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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator: WHILE THE PILL BOTTLE
ISN'T YET PASSé,
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00:00:53,931 --> 00:00:57,517
WE'RE SEEING MANY MEDICATIONS
BEING SOLD IN BLISTER PACKS --
5
00:00:57,517 --> 00:01:00,862
THOSE CARDS ON WHICH
EACH PILL IS LINED UP IN A ROW
6
00:01:00,862 --> 00:01:02,758
AND ENCASED
IN A PACKAGING BUBBLE.
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00:01:02,758 --> 00:01:05,275
TO TAKE YOUR MEDICATION,
YOU SIMPLY PRESS THE BLISTER
8
00:01:05,275 --> 00:01:08,793
AND PUSH OUT THE PILL
THROUGH THE BREAKABLE BACKING.
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00:01:12,482 --> 00:01:14,896
BLISTER PACKAGING
PREVENTS MOISTURE AND AIR
10
00:01:14,896 --> 00:01:17,137
FROM COMING INTO CONTACT
WITH THE MEDICINE.
11
00:01:17,137 --> 00:01:19,724
THE PACKAGE
IS COMPRISED OF TWO LAYERS --
12
00:01:19,724 --> 00:01:22,482
TYPICALLY, AN ALUMINUM FOIL
SHEET CALLED THE LIDDING
13
00:01:22,482 --> 00:01:26,827
AND A PVC PLASTIC SHEET
WITH ROWS OF BLISTERS.
14
00:01:26,827 --> 00:01:29,724
ONCE THE MANUFACTURER DESIGNS
THE PACKAGING FORMAT,
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00:01:29,724 --> 00:01:31,310
THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
16
00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,758
TAILOR-MAKES THE TOOLS
TO PRODUCE IT.
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00:01:33,758 --> 00:01:36,103
THIS COMPUTER-GUIDED MILL
CREATES THE DIE
18
00:01:36,103 --> 00:01:39,379
THAT WILL FORM THE BLISTERS
IN THE PVC SHEET.
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00:01:41,413 --> 00:01:44,793
THEY MOUNT THE DIE ON A MACHINE
CALLED A THERMOFORMER.
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00:01:44,793 --> 00:01:47,379
AS THE PVC SHEET
ENTERS THE MACHINE,
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00:01:47,379 --> 00:01:50,758
AN OVEN HEATS IT UP,
MAKING IT SOFT AND MALLEABLE.
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00:01:55,379 --> 00:01:57,275
THE DIE THEN STRIKES IT,
23
00:01:57,275 --> 00:01:59,931
IMPRINTING
THE PATTERN OF CIRCLES.
24
00:01:59,931 --> 00:02:03,000
A SPLIT SECOND AFTER
THE FORMING STATION CLOSES,
25
00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:07,206
A BLAST OF AIR FORMS THE CIRCLES
INTO RAISED BLISTERS.
26
00:02:07,206 --> 00:02:09,862
REFRIGERATED PLATES
THEN SANDWICH THE SHEET,
27
00:02:09,862 --> 00:02:11,896
SETTING THE NEW SHAPE.
28
00:02:14,103 --> 00:02:16,413
THE PILLS ARRIVE
AT THE PACKAGING FACILITY
29
00:02:16,413 --> 00:02:17,827
IN BULK CONTAINERS.
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00:02:17,827 --> 00:02:21,551
WORKERS SIFT OFF ANY PILL DUST
THAT MAY HAVE FORMED,
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00:02:21,551 --> 00:02:25,034
GIVE THE PILLS
A PRELIMINARY INSPECTION,
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00:02:25,034 --> 00:02:27,379
THEN LOAD THEM
INTO A LARGE HOPPER.
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00:02:27,379 --> 00:02:30,517
IF THEY WERE SHIPPED WITH
ANY MOISTURE-ABSORPTION PACKETS,
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00:02:30,517 --> 00:02:33,379
AN EMPLOYEE
NOW REMOVES AND DISCARDS THEM.
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00:02:36,310 --> 00:02:39,586
THE HOPPER
FEEDS THE PACKAGING MACHINE.
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00:02:39,586 --> 00:02:41,586
THE BLISTER SHEETS MOVE THROUGH
OPEN SIDE UP
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00:02:41,586 --> 00:02:43,172
SO THAT THE PILLS FALL RIGHT IN.
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00:02:43,172 --> 00:02:44,931
ROTATING BRUSHES AND PADDLES
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00:02:44,931 --> 00:02:47,793
DISPENSE THE PILLS
INTO THE PASSING CAVITIES,
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00:02:47,793 --> 00:02:51,620
WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO FIT NO
MORE THAN ONE PILL PER BLISTER.
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00:02:55,517 --> 00:02:58,068
AN INSPECTOR
FILLS ANY EMPTY BLISTERS
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00:02:58,068 --> 00:03:00,103
WHILE A SOPHISTICATED
VISION SYSTEM
43
00:03:00,103 --> 00:03:02,586
DETECTS
ANY BROKEN OR CHIPPED PILLS,
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00:03:02,586 --> 00:03:04,965
FLAGGING THEM
TO BE REJECTED LATER.
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00:03:09,827 --> 00:03:12,241
THE BLISTERS
ENTER A SEAL STATION,
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00:03:12,241 --> 00:03:14,655
WHERE THEY'RE MATED
WITH THE FOIL LIDDING.
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00:03:16,724 --> 00:03:18,482
ONE SIDE OF THE LIDDING
48
00:03:18,482 --> 00:03:21,517
IS PRINTED BEFOREHAND
WITH PRODUCT INFORMATION.
