All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S18E13.Turntables.and.Steam.Engines.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:51,586 --> 00:00:54,275 Narrator: AS THE MUSIC INDUSTRY WENT DIGITAL, 2 00:00:54,275 --> 00:00:57,379 THE TURNTABLE SEEMED DESTINED FOR THE SCRAP HEAP. 3 00:00:57,379 --> 00:01:01,206 BUT THIS ANALOG TECHNOLOGY DEFIED PREDICTIONS AND SURVIVED. 4 00:01:01,206 --> 00:01:03,413 WITH A SOUND THAT'S ARGUABLY FULLER 5 00:01:03,413 --> 00:01:06,172 AND MORE NATURAL THAN COMPRESSED DIGITAL FORMATS, 6 00:01:06,172 --> 00:01:10,000 THIS RETRO TECHNOLOGY IS ATTRACTING NEW FANS. 7 00:01:13,724 --> 00:01:17,689 IN AN AGE WHEN MEDIA PLAYERS ARE DIGITIZED AND POCKET-SIZED, 8 00:01:17,689 --> 00:01:19,517 THE TURNTABLE PLAYS ON. 9 00:01:21,241 --> 00:01:24,034 THE USE OF HIGH-TECH COMPOSITES LIKE CARBON FIBER 10 00:01:24,034 --> 00:01:26,586 PUTS A MODERN SPIN ON THIS TECHNOLOGY, 11 00:01:26,586 --> 00:01:30,310 BRINGING THE RECORD PLAYER INTO THE 21st CENTURY. 12 00:01:32,724 --> 00:01:36,310 PRODUCTION STARTS WITH A THICK SQUARE OF CAST ACRYLIC. 13 00:01:36,310 --> 00:01:38,310 THE TECHNICIAN DRILLS A HOLE IN THE CENTER. 14 00:01:38,310 --> 00:01:39,931 IT WILL BE A REFERENCE POINT 15 00:01:39,931 --> 00:01:44,620 AS HE TRANSFORMS THIS SQUARE INTO THE TURNTABLE PLATTER. 16 00:01:44,620 --> 00:01:46,413 A COMPUTERIZED TOOL 17 00:01:46,413 --> 00:01:49,103 CUTS A CIRCLE SHAPE OUT OF THE SQUARE. 18 00:01:52,172 --> 00:01:55,241 THE DISC THEN SPINS WHILE ANOTHER COMPUTER-GUIDED TOOL 19 00:01:55,241 --> 00:01:56,551 ENLARGES THE CENTER HOLE 20 00:01:56,551 --> 00:01:59,827 TO SIZE IT FOR THE PLATTER'S MAIN BEARING. 21 00:01:59,827 --> 00:02:03,241 THE NEXT TOOL PRECISELY CUTS THE SURFACE OF THE DISC 22 00:02:03,241 --> 00:02:05,034 TO GIVE IT THE CORRECT ANGLE. 23 00:02:09,275 --> 00:02:12,793 COMPUTERIZED TOOLS TRANSFORM THIS SMALL ALUMINUM DISC 24 00:02:12,793 --> 00:02:15,241 INTO THE COUNTERWEIGHT'S MAIN COMPONENT. 25 00:02:15,241 --> 00:02:17,413 THE COUNTERWEIGHT BALANCES THE TONE ARM 26 00:02:17,413 --> 00:02:20,758 TO KEEP THE STYLUS IN THE GROOVE OF AN L.P. 27 00:02:20,758 --> 00:02:22,241 THEY SLOPE THE SURFACE 28 00:02:22,241 --> 00:02:26,034 AND CUT HOLES FOR ATTACHMENTS AND FOR INSTALLING THE PART. 29 00:02:27,241 --> 00:02:31,000 FINALLY, THEY CUT A TRIANGLE OUT OF THE CIRCLE. 30 00:02:33,275 --> 00:02:37,931 THIS TAKES THE PART TO ITS FINAL SHAPE AND WEIGHT... 31 00:02:37,931 --> 00:02:39,689 FROM A FLAT DISC 32 00:02:39,689 --> 00:02:42,172 TO A PRECISELY CRAFTED COUNTERWEIGHT. 33 00:02:44,655 --> 00:02:48,068 NEXT, THE PLATFORM FOR THE TONE ARM TAKES SHAPE. 34 00:02:48,068 --> 00:02:50,206 IT'S DESIGNED TO CRADLE ALL THE PARTS 35 00:02:50,206 --> 00:02:51,827 AT THE END OF THE TONE ARM, 36 00:02:51,827 --> 00:02:54,965 INCLUDING A CYLINDRICAL HOUSING FOR A SPRING MECHANISM 37 00:02:54,965 --> 00:02:59,206 AND AN EGG-SHAPED HOUSING CONTAINING A BEARING. 38 00:02:59,206 --> 00:03:01,689 A TECHNICIAN NOW ASSEMBLES THE TONE ARM, 39 00:03:01,689 --> 00:03:04,827 BEGINNING WITH A TAPERED TUBE MADE OF CARBON FIBER. 40 00:03:04,827 --> 00:03:07,655 IT'S A HIGH-TECH COMPOSITE THAT'S EXTREMELY STIFF, 41 00:03:07,655 --> 00:03:11,586 SO THERE SHOULD BE NO STRUCTURAL WEAKNESS IN THIS CRUCIAL PART. 42 00:03:11,586 --> 00:03:14,344 THE TECHNICIAN THREADS A PREASSEMBLED WIRING LOOM 43 00:03:14,344 --> 00:03:16,034 THROUGH THE ARM TUBE. 44 00:03:16,034 --> 00:03:19,275 IT'S SPECIAL WIRE FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY TRANSFER. 45 00:03:19,275 --> 00:03:21,620 THESE WIRES HAVE BEEN ENCASED IN COPPER 46 00:03:21,620 --> 00:03:23,551 TO KEEP OUT AMBIENT RADIATION 47 00:03:23,551 --> 00:03:26,724 THAT WOULD INTERFERE WITH THE TONE ARM'S OPERATION. 