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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,965 --> 00:00:04,965 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 2 00:00:04,965 --> 00:00:07,965 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 3 00:00:52,034 --> 00:00:53,931 Narrator: WHILE THE PILL BOTTLE ISN'T YET PASSé, 4 00:00:53,931 --> 00:00:57,517 WE'RE SEEING MANY MEDICATIONS BEING SOLD IN BLISTER PACKS -- 5 00:00:57,517 --> 00:01:00,862 THOSE CARDS ON WHICH EACH PILL IS LINED UP IN A ROW 6 00:01:00,862 --> 00:01:02,758 AND ENCASED IN A PACKAGING BUBBLE. 7 00:01:02,758 --> 00:01:05,275 TO TAKE YOUR MEDICATION, YOU SIMPLY PRESS THE BLISTER 8 00:01:05,275 --> 00:01:08,793 AND PUSH OUT THE PILL THROUGH THE BREAKABLE BACKING. 9 00:01:12,482 --> 00:01:14,896 BLISTER PACKAGING PREVENTS MOISTURE AND AIR 10 00:01:14,896 --> 00:01:17,137 FROM COMING INTO CONTACT WITH THE MEDICINE. 11 00:01:17,137 --> 00:01:19,724 THE PACKAGE IS COMPRISED OF TWO LAYERS -- 12 00:01:19,724 --> 00:01:22,482 TYPICALLY, AN ALUMINUM FOIL SHEET CALLED THE LIDDING 13 00:01:22,482 --> 00:01:26,827 AND A PVC PLASTIC SHEET WITH ROWS OF BLISTERS. 14 00:01:26,827 --> 00:01:29,724 ONCE THE MANUFACTURER DESIGNS THE PACKAGING FORMAT, 15 00:01:29,724 --> 00:01:31,310 THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 16 00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,758 TAILOR-MAKES THE TOOLS TO PRODUCE IT. 17 00:01:33,758 --> 00:01:36,103 THIS COMPUTER-GUIDED MILL CREATES THE DIE 18 00:01:36,103 --> 00:01:39,379 THAT WILL FORM THE BLISTERS IN THE PVC SHEET. 19 00:01:41,413 --> 00:01:44,793 THEY MOUNT THE DIE ON A MACHINE CALLED A THERMOFORMER. 20 00:01:44,793 --> 00:01:47,379 AS THE PVC SHEET ENTERS THE MACHINE, 21 00:01:47,379 --> 00:01:50,758 AN OVEN HEATS IT UP, MAKING IT SOFT AND MALLEABLE. 22 00:01:55,379 --> 00:01:57,275 THE DIE THEN STRIKES IT, 23 00:01:57,275 --> 00:01:59,931 IMPRINTING THE PATTERN OF CIRCLES. 24 00:01:59,931 --> 00:02:03,000 A SPLIT SECOND AFTER THE FORMING STATION CLOSES, 25 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:07,206 A BLAST OF AIR FORMS THE CIRCLES INTO RAISED BLISTERS. 26 00:02:07,206 --> 00:02:09,862 REFRIGERATED PLATES THEN SANDWICH THE SHEET, 27 00:02:09,862 --> 00:02:11,896 SETTING THE NEW SHAPE. 28 00:02:14,103 --> 00:02:16,413 THE PILLS ARRIVE AT THE PACKAGING FACILITY 29 00:02:16,413 --> 00:02:17,827 IN BULK CONTAINERS. 30 00:02:17,827 --> 00:02:21,551 WORKERS SIFT OFF ANY PILL DUST THAT MAY HAVE FORMED, 31 00:02:21,551 --> 00:02:25,034 GIVE THE PILLS A PRELIMINARY INSPECTION, 32 00:02:25,034 --> 00:02:27,379 THEN LOAD THEM INTO A LARGE HOPPER. 33 00:02:27,379 --> 00:02:30,517 IF THEY WERE SHIPPED WITH ANY MOISTURE-ABSORPTION PACKETS, 34 00:02:30,517 --> 00:02:33,379 AN EMPLOYEE NOW REMOVES AND DISCARDS THEM. 35 00:02:36,310 --> 00:02:39,586 THE HOPPER FEEDS THE PACKAGING MACHINE. 36 00:02:39,586 --> 00:02:41,586 THE BLISTER SHEETS MOVE THROUGH OPEN SIDE UP 37 00:02:41,586 --> 00:02:43,172 SO THAT THE PILLS FALL RIGHT IN. 38 00:02:43,172 --> 00:02:44,931 ROTATING BRUSHES AND PADDLES 39 00:02:44,931 --> 00:02:47,793 DISPENSE THE PILLS INTO THE PASSING CAVITIES, 40 00:02:47,793 --> 00:02:51,620 WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO FIT NO MORE THAN ONE PILL PER BLISTER. 41 00:02:55,517 --> 00:02:58,068 AN INSPECTOR FILLS ANY EMPTY BLISTERS 42 00:02:58,068 --> 00:03:00,103 WHILE A SOPHISTICATED VISION SYSTEM 43 00:03:00,103 --> 00:03:02,586 DETECTS ANY BROKEN OR CHIPPED PILLS, 44 00:03:02,586 --> 00:03:04,965 FLAGGING THEM TO BE REJECTED LATER. 45 00:03:09,827 --> 00:03:12,241 THE BLISTERS ENTER A SEAL STATION, 46 00:03:12,241 --> 00:03:14,655 WHERE THEY'RE MATED WITH THE FOIL LIDDING. 