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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator:
IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN,
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EXPOSED WOOD BEAMS
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USE THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
OF A BUILDING
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IN AN AESTHETIC WAY.
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THESE BEAMS ARE OFTEN MADE
OF GLUED LAMINATED TIMBERS.
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THEY'RE CONSTRUCTED
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BY GLUING TOGETHER
SEVERAL LAYERS OF LUMBER
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AND FORMING THEM
INTO A PARTICULAR SHAPE
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SUCH AS A CURVED ARCH.
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THESE BEAMS LOOK AS THOUGH
THEY'RE A SOLID PIECE OF WOOD.
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HOWEVER, THEY'RE ACTUALLY
LAMINATED WOOD --
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SEVERAL BOARDS OF LUMBER GLUED
TOGETHER TO FORM ONE PIECE.
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THE BOARDS
AREN'T LAYERED HAPHAZARDLY.
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RATHER, THE TOP-GRADE WOOD
GOES ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM,
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WHERE THE BEAM
MUST BE THE MOST RESISTANT,
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AND LOWER-GRADE WOOD
IN THE MIDDLE.
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THE BOARDS ARE FAR SHORTER
THAN THE FINISHED BEAM,
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THEREFORE THE FIRST STEP
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IS TO EXTEND EACH LAYER
TO THE REQUIRED LENGTH
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BY CONNECTING SEVERAL BOARDS
END TO END.
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TO DO THIS, A CONVEYOR SYSTEM
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TRANSPORTS 10 BOARDS AT A TIME
TO A MILL.
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SAW BLADES TRIM THE EDGES
TO MAKE THEM PERFECTLY SQUARE,
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THEN REVOLVING KNIVES
CUT FINGER JOINTS ON BOTH ENDS.
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WHEN IT COMES TIME TO CONNECT
THE BOARDS HORIZONTALLY,
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THE FINGER JOINTS OF ONE BOARD
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WILL FIT NEATLY
INTO THOSE OF THE NEXT.
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THE COMB-LIKE SHAPE
OF THE FINGER JOINTS
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CREATES A FAR GREATER
SERVICE AREA TO GLUE
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COMPARED TO LEAVING
THE EDGES FLAT.
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MORE GLUE MAKES FOR
A STRONGER BOND BETWEEN BOARDS.
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THE GLUE IS HIGH-STRENGTH
AND WATERPROOF.
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IT GOES ON BROWN
BUT DRIES TRANSLUCENT.
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WORKERS LINE UP THE GLUED BOARDS
IN A MACHINE CALLED A CROWDER.
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THE MACHINE'S PRESSURE ROLLERS
SLIDE ONE BOARD INTO THE OTHER,
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INTERLOCKING THE FINGER JOINTS.
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THEN TWO PLATES CLAMP DOWN
ON EACH JOINT,
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RENDERING
THE ADJOINING BOARDS FLUSH
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SHOULD ONE BE SITTING
SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN THE NEXT.
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ABOUT 15 SECONDS OF HEAT
CURES THE GLUE.
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THE CONNECTION IS BARELY VISIBLE
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BECAUSE THE GLUE
DRIES TRANSLUCENT.
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NOW THAT EACH LAYER
IS THE REQUIRED LENGTH,
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IT'S TIME TO ADHERE THEM
VERTICALLY TO MAKE THE BEAM.
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FIRST, A GLUE APPLICATOR
COATS ONE SIDE.
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THEN WORKERS
TURN THE LAYERS ON THEIR SIDES
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AND STACK THEM IN A STEEL FRAME
CALLED A JIG.
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ONCE THEY'VE STACKED
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THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF LAYERS
FOR THE BEAM,
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THEY ACTIVATE HIGH-STRENGTH
STEEL PRESSURE VICES.
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THESE APPLY HIGH PRESSURE
FOR SIX TO EIGHT HOURS
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UNTIL THE GLUE
BETWEEN THE LAYERS HAS CURED.
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TO MAKE AN ARCHED BEAM,
IT'S THE SAME PROCESS,
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BUT THEY STACK THEN CLAMP
THE LAYERS IN A CURVED JIG.
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ONCE THE GLUE CURES,
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THIS LAMINATED WOOD BEAM
IS STRONGER THAN SOLID WOOD.
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00:04:26,482 --> 00:04:29,793
HOWEVER, THERE ARE STILL
SEVERAL MORE STEPS TO GO.