48 00:03:26,724 --> 00:03:30,448 THE CARBON-FIBER TUBE ALSO ACTS AS A RADIATION SHIELD. 49 00:03:30,448 --> 00:03:33,206 HE MIXES EPOXY RESIN THAT HE THEN DABS AROUND 50 00:03:33,206 --> 00:03:35,206 THE INNER RIM OF THE BEARING HOUSING, 51 00:03:35,206 --> 00:03:38,379 WHICH HAS BY NOW BEEN EQUIPPED WITH THE BEARING. 52 00:03:41,137 --> 00:03:44,068 HE INSERTS THE TONE ARM TUBE INTO THE HOUSING. 53 00:03:48,103 --> 00:03:51,620 THE TUBE ADHERES TO THE GLUE-COATED RIM, 54 00:03:51,620 --> 00:03:53,827 BUT BEFORE IT TOTALLY BONDS, 55 00:03:53,827 --> 00:03:57,137 THE TECHNICIAN SCRUTINIZES THE ALIGNMENT. 56 00:03:57,137 --> 00:03:59,241 HE MAKES ADJUSTMENTS IF NEEDED, 57 00:03:59,241 --> 00:04:00,827 AND THEN HE'LL CLAMP THE ASSEMBLY 58 00:04:00,827 --> 00:04:03,413 TO ALLOW THE GLUE TO CURE. 59 00:04:05,620 --> 00:04:08,275 WITH THE TURNTABLE TONE ARM NOW UPRIGHT, 60 00:04:08,275 --> 00:04:11,068 HE SOLDERS THE WIRES THAT ARE PROTRUDING FROM THE JOINT 61 00:04:11,068 --> 00:04:13,275 TO EXTERNAL WIRING FOR THE AMPLIFIER. 62 00:04:16,827 --> 00:04:19,275 AND ONCE ALL THE CONNECTIONS HAVE BEEN MADE, 63 00:04:19,275 --> 00:04:23,172 HE INSERTS THE WIRES INTO THE METAL JOINT. 64 00:04:24,931 --> 00:04:26,448 ENSCONCED IN THIS JOINT, 65 00:04:26,448 --> 00:04:28,689 THE CONNECTIONS ARE WELL-PROTECTED 66 00:04:28,689 --> 00:04:31,655 AND CAN'T BE PULLED APART. 67 00:04:33,172 --> 00:04:35,068 HE EQUIPS THE MAIN COUNTERWEIGHT COMPONENT 68 00:04:35,068 --> 00:04:39,034 WITH TWO THICK STEEL BEAMS FOR BALANCE. 69 00:04:39,034 --> 00:04:41,206 HE SLIDES THE COUNTERWEIGHT ONTO A THIRD BEAM, 70 00:04:41,206 --> 00:04:44,310 WHICH HAS BEEN INSTALLED IN THE EGG-SHAPED HOUSING. 71 00:04:44,310 --> 00:04:47,724 THIS COMPLETES THE TURNTABLE TONE ARM. 72 00:04:50,586 --> 00:04:55,103 NEXT, THEY ENCASE THE ELECTRIC MOTOR IN ITS METAL HOUSING. 73 00:04:57,793 --> 00:05:00,068 AND THEY BUILD THE RECORD DECK. 74 00:05:00,068 --> 00:05:02,655 THEY MOUNT THE MOTOR TO THE TWO-TIERED DECK, 75 00:05:02,655 --> 00:05:04,827 DESIGNED TO ABSORB ANY VIBRATION. 76 00:05:04,827 --> 00:05:07,379 THE ALUMINUM SUB-CHASSIS IS NEXT. 77 00:05:07,379 --> 00:05:10,275 THEY LINK IT TO THE MOTOR WITH A DRIVE BELT, 78 00:05:10,275 --> 00:05:12,965 THEN THEY GIVE THE BELT-DRIVE SYSTEM A TEST SPIN 79 00:05:12,965 --> 00:05:14,724 TO CONFIRM THAT IT RUNS SMOOTHLY. 80 00:05:16,379 --> 00:05:18,517 THEY NOW INSTALL THE ACRYLIC PLATTER, 81 00:05:18,517 --> 00:05:20,931 FELT MAT, AND TONE ARM. 82 00:05:20,931 --> 00:05:23,448 WITH THIS TURNTABLE NOW FULLY ASSEMBLED, 83 00:05:23,448 --> 00:05:26,137 IT'S TIME FOR THE VINYL TEST. 84 00:05:26,137 --> 00:05:27,724 THE RECORD SPINS, 85 00:05:27,724 --> 00:05:30,620 AND THE STYLUS TRACES THE GROOVES. 86 00:05:30,620 --> 00:05:34,620 THE ANALOG SOUND FILLS THE ROOM... 87 00:05:34,620 --> 00:05:39,034 PROVING THIS TECHNOLOGY STANDS THE TEST OF TIME. 88 00:05:50,551 --> 00:05:52,586 Narrator: THE FIRST MODERN STEAM ENGINE 89 00:05:52,586 --> 00:05:55,413 WAS INVENTED IN ENGLAND IN THE EARLY 1700s, 90 00:05:55,413 --> 00:05:57,827 HELPING LAUNCH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 91 00:05:57,827 --> 00:06:00,793 TODAY THERE'S A RETURN TO STEAM POWER. 92 00:06:00,793 --> 00:06:02,517 DUE TO ITS DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION 93 00:06:02,517 --> 00:06:03,965 AND COMBUSTION PROCESS, 94 00:06:03,965 --> 00:06:06,310 A STEAM ENGINE PRODUCES LESS POLLUTION 95 00:06:06,310 --> 00:06:10,862 THAN A REGULAR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE. 96 00:06:10,862 --> 00:06:12,758 THIS STEAM ENGINE BURNS FUEL 97 00:06:12,758 --> 00:06:15,344 IN AN EXTERNAL COMBUSTION CHAMBER. 