47 00:03:16,724 --> 00:03:18,482 ONE SIDE OF THE LIDDING 48 00:03:18,482 --> 00:03:21,517 IS PRINTED BEFOREHAND WITH PRODUCT INFORMATION. 49 00:03:21,517 --> 00:03:23,413 TO MAKE THE PRINTING PLATE, 50 00:03:23,413 --> 00:03:26,965 TECHNICIANS MOUNT A BLANK RUBBER MAT ON A CYLINDER. 51 00:03:29,034 --> 00:03:31,034 AS THE CYLINDER REVOLVES, 52 00:03:31,034 --> 00:03:33,724 A POWERFUL LASER CUTS AWAY AT THE RUBBER 53 00:03:33,724 --> 00:03:35,758 UNTIL THE INFORMATION TO BE PRINTED 54 00:03:35,758 --> 00:03:37,965 APPEARS IN RAISED LETTERING, 55 00:03:37,965 --> 00:03:40,172 JUST LIKE A TRADITIONAL RUBBER STAMP. 56 00:03:40,172 --> 00:03:41,862 THEY TRANSFER THIS RUBBER PLATE 57 00:03:41,862 --> 00:03:44,448 TO THE PACKAGING LINE'S PRINTING STATION, 58 00:03:44,448 --> 00:03:46,413 WHERE THE RUBBER PLATE PICKS UP INK 59 00:03:46,413 --> 00:03:48,034 AND ROLLS IT ONTO THE LIDDING. 60 00:03:48,034 --> 00:03:49,413 THE INK DRIES 61 00:03:49,413 --> 00:03:51,517 BY THE TIME THE LIDDING REACHES THE SEALING STATION, 62 00:03:51,517 --> 00:03:54,000 WHERE LIDDING AND BLISTER SHEET MEET. 63 00:03:57,517 --> 00:04:02,103 THE NEXT STATION SIMULTANEOUSLY APPLIES PRESSURE AND HEAT. 64 00:04:02,103 --> 00:04:04,103 THIS ACTIVATES AN ADHESIVE ON THE LIDDING, 65 00:04:04,103 --> 00:04:05,758 HEAT-SEALING THE SHEETS TOGETHER. 66 00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:12,862 THEN, REFRIGERATED PLATES COOL THE SURFACES 67 00:04:12,862 --> 00:04:14,724 TO SET THE ADHESIVE. 68 00:04:14,724 --> 00:04:17,620 HERE A DIE PUNCHES THE HOLE 69 00:04:17,620 --> 00:04:19,620 THROUGH WHICH THE BLISTER PACK WILL LOCK 70 00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:22,586 INTO A CHILDPROOF CASE. 71 00:04:22,586 --> 00:04:26,793 THEN ANOTHER DIE PUNCHES THE INDIVIDUAL BLISTER PACKS APART. 72 00:04:26,793 --> 00:04:29,724 VACUUM ARMS TRANSFER THE PACKS TO A SINGLE-FILE CONVEYER BELT, 73 00:04:29,724 --> 00:04:31,724 DROPPING ANY PACKS 74 00:04:31,724 --> 00:04:34,724 WHICH THE VISION SYSTEM IDENTIFIED FOR REJECTION. 75 00:04:36,517 --> 00:04:39,689 THIS AUTOMATED ARM SETS CHILDPROOF CASES ON A TRACK 76 00:04:39,689 --> 00:04:40,965 MOVING IN PARALLEL 77 00:04:40,965 --> 00:04:43,655 TO THE CONVEYER THAT HOLDS THE BLISTER PACKS. 78 00:04:43,655 --> 00:04:45,551 THEN A LOADING ARM 79 00:04:45,551 --> 00:04:48,551 SLIDES A BLISTER PACK INTO EACH PLASTIC CASE, 80 00:04:48,551 --> 00:04:51,620 MATING THE HOLE IN THE PACK TO THE CASE'S INTERNAL LOCK. 81 00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:57,724 FINALLY, AN APPLICATOR PLACES AN ADHESIVE LABEL, 82 00:04:57,724 --> 00:04:59,310 BEARING ALL THE REQUIRED 83 00:04:59,310 --> 00:05:01,379 IDENTIFICATION AND SAFETY INFORMATION 84 00:05:01,379 --> 00:05:03,931 ONTO EACH PASSING CASE. 85 00:05:06,655 --> 00:05:10,586 RANDOM SAMPLES UNDERGO A SERIES OF QUALITY-CONTROL CHECKS. 86 00:05:10,586 --> 00:05:13,137 IN THIS TEST FOR WATER- AND AIR-TIGHTNESS, 87 00:05:13,137 --> 00:05:16,793 TECHNICIANS SUBMERGE THE BLISTER PACK IN BLUE DYE 88 00:05:16,793 --> 00:05:18,724 AND APPLY A VACUUM. 89 00:05:18,724 --> 00:05:20,344 ANY DYE PENETRATING THE PACK 90 00:05:20,344 --> 00:05:22,448 WOULD INDICATE A HOLE IN A BLISTER 91 00:05:22,448 --> 00:05:25,517 OR A FLAW IN THE SEAL BETWEEN THE PLASTIC AND LIDDING. 92 00:05:28,965 --> 00:05:32,068 SHOULD A PARTICULAR MEDICATION REQUIRE EXTRA PROTECTION, 93 00:05:32,068 --> 00:05:34,034 THE BLISTER PACK CAN, FOR EXAMPLE, 94 00:05:34,034 --> 00:05:36,103 BE MADE OF LIGHT-RESISTANT MATERIALS 95 00:05:36,103 --> 00:05:39,103 OR CONTAIN AN EXTRA MOISTURE BARRIER. 