All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S18E06.Pipe.Cleaners.and.Telescopes.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

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>> Narrator: THE PIPE CLEANER

WAS INVENTED EARLY IN THE

20th CENTURY.

A WIRE CORE WITH TUFTS OF YARN,

IT COULD BE BENT AND TWISTED

IN ANY TIGHT SPACE, MAKING IT

USEFUL FOR CLEANING A LOT OF

THINGS BESIDES PIPES.

ITS FLEXIBILITY ALSO OFFERS

A CREATIVE OPPORTUNITY FOR THOSE

WITH A CRAFTY BENT.

TODAY MANY PIPE CLEANERS NEVER

GET DIRTY.

INSTEAD OF CLEANING PIPES,

KIDS BEND THEM AND SHAPE THEM

TO CREATE CRAFTS.

THE CORE COMPONENT OF EVERY

PIPE CLEANER IS, OF COURSE,

THE WIRE MADE OF MALLEABLE

STEEL.

THERE ARE TWO WIRES IN EVERY

PIPE CLEANER.

THE WIRES WILL BECOME

INTERTWINED WITH TUFTS OF YARN,

AND IT WILL ALL HAPPEN ON

A MACHINE LIKE THIS.

BUT FIRST HERE'S A LOOK AT THE

TWO WIRES TWISTING TOGETHER

WITHOUT THE YARN.

THIS WIRE CORE IS THE HEART

OF THE PIPE CLEANER.

WITHOUT THE TIGHT TWIST,

THE YARN WOULD JUST SLIDE OFF.

THE SPOOLS OF YARN UNWIND AT

THE SAME TIME AS THE WIRE AND

HEAD TOWARDS THE MACHINE.

THEY'LL USE COTTON YARN FOR

PIPE CLEANERS DESTINED FOR

ACTUAL PIPE CLEANING BECAUSE

IT'S ABSORBENT.

FOR THE CRAFT MARKET, POLYESTER

FIBERS ARE MORE SUITABLE.

THE COLORS ARE BRIGHTER.

THIS ORANGE YARN AND THE

WIRE TRAVEL OVER TENSION DISKS

TO PREVENT SLACKENING THAT WOULD

CAUSE MESSY ENTANGLEMENTS AS THE

PIPE-CLEANER MATERIALS ALL HEAD

TOWARD THE FORMING MACHINE.

THE YARN IN THE WIRE ARE TOTALLY

IN SYNC AS THEY FEED INTO

THE MACHINE.

THE PILE YARN RAPIDLY WINDS

AROUND A METAL FORMER TO COIL

IT.

AT THIS POINT, THE DIAMETER OF

THE PIPE CLEANER IS SET BY USING

METAL FORMERS OF DIFFERENT

SIZES.

A SHARP ROTATING BLADE CUTS THE

COILS TO PRODUCE A SERIES OF

SHORT TUFTS.

THEY STOP THE PROCESS BRIEFLY

TO GIVE US A LOOK INSIDE.

AT THE SAME TIME, THE WIRES RUN

IN GROOVES AROUND ROTATING

ROLLERS, AND THOSE YARN TUFTS

NOW BECOME TRAPPED BETWEEN

THE TWO WIRES.

TOGETHER THE WIRE AND YARN

TUFTS THEN TRAVEL OVER OTHER

ROLLERS INTO A DEVICE CALLED

A FLYER.

THE FLYER WAS INVENTED FOR

TWISTING YARN.

EACH TIME THE FLYER ROTATES,

IT INSERTS ONE TURN INTO THE

PIPE CLEANER.

BOBBINS THEN WIND UP THE

PIPE CLEANER.

IT ALL HAPPENS SO FAST,

IT'S A BIT OF A BLUR.

AT THE NEXT STATION, NUMEROUS

BOBBINS OF PIPE CLEANERS UNWIND

SIMULTANEOUSLY.

THEY TRAVEL BETWEEN A SERIES

OF ROLLERS.