98 00:06:15,344 --> 00:06:18,620 THE RESULTING HEAT TURNS WATER INTO PRESSURIZED STEAM 99 00:06:18,620 --> 00:06:21,103 THAT ENTERS THE CYLINDERS, PUSHING PISTONS, 100 00:06:21,103 --> 00:06:24,517 TURNING A CRANKSHAFT THAT POWERS THE DRIVE TRAIN. 101 00:06:24,517 --> 00:06:27,551 BECAUSE THIS ENGINE DOESN'T BURN FUEL INSIDE THE CYLINDERS 102 00:06:27,551 --> 00:06:29,758 LIKE A TRADITIONAL CAR ENGINE, 103 00:06:29,758 --> 00:06:32,586 IT CAN RUN ON ANY TYPE OR MIXTURE OF FUELS 104 00:06:32,586 --> 00:06:35,137 WITH FEWER EMISSIONS. 105 00:06:35,137 --> 00:06:38,241 THE CIRCULAR ENGINE BLOCK IS MADE OF ALUMINUM. 106 00:06:38,241 --> 00:06:40,068 TECHNICIANS INSTALL STUDS 107 00:06:40,068 --> 00:06:43,241 TO HOLD SIX STAINLESS-STEEL CYLINDERS. 108 00:06:43,241 --> 00:06:45,689 DUE TO THE CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO STEAM, 109 00:06:45,689 --> 00:06:49,655 ALL ENGINE PARTS ARE MADE OF RUSTPROOF MATERIALS. 110 00:06:49,655 --> 00:06:53,172 THE TECHNICIANS INSERT A PISTON INTO EACH CYLINDER. 111 00:06:53,172 --> 00:06:54,413 THE PISTON IS ALUMINUM 112 00:06:54,413 --> 00:06:57,137 WITH A HEAT-RESISTANT CARBON CAP AND GLIDER 113 00:06:57,137 --> 00:06:59,862 TO ISOLATE IT FROM THE CYLINDER WALL. 114 00:06:59,862 --> 00:07:03,413 THEY CONNECT THE PISTON RODS TO THE CRANKSHAFT IN THE CENTER 115 00:07:03,413 --> 00:07:05,275 WITH A SPECIALLY DESIGNED COMPONENT 116 00:07:05,275 --> 00:07:06,862 CALLED A SPIDER BEARING. 117 00:07:06,862 --> 00:07:10,172 THIS BEARING IS DESIGNED TO MODIFY THE PISTON STROKE, 118 00:07:10,172 --> 00:07:13,206 PRODUCING A SMOOTHER ROTATION OF THE CRANKSHAFT 119 00:07:13,206 --> 00:07:15,413 AND MORE POWER TO THE ENGINE. 120 00:07:15,413 --> 00:07:19,068 UNLIKE A TRADITIONAL CAR ENGINE, WITH CYLINDERS ARRANGED IN LINE, 121 00:07:19,068 --> 00:07:21,689 THESE CYLINDERS ARE IN A RADIAL CONFIGURATION 122 00:07:21,689 --> 00:07:24,448 AND THEREFORE EQUIDISTANT FROM THE CENTER. 123 00:07:24,448 --> 00:07:28,344 THIS PREVENTS THE ENGINE FROM WARPING UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURES. 124 00:07:28,344 --> 00:07:31,413 THEY PLACE A COUNTERBALANCE OVER THEIR SPIDER BEARING 125 00:07:31,413 --> 00:07:34,275 TO FURTHER SMOOTH THE MOTION OF THE CRANKSHAFT. 126 00:07:34,275 --> 00:07:37,827 NOW THEY INSTALL A PUSHROD OVER EACH CYLINDER. 127 00:07:37,827 --> 00:07:39,413 IT OPERATES A VALVE, 128 00:07:39,413 --> 00:07:43,206 WHICH LETS STEAM ENTER THE CYLINDER AND MOVE THE PISTON. 129 00:07:43,206 --> 00:07:48,413 THEY INSERT THE BASE OF EACH PUSHROD INTO A GUIDE RING... 130 00:07:48,413 --> 00:07:51,206 THEN ATTACH THE CYLINDER HEADS, 131 00:07:51,206 --> 00:07:53,724 EACH OF WHICH HOUSES A STEAM-ENTRY VALVE. 132 00:07:53,724 --> 00:07:57,000 THEY INSERT THE PUSHROD INTO THE VALVE. 133 00:08:01,241 --> 00:08:03,241 THEN, TO COMPLETE THE ENGINE ASSEMBLY, 134 00:08:03,241 --> 00:08:04,620 THEY INSTALL THE CAM, 135 00:08:04,620 --> 00:08:08,482 WHICH PUSHES THE PUSHRODS AS THE SHAFT SPINS. 136 00:08:08,482 --> 00:08:11,310 THE FACTORY HOOKS UP EVERY COMPLETED ENGINE 137 00:08:11,310 --> 00:08:14,655 FOR A COUPLE OF ROUNDS OF PERFORMANCE TESTING. 138 00:08:14,655 --> 00:08:16,965 FIRST, A TRIAL RUN USING AIR PRESSURE 139 00:08:16,965 --> 00:08:18,448 TO CHECK FOR LEAKS 140 00:08:18,448 --> 00:08:21,655 AND TO VERIFY THAT ALL COMPONENTS OPERATE CORRECTLY. 141 00:08:21,655 --> 00:08:23,241 IF EVERYTHING'S FINE, 142 00:08:23,241 --> 00:08:25,965 THEN THEY REPEAT THE PROCESS WITH STEAM PRESSURE. 