96 00:05:51,034 --> 00:05:55,448 Narrator: INVENTED IN HOLLAND IN 1898, THE DELI SLICER 97 00:05:55,448 --> 00:05:58,241 LAUNCHED A REVOLUTION BEHIND THE MEAT COUNTER. 98 00:05:58,241 --> 00:05:59,931 NO LONGER WAS IT NECESSARY 99 00:05:59,931 --> 00:06:03,034 TO CARVE MEATS AND CHEESES ENTIRELY BY HAND. 100 00:06:03,034 --> 00:06:04,689 WITH A TURN OF A CRANK, 101 00:06:04,689 --> 00:06:08,103 THE DELI SLICER PRODUCED PRECISE CUTS IN A JIFFY. 102 00:06:13,275 --> 00:06:16,000 THE MODERN DELI SLICER IS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY, 103 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:18,413 WITH A MANUAL OVERRIDE FOR THE CARRIAGE 104 00:06:18,413 --> 00:06:20,793 THAT DELIVERS FOOD TO A SPINNING BLADE. 105 00:06:26,965 --> 00:06:29,724 PRODUCTION BEGINS WITH A CAST ALUMINUM BASE. 106 00:06:29,724 --> 00:06:31,965 A WORKER INSTALLS A CAM MECHANISM 107 00:06:31,965 --> 00:06:33,586 THAT IS PART OF A SYSTEM 108 00:06:33,586 --> 00:06:35,931 FOR ADJUSTING THE THICKNESS OF THE SLICE. 109 00:06:35,931 --> 00:06:39,620 HE THREADS WIRING, CONNECTED TO AN ON/OFF INDICATOR LIGHT, 110 00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,034 THROUGH HOLES IN THE BASE. 111 00:06:42,034 --> 00:06:44,413 THEN HE SCREWS AN INDEX KNOB ONTO THE SHAFT 112 00:06:44,413 --> 00:06:47,068 PROTRUDING FROM THE CAM MECHANISM INSTALLED EARLIER. 113 00:06:50,068 --> 00:06:53,896 AN IMPORTANT WARNING LABEL COMES NEXT. 114 00:06:53,896 --> 00:06:57,448 THEN HE SEALS THE GAP AROUND THE BLADE SHAFT WITH SILICONE 115 00:06:57,448 --> 00:07:01,517 AND REMOVES THE EXCESS WITH SOAPY WATER. 116 00:07:01,517 --> 00:07:05,517 NEXT UP IS THE WIRING FOR THE SLICER MOTOR. 117 00:07:05,517 --> 00:07:07,931 SHE CLAMPS THE WIRES TOGETHER 118 00:07:07,931 --> 00:07:10,310 AND BOLTS THE CLAMPS TO THE INSIDE OF THE ALUMINUM BASE. 119 00:07:13,172 --> 00:07:17,689 SHE INSERTS THE ON/OFF SWITCH AND THE PLASTIC TRIM, 120 00:07:17,689 --> 00:07:20,551 THEN ATTACHES A DEVICE THAT WILL SLIDE 121 00:07:20,551 --> 00:07:24,310 TO ADJUST THE GAP BETWEEN THE GAUGE PLATE AND THE BLADE, 122 00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:26,862 THEREBY CONTROLLING THE THICKNESS OF THE CUT. 123 00:07:28,931 --> 00:07:31,310 THE DELI SLICER IS READY 124 00:07:31,310 --> 00:07:33,827 FOR THE SLIDE ROD AND CARRIAGE SUB ASSEMBLY 125 00:07:33,827 --> 00:07:37,137 THAT WILL DELIVER FOOD TO THE SPINNING BLADE. 126 00:07:37,137 --> 00:07:39,482 THE CARRIAGE WILL MOVE ACROSS A TRACK 127 00:07:39,482 --> 00:07:43,310 THAT SHE NOW ATTACHES TO THE LIP OF THE BASE. 128 00:07:43,310 --> 00:07:48,000 SHE TESTS THE CARRIAGE ASSEMBLY TO CONFIRM THAT IT'S ON TRACK. 129 00:07:49,827 --> 00:07:51,241 THE NEXT WORKER 130 00:07:51,241 --> 00:07:55,241 SECURES THE BLADE MOTOR TO THE WIRING WITH BOLTS. 131 00:07:55,241 --> 00:07:59,689 HE CONNECTS THE MOTOR TO THE BLADE SHAFT WITH A DRIVE BELT. 132 00:08:01,379 --> 00:08:03,655 OPERATING THE MOTOR ALLOWS HIM TO OBSERVE 133 00:08:03,655 --> 00:08:05,931 THE DRIVE BELT AND PULLEYS IN ACTION, 134 00:08:05,931 --> 00:08:08,344 CONFIRMING THAT THEY OPERATE SMOOTHLY. 135 00:08:10,551 --> 00:08:12,655 ONCE THE GAUGE PLATE IS INSTALLED, 136 00:08:12,655 --> 00:08:15,068 THEY MOVE ON TO MAKING THE BLADE. 137 00:08:16,793 --> 00:08:19,793 COMPUTER-GUIDED CUTTERS SLOPE THE STEEL SURFACE 138 00:08:19,793 --> 00:08:22,965 AND CARVE A PRECISE BEVEL ONTO THE RIM. 139 00:08:25,448 --> 00:08:27,344 IT GOES FROM A ROUGH BLANK 140 00:08:27,344 --> 00:08:31,482 TO A PRECISELY SHAPED BLADE IN JUST MINUTES. 141 00:08:31,482 --> 00:08:34,241 THE NEXT WORKER ETCHES THE COMPANY LOGO AND PRODUCTION DATE 142 00:08:34,241 --> 00:08:37,379 INTO THE BLADE METAL. 