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00:03:21,517 --> 00:03:23,413
TO MAKE THE PRINTING PLATE,
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00:03:23,413 --> 00:03:26,965
TECHNICIANS MOUNT A BLANK
RUBBER MAT ON A CYLINDER.
51
00:03:29,034 --> 00:03:31,034
AS THE CYLINDER REVOLVES,
52
00:03:31,034 --> 00:03:33,724
A POWERFUL LASER
CUTS AWAY AT THE RUBBER
53
00:03:33,724 --> 00:03:35,758
UNTIL THE INFORMATION
TO BE PRINTED
54
00:03:35,758 --> 00:03:37,965
APPEARS IN RAISED LETTERING,
55
00:03:37,965 --> 00:03:40,172
JUST LIKE
A TRADITIONAL RUBBER STAMP.
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00:03:40,172 --> 00:03:41,862
THEY TRANSFER THIS RUBBER PLATE
57
00:03:41,862 --> 00:03:44,448
TO THE PACKAGING LINE'S
PRINTING STATION,
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00:03:44,448 --> 00:03:46,413
WHERE THE RUBBER PLATE
PICKS UP INK
59
00:03:46,413 --> 00:03:48,034
AND ROLLS IT ONTO THE LIDDING.
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00:03:48,034 --> 00:03:49,413
THE INK DRIES
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00:03:49,413 --> 00:03:51,517
BY THE TIME THE LIDDING
REACHES THE SEALING STATION,
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00:03:51,517 --> 00:03:54,000
WHERE LIDDING
AND BLISTER SHEET MEET.
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00:03:57,517 --> 00:04:02,103
THE NEXT STATION SIMULTANEOUSLY
APPLIES PRESSURE AND HEAT.
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00:04:02,103 --> 00:04:04,103
THIS ACTIVATES
AN ADHESIVE ON THE LIDDING,
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00:04:04,103 --> 00:04:05,758
HEAT-SEALING THE SHEETS
TOGETHER.
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00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:12,862
THEN, REFRIGERATED PLATES
COOL THE SURFACES
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00:04:12,862 --> 00:04:14,724
TO SET THE ADHESIVE.
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00:04:14,724 --> 00:04:17,620
HERE A DIE PUNCHES THE HOLE
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00:04:17,620 --> 00:04:19,620
THROUGH WHICH
THE BLISTER PACK WILL LOCK
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00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:22,586
INTO A CHILDPROOF CASE.
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00:04:22,586 --> 00:04:26,793
THEN ANOTHER DIE PUNCHES THE
INDIVIDUAL BLISTER PACKS APART.
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00:04:26,793 --> 00:04:29,724
VACUUM ARMS TRANSFER THE PACKS
TO A SINGLE-FILE CONVEYER BELT,
73
00:04:29,724 --> 00:04:31,724
DROPPING ANY PACKS
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00:04:31,724 --> 00:04:34,724
WHICH THE VISION SYSTEM
IDENTIFIED FOR REJECTION.
75
00:04:36,517 --> 00:04:39,689
THIS AUTOMATED ARM SETS
CHILDPROOF CASES ON A TRACK
76
00:04:39,689 --> 00:04:40,965
MOVING IN PARALLEL
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00:04:40,965 --> 00:04:43,655
TO THE CONVEYER
THAT HOLDS THE BLISTER PACKS.
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00:04:43,655 --> 00:04:45,551
THEN A LOADING ARM
79
00:04:45,551 --> 00:04:48,551
SLIDES A BLISTER PACK
INTO EACH PLASTIC CASE,
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00:04:48,551 --> 00:04:51,620
MATING THE HOLE IN THE PACK
TO THE CASE'S INTERNAL LOCK.
81
00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:57,724
FINALLY, AN APPLICATOR
PLACES AN ADHESIVE LABEL,
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00:04:57,724 --> 00:04:59,310
BEARING ALL THE REQUIRED
83
00:04:59,310 --> 00:05:01,379
IDENTIFICATION
AND SAFETY INFORMATION
84
00:05:01,379 --> 00:05:03,931
ONTO EACH PASSING CASE.
85
00:05:06,655 --> 00:05:10,586
RANDOM SAMPLES UNDERGO A SERIES
OF QUALITY-CONTROL CHECKS.
86
00:05:10,586 --> 00:05:13,137
IN THIS TEST
FOR WATER- AND AIR-TIGHTNESS,
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00:05:13,137 --> 00:05:16,793
TECHNICIANS SUBMERGE
THE BLISTER PACK IN BLUE DYE
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00:05:16,793 --> 00:05:18,724
AND APPLY A VACUUM.
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00:05:18,724 --> 00:05:20,344
ANY DYE PENETRATING THE PACK
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00:05:20,344 --> 00:05:22,448
WOULD INDICATE
A HOLE IN A BLISTER
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00:05:22,448 --> 00:05:25,517
OR A FLAW IN THE SEAL
BETWEEN THE PLASTIC AND LIDDING.
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00:05:28,965 --> 00:05:32,068
SHOULD A PARTICULAR MEDICATION
REQUIRE EXTRA PROTECTION,
93
00:05:32,068 --> 00:05:34,034
THE BLISTER PACK CAN,
FOR EXAMPLE,
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00:05:34,034 --> 00:05:36,103
BE MADE OF LIGHT-RESISTANT
MATERIALS
95
00:05:36,103 --> 00:05:39,103
OR CONTAIN
AN EXTRA MOISTURE BARRIER.
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00:05:51,034 --> 00:05:55,448
Narrator: INVENTED IN HOLLAND
IN 1898, THE DELI SLICER
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00:05:55,448 --> 00:05:58,241
LAUNCHED A REVOLUTION
BEHIND THE MEAT COUNTER.