143 00:08:28,413 --> 00:08:31,517 THIS TYPE OF STEAM ENGINE CAN POWER MANY TYPES OF MACHINES, 144 00:08:31,517 --> 00:08:34,000 FROM CARS, TRUCKS, AND BOATS, 145 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:36,551 TO ELECTRIC GENERATORS AS WE SEE HERE. 146 00:08:36,551 --> 00:08:39,689 IN A VEHICLE, IT DOESN'T REQUIRE A TRANSMISSION 147 00:08:39,689 --> 00:08:43,758 BECAUSE IT PRODUCES SO MUCH ROTATIONAL POWER. 148 00:08:43,758 --> 00:08:45,931 NOW FOR THE HEAT EXCHANGER, 149 00:08:45,931 --> 00:08:50,275 THE COMPONENT WHICH TURNS WATER INTO ENGINE-POWERING STEAM. 150 00:08:50,275 --> 00:08:52,344 TECHNICIANS USE A MOTORIZED WHEEL 151 00:08:52,344 --> 00:08:54,689 TO WIND 20 FEET OF STAINLESS-STEEL TUBING 152 00:08:54,689 --> 00:08:56,517 INTO A COIL. 153 00:08:58,551 --> 00:09:00,931 THEY BIND THE COIL WITH STEEL THREAD, 154 00:09:00,931 --> 00:09:02,862 PUTTING A STITCH IN BETWEEN EACH TUBE 155 00:09:02,862 --> 00:09:05,379 TO CREATE A MINUTE GAP. 156 00:09:05,379 --> 00:09:08,551 THAT WAY, WHEN FUEL BURNS IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, 157 00:09:08,551 --> 00:09:11,517 THE HEAT CAN TRAVEL OVER AND IN BETWEEN THE TUBES, 158 00:09:11,517 --> 00:09:14,724 HEATING THE WATER INSIDE FASTER AND MORE EFFICIENTLY 159 00:09:14,724 --> 00:09:16,103 THAN IF THE HEAT WOULD CONTACT 160 00:09:16,103 --> 00:09:19,344 ONLY THE COILS' TOP AND BOTTOM SURFACES. 161 00:09:19,344 --> 00:09:25,000 THE RESULT -- SUPERHEATED STEAM IN JUST FIVE SECONDS. 162 00:09:29,586 --> 00:09:32,000 THEY STACK SIX OF THESE COILS, 163 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:34,206 ONE TO FEED STEAM TO EACH CYLINDER. 164 00:09:34,206 --> 00:09:35,689 THIS NEST OF TUBES 165 00:09:35,689 --> 00:09:38,896 FORM THE ENGINE'S PRIMARY HEAT EXCHANGER. 166 00:09:38,896 --> 00:09:41,827 THEY TEST IT USING ANY NUMBER OF FUELS, 167 00:09:41,827 --> 00:09:45,862 EVEN WASTE FUELS WHICH WOULD OTHERWISE BE DISCARDED, 168 00:09:45,862 --> 00:09:47,551 SUCH AS USED MOTOR OIL 169 00:09:47,551 --> 00:09:51,206 AND USED VEGETABLE OIL FROM RESTAURANT FRYERS. 170 00:09:51,206 --> 00:09:55,172 VIRTUALLY ANYTHING THAT BURNS WILL DO THE JOB. 171 00:09:55,172 --> 00:09:57,241 THE FUEL COMBUSTS AT LOW PRESSURE, 172 00:09:57,241 --> 00:10:00,620 NOT AT HIGH PRESSURE AS IN A GAS OR DIESEL ENGINE. 173 00:10:00,620 --> 00:10:03,275 THAT MEANS BURNING FOSSIL FUELS TO MAKE STEAM 174 00:10:03,275 --> 00:10:06,034 PRODUCES FAR FEWER GREENHOUSE GASES, 175 00:10:06,034 --> 00:10:08,862 AND MOST HYDROCARBONS BURN OFF COMPLETELY 176 00:10:08,862 --> 00:10:11,172 WITHIN THE SEALED COMBUSTION CHAMBER. 177 00:10:11,172 --> 00:10:14,310 YOU NEVER HAVE TO REFILL OR TOP OFF THE WATER 178 00:10:14,310 --> 00:10:17,379 BECAUSE A CONDENSER COOLS THE STEAM BACK INTO WATER, 179 00:10:17,379 --> 00:10:19,793 WHICH THEN RECIRCULATES. 180 00:10:19,793 --> 00:10:22,068 WATER IS NOT ONLY THE WORKING FLUID -- 181 00:10:22,068 --> 00:10:24,965 IT ALSO ACTS AS THE ENGINE LUBRICANT, 182 00:10:24,965 --> 00:10:27,551 SO THE STEAM ENGINE DOESN'T REQUIRE MOTOR OIL. 183 00:10:29,689 --> 00:10:31,448 BESIDES FUEL COMBUSTION, 184 00:10:31,448 --> 00:10:34,551 THIS MODERN STEAM ENGINE CAN RUN OFF OTHER HEAT SOURCES, 185 00:10:34,551 --> 00:10:35,689 SUCH AS SOLAR HEAT 186 00:10:35,689 --> 00:10:38,827 AND EXHAUST HEAT FROM FURNACES OR ENGINES. 187 00:10:50,482 --> 00:10:53,034 Narrator: THERE WAS A TIME WHEN THE PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT 188 00:10:53,034 --> 00:10:56,068 IN THE LOCAL PARK OR SCHOOLYARD WAS PRETTY BASIC STUFF -- 189 00:10:56,068 --> 00:10:59,620 A SET OF SWINGS, A SLIDE, MAYBE A SEE-SAW OR TWO. 190 00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:01,172 TODAY'S PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT 191 00:11:01,172 --> 00:11:04,068 IS FAR MORE VARIED, IMAGINATIVE, AND COLORFUL, 192 00:11:04,068 --> 00:11:06,862 DESIGNED TO STIMULATE CHILDREN'S MINDS 193 00:11:06,862 --> 00:11:09,793 AS WELL AS EXERCISE THEIR BODIES. 