RIVET BODIES GO FOR
A TUMBLE IN A CLEANING SOLUTION
333
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,931
TO REMOVE OILY RESIDUE
LEFT BY THE FORMING.
334
00:19:53,931 --> 00:19:57,724
THE RIVET STEMS ALSO UNDERGO
THIS THOROUGH WASHING.
335
00:19:57,724 --> 00:20:00,862
THE RIVET BODIES
THEN TRAVEL THROUGH A FURNACE.
336
00:20:00,862 --> 00:20:03,931
THE INTENSE HEAT
FOLLOWED BY A GRADUAL COOLING
337
00:20:03,931 --> 00:20:07,827
HARDENS THE METAL TO FREE IT
FROM INTERNAL STRESSES.
338
00:20:07,827 --> 00:20:09,551
AFTER ZINC-PLATING,
339
00:20:09,551 --> 00:20:13,517
THE RIVET BODIES
HEAD TOWARDS THE NEXT STATION.
340
00:20:13,517 --> 00:20:15,862
THE RIVET STEMS
ARE ALSO ON THE MOVE.
341
00:20:15,862 --> 00:20:18,896
THEY TRAVEL THROUGH A CHANNEL
THAT GRADUALLY WIDENS
342
00:20:18,896 --> 00:20:22,827
TO SORT OUT STEMS
THAT ARE TOO BIG OR SMALL.
343
00:20:22,827 --> 00:20:25,931
THE UNDERSIZED STEMS
FALL THROUGH AT THE BEGINNING,
344
00:20:25,931 --> 00:20:28,965
AND OVERSIZED ONES
FALL OFF THE END.
345
00:20:28,965 --> 00:20:32,000
A MAGNET LOADER COLLECTS
THE CORRECTLY SIZED STEMS,
346
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,448
AND REJECTS ARE DISCARDED.
347
00:20:35,448 --> 00:20:38,517
THE RIVET STEMS
CLING TO THE LOADER,
348
00:20:38,517 --> 00:20:41,793
WHICH IS STOPPED AT THE MOMENT.
349
00:20:41,793 --> 00:20:45,448
THE RIVET BODIES
NOW RIDE A CARROUSEL.
350
00:20:45,448 --> 00:20:46,896
IT PAUSES BRIEFLY
351
00:20:46,896 --> 00:20:50,275
TO ALLOW A STEM
TO BE INSERTED INTO A BODY.
352
00:20:50,275 --> 00:20:56,448
THESE ARE SLOW-MOTION SHOTS,
AND BACK IN REAL TIME.
353
00:20:56,448 --> 00:20:59,275
THESE MACHINES WORK FAST.
354
00:20:59,275 --> 00:21:02,724
THEY PUMP OUT
MILLIONS OF RIVETS A DAY.
355
00:21:02,724 --> 00:21:07,448
THE RIVETS ARE NOW READY TO
LEAVE THIS FACTORY FOR ANOTHER,
356
00:21:07,448 --> 00:21:11,413
WHERE THEY COULD BE USED
TO MAKE ALMOST ANYTHING.
357
00:21:22,172 --> 00:21:24,827
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
358
00:21:24,827 --> 00:21:27,482
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
359
00:21:27,482 --> 00:21:29,862
DROP US A LINE AT...
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