THE ROLLERS STRAIGHTEN THE

PIPE CLEANERS, ELIMINATING

THE CURL CREATED WHEN THEY WERE

WOUND ONTO THE BOBBINS.

A CLAMP THEN LOCKS THE

PIPE CLEANERS IN POSITION, AND

A CARRIAGE PULLS THEM FORWARD.

THE CARRIAGE MOVES IN MEASURED

INCREMENTS SO A GUILLOTINE-STYLE

BLADE CAN CUT THE PIPE CLEANERS

TO A PRECISE LENGTH.

IN THIS CASE, IT'S 6 INCHES,

A POPULAR LENGTH FOR THE CRAFT

MARKET.

THE MACHINE EJECTS THE COMPLETED

PIPE CLEANERS, AND A WORKER

PACKS THEM UP FOR RETAIL.

EACH BAG CONTAINS ALL THE COLORS

OF THE RAINBOW AND THEN SOME.

FOR THICKER, FLUFFIER

PIPE CLEANERS, THEY USE A

SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT MACHINE.

BOBBINS OF POLYESTER YARN

ROTATE IN THE CAROUSEL TO WIND

THE YARN AROUND THE FORMER AND

COIL THEM.

A SHARP ROTATING BLADE CUTS

IT INTO TUFTS.

A CARRIER WIRE IS USED HERE

TO KEEP THE PILE UNDER TENSION,

AFTER WHICH THE TWO CORE WIRES

TRAP THE TUFTS JUST AS BEFORE.

ANOTHER CLAMP TWISTS THE CORE

WIRES AND TUFTS AS IT PULLS

THEM FORWARD.

THIS TRANSFORMS THEM INTO ONE

THICK AND FUZZY PIPE CLEANER,

WHICH IS THEN CUT TO ANY LENGTH

THE CLIENT ORDERS.

PRODUCTION NOW FOCUSES ON

PIPE CLEANERS FOR MEDICAL

AND ENGINEERING CLEANING JOBS.

HEAT GUNS MELT THE FIBERS AT

THE ENDS TO SEAL THEM, ENSURING

THEY WON'T SHED LINT OR FIBERS

DURING THE CLEANING OF SENSITIVE

EQUIPMENT.

YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENCE THIS

MAKES IN THE PIPE CLEANER ON

THE RIGHT.

PIPE CLEANERS TODAY ARE

NO LONGER JUST FOR PIPES.

THEY'RE USED TO CLEAN ALL KINDS

OF THINGS LIKE BICYCLE GEARS

OR ANY GEAR AT ALL.

THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR PAINT

TOUCH-UPS, ODD JOBS IN THE

GARAGE, CLEANING RIFLE BARRELS,

WRAPPING ELECTRONICS CABLES,

AND CLEANING ANY LONG TUBE.

BUT, OF COURSE, IT'S NOT ALL

WORK AND NO PLAY.

THERE'S ALWAYS ARTS AND CRAFTS

TIME.

THAT'S WHEN THINGS TAKE

A CREATIVE TWIST AND

PIPE CLEANERS BECOME ANYTHING

YOU WANT THEM TO.

>> Narrator: STILTON IS A CREAMY

AND CRUMBLY BRITISH BLUE CHEESE

WHOSE ROOTS DATE BACK TO THE

EARLY 1700s.

IT TASTES MELLOWER AND LESS

SALTY THAN MANY OTHER VARIETIES

OF BLUE CHEESE.

ALWAYS PRODUCED IN AN 18-POUND

CYLINDER FORMAT, IT HAS VEINS

OF BLUE MOLD RADIATING FROM

THE CENTER OUTWARD.

THE PRODUCTION OF STILTON IS

STRICTLY REGULATED.

ONLY HALF A DOZEN DAIRIES

IN THE WORLD LOCATED IN THREE

SPECIFIC ENGLISH COUNTIES ARE

LICENSED TO PRODUCE IT AND ONLY

FROM LOCALLY PRODUCED

PASTEURIZED MILK.