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00:05:58,241 --> 00:05:59,931
NO LONGER WAS IT NECESSARY
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00:05:59,931 --> 00:06:03,034
TO CARVE MEATS AND CHEESES
ENTIRELY BY HAND.
100
00:06:03,034 --> 00:06:04,689
WITH A TURN OF A CRANK,
101
00:06:04,689 --> 00:06:08,103
THE DELI SLICER PRODUCED
PRECISE CUTS IN A JIFFY.
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00:06:13,275 --> 00:06:16,000
THE MODERN DELI SLICER
IS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY,
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00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:18,413
WITH A MANUAL OVERRIDE
FOR THE CARRIAGE
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00:06:18,413 --> 00:06:20,793
THAT DELIVERS FOOD
TO A SPINNING BLADE.
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00:06:26,965 --> 00:06:29,724
PRODUCTION BEGINS
WITH A CAST ALUMINUM BASE.
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00:06:29,724 --> 00:06:31,965
A WORKER INSTALLS
A CAM MECHANISM
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00:06:31,965 --> 00:06:33,586
THAT IS PART OF A SYSTEM
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00:06:33,586 --> 00:06:35,931
FOR ADJUSTING
THE THICKNESS OF THE SLICE.
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00:06:35,931 --> 00:06:39,620
HE THREADS WIRING, CONNECTED
TO AN ON/OFF INDICATOR LIGHT,
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00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,034
THROUGH HOLES IN THE BASE.
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00:06:42,034 --> 00:06:44,413
THEN HE SCREWS AN INDEX KNOB
ONTO THE SHAFT
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00:06:44,413 --> 00:06:47,068
PROTRUDING FROM THE CAM
MECHANISM INSTALLED EARLIER.
113
00:06:50,068 --> 00:06:53,896
AN IMPORTANT WARNING LABEL
COMES NEXT.
114
00:06:53,896 --> 00:06:57,448
THEN HE SEALS THE GAP AROUND
THE BLADE SHAFT WITH SILICONE
115
00:06:57,448 --> 00:07:01,517
AND REMOVES THE EXCESS
WITH SOAPY WATER.
116
00:07:01,517 --> 00:07:05,517
NEXT UP IS THE WIRING
FOR THE SLICER MOTOR.
117
00:07:05,517 --> 00:07:07,931
SHE CLAMPS THE WIRES TOGETHER
118
00:07:07,931 --> 00:07:10,310
AND BOLTS THE CLAMPS TO
THE INSIDE OF THE ALUMINUM BASE.
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00:07:13,172 --> 00:07:17,689
SHE INSERTS THE ON/OFF SWITCH
AND THE PLASTIC TRIM,
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00:07:17,689 --> 00:07:20,551
THEN ATTACHES A DEVICE
THAT WILL SLIDE
121
00:07:20,551 --> 00:07:24,310
TO ADJUST THE GAP BETWEEN
THE GAUGE PLATE AND THE BLADE,
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00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:26,862
THEREBY CONTROLLING
THE THICKNESS OF THE CUT.
123
00:07:28,931 --> 00:07:31,310
THE DELI SLICER IS READY
124
00:07:31,310 --> 00:07:33,827
FOR THE SLIDE ROD
AND CARRIAGE SUB ASSEMBLY
125
00:07:33,827 --> 00:07:37,137
THAT WILL DELIVER FOOD
TO THE SPINNING BLADE.
126
00:07:37,137 --> 00:07:39,482
THE CARRIAGE WILL MOVE
ACROSS A TRACK
127
00:07:39,482 --> 00:07:43,310
THAT SHE NOW ATTACHES
TO THE LIP OF THE BASE.
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00:07:43,310 --> 00:07:48,000
SHE TESTS THE CARRIAGE ASSEMBLY
TO CONFIRM THAT IT'S ON TRACK.
129
00:07:49,827 --> 00:07:51,241
THE NEXT WORKER
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00:07:51,241 --> 00:07:55,241
SECURES THE BLADE MOTOR
TO THE WIRING WITH BOLTS.
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00:07:55,241 --> 00:07:59,689
HE CONNECTS THE MOTOR TO THE
BLADE SHAFT WITH A DRIVE BELT.
132
00:08:01,379 --> 00:08:03,655
OPERATING THE MOTOR
ALLOWS HIM TO OBSERVE
133
00:08:03,655 --> 00:08:05,931
THE DRIVE BELT AND PULLEYS
IN ACTION,
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00:08:05,931 --> 00:08:08,344
CONFIRMING THAT THEY OPERATE
SMOOTHLY.
135
00:08:10,551 --> 00:08:12,655
ONCE THE GAUGE PLATE
IS INSTALLED,
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00:08:12,655 --> 00:08:15,068
THEY MOVE ON
TO MAKING THE BLADE.
137
00:08:16,793 --> 00:08:19,793
COMPUTER-GUIDED CUTTERS
SLOPE THE STEEL SURFACE
138
00:08:19,793 --> 00:08:22,965
AND CARVE A PRECISE BEVEL
ONTO THE RIM.
139
00:08:25,448 --> 00:08:27,344
IT GOES FROM A ROUGH BLANK
140
00:08:27,344 --> 00:08:31,482
TO A PRECISELY SHAPED BLADE
IN JUST MINUTES.
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00:08:31,482 --> 00:08:34,241
THE NEXT WORKER ETCHES THE
COMPANY LOGO AND PRODUCTION DATE
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00:08:34,241 --> 00:08:37,379
INTO THE BLADE METAL.