194 00:11:12,379 --> 00:11:15,275 SLIDE DOWN, CLIMB ON, WRIGGLE THROUGH. 195 00:11:15,275 --> 00:11:17,482 THERE'S NO END TO HOW KIDS CAN FROLIC 196 00:11:17,482 --> 00:11:19,034 ON MODULAR PLAY STRUCTURES 197 00:11:19,034 --> 00:11:21,724 OR ON THIS BUBBLE-BELLY DINOSAUR. 198 00:11:25,241 --> 00:11:27,689 TO MAKE THE DINOSAUR'S NECK AND LEGS, 199 00:11:27,689 --> 00:11:29,034 AN AUTOMATED BAND SAW 200 00:11:29,034 --> 00:11:32,620 CUTS LONG STEEL TUBES TO SPECIFIC LENGTHS. 201 00:11:38,137 --> 00:11:41,310 THE TUBE FOR THE NECK IS 5 1/2 FEET LONG. 202 00:11:41,310 --> 00:11:44,344 WORKERS CURVE IT IN A BENDING PRESS. 203 00:11:44,344 --> 00:11:46,379 A LEVEL HELPS THEM GET IT JUST RIGHT. 204 00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:54,275 NEXT, THEY WELD ON TWO STEEL PLATES. 205 00:11:54,275 --> 00:11:58,793 THESE WILL SUPPORT PLASTIC SEATS ON WHICH KIDDIES CAN SIT. 206 00:11:58,793 --> 00:12:00,482 WORKERS ALSO WELD ON BARS 207 00:12:00,482 --> 00:12:03,586 FOR ATTACHING THE NECK TO THE BODY. 208 00:12:03,586 --> 00:12:06,206 THEY WELD ANCHORING TABS AND SUPPORTING BARS 209 00:12:06,206 --> 00:12:09,275 TO THE FOUR STEEL-TUBE LEGS. 210 00:12:09,275 --> 00:12:11,862 WORKERS SANDBLAST THE LEGS AND NECK 211 00:12:11,862 --> 00:12:13,931 WITH STAINLESS-STEEL GRIT. 212 00:12:13,931 --> 00:12:16,068 THE SANDBLASTING GUN SHOOTS THE GRIT 213 00:12:16,068 --> 00:12:19,068 AT A SPEED OF 435 MILES AN HOUR. 214 00:12:19,068 --> 00:12:22,793 THIS ROUGHENS THE SURFACE, ENABLING PAINT TO BETTER ADHERE. 215 00:12:24,689 --> 00:12:27,551 AFTER APPLYING AN UNDERCOAT OF GRAY PRIMER, 216 00:12:27,551 --> 00:12:30,655 WORKERS SPRAY ON A COAT OF PLASTIC-BASED PAINT. 217 00:12:30,655 --> 00:12:35,000 THE PAINT IS THEN BAKED ON, WHICH MAXIMIZES ITS DURABILITY. 218 00:12:37,344 --> 00:12:40,275 MEANWHILE, A COMPUTER-GUIDED ENGRAVING MACHINE 219 00:12:40,275 --> 00:12:43,310 CARVES AN EDUCATIONAL DESIGN INTO A PANEL 220 00:12:43,310 --> 00:12:46,517 MADE OF TRIPLE-LAYERED POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC. 221 00:12:46,517 --> 00:12:50,103 PANELS LIKE THIS BLOCK THE OPEN SIDES OF PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT, 222 00:12:50,103 --> 00:12:52,896 PREVENTING CHILDREN FROM FALLING THROUGH. 223 00:12:56,344 --> 00:12:59,206 TO CONSTRUCT THE DINOSAUR'S BUBBLE-SHAPED BODY, 224 00:12:59,206 --> 00:13:00,620 WORKERS BOLT TOGETHER 225 00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:05,482 TWO HALF-SPHERES MADE OF MOLDED POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC. 226 00:13:05,482 --> 00:13:09,517 THEY POSITION THE BUBBLE BODY ON THE LEGS... 227 00:13:15,034 --> 00:13:17,206 ...THEN BOLT THEM TOGETHER FROM THE INSIDE. 228 00:13:17,206 --> 00:13:19,896 THEY BOLT THE NECK TO THE BODY. 229 00:13:19,896 --> 00:13:21,482 THE NECK HAS SINCE BEEN OUTFITTED 230 00:13:21,482 --> 00:13:24,931 WITH PLASTIC SEATS AND THE DINO'S PLASTIC HEAD. 231 00:13:24,931 --> 00:13:26,724 THEY FINISH OFF THE DINOSAUR 232 00:13:26,724 --> 00:13:30,137 WITH A METAL LABEL BEARING PRODUCT INFORMATION. 233 00:13:30,137 --> 00:13:32,931 THIS FACTORY PRODUCES SEVERAL COMPONENTS 234 00:13:32,931 --> 00:13:34,827 FOR ITS MODULAR PLAY STRUCTURES, 235 00:13:34,827 --> 00:13:38,586 SUCH AS A CLIMBING NET MADE OF GALVANIZED STEEL CABLE. 236 00:13:38,586 --> 00:13:41,172 THE HARD CABLE IS PADDED IN POLYURETHANE. 237 00:13:41,172 --> 00:13:43,103 WORKERS USE HYDRAULIC SCISSORS 238 00:13:43,103 --> 00:13:45,241 TO CUT THE REQUIRED LENGTHS OF CABLE... 