IT TAKES 20 GALLONS OF MILK

TO MAKE EACH 18-POUND CYLINDER

OF STILTON.

THEY BEGIN BY POURING MILK

IN A VAT.

NEXT, THEY ADD STARTER CULTURE,

LABORATORY-GROWN NATURAL

ORGANISMS.

THEN THEY MIX A BLUE MOLD

CULTURE CALLED

PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORT

WITH DISTILLED WATER AND ADD

THIS TO THE MILK, AS WELL.

AFTER ABOUT THREE HOURS, THEY

STIR IN ENZYMES THAT COAGULATE

THE MILK FAT.

AFTER ABOUT 90 MINUTES,

WORKERS RUN A WIRE KNIFE THROUGH

THE NOW-GELATINOUS MILK,

SEPARATING THE FAT, CALLED

CURDS, FROM THE LIQUID, CALLED

WHEY.

THEN, OVERNIGHT, THEY DRAIN

THE WHEY OUT OF THE BOTTOM OF

THE VAT.

THE NEXT MORNING, THE FIRM CURDS

GO THROUGH A MILL, WHICH BREAKS

THEM UP INTO A CRUMBLY

CONSISTENCY.

WORKERS WEIGH OUT PORTIONS

OF 24 POUNDS, EACH OF WHICH

WILL BECOME AN 18-POUND CYLINDER

OF CHEESE.

AFTER ADDING SALT -- THE COMPANY

WON'T DISCLOSE JUST HOW MUCH --

TWO WORKERS GENTLY HAND-MIX

THE PORTION, TWO DIFFERENT

MIXING STYLES BLENDING THE

INGREDIENTS MORE THOROUGHLY

THAN ONE.

THEN THEY FUNNEL EACH PORTION

INTO A CYLINDRICAL PLASTIC

CHEESE MOLD CALLED A HOOP.

THE CURD STILL CONTAIN WHEY.

SO WORKERS STACK THE HOOPS

FOR FIVE DAYS.

TYPICALLY, CHEESES ARE PRESSED

TO DRAIN THE WHEY -- NOT

STILTON.

HERE GRAVITY DOES THE JOB.

THE CHEESE DRAINS UNDER ITS OWN

WEIGHT.

WORKERS FLIP THE HOOP ONCE

DAILY TO DRAIN THROUGH BOTH

THE TOP AND BOTTOM.

AFTER FIVE DAYS, THEY REMOVE

THE HOOP.

THE CHEESE, NOW DRIER, STANDS

ON ITS OWN, WHILE, WITH A KNIFE,

THEY PERFORM A CRITICAL

PROCEDURE CALLED RUBBING UP.

THEY RUB THE ENTIRE SURFACE WITH

A FLAT BLADE, SEALING ALL THE

HOLES SO THAT AIR CAN'T

PENETRATE AND CAUSE PREMATURE

INTERNAL MOLD GROWTH.

NOW THE CHEESE GOES ON TO

A STILLAGE, A TYPE OF TROLLEY,

AND BEGINS ITS JOURNEY THROUGH

THE CLIMATE-CONTROLLED BLUING

ROOMS, NAMED FOR THE COLOR

OF THE INTERNAL MOLD GROWTH

WHICH OCCURS THERE.

WORKERS FLIP THE CHEESE DAILY

TO PREVENT ITS CYLINDRICAL SHAPE

FROM DISTORTING UNDER ITS OWN

WEIGHT.

WITHIN A WEEK TO 10 DAYS,

GRAYISH WHITE, SOMETIMES

ORANGE, NATURALLY OCCURRING MOLD

BEGINS GROWING ON THE OUTSIDE,

AND FROM THAT POINT ON, WHEN

THE CHEESE ACQUIRES A CERTAIN

AMOUNT OF MOLD, THEY MOVE IT

TO THE NEXT LEVEL ROOM, THEN

TO THE NEXT ONE, AND SO ON.

AT ABOUT THE FIVE-WEEK MARK,

THEY MOUNT THE CHEESE ON THE

TURNTABLE OF A PIERCING MACHINE.