143
00:08:37,379 --> 00:08:39,862
ANOTHER LATHE
PRE-SHARPENS THE BLADE
144
00:08:39,862 --> 00:08:41,896
TO THE POINT WHERE
IT COULD CUT THROUGH SOMETHING
145
00:08:41,896 --> 00:08:44,275
AS FINE AS SEVERAL THOUSANDTHS
OF AN INCH.
146
00:08:51,448 --> 00:08:54,000
A WORKER SLIDES THE BLADE
ONTO THE DRIVE SHAFT
147
00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,034
AND SECURES IT IN PLACE
WITH A NUT.
148
00:09:00,206 --> 00:09:02,793
HE NOW CHECKS THE ALIGNMENT
OF THE GAUGE PLATE
149
00:09:02,793 --> 00:09:04,896
IN RELATION TO THE BLADE.
150
00:09:04,896 --> 00:09:07,586
HE TURNS THE THICKNESS MECHANISM
TO CLOSE THE GAP
151
00:09:07,586 --> 00:09:09,344
AND CHECKS IT AGAIN.
152
00:09:09,344 --> 00:09:10,793
WITH A DIAL INDICATOR,
153
00:09:10,793 --> 00:09:13,862
HE MEASURES THE POSITION OF
THE BLADE EVEN MORE PRECISELY.
154
00:09:13,862 --> 00:09:15,206
THIS TOOL CONFIRMS
155
00:09:15,206 --> 00:09:17,620
THAT THE BLADE IS IN
THE EXACT POSITION FOR CUTTING
156
00:09:17,620 --> 00:09:20,965
AND THAT IT WON'T LOSE
THAT POSITION ONCE ACTIVATED.
157
00:09:20,965 --> 00:09:24,172
THIS DELI SLICER COMES WITH
ITS OWN SHARPENING SYSTEM,
158
00:09:24,172 --> 00:09:27,241
A GRINDING WHEEL
IN PROTECTIVE CASING.
159
00:09:27,241 --> 00:09:29,448
HE MOUNTS THE GRINDER
AND ACTIVATES IT
160
00:09:29,448 --> 00:09:32,103
TO HONE THE EDGE
TO RAZOR-SHARPNESS.
161
00:09:32,103 --> 00:09:35,758
WHEN THE BLADE CUTS
THROUGH TISSUE PAPER CLEANLY,
162
00:09:35,758 --> 00:09:38,448
IT'S READY
FOR REAL SLICING ACTION.
163
00:09:40,206 --> 00:09:43,896
A WORKER SCREWS THE ARM FOR THE
SLIDING TRAY TO THE CARRIAGE.
164
00:09:45,551 --> 00:09:48,241
HE USES A SPACER DISC TO
ESTABLISH THE CORRECT DISTANCE
165
00:09:48,241 --> 00:09:51,620
BETWEEN THE FOOD TRAY
AND THE BLADE.
166
00:09:51,620 --> 00:09:54,620
HE SETS THE FOOD TRAY ON THE ARM
167
00:09:54,620 --> 00:09:57,413
AND CHECKS THE GAP
BETWEEN IT AND THE BLADE.
168
00:09:57,413 --> 00:09:59,724
ONCE THE TWO
ARE CORRECTLY ALIGNED,
169
00:09:59,724 --> 00:10:01,275
HE REMOVES THE SPACER
170
00:10:01,275 --> 00:10:04,137
AND LATCHES THE SAFETY GUARD
TO THE BLADE.
171
00:10:04,137 --> 00:10:08,241
AND NOW FOR A TEST, VERIFYING
THAT THE TRAY DOESN'T DRAG
172
00:10:08,241 --> 00:10:11,000
OR SCRAPE
AGAINST THE BLADE GUARD.
173
00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:15,689
BELOW, THEY'VE INSTALLED RODS TO
MOVE THE CARRIAGE ON THE TRACK.
174
00:10:15,689 --> 00:10:17,758
THE SYSTEM CAN BE
MANUALLY OPERATED
175
00:10:17,758 --> 00:10:19,827
OR DRIVEN BY A SECOND MOTOR.
176
00:10:19,827 --> 00:10:24,896
FINALLY, A WORKER CLEANS THE
SLICING MACHINE UNTIL IT GLEAMS.
177
00:10:24,896 --> 00:10:28,517
AT 135 POUNDS, THIS DELI SLICER
IS NO LIGHTWEIGHT,
178
00:10:28,517 --> 00:10:32,724
SO THEY USE A CRANE TO LOWER IT
INTO THE PACKING BOX.
179
00:10:33,689 --> 00:10:35,172
HEFTY AND HEAVY DUTY,
180
00:10:35,172 --> 00:10:37,827
THIS DELI SLICER
SHOULD HAVE WHAT IT TAKES
181
00:10:37,827 --> 00:10:41,000
TO CUT IT AT THE MEAT MARKET.
182
00:10:51,137 --> 00:10:53,551
Narrator: OYSTERS
ARE A VERSATILE SHELLFISH.
183
00:10:53,551 --> 00:10:56,413
YOU CAN BAKE THEM,
BOIL THEM, SMOKE THEM,
184
00:10:56,413 --> 00:10:59,137
OR EAT THEM RAW
RIGHT FROM THE SHELL.
185
00:10:59,137 --> 00:11:02,068
OVER THE YEARS,
WILD OYSTER STOCKS HAVE DECLINED
186
00:11:02,068 --> 00:11:04,103
DUE TO OVERFISHING
AND POLLUTION.
187
00:11:04,103 --> 00:11:09,862
SO TODAY, 95% OF THE OYSTERS WE
CONSUME COME FROM OYSTER FARMS.