143 00:08:37,379 --> 00:08:39,862 ANOTHER LATHE PRE-SHARPENS THE BLADE 144 00:08:39,862 --> 00:08:41,896 TO THE POINT WHERE IT COULD CUT THROUGH SOMETHING 145 00:08:41,896 --> 00:08:44,275 AS FINE AS SEVERAL THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH. 146 00:08:51,448 --> 00:08:54,000 A WORKER SLIDES THE BLADE ONTO THE DRIVE SHAFT 147 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,034 AND SECURES IT IN PLACE WITH A NUT. 148 00:09:00,206 --> 00:09:02,793 HE NOW CHECKS THE ALIGNMENT OF THE GAUGE PLATE 149 00:09:02,793 --> 00:09:04,896 IN RELATION TO THE BLADE. 150 00:09:04,896 --> 00:09:07,586 HE TURNS THE THICKNESS MECHANISM TO CLOSE THE GAP 151 00:09:07,586 --> 00:09:09,344 AND CHECKS IT AGAIN. 152 00:09:09,344 --> 00:09:10,793 WITH A DIAL INDICATOR, 153 00:09:10,793 --> 00:09:13,862 HE MEASURES THE POSITION OF THE BLADE EVEN MORE PRECISELY. 154 00:09:13,862 --> 00:09:15,206 THIS TOOL CONFIRMS 155 00:09:15,206 --> 00:09:17,620 THAT THE BLADE IS IN THE EXACT POSITION FOR CUTTING 156 00:09:17,620 --> 00:09:20,965 AND THAT IT WON'T LOSE THAT POSITION ONCE ACTIVATED. 157 00:09:20,965 --> 00:09:24,172 THIS DELI SLICER COMES WITH ITS OWN SHARPENING SYSTEM, 158 00:09:24,172 --> 00:09:27,241 A GRINDING WHEEL IN PROTECTIVE CASING. 159 00:09:27,241 --> 00:09:29,448 HE MOUNTS THE GRINDER AND ACTIVATES IT 160 00:09:29,448 --> 00:09:32,103 TO HONE THE EDGE TO RAZOR-SHARPNESS. 161 00:09:32,103 --> 00:09:35,758 WHEN THE BLADE CUTS THROUGH TISSUE PAPER CLEANLY, 162 00:09:35,758 --> 00:09:38,448 IT'S READY FOR REAL SLICING ACTION. 163 00:09:40,206 --> 00:09:43,896 A WORKER SCREWS THE ARM FOR THE SLIDING TRAY TO THE CARRIAGE. 164 00:09:45,551 --> 00:09:48,241 HE USES A SPACER DISC TO ESTABLISH THE CORRECT DISTANCE 165 00:09:48,241 --> 00:09:51,620 BETWEEN THE FOOD TRAY AND THE BLADE. 166 00:09:51,620 --> 00:09:54,620 HE SETS THE FOOD TRAY ON THE ARM 167 00:09:54,620 --> 00:09:57,413 AND CHECKS THE GAP BETWEEN IT AND THE BLADE. 168 00:09:57,413 --> 00:09:59,724 ONCE THE TWO ARE CORRECTLY ALIGNED, 169 00:09:59,724 --> 00:10:01,275 HE REMOVES THE SPACER 170 00:10:01,275 --> 00:10:04,137 AND LATCHES THE SAFETY GUARD TO THE BLADE. 171 00:10:04,137 --> 00:10:08,241 AND NOW FOR A TEST, VERIFYING THAT THE TRAY DOESN'T DRAG 172 00:10:08,241 --> 00:10:11,000 OR SCRAPE AGAINST THE BLADE GUARD. 173 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:15,689 BELOW, THEY'VE INSTALLED RODS TO MOVE THE CARRIAGE ON THE TRACK. 174 00:10:15,689 --> 00:10:17,758 THE SYSTEM CAN BE MANUALLY OPERATED 175 00:10:17,758 --> 00:10:19,827 OR DRIVEN BY A SECOND MOTOR. 176 00:10:19,827 --> 00:10:24,896 FINALLY, A WORKER CLEANS THE SLICING MACHINE UNTIL IT GLEAMS. 177 00:10:24,896 --> 00:10:28,517 AT 135 POUNDS, THIS DELI SLICER IS NO LIGHTWEIGHT, 178 00:10:28,517 --> 00:10:32,724 SO THEY USE A CRANE TO LOWER IT INTO THE PACKING BOX. 179 00:10:33,689 --> 00:10:35,172 HEFTY AND HEAVY DUTY, 180 00:10:35,172 --> 00:10:37,827 THIS DELI SLICER SHOULD HAVE WHAT IT TAKES 181 00:10:37,827 --> 00:10:41,000 TO CUT IT AT THE MEAT MARKET. 182 00:10:51,137 --> 00:10:53,551 Narrator: OYSTERS ARE A VERSATILE SHELLFISH. 183 00:10:53,551 --> 00:10:56,413 YOU CAN BAKE THEM, BOIL THEM, SMOKE THEM, 184 00:10:56,413 --> 00:10:59,137 OR EAT THEM RAW RIGHT FROM THE SHELL. 185 00:10:59,137 --> 00:11:02,068 OVER THE YEARS, WILD OYSTER STOCKS HAVE DECLINED 186 00:11:02,068 --> 00:11:04,103 DUE TO OVERFISHING AND POLLUTION. 187 00:11:04,103 --> 00:11:09,862 SO TODAY, 95% OF THE OYSTERS WE CONSUME COME FROM OYSTER FARMS. 