WITH EACH PRESS OF A FOOT PEDAL,

THE TURNTABLE ROTATES SLIGHTLY,

AND LONG, STAINLESS-STEEL

NEEDLES PIERCE THE CHEESE.

THESE TINY HOLES PERMIT OXYGEN

TO ENTER AND KICK-START THE

PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORT BLUE MOLD

CULTURE THAT THE DAIRY PUT IN

THE MILK EARLIER ON.

BEFORE LONG, BLUE MOLD GRADUALLY

GROWS FROM THE CENTER OF THE

CHEESE OUTWARD.

TO MONITOR THE EXTENT OF THE

BLUE-MOLD GROWTH, THE DAIRY'S

CHEESE GRATERS DRAW SAMPLES

USING A TOOL CALLED A CHEESE

IRON.

THE IRON REACHES ALL THE WAY

TO THE CORE OF THE CYLINDER.

WHEN THE SAMPLE SHOWS THAT

THE BLUING RUNS RIGHT THROUGH,

THE CHEESE IS READY, MORE OR

LESS.

THE TIMING'S ACTUALLY A BIT

TRICKY.

STILTON IS A RELATIVELY YOUNG

CHEESE, BEST EATEN BETWEEN

12 AND 14 WEEKS.

THE DAIRY DOES ITS BEST TO

COORDINATE SHIPPING SO THAT

THE CHEESE IS AT ITS OPTIMUM

QUALITY WHEN IT REACHES

THE CUSTOMER.

THEREFORE, IT SHIPS 8- OR

9-WEEK-OLD CHEESE TO LOCAL

STORES AND 7-WEEK-OLD CHEESE

TO INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMERS

SO THAT THE BLUE STILTON WILL BE

AN IDEAL 8 OR 9 WEEKS OF AGE

WHEN IT ARRIVES AT ITS

DESTINATION.

>> Narrator: SMART METERS

ARE ELECTRICITY METERS THAT

DON'T HAVE TO BE READ BY

A PERSON.

INSTEAD, THEY WIRELESSLY SEND

YOUR HOME'S ELECTRICITY USE

TO YOUR UTILITY IN REAL TIME.

YOUR BILL THEN SHOWS HOW MUCH

ELECTRICITY YOU USED AND WHEN,

MAKING IT EASIER TO BETTER

CONTROL YOUR ENERGY USE.

OLD TECHNOLOGY METERS REQUIRE

A HUMAN BEING TO TAKE A METER

READING ONCE EACH BILLING

PERIOD.

SMART METERS CAN REPORT

CONSUMPTION IN REAL TIME

BY WIRELESS TRANSMISSION.

INSIDE THE SMART METER ARE

THREE DIFFERENT ELECTRONIC

CIRCUIT BOARDS, THE BRAINS OF

THE UNIT.

THEY'RE BUILT ON LARGE, BLANK

FIBERGLASS PANELS.

ONE PANEL YIELDS SIX OR EIGHT

IDENTICAL CIRCUIT BOARDS

DEPENDING ON THE METER MODEL.

IN THE FIRST MACHINE, FOR

TRACKING PURPOSES, A LASER

ETCHES A SERIAL NUMBER FOR

EACH FUTURE CIRCUIT BOARD.

THE NEXT MACHINE APPLIES

A STENCIL ON THE PATTERN

OF THE COMPONENTS TO BE MOUNTED

ON THE BOARD, THEN SPREAD SOLDER

AND PASTE FORM ACROSS IT.

THE BOARD NOW WEARS SOLDER PASTE

SHAPED IN POSITION EXACTLY TO

RECEIVE THE UPCOMING COMPONENTS.

THE NEXT MACHINE'S TWO LASERS

VERIFY THAT THE SOLDER PASTE

APPLICATION IS PERFECT.

DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF

A SPECIFIC CIRCUIT-BOARD

COMPONENT, THERE CAN BE ANYWHERE

FROM 5 TO 20,000 OF THEM STORED

ON A TAPE REEL UNDER A

TRANSPARENT, PROTECTIVE STRIP.