188
00:11:11,448 --> 00:11:13,620
OYSTERS ARE FILTER FEEDERS,
189
00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:16,034
MEANING THEY DRAW SEAWATER
OVER THEIR GILLS
190
00:11:16,034 --> 00:11:18,103
TO TRAP AND EAT
THE PHYTOPLANKTON --
191
00:11:18,103 --> 00:11:21,068
MICROSCOPIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS.
192
00:11:21,068 --> 00:11:22,827
AN ADULT OYSTER CAN FILTER
193
00:11:22,827 --> 00:11:25,689
MORE THAN FIVE QUARTS
OF SEAWATER PER HOUR.
194
00:11:25,689 --> 00:11:29,379
OYSTER FARMS ARE LOCATED
IN OR BY THE SEA
195
00:11:29,379 --> 00:11:32,793
BECAUSE THE OYSTERS NEED TO FEED
OFF SEAWATER TO SURVIVE.
196
00:11:32,793 --> 00:11:35,413
THE HATCHERY KEEPS THE OYSTERS
IN UPWELLERS --
197
00:11:35,413 --> 00:11:39,103
MESH-BOTTOM BUCKETS
SITTING IN SEAWATER.
198
00:11:39,103 --> 00:11:41,482
OYSTERS CAN REPRODUCE
ONCE THEY'RE SIX MONTHS OLD.
199
00:11:41,482 --> 00:11:45,896
HOWEVER, THE IDEAL BREEDING AGE
IS BETWEEN TWO AND 10 YEARS.
200
00:11:45,896 --> 00:11:50,172
AT BREEDING TIME, WORKERS PUT
THE OYSTERS INTO BREEDING TRAYS,
201
00:11:50,172 --> 00:11:53,724
OSCILLATING THE TEMPERATURE
BETWEEN 68° AND 86°
202
00:11:53,724 --> 00:11:55,551
TO STIMULATE SPAWNING.
203
00:11:55,551 --> 00:11:59,793
THE FEMALES SQUIRT OUT EGGS,
THE MALES SQUIRT OUT SEMEN,
204
00:11:59,793 --> 00:12:03,551
AND 16 HOURS LATER, THE
FERTILIZED EGGS HATCH LARVAE.
205
00:12:05,034 --> 00:12:07,275
RIGHT FROM BIRTH,
THE OYSTERS FEED
206
00:12:07,275 --> 00:12:10,482
ON A BLEND OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON
THEY'D EAT IN THE WILD.
207
00:12:10,482 --> 00:12:13,827
THE HATCHERY DILUTES
THIS PLANKTON MIX IN SEAWATER
208
00:12:13,827 --> 00:12:16,206
AND PUMPS IT
TO THE OYSTER CONTAINERS.
209
00:12:16,206 --> 00:12:18,758
MARINE BIOLOGISTS
MANAGE THE PONDS
210
00:12:18,758 --> 00:12:22,827
IN WHICH THE HATCHERY
GROWS ITS PHYTOPLANKTON SUPPLY.
211
00:12:22,827 --> 00:12:26,310
THE LARVAE ARE SO TINY,
YOU CAN'T SEE THEM IN THE WATER.
212
00:12:26,310 --> 00:12:29,551
THEY'RE VISIBLE
ONLY UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
213
00:12:29,551 --> 00:12:31,137
RIGHT FROM THE TIME THEY HATCH,
214
00:12:31,137 --> 00:12:33,310
THEY ALREADY HAVE A SHELL
AND CAN SWIM.
215
00:12:33,310 --> 00:12:34,655
BY ABOUT THE TWO-WEEK MARK,
216
00:12:34,655 --> 00:12:36,689
THEY'VE GROWN
TO THE SIZE OF A SPECK,
217
00:12:36,689 --> 00:12:39,379
ABOUT 1/64 OF AN INCH LONG.
218
00:12:39,379 --> 00:12:44,379
HOWEVER, NOW THEY ACT LIKE
MINIATURE ADULTS AND STAY PUT.
219
00:12:44,379 --> 00:12:47,068
THE HATCHERY KEEPS THEM IN
SUSPENSION IN CIRCULATING WATER
220
00:12:47,068 --> 00:12:50,482
SO THEY HAVE AN AMPLE SUPPLY
OF FOOD AND OXYGEN.
221
00:12:50,482 --> 00:12:52,172
AS THEY GROW,
222
00:12:52,172 --> 00:12:55,206
THEY'RE TRANSFERRED
TO PROGRESSIVELY LARGER BOTTLES.
223
00:12:55,206 --> 00:12:57,517
BY THE TIME
THEY'RE FOUR TO SIX WEEKS OLD,
224
00:12:57,517 --> 00:12:59,344
THEY'RE READY
TO LEAVE THE HATCHERY
225
00:12:59,344 --> 00:13:03,689
AND MOVE TO THE OYSTER FARM.
226
00:13:03,689 --> 00:13:06,000
THE FARM FLOATS IN A HARBOR.
227
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:11,034
THE BABY OYSTERS ARRIVING ARE
A TINY FRACTION OF AN INCH LONG.
228
00:13:11,034 --> 00:13:13,344
THEY GO INTO UPWELLERS.
229
00:13:13,344 --> 00:13:15,275
PIPES CIRCULATE SEAWATER,
230
00:13:15,275 --> 00:13:20,000
AND THE BABIES FILTER-FEED
ON THE NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON.
231
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:21,689
OVER THE NEXT SIX WEEKS OR SO,
232
00:13:21,689 --> 00:13:25,896
THEY QUADRUPLE IN SIZE TO ABOUT
2/10 OF AN INCH IN LENGTH.
233
00:13:28,172 --> 00:13:31,000
WORKERS THEN PACK THEM
IN PLASTIC MESH BAGS,
234
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,344
STACK THE BAGS ON METAL RACKS,
235
00:13:33,344 --> 00:13:36,206
AND SUSPEND THE RACKS
IN THE SEA.