188 00:11:11,448 --> 00:11:13,620 OYSTERS ARE FILTER FEEDERS, 189 00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:16,034 MEANING THEY DRAW SEAWATER OVER THEIR GILLS 190 00:11:16,034 --> 00:11:18,103 TO TRAP AND EAT THE PHYTOPLANKTON -- 191 00:11:18,103 --> 00:11:21,068 MICROSCOPIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS. 192 00:11:21,068 --> 00:11:22,827 AN ADULT OYSTER CAN FILTER 193 00:11:22,827 --> 00:11:25,689 MORE THAN FIVE QUARTS OF SEAWATER PER HOUR. 194 00:11:25,689 --> 00:11:29,379 OYSTER FARMS ARE LOCATED IN OR BY THE SEA 195 00:11:29,379 --> 00:11:32,793 BECAUSE THE OYSTERS NEED TO FEED OFF SEAWATER TO SURVIVE. 196 00:11:32,793 --> 00:11:35,413 THE HATCHERY KEEPS THE OYSTERS IN UPWELLERS -- 197 00:11:35,413 --> 00:11:39,103 MESH-BOTTOM BUCKETS SITTING IN SEAWATER. 198 00:11:39,103 --> 00:11:41,482 OYSTERS CAN REPRODUCE ONCE THEY'RE SIX MONTHS OLD. 199 00:11:41,482 --> 00:11:45,896 HOWEVER, THE IDEAL BREEDING AGE IS BETWEEN TWO AND 10 YEARS. 200 00:11:45,896 --> 00:11:50,172 AT BREEDING TIME, WORKERS PUT THE OYSTERS INTO BREEDING TRAYS, 201 00:11:50,172 --> 00:11:53,724 OSCILLATING THE TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 68° AND 86° 202 00:11:53,724 --> 00:11:55,551 TO STIMULATE SPAWNING. 203 00:11:55,551 --> 00:11:59,793 THE FEMALES SQUIRT OUT EGGS, THE MALES SQUIRT OUT SEMEN, 204 00:11:59,793 --> 00:12:03,551 AND 16 HOURS LATER, THE FERTILIZED EGGS HATCH LARVAE. 205 00:12:05,034 --> 00:12:07,275 RIGHT FROM BIRTH, THE OYSTERS FEED 206 00:12:07,275 --> 00:12:10,482 ON A BLEND OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON THEY'D EAT IN THE WILD. 207 00:12:10,482 --> 00:12:13,827 THE HATCHERY DILUTES THIS PLANKTON MIX IN SEAWATER 208 00:12:13,827 --> 00:12:16,206 AND PUMPS IT TO THE OYSTER CONTAINERS. 209 00:12:16,206 --> 00:12:18,758 MARINE BIOLOGISTS MANAGE THE PONDS 210 00:12:18,758 --> 00:12:22,827 IN WHICH THE HATCHERY GROWS ITS PHYTOPLANKTON SUPPLY. 211 00:12:22,827 --> 00:12:26,310 THE LARVAE ARE SO TINY, YOU CAN'T SEE THEM IN THE WATER. 212 00:12:26,310 --> 00:12:29,551 THEY'RE VISIBLE ONLY UNDER A MICROSCOPE. 213 00:12:29,551 --> 00:12:31,137 RIGHT FROM THE TIME THEY HATCH, 214 00:12:31,137 --> 00:12:33,310 THEY ALREADY HAVE A SHELL AND CAN SWIM. 215 00:12:33,310 --> 00:12:34,655 BY ABOUT THE TWO-WEEK MARK, 216 00:12:34,655 --> 00:12:36,689 THEY'VE GROWN TO THE SIZE OF A SPECK, 217 00:12:36,689 --> 00:12:39,379 ABOUT 1/64 OF AN INCH LONG. 218 00:12:39,379 --> 00:12:44,379 HOWEVER, NOW THEY ACT LIKE MINIATURE ADULTS AND STAY PUT. 219 00:12:44,379 --> 00:12:47,068 THE HATCHERY KEEPS THEM IN SUSPENSION IN CIRCULATING WATER 220 00:12:47,068 --> 00:12:50,482 SO THEY HAVE AN AMPLE SUPPLY OF FOOD AND OXYGEN. 221 00:12:50,482 --> 00:12:52,172 AS THEY GROW, 222 00:12:52,172 --> 00:12:55,206 THEY'RE TRANSFERRED TO PROGRESSIVELY LARGER BOTTLES. 223 00:12:55,206 --> 00:12:57,517 BY THE TIME THEY'RE FOUR TO SIX WEEKS OLD, 224 00:12:57,517 --> 00:12:59,344 THEY'RE READY TO LEAVE THE HATCHERY 225 00:12:59,344 --> 00:13:03,689 AND MOVE TO THE OYSTER FARM. 226 00:13:03,689 --> 00:13:06,000 THE FARM FLOATS IN A HARBOR. 227 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:11,034 THE BABY OYSTERS ARRIVING ARE A TINY FRACTION OF AN INCH LONG. 228 00:13:11,034 --> 00:13:13,344 THEY GO INTO UPWELLERS. 229 00:13:13,344 --> 00:13:15,275 PIPES CIRCULATE SEAWATER, 230 00:13:15,275 --> 00:13:20,000 AND THE BABIES FILTER-FEED ON THE NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON. 231 00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:21,689 OVER THE NEXT SIX WEEKS OR SO, 232 00:13:21,689 --> 00:13:25,896 THEY QUADRUPLE IN SIZE TO ABOUT 2/10 OF AN INCH IN LENGTH. 