WORKERS MOUNT THE RAIL FOR EACH

COMPONENT ON WHAT'S KNOWN AS

A PICK AND PLACE MACHINE.

THIS COMPUTER-CONTROLLED

HIGH-SPEED DEVICE PEELS BACK

THE PROTECTIVE STRIP AND PICKS

THE REQUIRED PARTS OFF EACH

REEL, THEN PLACES THEM IN THEIR

DESIGNATED SOLDER-PASTED

POSITION ON THE BOARD.

BULKIER COMPONENTS ARE STORED

ON A DIFFERENT-SIZED REEL, WHICH

WORKERS MOUNT ON ANOTHER TYPE

OF PICK AND PLACE MACHINE.

IT DOES THE SAME OPERATION AS

THE PREVIOUS ONE, ONLY SLOWER

DUE TO THE LARGER-SIZED

COMPONENTS.

THE BOARDS NOW TRAVEL THROUGH

A SOLDERING OVEN.

THE PRECISION-CONTROLLED

TEMPERATURE, PEAKING AT

468 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, MELTS,

THEN COOLS THE SOLDER PASTE,

FUSING ALL THE COMPONENTS

TO THE BOARD.

NEXT, EACH BOARD UNDERGOES

TESTING.

THIS MACHINE APPLIES ELECTRICITY

TO ENSURE EACH AND EVERY

COMPONENT MEETS SPECIFICATIONS.

WHEN THE BOARD GETS THE

ALL CLEAR, IT MOVES TO THE NEXT

MACHINE, WHICH CUTS IT INTO

SEPARATE CIRCUIT BOARDS.

MEANWHILE, ROBOTS ASSEMBLE

THE METER'S DIGITAL DISPLAY.

THEY TAKE A PLASTIC HALF-CIRCLE

HOUSING AND INSTALL A LIQUID

CRYSTAL DISPLAY INTO ITS

RECTANGULAR WINDOW.

AT THE NEXT STATION, A ROBOT

USES A VISION SYSTEM TO ALIGN

SNAPS TO ATTACH A CIRCUIT BOARD

TO THE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY.

ASSEMBLING THE METER BODY BEGINS

WITH A PLASTIC BASE PLATE.

THE FIRST STATION PRINTS

A SERIAL NUMBER ON THE BOTTOM.

THE NEXT STATION THEN FLIPS

THE BASE PLATE UPRIGHT AND

INSTALLS THE COMPONENTS OF

THE REMOTE DISCONNECT SWITCH.

THIS SWITCH ENABLES THE ELECTRIC

COMPANY TO SWITCH POWER ON

AND OFF FROM ANY LOCATION.

A SWITCH COVER CLOSES UP

THE BASE.

THE PROTRUDING WIRE WILL

CONNECT TO A CIRCUIT BOARD.

THE NEXT STATION INSTALLS TWO

TERMINALS THROUGH THE SWITCH

COVER.

THESE FUNCTION AS PART OF

THE SWITCH OPERATION AS WELL AS

PART OF THE METER'S MEASUREMENT

OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMED.

ONCE THOSE TERMINALS ARE IN,

AN AUTOMATIC SCREWDRIVER SECURES

THE SWITCH COVER.

NOW THE FIRST OF THREE

CIRCUIT BOARDS.

THIS ONE, THE METROLOGY BOARD,

MEASURES ENERGY CONSUMPTION.

THE UNIT COMES OFF THE AUTOMATED

LINE, AND A WORKER COMPLETES

THE ASSEMBLY.

HE ATTACHES A CONNECTOR TO THE

DIGITAL DISPLAY CIRCUIT BOARD,

INSTALLS THE DISPLAY, THEN

CONNECTS THE SWITCH WIRE TO THE

DISPLAY'S BOARD.