239 00:13:45,241 --> 00:13:46,620 THEN A CABLE STRIPPER 240 00:13:46,620 --> 00:13:49,655 TO SLICE OFF A LITTLE MORE THAN AN INCH OF POLYURETHANE 241 00:13:49,655 --> 00:13:52,655 FROM THE ENDS OF CERTAIN CABLES. 242 00:13:52,655 --> 00:13:54,827 WORKERS THEN CAP EACH EXPOSED END 243 00:13:54,827 --> 00:13:56,172 WITH A SLEEVED ALUMINUM RING. 244 00:13:56,172 --> 00:13:59,758 THEY CRIMP THE SLEEVE WITH A 44-TON PRESS. 245 00:13:59,758 --> 00:14:01,413 THE RINGS WILL BE BOLTED 246 00:14:01,413 --> 00:14:04,068 TO THE PLAY STRUCTURE'S FRAME AND ANCHORING SYSTEM. 247 00:14:06,551 --> 00:14:09,896 FINALLY, WORKERS ASSEMBLE THE CABLES INTO A GRID, 248 00:14:09,896 --> 00:14:13,000 LOCKING EACH INTERSECTION WITH A PLASTIC CONNECTOR. 249 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:16,103 TO ENSURE THEY WON'T RUST FROM EXPOSURE TO THE ELEMENTS, 250 00:14:16,103 --> 00:14:18,724 THE CONNECTORS' CENTRAL SCREW AND CORNER RIVETS 251 00:14:18,724 --> 00:14:20,620 ARE MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL. 252 00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:24,655 ON THE MODULAR PLAY STRUCTURE, THE CHILDREN WALK ON A PLATFORM. 253 00:14:24,655 --> 00:14:27,068 IT'S CONSTRUCTED FROM THICK STEEL SHEETS, 254 00:14:27,068 --> 00:14:30,448 PERFORATED BY A ROBOTIC LASER CUTTER. 255 00:14:30,448 --> 00:14:32,448 AFTER BENDING THE SHEET IN A PRESS 256 00:14:32,448 --> 00:14:33,896 TO THE REQUIRED SHAPE -- 257 00:14:33,896 --> 00:14:36,344 THIS IS THE CORNER SECTION OF THE PLATFORM -- 258 00:14:36,344 --> 00:14:38,965 WORKERS HEAT IT IN AN OVEN... 259 00:14:38,965 --> 00:14:42,000 THEN SUBMERGE IT IN A VAT OF POLYVINYL, 260 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,448 WHICH INSTANTLY ADHERES TO THE HOT METAL. 261 00:14:48,793 --> 00:14:53,172 THEY BUILD UP A GOOD COAT -- ABOUT A 10th OF AN INCH THICK -- 262 00:14:55,896 --> 00:14:58,655 THEN LET THE EXCESS DRIP OFF. 263 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:08,482 THEY BLAST THE ENTIRE PIECE WITH AN AIRGUN. 264 00:15:08,482 --> 00:15:09,724 THIS CLEARS THE HOLES 265 00:15:09,724 --> 00:15:12,206 AND PRODUCES A TEXTURED, ANTI-SLIP SURFACE. 266 00:15:16,620 --> 00:15:19,482 SINCE PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT REMAINS OUTDOORS, 267 00:15:19,482 --> 00:15:22,000 ALL THE PAINTS AND PLASTICS ARE U.V.-TREATED 268 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:23,965 TO RESIST FADING. 269 00:15:25,310 --> 00:15:28,137 BESIDES BEING DURABLE, THE EQUIPMENT IS DESIGNED 270 00:15:28,137 --> 00:15:30,655 TO MEET ALL REQUIRED SAFETY STANDARDS 271 00:15:30,655 --> 00:15:33,034 SO THAT PARENTS CAN HAVE PEACE OF MIND 272 00:15:33,034 --> 00:15:35,000 WHILE THEIR CHILDREN HAVE FUN. 273 00:15:50,517 --> 00:15:52,931 Narrator: FOOD JUST SLIDES OFF NONSTICK COOKWARE'S 274 00:15:52,931 --> 00:15:55,344 REMARKABLY SLIPPERY SURFACE. 275 00:15:55,344 --> 00:15:58,034 IN 1938, AN AMERICAN CHEMIST 276 00:15:58,034 --> 00:16:00,551 WAS EXPERIMENTING WITH REFRIGERATION GASES. 277 00:16:00,551 --> 00:16:02,482 A WAXY SUBSTANCE FORMED. 278 00:16:02,482 --> 00:16:04,965 YEARS LATER, WHEN BONDED TO COOKWARE, 279 00:16:04,965 --> 00:16:07,379 IT GAINED A NONSTICK REPUTATION. 280 00:16:10,655 --> 00:16:12,275 WHEN IT'S TIME TO FRY, 281 00:16:12,275 --> 00:16:15,620 USING A NONSTICK PAN AVERTS A MESSY SITUATION. 282 00:16:15,620 --> 00:16:17,000 THE NONSTICK COATING 283 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:19,965 IS ONE OF THE SLIPPERIEST SOLID MATERIALS ON EARTH. 284 00:16:19,965 --> 00:16:22,517 CALLED POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 285 00:16:22,517 --> 00:16:26,482 THE NAME IS A BIT OF A MOUTHFUL, BUT THE APPEAL IS SIMPLE. 