233 00:13:28,172 --> 00:13:31,000 WORKERS THEN PACK THEM IN PLASTIC MESH BAGS, 234 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,344 STACK THE BAGS ON METAL RACKS, 235 00:13:33,344 --> 00:13:36,206 AND SUSPEND THE RACKS IN THE SEA. 236 00:13:36,206 --> 00:13:39,103 THE OYSTERS LIVE LIKE THAT FOR THREE MONTHS, 237 00:13:39,103 --> 00:13:42,517 GETTING TRANSFERRED INTO PROGRESSIVELY LARGER MESH BAGS 238 00:13:42,517 --> 00:13:44,758 AS THEY GROW. 239 00:13:44,758 --> 00:13:47,931 HALFWAY INTO IT, THE OYSTERS ARE THIS BIG -- 240 00:13:47,931 --> 00:13:49,931 ABOUT 8/10 OF AN INCH LONG. 241 00:13:49,931 --> 00:13:52,655 BY THE END OF THREE MONTHS, THEY'RE DOUBLE THIS SIZE, 242 00:13:52,655 --> 00:13:54,724 GROWN UP ENOUGH TO LEAVE HOME 243 00:13:54,724 --> 00:13:57,310 AND VENTURE OUT INTO THE REAL WORLD. 244 00:13:57,310 --> 00:13:59,620 WORKERS LAY THEM ON THE SEA FLOOR 245 00:13:59,620 --> 00:14:03,068 AND LEAVE THEM FOR SIX MONTHS TO REACH HARVEST SIZE, 246 00:14:03,068 --> 00:14:05,482 WHICH IS DETERMINED NOT BY LENGTH ANYMORE, 247 00:14:05,482 --> 00:14:08,310 BUT BY WEIGHT -- JUST UNDER THREE OUNCES. 248 00:14:08,310 --> 00:14:10,931 TO FINALLY HARVEST THE OYSTERS, 249 00:14:10,931 --> 00:14:12,689 THEY LOWER A CUSTOM-BUILT MACHINE 250 00:14:12,689 --> 00:14:15,103 THAT'S PART DREDGER, PART CONVEYER. 251 00:14:15,103 --> 00:14:17,103 IT GENERATES JETS OF WATER 252 00:14:17,103 --> 00:14:21,206 THAT BLOW THE OYSTERS OFF THE SEA BED ONTO THE CONVEYER. 253 00:14:21,206 --> 00:14:24,586 THEY TRAVEL UP OUT OF THE WATER INTO THE BOAT. 254 00:14:29,034 --> 00:14:31,586 THAT CONVEYER DUMPS THE OYSTERS ONTO ANOTHER CONVEYER 255 00:14:31,586 --> 00:14:33,965 THAT LEADS TO THE PICKING STATION. 256 00:14:36,103 --> 00:14:38,517 THERE, WORKERS SELECT THE CORRECT SIZE OYSTERS 257 00:14:38,517 --> 00:14:40,586 AND PUT THEM INTO BASKETS. 258 00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:47,482 WHATEVER THEY LEAVE ON THE CONVEYER -- 259 00:14:47,482 --> 00:14:49,275 SMALLER OYSTERS, ROCKS, AND SUCH -- 260 00:14:49,275 --> 00:14:52,862 CONTINUES TO THE END AND DROPS BACK INTO THE WATER. 261 00:14:55,620 --> 00:14:57,448 OF COURSE, THE HARVESTING MACHINE MISSES 262 00:14:57,448 --> 00:14:59,206 SOME THREE-OUNCE OYSTERS. 263 00:14:59,206 --> 00:15:02,206 THOSE REMAIN ON THE SEABED SOMETIMES FOR YEARS, 264 00:15:02,206 --> 00:15:06,034 GROWING LARGER LIKE THIS GUY, WEIGHING ABOUT 2.2 POUNDS. 265 00:15:07,758 --> 00:15:10,103 PRIOR TO SALE, THE HARVESTED OYSTERS 266 00:15:10,103 --> 00:15:13,068 GO THROUGH A CLEANING PROCESS CALLED DEPURATION. 267 00:15:13,068 --> 00:15:15,310 FOR 42 HOURS, THEY SIT IN TANKS 268 00:15:15,310 --> 00:15:19,310 FILLED WITH SEAWATER STERILIZED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. 269 00:15:19,310 --> 00:15:22,103 THE OYSTERS DRAW THIS CLEAN WATER THROUGH THEIR GILLS. 270 00:15:22,103 --> 00:15:24,724 THIS FLUSHES OUT ALL THE BACTERIA. 271 00:15:24,724 --> 00:15:27,517 THANKS TO THIS DEPURATION PROCESS, 272 00:15:27,517 --> 00:15:29,827 IT'S SAFE TO EAT RAW OYSTERS. 273 00:15:29,827 --> 00:15:32,310 IT'S TAKEN A GOOD 18 MONTHS 274 00:15:32,310 --> 00:15:35,793 TO GROW FROM MICROSCOPIC ORGANISM TO DINING DELICACY, 275 00:15:35,793 --> 00:15:39,793 WHICH HAS A REFRIGERATED SHELF LIFE OF ABOUT A WEEK. 276 00:15:50,068 --> 00:15:53,068 Narrator: LONG BEFORE SATELLITES AND DOPPLER RADAR, 277 00:15:53,068 --> 00:15:55,965 PEOPLE RELIED ON WEATHERVANES FOR STORM TRACKING -- 278 00:15:55,965 --> 00:15:58,586 A FOLK-ART FIGURE BALANCED ON AN AXIS 279 00:15:58,586 --> 00:16:02,620 TURNS WITH THE WIND TO INDICATE BOTH ITS DIRECTION AND SPEED. 