THE METROLOGY BOARD SENDS ITS

MEASUREMENTS TO THE DISPLAY

CIRCUIT BOARD, WHICH INTERPRETS

THE DATA AND SENDS IT TO

A THIRD CIRCUIT BOARD, WHICH

TRANSMITS IT BY RADIO FREQUENCY

TO THE UTILITY.

ONCE WORKERS HAVE FULLY

ASSEMBLED THE HOUSING, THEY

INSTALL A METAL TAMPER-EVIDENCE

SEAL.

EVERY METER UNDERGOES RIGOROUS

FINAL TESTING.

AN AUTOMATED STATION VERIFIES

THE DISPLAY USING A VISION

SYSTEM.

IT CHECKS THAT THE REMOTE

DISCONNECT SWITCH OPERATES

PROPERLY, THAT THE METER

MEASURES ELECTRICITY ACCURATELY,

AND SUCCESSFULLY TRANSMITS AND

RECEIVES MESSAGES.

>> Narrator: THE TELESCOPE WAS

INVENTED BY A DUTCH OPTICIAN

FOUR CENTURIES AGO.

BEFORE THAT, IT WAS BELIEVED

THE EARTH WAS THE CENTER OF

EVERYTHING.

THE THEORY THAT IT ACTUALLY

REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN WAS

DISCOUNTED.

IN THE HANDS OF ITALIAN

ASTRONOMER GALILEO, THE

TELESCOPE BROUGHT REALITY

INTO FOCUS.

MODERN TELESCOPES ARE

LIGHT-YEARS AHEAD OF THOSE

EARLY VERSIONS, AND THROUGH

THEIR EYEPIECES, THE UNIVERSE

CONTINUES TO UNFOLD.

A REFLECTING TELESCOPE BOUNCES

AND CONCENTRATES LIGHT WITH

MIRRORS.

PRODUCTION BEGINS WITH THE

MACHINING OF CYLINDRICAL METAL

PARTS.

THESE ARE BAFFLES, AND WHEN

SCREWED TOGETHER, THEY'LL BLOCK

STRAY LIGHT THAT WOULD INTERFERE

WITH THE TELESCOPE'S OPERATION.

MORE TOOLS TRANSFORM A SOLID

ALUMINUM DISK INTO A RING WITH

SPOKES.

THIS PART, CALLED THE SPIDER,

IS A FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPORTING

THE TELESCOPE'S SECONDARY

MIRROR.

AFTER COATING THE METAL PARTS

WITH A PROTECTIVE OXIDE, THEY

PLUNGE THEM INTO A VAT OF BLACK

DYE.

THE DYE SOAKS INTO THE OXIDIZED

PORES AND SEALS THE SURFACE OF

THE PARTS.

NEXT, THIS MOLDED DISK OF

THICK LOW-EXPANSION GLASS

WILL BECOME THE TELESCOPE'S

PRIMARY MIRROR.

A DIAMOND-EDGED TOOL ROTATES

ON A CALCULATED TILT TO MAKE

THE GLASS SLIGHTLY CONCAVE.

TO IMPROVE THE CONCAVE PROFILE,

A WORKER COATS THE GLASS WITH

ABRASIVE.

HE ADDS A WEIGHT TO A PRECISELY

CURVED CAST-IRON DISK AND SPINS

IT.

THE WEIGHTED IRON DISK BEARS

DOWN ON THE ABRASIVE COATED

GLASS TO FINE-TUNE ITS

CURVATURE.

A WORKER THEN EXAMINES THE

FINELY GROUND SURFACE FOR

SCRATCHES, AND USING A

CALIBRATED GAUGE, HE MEASURES

THE RADIUS OF THE DISK TO

CONFIRM THAT THE CONCAVE

PROFILE IS PRECISELY WHAT

IT NEEDS TO BE.

THE GLASS NOW SPINS WHILE

A CYLINDRICAL CUTTER AIMS

DEAD CENTER TO CUT OUT A HOLE.

THIS CENTER HOLE IS SIZED TO

ACCOMMODATE THE BAFFLES WE SAW

EARLIER, AND IT WILL ALSO ENABLE

THE MIRROR TO BE HELD SECURELY

IN THE TELESCOPE.