236
00:13:36,206 --> 00:13:39,103
THE OYSTERS LIVE LIKE THAT
FOR THREE MONTHS,
237
00:13:39,103 --> 00:13:42,517
GETTING TRANSFERRED INTO
PROGRESSIVELY LARGER MESH BAGS
238
00:13:42,517 --> 00:13:44,758
AS THEY GROW.
239
00:13:44,758 --> 00:13:47,931
HALFWAY INTO IT,
THE OYSTERS ARE THIS BIG --
240
00:13:47,931 --> 00:13:49,931
ABOUT 8/10 OF AN INCH LONG.
241
00:13:49,931 --> 00:13:52,655
BY THE END OF THREE MONTHS,
THEY'RE DOUBLE THIS SIZE,
242
00:13:52,655 --> 00:13:54,724
GROWN UP ENOUGH TO LEAVE HOME
243
00:13:54,724 --> 00:13:57,310
AND VENTURE OUT
INTO THE REAL WORLD.
244
00:13:57,310 --> 00:13:59,620
WORKERS LAY THEM
ON THE SEA FLOOR
245
00:13:59,620 --> 00:14:03,068
AND LEAVE THEM FOR SIX MONTHS
TO REACH HARVEST SIZE,
246
00:14:03,068 --> 00:14:05,482
WHICH IS DETERMINED
NOT BY LENGTH ANYMORE,
247
00:14:05,482 --> 00:14:08,310
BUT BY WEIGHT --
JUST UNDER THREE OUNCES.
248
00:14:08,310 --> 00:14:10,931
TO FINALLY HARVEST THE OYSTERS,
249
00:14:10,931 --> 00:14:12,689
THEY LOWER
A CUSTOM-BUILT MACHINE
250
00:14:12,689 --> 00:14:15,103
THAT'S PART DREDGER,
PART CONVEYER.
251
00:14:15,103 --> 00:14:17,103
IT GENERATES JETS OF WATER
252
00:14:17,103 --> 00:14:21,206
THAT BLOW THE OYSTERS OFF
THE SEA BED ONTO THE CONVEYER.
253
00:14:21,206 --> 00:14:24,586
THEY TRAVEL UP
OUT OF THE WATER INTO THE BOAT.
254
00:14:29,034 --> 00:14:31,586
THAT CONVEYER DUMPS THE OYSTERS
ONTO ANOTHER CONVEYER
255
00:14:31,586 --> 00:14:33,965
THAT LEADS
TO THE PICKING STATION.
256
00:14:36,103 --> 00:14:38,517
THERE, WORKERS SELECT
THE CORRECT SIZE OYSTERS
257
00:14:38,517 --> 00:14:40,586
AND PUT THEM INTO BASKETS.
258
00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:47,482
WHATEVER
THEY LEAVE ON THE CONVEYER --
259
00:14:47,482 --> 00:14:49,275
SMALLER OYSTERS, ROCKS,
AND SUCH --
260
00:14:49,275 --> 00:14:52,862
CONTINUES TO THE END
AND DROPS BACK INTO THE WATER.
261
00:14:55,620 --> 00:14:57,448
OF COURSE,
THE HARVESTING MACHINE MISSES
262
00:14:57,448 --> 00:14:59,206
SOME THREE-OUNCE OYSTERS.
263
00:14:59,206 --> 00:15:02,206
THOSE REMAIN ON THE SEABED
SOMETIMES FOR YEARS,
264
00:15:02,206 --> 00:15:06,034
GROWING LARGER LIKE THIS GUY,
WEIGHING ABOUT 2.2 POUNDS.
265
00:15:07,758 --> 00:15:10,103
PRIOR TO SALE,
THE HARVESTED OYSTERS
266
00:15:10,103 --> 00:15:13,068
GO THROUGH A CLEANING PROCESS
CALLED DEPURATION.
267
00:15:13,068 --> 00:15:15,310
FOR 42 HOURS, THEY SIT IN TANKS
268
00:15:15,310 --> 00:15:19,310
FILLED WITH SEAWATER
STERILIZED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.
269
00:15:19,310 --> 00:15:22,103
THE OYSTERS DRAW THIS
CLEAN WATER THROUGH THEIR GILLS.
270
00:15:22,103 --> 00:15:24,724
THIS FLUSHES OUT
ALL THE BACTERIA.
271
00:15:24,724 --> 00:15:27,517
THANKS TO
THIS DEPURATION PROCESS,
272
00:15:27,517 --> 00:15:29,827
IT'S SAFE TO EAT RAW OYSTERS.
273
00:15:29,827 --> 00:15:32,310
IT'S TAKEN A GOOD 18 MONTHS
274
00:15:32,310 --> 00:15:35,793
TO GROW FROM MICROSCOPIC
ORGANISM TO DINING DELICACY,
275
00:15:35,793 --> 00:15:39,793
WHICH HAS A REFRIGERATED
SHELF LIFE OF ABOUT A WEEK.
276
00:15:50,068 --> 00:15:53,068
Narrator: LONG BEFORE
SATELLITES AND DOPPLER RADAR,
277
00:15:53,068 --> 00:15:55,965
PEOPLE RELIED ON WEATHERVANES
FOR STORM TRACKING --
278
00:15:55,965 --> 00:15:58,586
A FOLK-ART FIGURE
BALANCED ON AN AXIS
279
00:15:58,586 --> 00:16:02,620
TURNS WITH THE WIND TO INDICATE
BOTH ITS DIRECTION AND SPEED.