280 00:16:02,620 --> 00:16:04,586 THOUGH MORE ORNAMENTAL THAN PRACTICAL, 281 00:16:04,586 --> 00:16:06,103 IT'S STILL A GREAT WAY TO FIND OUT 282 00:16:06,103 --> 00:16:08,344 WHAT'S IN THE WIND, WEATHER-WISE. 283 00:16:11,827 --> 00:16:14,310 AS IT SWINGS WITH PREVAILING WINDS, 284 00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:16,965 A WEATHERVANE OFFERS IMPORTANT CLUES. 285 00:16:16,965 --> 00:16:20,482 NORTHEAST WINDS, FOR EXAMPLE, COULD MEAN A STORM IS BREWING. 286 00:16:20,482 --> 00:16:23,172 LEARN TO READ THE SIGNS, AND THE WEATHERVANE OFFERS 287 00:16:23,172 --> 00:16:25,310 UP-TO-THE-MINUTE WEATHER INFORMATION. 288 00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:27,862 TO MAKE A WEATHERVANE THE OLD FASHIONED WAY, 289 00:16:27,862 --> 00:16:30,931 A CRAFTSMAN STARTS WITH A SHEET OF SOFT COPPER. 290 00:16:30,931 --> 00:16:34,517 IT CAN BE EASILY CUT, BENT, AND SHAPED. 291 00:16:34,517 --> 00:16:35,827 USING ELECTRIC SHEARS, 292 00:16:35,827 --> 00:16:39,655 HE SLICES THE COPPER TO THE APPROPRIATE SIZE. 293 00:16:39,655 --> 00:16:43,068 THEN HE CLAMPS IT TO A STEEL MOLD OF A ROOSTER BODY AND HEAD. 294 00:16:47,034 --> 00:16:49,896 WITH A RUBBER MALLET, HE NOW CAREFULLY POUNDS THE COPPER 295 00:16:49,896 --> 00:16:51,517 INTO THE CREVASSES OF THE MOLD. 296 00:16:51,517 --> 00:16:54,137 THIS IS A CRITICAL FIRST SHAPING OF THE COPPER, 297 00:16:54,137 --> 00:16:56,965 AND HE HAS TO HIT IT WITH JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF FORCE. 298 00:16:56,965 --> 00:17:01,206 IF HE'S TOO HEAVY-HANDED, HE COULD BREAK OR TEAR THE COPPER. 299 00:17:01,206 --> 00:17:02,551 TOO LITTLE FORCE, 300 00:17:02,551 --> 00:17:05,620 AND THE SHAPE WON'T PROPERLY TRANSFER TO THE METAL. 301 00:17:05,620 --> 00:17:08,000 WITH A BASIC ROOSTER SHAPE NOW ESTABLISHED, 302 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:09,689 HE REACHES FOR AN AIR HAMMER 303 00:17:09,689 --> 00:17:11,931 THAT'S EQUIPPED WITH A PLASTIC TIP. 304 00:17:11,931 --> 00:17:13,896 IT BEATS THE COPPER INTO THE MOLD 305 00:17:13,896 --> 00:17:16,275 THOUSANDS OF TIMES PER MINUTE. 306 00:17:18,275 --> 00:17:21,620 THIS TRANSFERS FINER DETAILS, LIKE FEATHERS. 307 00:17:24,758 --> 00:17:26,965 AND WITH ITS SMOOTH PLASTIC TIP, 308 00:17:26,965 --> 00:17:30,206 THE AIR HAMMER INFLICTS NO DAMAGE. 309 00:17:30,206 --> 00:17:32,758 IT TAKES LESS THAN 20 MINUTES, 310 00:17:32,758 --> 00:17:36,310 AND THE ROOSTER COMES TO LIFE IN COPPER. 311 00:17:36,310 --> 00:17:38,241 HE UNLOCKS THE CLAMPS 312 00:17:38,241 --> 00:17:40,965 AND REMOVES THE MOLDED COPPER ROOSTER. 313 00:17:40,965 --> 00:17:42,965 HE'LL MAKE ANOTHER ONE JUST LIKE IT 314 00:17:42,965 --> 00:17:44,655 FOR THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WEATHERVANE. 315 00:17:44,655 --> 00:17:47,206 THIS WILL DISTRIBUTE ITS WEIGHT CORRECTLY 316 00:17:47,206 --> 00:17:49,862 AND MAKE IT LOOK GOOD FROM ALL ANGLES. 317 00:17:51,413 --> 00:17:55,000 HE THEN POUNDS COPPER INTO THE SHAPE OF THE ROOSTER'S TAIL. 318 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,862 IT HAS GENEROUS PLUMAGE FOR JUST THE RIGHT BALANCE. 319 00:17:58,862 --> 00:18:03,000 WITH A BAND SAW, HE SLICES AROUND THE MOLDED SHAPES 320 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,758 TO REMOVE THE EXCESS COPPER. 321 00:18:06,758 --> 00:18:11,068 THIS LIBERATES THE MOLDED ROOSTER FROM THE MATRIX. 322 00:18:11,068 --> 00:18:13,758 HE NOW TRIMS THE ROOSTER WITH A SET OF CLIPPERS 323 00:18:13,758 --> 00:18:16,206 TO GIVE IT A CLEANER EDGE. 324 00:18:19,172 --> 00:18:23,310 USING LONG CLIPPERS, HE SNIPS COPPER FROM INSIDE THE BEAK. 325 00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:25,310 THIS OPENS IT UP. 326 00:18:25,310 --> 00:18:27,310 ONCE THE RAGGED BITS HAVE BEEN TRIMMED, 327 00:18:27,310 --> 00:18:28,482 HE'S READY TO MATCH 328 00:18:28,482 --> 00:18:31,482 THE TWO SIDES OF THIS WEATHERVANE ROOSTER. 