286 00:16:26,482 --> 00:16:30,034 FOOD WON'T GET STUCK ON THIS NONSTICK SURFACE. 287 00:16:30,034 --> 00:16:34,517 TO MAKE THE ALUMINUM PAN, THEY USE 70% RAW MATERIAL 288 00:16:34,517 --> 00:16:38,620 AND 30% LEFTOVERS FROM PRIOR PRODUCTION OF POTS AND PANS. 289 00:16:38,620 --> 00:16:40,413 THEY FIRE IT TO A MOLTEN STATE 290 00:16:40,413 --> 00:16:42,551 AND FILTER IT TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS. 291 00:16:42,551 --> 00:16:46,793 THE LIQUID ALUMINUM FLOWS INTO VERTICAL RECTANGULAR MOLDS. 292 00:16:46,793 --> 00:16:48,965 A JACKET OF WATER AROUND THE MOLDS 293 00:16:48,965 --> 00:16:52,724 COOLS THE ALUMINUM TO TAKE IT FROM A LIQUID TO A SOLID. 294 00:16:52,724 --> 00:16:55,586 A CRANE EXTRACTS THE CAST SLABS. 295 00:16:55,586 --> 00:16:57,689 THEY'RE HEADING TO A HEATING CHAMBER 296 00:16:57,689 --> 00:16:59,379 TO SOFTEN THE SLABS. 297 00:16:59,379 --> 00:17:02,724 THIS WILL ALLOW THE METAL TO BE SHAPED AND FORMED. 298 00:17:02,724 --> 00:17:06,862 A SAW SLICES THE SLABS IN TWO AND TRIMS THE ENDS. 299 00:17:06,862 --> 00:17:09,206 MORE BLADES SCRAPE THE TOP AND BOTTOM 300 00:17:09,206 --> 00:17:11,068 TO REMOVE IMPURITIES. 301 00:17:11,068 --> 00:17:14,000 A CONVEYOR REPEATEDLY FEEDS THE SHORTER SLABS 302 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,551 TO HEATED ROLLERS. 303 00:17:15,551 --> 00:17:17,655 GUIDES AT THE SIDE MAINTAIN THE WIDTH, 304 00:17:17,655 --> 00:17:19,862 WHILE THE ROLLERS COMPRESS THE ALUMINUM, 305 00:17:19,862 --> 00:17:24,103 TAKING THE THICKNESS DOWN TO ABOUT .2 OF AN INCH. 306 00:17:24,103 --> 00:17:27,620 THE ROLLING ALSO ELONGATES THE SLAB SUBSTANTIALLY. 307 00:17:27,620 --> 00:17:30,241 IT STARTS OUT AT 6 1/2 FEET LONG, 308 00:17:30,241 --> 00:17:32,103 AND AFTER A FEW MINUTES OF ROLLING, 309 00:17:32,103 --> 00:17:35,551 IT'S BEEN STRETCHED TO WELL OVER 100 YARDS. 310 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:38,448 PIZZA-CUTTER-STYLE BLADES 311 00:17:38,448 --> 00:17:41,758 TRIM THE EDGES OF THE ALUMINUM SHEET. 312 00:17:41,758 --> 00:17:45,724 ANOTHER ROLLER WINDS THE ALUMINUM INTO A BIG COIL. 313 00:17:48,827 --> 00:17:50,206 THEY THEN UNWIND IT 314 00:17:50,206 --> 00:17:53,310 AND SQUEEZE THE ALUMINUM TO FLATTEN IT. 315 00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:56,482 MACHINERY NOW PULLS THE LONG ALUMINUM SHEET FORWARD 316 00:17:56,482 --> 00:17:59,827 TO A 132-TON PUNCH PRESS. 317 00:17:59,827 --> 00:18:02,172 THIS POWERFUL PRESS FORCES THE METAL 318 00:18:02,172 --> 00:18:04,103 AROUND A FRYING-PAN-SHAPED DIE 319 00:18:04,103 --> 00:18:06,586 AND THEN PUNCHES OUT THE SHAPE. 320 00:18:06,586 --> 00:18:08,758 THE FRESHLY FORMED ALUMINUM FRYING PAN 321 00:18:08,758 --> 00:18:11,482 FALLS ONTO A CONVEYOR BELOW. 322 00:18:11,482 --> 00:18:15,034 THE LEFTOVER ALUMINUM WILL BE USED TO MAKE NEW FRYING PANS. 323 00:18:15,034 --> 00:18:18,448 THE PANS NOW RIDE A CONVEYOR THROUGH A WASHING STATION, 324 00:18:18,448 --> 00:18:22,310 WHERE THEY'RE CLEANED AND THEN TREATED WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE. 325 00:18:22,310 --> 00:18:24,275 THIS OPENS THE PORES OF THE METAL 326 00:18:24,275 --> 00:18:27,551 TO ALLOW AN ENAMEL COATING TO STICK TO THE OUTSIDE 327 00:18:27,551 --> 00:18:31,620 AND THE NONSTICK FINISH TO ADHERE TO THE INSIDE. 328 00:18:31,620 --> 00:18:33,310 A WORKER INSPECTS THE PANS 329 00:18:33,310 --> 00:18:36,517 AND PLACES THEM UPSIDE-DOWN ON SPRAY FIXTURES. 330 00:18:36,517 --> 00:18:38,689 IT'S A TIGHT FIT TO SHIELD THE INSIDE 331 00:18:38,689 --> 00:18:42,034 FROM THE ENAMEL SPRAY THAT COMES NEXT. 332 00:18:42,034 --> 00:18:45,034 THE PANS SPIN ON THE FIXTURES AND TWIRL BY THE SPRAY NOZZLES 333 00:18:45,034 --> 00:18:47,137 FOR AN EVEN APPLICATION OF ENAMEL 334 00:18:47,137 --> 00:18:48,758 TO THE EXTERIOR OF THE PANS. 335 00:18:48,758 --> 00:18:52,448 A CLEAR, GLOSSY COAT FOLLOWS. 