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A TWO-SIDED PLANER
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SIMULTANEOUSLY FINALIZES
THE DIMENSIONS,
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EVENS OUT THE ENDS,
AND REMOVES EXCESS GLUE
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THAT OOZED OUT UNDER PRESSURE.
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NEXT, A COMPUTER-GUIDED,
MULTI-TOOL MACHINE
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CUTS, DRILLS,
AND NOTCHES THE BEAM
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ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOMER'S
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TECHNICAL DRAWING
SPECIFICATIONS.
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THEN EACH BEAM GETS A TAG
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00:05:06,724 --> 00:05:09,620
INDICATING THE ORDER NUMBER
AND PART NUMBER.
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IN THE FINAL
FINISHING DEPARTMENT,
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WORKERS SAND AWAY
ANY VISUAL DEFECTS
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AND SMOOTH THE SURFACE
IN PREPARATION FOR STAINING.
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FINISHERS APPLY ONE COAT
OF WOOD STAIN WITH A ROLLER,
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THEN WORK IT BY HAND
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TO ENSURE UNIFORM ABSORPTION
THROUGHOUT.
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ONCE THE BEAM IS SHIPPED TO THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE,
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THE CUSTOMER MIGHT APPLY
A FLAMEPROOF COATING,
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WHICH WOULD SIGNIFICANTLY
SLOW DOWN
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THE RATE AT WHICH
THE BEAM WOULD BURN
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00:05:41,034 --> 00:05:42,724
IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE.
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THE CUSTOMER MAY ALSO STAIN IT
A DEEPER SHADE
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TO MATCH EXISTING WOODWORK.
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Narrator: THE FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE
UTILITY VEHICLE
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WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED FOR WAR.
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IT WAS WORLD WAR II,
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00:06:06,862 --> 00:06:10,517
AND THE AMERICAN-MADE MILITARY
JEEP QUICKLY EARNED ITS STRIPES,
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PLOWING THROUGH MUD AND MUCK
ON THE ROAD TO VICTORY.
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00:06:13,413 --> 00:06:15,724
TODAY'S S.U.V.s
ARE MODERN VERSIONS
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00:06:15,724 --> 00:06:18,758
AND PROOF THAT THE CONCEPT
HAS TRANSITIONED NICELY
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INTO CIVILIAN LIFE.
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00:06:23,620 --> 00:06:26,758
WHEN THE ROAD AHEAD IS ROUGH
OR DISAPPEARS ENTIRELY,
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A FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE
UTILITY VEHICLE KEEPS ON GOING.
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PRODUCTION OF THIS CUSTOM S.U.V.
BEGINS WITH A MANDREL BENT FRAME
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MADE OF THICK STEEL RAILS.
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A WORKER WELDS BRACKETS TO IT
FOR ATTACHING PARTS --
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THIS ONE FOR ITS
SHOCK ABSORBER'S NITROGEN TANK.
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HE ATTACHES A LINK FOR THE
SWAY BAR AND SUSPENSION ARMS.
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HE THEN WELDS
SUPER-THICK BRACES FOR SHOCKS
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TO THE FRONT OF THE CHASSIS.
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00:07:00,896 --> 00:07:03,034
HE MEASURES
THE SPACE BETWEEN THEM
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00:07:03,034 --> 00:07:05,482
TO CONFIRM
THAT THERE'S ADEQUATE CLEARANCE
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00:07:05,482 --> 00:07:07,620
AND THEN FITS
HEAVY-DUTY CALIPERS
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00:07:07,620 --> 00:07:10,413
OVER THE BRAKE ROTORS
INSTALLED AT THE FRONT.
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00:07:10,413 --> 00:07:13,068
THE FRONT BRAKES
ARE A SIX-PISTON SYSTEM
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FOR EXTRA STOPPING POWER.
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HE NOW FITS THE COIL-WRAPPED
SHOCK ABSORBERS
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TO THE FRONT AXLE
AND BOLTS THEM TO THE BRACES
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WE SAW WELDED
TO THE CHASSIS EARLIER.
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THIS IS A PRELIMINARY
INSTALLATION.
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THE PARTS WILL ALL BE TIGHTENED
MORE PRECISELY LATER.
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IT'S TIME TO GIVE
THIS CUSTOM S.U.V.
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SOME SUPERSIZED WHEELS.