NEXT, THE GLASS DISK OSCILLATES

AS AN AUTOMATED TOOL RUBS A

COMPOUND AGAINST IT TO POLISH

IT.

A WORKER THEN APPLIES SOME OF

THE COMPOUND ONTO A POLISHING

DISK AND WORKS THE SURFACE OF

THE GLASS AGAINST IT REPEATEDLY.

THIS HAND POLISHING IMPROVES

THE SURFACE CONSIDERABLY.

IN THE LABORATORY, A TECHNICIAN

COMPARES THE PRIMARY MIRROR

GLASS TO A GRID TO VERIFY THAT

THE DIMENSIONS ARE ACCURATE.

HE AIMS A LASER AT THE GLASS.

A COMPUTER ANALYZES

THE REFLECTED LIGHT.

IF THE ANGLE IS OFF BY 1,000th

OF THE WIDTH OF A HAIR,

THE TELESCOPE'S IMAGE COULD BE

BLURRY.

THE GLASS IS NOW READY FOR ITS

MIRROR FINISH.

THEY LOCK IT FACEDOWN IN

A VACUUM CHAMBER.

THEY ADD SMALL AMOUNTS OF

TITANIUM OXIDE, SILICON

MONOXIDE, AND ALUMINUM.

THEY CLOSE THE CHAMBER, TIGHTLY

ENCASING THE CONTENTS, AND THEN

PUMP OUT MOST OF THE AIR,

CREATING A PARTIAL VACUUM

INSIDE.

THEY ACTIVATE A 6,000-VOLT

ELECTRODE.

THIS SPARKS A GLOWING DISCHARGE

OF IONS ONTO THE NOW ROTATING

GLASS DISK.

THESE IONS BLAST ANY LINGERING

CONTAMINANTS FROM THE GLASS

TO GIVE IT A SERIOUS CLEANING.

THEY HEAT THE ALUMINUM,

TITANIUM, AND SILICON PELLETS,

WHICH EVAPORATE INTO A CLOUD OF

VAPOR.

ATOMS CONDENSE LANDING ON

THE SURFACE OF THE GLASS

TO FORM A GLOSSY MIRROR SURFACE.

IT TAKES JUST MINUTES FOR THIS

HIGHLY REFLECTIVE COATING TO BE

APPLIED.

THIS TELESCOPE MIRROR IS NOW

READY TO REFLECT LIGHT FROM

THE STARS AND PLANETS IN THE

SKY.

NEXT, A TECHNICIAN SCREWS LIGHTS

INTO THE METAL HOUSING FOR THE

PRIMARY MIRROR.

HE ADDS A MOUNT MECHANISM FOR

THE EYEPIECE, COMPLETE WITH

KNOBS FOR FOCUSING.

HE FLIPS OVER THE ASSEMBLY AND

SLIDES THE PRECISION-MADE MIRROR

ONTO THE HOUSING.

A CORK RING CUSHIONS THE MIRROR

SO A RETAINING RING CAN BE

INSTALLED WITHOUT A SCRATCH.

THE TELESCOPE'S PRIMARY MIRROR

IS NOW SECURE TO THE HOUSING.

HE PIECES TOGETHER THE

THREE-PART BAFFLE, THEN SCREWS

IT TO THE LENS HOLDER PROTRUDING

FROM THE CENTER OF THE TELESCOPE

MIRROR.

HE JOINS THE BAFFLE AND MIRROR

ASSEMBLY TO THE TELESCOPE TUBE.

THE TUBE HAS ALREADY BEEN

EQUIPPED WITH A SECONDARY MIRROR

THAT WILL BOUNCE REFLECTED

IMAGES FROM THE PRIMARY MIRROR

BACK FOR MAGNIFICATION AND

VIEWING.

IT'S TAKEN ABOUT SIX WEEKS

TO BUILD THIS TELESCOPE.

AND NOW IT'S READY TO HELP

UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIES OF

THE UNIVERSE.

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