280
00:16:02,620 --> 00:16:04,586
THOUGH MORE ORNAMENTAL
THAN PRACTICAL,
281
00:16:04,586 --> 00:16:06,103
IT'S STILL
A GREAT WAY TO FIND OUT
282
00:16:06,103 --> 00:16:08,344
WHAT'S IN THE WIND,
WEATHER-WISE.
283
00:16:11,827 --> 00:16:14,310
AS IT SWINGS
WITH PREVAILING WINDS,
284
00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:16,965
A WEATHERVANE
OFFERS IMPORTANT CLUES.
285
00:16:16,965 --> 00:16:20,482
NORTHEAST WINDS, FOR EXAMPLE,
COULD MEAN A STORM IS BREWING.
286
00:16:20,482 --> 00:16:23,172
LEARN TO READ THE SIGNS,
AND THE WEATHERVANE OFFERS
287
00:16:23,172 --> 00:16:25,310
UP-TO-THE-MINUTE
WEATHER INFORMATION.
288
00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:27,862
TO MAKE A WEATHERVANE
THE OLD FASHIONED WAY,
289
00:16:27,862 --> 00:16:30,931
A CRAFTSMAN STARTS
WITH A SHEET OF SOFT COPPER.
290
00:16:30,931 --> 00:16:34,517
IT CAN BE EASILY CUT,
BENT, AND SHAPED.
291
00:16:34,517 --> 00:16:35,827
USING ELECTRIC SHEARS,
292
00:16:35,827 --> 00:16:39,655
HE SLICES THE COPPER
TO THE APPROPRIATE SIZE.
293
00:16:39,655 --> 00:16:43,068
THEN HE CLAMPS IT TO A STEEL
MOLD OF A ROOSTER BODY AND HEAD.
294
00:16:47,034 --> 00:16:49,896
WITH A RUBBER MALLET, HE NOW
CAREFULLY POUNDS THE COPPER
295
00:16:49,896 --> 00:16:51,517
INTO THE CREVASSES OF THE MOLD.
296
00:16:51,517 --> 00:16:54,137
THIS IS A CRITICAL
FIRST SHAPING OF THE COPPER,
297
00:16:54,137 --> 00:16:56,965
AND HE HAS TO HIT IT WITH
JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF FORCE.
298
00:16:56,965 --> 00:17:01,206
IF HE'S TOO HEAVY-HANDED, HE
COULD BREAK OR TEAR THE COPPER.
299
00:17:01,206 --> 00:17:02,551
TOO LITTLE FORCE,
300
00:17:02,551 --> 00:17:05,620
AND THE SHAPE WON'T PROPERLY
TRANSFER TO THE METAL.
301
00:17:05,620 --> 00:17:08,000
WITH A BASIC ROOSTER SHAPE
NOW ESTABLISHED,
302
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:09,689
HE REACHES FOR AN AIR HAMMER
303
00:17:09,689 --> 00:17:11,931
THAT'S EQUIPPED
WITH A PLASTIC TIP.
304
00:17:11,931 --> 00:17:13,896
IT BEATS THE COPPER
INTO THE MOLD
305
00:17:13,896 --> 00:17:16,275
THOUSANDS OF TIMES PER MINUTE.
306
00:17:18,275 --> 00:17:21,620
THIS TRANSFERS FINER DETAILS,
LIKE FEATHERS.
307
00:17:24,758 --> 00:17:26,965
AND WITH ITS SMOOTH PLASTIC TIP,
308
00:17:26,965 --> 00:17:30,206
THE AIR HAMMER
INFLICTS NO DAMAGE.
309
00:17:30,206 --> 00:17:32,758
IT TAKES LESS THAN 20 MINUTES,
310
00:17:32,758 --> 00:17:36,310
AND THE ROOSTER COMES TO LIFE
IN COPPER.
311
00:17:36,310 --> 00:17:38,241
HE UNLOCKS THE CLAMPS
312
00:17:38,241 --> 00:17:40,965
AND REMOVES
THE MOLDED COPPER ROOSTER.
313
00:17:40,965 --> 00:17:42,965
HE'LL MAKE ANOTHER ONE
JUST LIKE IT
314
00:17:42,965 --> 00:17:44,655
FOR THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE WEATHERVANE.
315
00:17:44,655 --> 00:17:47,206
THIS WILL DISTRIBUTE
ITS WEIGHT CORRECTLY
316
00:17:47,206 --> 00:17:49,862
AND MAKE IT LOOK GOOD
FROM ALL ANGLES.
317
00:17:51,413 --> 00:17:55,000
HE THEN POUNDS COPPER INTO
THE SHAPE OF THE ROOSTER'S TAIL.
318
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,862
IT HAS GENEROUS PLUMAGE
FOR JUST THE RIGHT BALANCE.
319
00:17:58,862 --> 00:18:03,000
WITH A BAND SAW, HE SLICES
AROUND THE MOLDED SHAPES
320
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,758
TO REMOVE THE EXCESS COPPER.
321
00:18:06,758 --> 00:18:11,068
THIS LIBERATES THE MOLDED
ROOSTER FROM THE MATRIX.
322
00:18:11,068 --> 00:18:13,758
HE NOW TRIMS THE ROOSTER
WITH A SET OF CLIPPERS
323
00:18:13,758 --> 00:18:16,206
TO GIVE IT A CLEANER EDGE.
324
00:18:19,172 --> 00:18:23,310
USING LONG CLIPPERS, HE SNIPS
COPPER FROM INSIDE THE BEAK.
325
00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:25,310
THIS OPENS IT UP.
326
00:18:25,310 --> 00:18:27,310
ONCE THE RAGGED BITS
HAVE BEEN TRIMMED,
327
00:18:27,310 --> 00:18:28,482
HE'S READY TO MATCH
328
00:18:28,482 --> 00:18:31,482
THE TWO SIDES
OF THIS WEATHERVANE ROOSTER.