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HE POSITIONS THE RIMS
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ON THREADED BOLTS
PROTRUDING FROM THE AXLES
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00:07:39,965 --> 00:07:45,103
AND THEN SECURES THE
INSTALLATION WITH LUG NUTS.
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THE TIRES ARE EIGHT-PLY
WITH DEEP TREAD
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FOR OFF-ROAD TRACTION.
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THIS S.U.V. CHASSIS
IS READY FOR POWER.
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THE TEAM WHEELS THE CHASSIS
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00:07:59,172 --> 00:08:01,172
UNDER THE EIGHT-CYLINDER
DRIVETRAIN
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AND CAREFULLY LOWERS IT
INTO POSITION.
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THIS POWERFUL ENGINE
WILL GENERATE A LOT OF HEAT,
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00:08:08,517 --> 00:08:11,965
SO IT NEEDS A LARGE
CAPACITY RADIATOR TO KEEP COOL
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00:08:11,965 --> 00:08:17,206
AND PREVENT DAMAGE
TO THE ENGINE.
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00:08:17,206 --> 00:08:21,000
ONCE THE STEEL CHASSIS HAS BEEN
COATED WITH A PROTECTIVE FINISH
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AND THE FUEL SYSTEM
HAS BEEN INSTALLED,
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PRODUCTION SHIFTS
TO THE NEXT STAGE --
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PIECING TOGETHER
THE S.U.V. BODY.
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00:08:30,206 --> 00:08:32,275
THIS PRE-ASSEMBLY WILL ENSURE
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00:08:32,275 --> 00:08:35,655
ALL THE ALUMINUM PARTS
FIT TOGETHER FLAWLESSLY.
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AFTER THIS, THE S.U.V.
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00:08:37,137 --> 00:08:39,827
WILL BE COMPLETELY TAKEN APART
FOR PAINTING
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00:08:39,827 --> 00:08:43,206
AND THEN
PUT BACK TOGETHER AGAIN.
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00:08:45,344 --> 00:08:49,241
HE HINGES THE DOORS TO THE BODY
WITH THICK STEEL PINS
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THAT HOLD UP TO WEAR
AND MAKE THE ASSEMBLY EASY.
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HE ATTACHES EACH WINDOW FRAME
TO THE LOWER DOOR PANEL
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00:08:59,724 --> 00:09:01,206
AND CHECKS THE FIT.
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00:09:01,206 --> 00:09:05,758
ANY GAPS COULD ALLOW THE WIND
TO WHISTLE INTO THE VEHICLE.
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HE CONFIRMS THE PARTS ALIGN
AND THAT THE DOOR LATCH WORKS.
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HE BOLTS THE STEEL ROLL BARS
TO THE S.U.V. BODY.
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00:09:12,931 --> 00:09:15,620
ONCE HE'S SATISFIED
THAT THE FRAMEWORK
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00:09:15,620 --> 00:09:18,827
MEETS ALL THE SPECIFICATIONS,
HE'LL TAKE IT APART.
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THE PAINT
IS A POWDER-COAT FINISH.
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IT'S IONICALLY CHARGED,
SO IT GRAVITATES
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00:09:27,551 --> 00:09:30,862
TO THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTS
AS IT'S SPRAYED.
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00:09:30,862 --> 00:09:32,379
ONCE BAKED IN AN OVEN,
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00:09:32,379 --> 00:09:36,103
THE COATING FORMS A SKIN THAT'S
TOUGHER THAN CONVENTIONAL PAINT.
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00:09:39,413 --> 00:09:42,551
THEY ALSO COAT THE UNDERSIDE
OF THE LOWER PARTS
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00:09:42,551 --> 00:09:44,241
WITH A HEAT-CURED FINISH
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00:09:44,241 --> 00:09:47,103
TO REDUCE WEAR
AND TO MUFFLE VIBRATION.
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00:09:47,103 --> 00:09:50,655
THEY NOW PIECE TOGETHER
THE LOWER BODY OF THE S.U.V.
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00:09:50,655 --> 00:09:51,965
AND ASSEMBLE THE DASHBOARD
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00:09:51,965 --> 00:09:53,931
AND THE INSTRUMENT PANEL
TO THE FRONT.
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THEY BOLT THE SEATS
TO THE FLOOR,
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AND ONCE OTHER PARTS
HAVE BEEN WELDED TO IT,
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THEY LOWER THE ASSEMBLY
ONTO THE CHASSIS.