336 00:18:52,448 --> 00:18:55,448 THE FRYING PANS TRANSFER TO A DRYER CONVEYOR. 337 00:18:55,448 --> 00:18:58,379 THE HOT AIR PULLS OUT WATER FROM THE ENAMEL COATING, 338 00:18:58,379 --> 00:19:03,034 AND THE COLOR GOES FROM GRAY TO CHALKY WHITE. 339 00:19:03,034 --> 00:19:04,620 AN AUTOMATED SQUEEGEE 340 00:19:04,620 --> 00:19:07,551 SILK-SCREENS THE COMPANY'S NAME AND OTHER INFORMATION 341 00:19:07,551 --> 00:19:10,241 ONTO THE PAN BOTTOMS. 342 00:19:11,068 --> 00:19:13,034 THEY NOW ENTER A LONG CURING OVEN 343 00:19:13,034 --> 00:19:16,448 HEATED TO 1,040 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 344 00:19:16,448 --> 00:19:18,793 THE CURE TOUGHENS THE ENAMEL, 345 00:19:18,793 --> 00:19:21,206 DEEPENS THE COLOR SO IT TURNS GRAY AGAIN, 346 00:19:21,206 --> 00:19:23,344 AND IT ADDS GLOSS. 347 00:19:23,344 --> 00:19:26,103 A SUCTIONING DEVICE PICKS UP THE PAN 348 00:19:26,103 --> 00:19:28,931 AND TURNS IT AROUND FOR THE INSIDE COATINGS. 349 00:19:28,931 --> 00:19:31,241 A SPRAYER APPLIES A SPECIAL PRIMER 350 00:19:31,241 --> 00:19:34,310 THAT WILL MAKE THE NONSTICK COATING ADHERE TO THE PAN. 351 00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:36,620 IT THEN APPLIES THE NONSTICK COATING. 352 00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:38,620 THE PANS RECEIVE TWO LAYERS 353 00:19:38,620 --> 00:19:41,448 OF THIS NONSTICK SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCE. 354 00:19:41,448 --> 00:19:43,551 THE SUCTIONING DEVICE RELEASES THE PAN, 355 00:19:43,551 --> 00:19:46,172 AND IT LANDS UPSIDE DOWN. 356 00:19:46,172 --> 00:19:48,827 THEN THE PANS JOURNEY THROUGH THE OVEN AGAIN 357 00:19:48,827 --> 00:19:50,689 TO CURE THE NONSTICK FINISH 358 00:19:50,689 --> 00:19:53,689 AT AROUND 800 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 359 00:19:53,689 --> 00:19:55,965 ON EXIT, WATER RAINS DOWN 360 00:19:55,965 --> 00:19:59,344 TO COOL THE PANS AND RINSE OFF ANY CONTAMINANTS. 361 00:19:59,344 --> 00:20:01,724 THEN THEY GO THROUGH AN INFRARED-LIGHT CHAMBER 362 00:20:01,724 --> 00:20:03,517 TO DRY OFF. 363 00:20:03,517 --> 00:20:07,758 FROM A PLAIN SHELL TO A PAN WITH AN ENAMEL FINISH ON THE OUTSIDE 364 00:20:07,758 --> 00:20:10,310 AND A NONSTICK COATING ON THE INSIDE, 365 00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:13,413 THE TRANSFORMATION HAS TAKEN JUST ONE HOUR. 366 00:20:13,413 --> 00:20:15,413 A WORKER NOW AIMS A LASER 367 00:20:15,413 --> 00:20:17,551 AND ALIGNS IT WITH LETTERING ON THE BOTTOM, 368 00:20:17,551 --> 00:20:20,344 ALLOWING HIM TO PUNCH HOLES IN A PRECISE LOCATION 369 00:20:20,344 --> 00:20:22,724 ON THE SIDE OF THE PAN. 370 00:20:22,724 --> 00:20:24,689 HE SLIDES PINS INTO THE HOLES 371 00:20:24,689 --> 00:20:27,931 AND SLOTS THEM THROUGH HOLES IN THE HANDLE FITTING. 372 00:20:27,931 --> 00:20:30,172 USING A RAM, HE FLATTENS THE PINS 373 00:20:30,172 --> 00:20:33,620 TO RIVET THE HANDLE TO THE PAN. 374 00:20:33,620 --> 00:20:38,655 NOW, NO MATTER WHAT'S COOKING, CLEANUP SHOULD GO SMOOTHLY. 375 00:20:51,689 --> 00:20:54,206 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 376 00:20:54,206 --> 00:20:56,655 OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 377 00:20:56,655 --> 00:20:58,655 DROP US A LINE AT... 378 00:20:59,758 --> 00:21:02,827 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 379 00:21:02,827 --> 00:21:05,793 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 30299

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