329 00:18:33,344 --> 00:18:35,689 HE SECURES IT IN A VISE 330 00:18:35,689 --> 00:18:39,689 AND CLEANS THE SEAM WITH A SOLUTION CALLED FLUX. 331 00:18:39,689 --> 00:18:44,103 HE TACKS IT WITH SOLDER AND THEN CHECKS THE EVENNESS OF THE SEAM. 332 00:18:44,103 --> 00:18:46,344 WHEN THE TWO MOLDS MATCH PERFECTLY, 333 00:18:46,344 --> 00:18:48,241 HE SOLDERS THE ENTIRE SEAM. 334 00:18:50,931 --> 00:18:54,103 THIS WEATHER ROOSTER IS NOW READY FOR ITS TAIL. 335 00:18:54,103 --> 00:18:57,137 IT WILL GIVE THE WEATHERVANE A LARGER SURFACE ON ONE SIDE, 336 00:18:57,137 --> 00:18:59,758 OFFERING GREATER RESISTANCE TO THE WIND. 337 00:18:59,758 --> 00:19:02,586 THIS WILL CAUSE THE FRONT OF THE WEATHERVANE 338 00:19:02,586 --> 00:19:04,620 TO POINT INTO THE WIND. 339 00:19:04,620 --> 00:19:07,655 HE INSERTS THE WEATHERVANE AXIS 340 00:19:07,655 --> 00:19:10,517 THROUGH THE ROOSTER'S FOOT, INTO THE CAVITY, 341 00:19:10,517 --> 00:19:14,379 AND IT EMERGES FROM THE BACK OF THE NECK. 342 00:19:14,379 --> 00:19:18,344 HE POUNDS THE TOP OF THE SHAFT FLUSH TO THE SURFACE 343 00:19:18,344 --> 00:19:23,068 AND THEN SOLDERS IT IN PLACE FOR A PERMANENT INSTALLATION. 344 00:19:23,068 --> 00:19:24,724 FOR SOME EXTRA PIZZAZZ, 345 00:19:24,724 --> 00:19:28,344 HE SLIDES A DECORATIVE COPPER BALL UP THE TURNING ROD, 346 00:19:28,344 --> 00:19:30,758 RESTING IT JUST BELOW THE ROOSTER FOOT. 347 00:19:30,758 --> 00:19:32,827 HE SECURES IT WITH SOLDER. 348 00:19:34,551 --> 00:19:37,689 HE NOW CUTS OUT THE FEATHERED END FOR AN ARROW. 349 00:19:37,689 --> 00:19:39,103 IT'S KNOWN AS THE FLETCHING, 350 00:19:39,103 --> 00:19:41,413 AND IT WILL HELP BALANCE THE WEATHERVANE. 351 00:19:43,379 --> 00:19:45,379 HE TURNS THE CRANK OF A PRESS 352 00:19:45,379 --> 00:19:48,379 TO ROLL NUMEROUS CREASES INTO THE FLETCHING. 353 00:19:48,379 --> 00:19:51,000 THE CREASES MIMIC FEATHER LINES. 354 00:19:54,068 --> 00:19:57,241 HE SOLDERS THE FEATHERED END TO THE POINTED SHAFT. 355 00:19:57,241 --> 00:19:59,206 IT HAS A HOLE FOR INSTALLING IT 356 00:19:59,206 --> 00:20:01,620 ONTO THE WEATHERVANE'S TURNING ROD. 357 00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:04,655 AS THE WEATHERVANE SPINS WITH THE PREVAILING WIND, 358 00:20:04,655 --> 00:20:07,344 THE ARROW WILL POINT IN ITS DIRECTION. 359 00:20:07,344 --> 00:20:11,103 A WADDLE BELOW THE BEAK AND A COMB ATOP HIS HEAD, 360 00:20:11,103 --> 00:20:14,379 AND THIS ROOSTER IS READY TO RULE THE ROOF. 361 00:20:14,379 --> 00:20:17,379 EXPOSURE TO THE ELEMENTS WILL WEATHER THE COPPER 362 00:20:17,379 --> 00:20:19,551 AND GIVE IT A BLUE-GREEN PATINA. 363 00:20:19,551 --> 00:20:21,586 FOR CUSTOMERS WHO DON'T WANT TO WAIT A FEW YEARS 364 00:20:21,586 --> 00:20:23,068 FOR THIS TO HAPPEN, 365 00:20:23,068 --> 00:20:28,379 INSTANT RESULTS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY APPLYING A SPECIAL ACID. 366 00:20:28,379 --> 00:20:29,896 DEPENDING ON ITS COMPLEXITY, 367 00:20:29,896 --> 00:20:33,482 A COPPER WEATHERVANE CAN TAKE UP TO TWO DAYS TO BUILD. 368 00:20:33,482 --> 00:20:36,620 WITH LUCK, IT COULD LAST A CENTURY OR MORE. 369 00:20:36,620 --> 00:20:37,896 LIKE THE WEATHER, 370 00:20:37,896 --> 00:20:40,448 PREDICTING A WEATHERVANE'S LONG-TERM VIABILITY 371 00:20:40,448 --> 00:20:43,068 IS NOT AN EXACT SCIENCE. 372 00:20:51,275 --> 00:20:53,758 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW 373 00:20:53,758 --> 00:20:56,172 OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 374 00:20:56,172 --> 00:20:58,344 DROP US A LINE AT... 30257

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