329
00:18:33,344 --> 00:18:35,689
HE SECURES IT IN A VISE
330
00:18:35,689 --> 00:18:39,689
AND CLEANS THE SEAM
WITH A SOLUTION CALLED FLUX.
331
00:18:39,689 --> 00:18:44,103
HE TACKS IT WITH SOLDER AND THEN
CHECKS THE EVENNESS OF THE SEAM.
332
00:18:44,103 --> 00:18:46,344
WHEN THE TWO MOLDS
MATCH PERFECTLY,
333
00:18:46,344 --> 00:18:48,241
HE SOLDERS THE ENTIRE SEAM.
334
00:18:50,931 --> 00:18:54,103
THIS WEATHER ROOSTER
IS NOW READY FOR ITS TAIL.
335
00:18:54,103 --> 00:18:57,137
IT WILL GIVE THE WEATHERVANE
A LARGER SURFACE ON ONE SIDE,
336
00:18:57,137 --> 00:18:59,758
OFFERING GREATER RESISTANCE
TO THE WIND.
337
00:18:59,758 --> 00:19:02,586
THIS WILL CAUSE
THE FRONT OF THE WEATHERVANE
338
00:19:02,586 --> 00:19:04,620
TO POINT INTO THE WIND.
339
00:19:04,620 --> 00:19:07,655
HE INSERTS THE WEATHERVANE AXIS
340
00:19:07,655 --> 00:19:10,517
THROUGH THE ROOSTER'S FOOT,
INTO THE CAVITY,
341
00:19:10,517 --> 00:19:14,379
AND IT EMERGES
FROM THE BACK OF THE NECK.
342
00:19:14,379 --> 00:19:18,344
HE POUNDS THE TOP OF THE SHAFT
FLUSH TO THE SURFACE
343
00:19:18,344 --> 00:19:23,068
AND THEN SOLDERS IT IN PLACE
FOR A PERMANENT INSTALLATION.
344
00:19:23,068 --> 00:19:24,724
FOR SOME EXTRA PIZZAZZ,
345
00:19:24,724 --> 00:19:28,344
HE SLIDES A DECORATIVE
COPPER BALL UP THE TURNING ROD,
346
00:19:28,344 --> 00:19:30,758
RESTING IT
JUST BELOW THE ROOSTER FOOT.
347
00:19:30,758 --> 00:19:32,827
HE SECURES IT WITH SOLDER.
348
00:19:34,551 --> 00:19:37,689
HE NOW CUTS OUT
THE FEATHERED END FOR AN ARROW.
349
00:19:37,689 --> 00:19:39,103
IT'S KNOWN AS THE FLETCHING,
350
00:19:39,103 --> 00:19:41,413
AND IT WILL HELP BALANCE
THE WEATHERVANE.
351
00:19:43,379 --> 00:19:45,379
HE TURNS THE CRANK OF A PRESS
352
00:19:45,379 --> 00:19:48,379
TO ROLL NUMEROUS CREASES
INTO THE FLETCHING.
353
00:19:48,379 --> 00:19:51,000
THE CREASES MIMIC FEATHER LINES.
354
00:19:54,068 --> 00:19:57,241
HE SOLDERS THE FEATHERED END
TO THE POINTED SHAFT.
355
00:19:57,241 --> 00:19:59,206
IT HAS A HOLE FOR INSTALLING IT
356
00:19:59,206 --> 00:20:01,620
ONTO THE WEATHERVANE'S
TURNING ROD.
357
00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:04,655
AS THE WEATHERVANE SPINS
WITH THE PREVAILING WIND,
358
00:20:04,655 --> 00:20:07,344
THE ARROW WILL POINT
IN ITS DIRECTION.
359
00:20:07,344 --> 00:20:11,103
A WADDLE BELOW THE BEAK
AND A COMB ATOP HIS HEAD,
360
00:20:11,103 --> 00:20:14,379
AND THIS ROOSTER
IS READY TO RULE THE ROOF.
361
00:20:14,379 --> 00:20:17,379
EXPOSURE TO THE ELEMENTS
WILL WEATHER THE COPPER
362
00:20:17,379 --> 00:20:19,551
AND GIVE IT A BLUE-GREEN PATINA.
363
00:20:19,551 --> 00:20:21,586
FOR CUSTOMERS WHO DON'T
WANT TO WAIT A FEW YEARS
364
00:20:21,586 --> 00:20:23,068
FOR THIS TO HAPPEN,
365
00:20:23,068 --> 00:20:28,379
INSTANT RESULTS CAN BE ACHIEVED
BY APPLYING A SPECIAL ACID.
366
00:20:28,379 --> 00:20:29,896
DEPENDING ON ITS COMPLEXITY,
367
00:20:29,896 --> 00:20:33,482
A COPPER WEATHERVANE CAN TAKE
UP TO TWO DAYS TO BUILD.
368
00:20:33,482 --> 00:20:36,620
WITH LUCK, IT COULD LAST
A CENTURY OR MORE.
369
00:20:36,620 --> 00:20:37,896
LIKE THE WEATHER,
370
00:20:37,896 --> 00:20:40,448
PREDICTING A WEATHERVANE'S
LONG-TERM VIABILITY
371
00:20:40,448 --> 00:20:43,068
IS NOT AN EXACT SCIENCE.
372
00:20:51,275 --> 00:20:53,758
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW
373
00:20:53,758 --> 00:20:56,172
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
374
00:20:56,172 --> 00:20:58,344
DROP US A LINE AT...
30257
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