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00:10:07,517 --> 00:10:12,172
THE CHASSIS HAS, BY NOW,
BEEN COMPLETELY WIRED.
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00:10:12,172 --> 00:10:15,034
THE PARTS MATE PERFECTLY.
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00:10:20,172 --> 00:10:22,827
IT TAKES ABOUT 250 PERSON HOURS
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00:10:22,827 --> 00:10:25,448
TO BUILD
ONE OF THESE CUSTOM S.U.V.s.
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00:10:25,448 --> 00:10:28,551
WE'VE SHOWN JUST THE HIGHLIGHTS.
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00:10:28,551 --> 00:10:30,896
WHEN IT'S COMPLETE,
THEY TEST EVERYTHING
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00:10:30,896 --> 00:10:35,827
FROM THE SENSOR-ACTIVATED STEP
TO THE WINDSHIELD WIPERS.
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00:10:35,827 --> 00:10:39,172
ONCE THEY CONFIRM THAT
ALL SYSTEMS ARE OPERATIONAL,
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00:10:39,172 --> 00:10:44,344
THIS S.U.V.
IS READY TO HIT THE BACK ROADS.
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00:10:44,344 --> 00:10:47,172
HIGH OFF THE GROUND
WITH FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE,
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00:10:47,172 --> 00:10:49,827
IT'S EQUIPPED
FOR WHATEVER LIES AHEAD,
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00:10:49,827 --> 00:10:52,344
AND THERE'S SURE TO BE
A FEW BUMPS ALONG THE WAY.
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00:11:08,931 --> 00:11:11,965
Narrator: CRAVING A BURGER
BUT YEARNING FOR A CHANGE?
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00:11:11,965 --> 00:11:14,551
THE VEGGIE BURGER
IS A LOWER-FAT ALTERNATIVE
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00:11:14,551 --> 00:11:16,068
TO THE BEEFY FAVORITE.
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00:11:16,068 --> 00:11:17,482
JUST HOLD THE FRIES.
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00:11:17,482 --> 00:11:20,724
DEVELOPED IN THE EARLY 1980s
IN LONDON, ENGLAND,
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00:11:20,724 --> 00:11:24,275
THE VEGGIE BURGER HAS GONE FROM
FRINGE FOOD TO THE MAINSTREAM
175
00:11:24,275 --> 00:11:26,620
ALL IN SHORT ORDER.
176
00:11:30,379 --> 00:11:32,758
JUST ADD A BIT OF OIL
TO THE GRILL,
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00:11:32,758 --> 00:11:35,931
AND THIS MEATLESS PATTY SIZZLES
WITH BURGER APPEAL.
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00:11:35,931 --> 00:11:38,758
CHOCK FULL OF GRAINS,
NUTS, AND VEGGIES,
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00:11:38,758 --> 00:11:40,827
IT SOMEHOW LOOKS KIND OF BEEFY,
180
00:11:40,827 --> 00:11:42,517
BUT IT TASTES
DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT
181
00:11:42,517 --> 00:11:45,172
FROM AN ACTUAL MEAT PATTY.
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00:11:45,172 --> 00:11:47,931
THIS PARTICULAR BURGER
IS A NON-SOY VERSION,
183
00:11:47,931 --> 00:11:51,448
BUT THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF
VEGGIE BURGERS AVAILABLE TODAY,
184
00:11:51,448 --> 00:11:54,482
AND AN INCREASING NUMBER
OF PEOPLE GO MEAT-FREE
185
00:11:54,482 --> 00:11:57,068
OR REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF MEAT
THEY EAT.
186
00:11:57,068 --> 00:12:00,448
THEY START WITH FINELY-MINCED
FROZEN VEGGIES.
187
00:12:00,448 --> 00:12:04,827
THIS RECIPE CALLS FOR CARROTS,
CELERY, ONIONS, AND MUSHROOMS.
188
00:12:04,827 --> 00:12:08,586
AND THAT'S SAFFLOWER OIL
IN THE DISH ON THE LOWER LEFT.
189
00:12:08,586 --> 00:12:10,586
THE SAFFLOWER OIL SIMMERS
ON THE BOTTOM
190
00:12:10,586 --> 00:12:12,413
OF THIS STEAM-HEATED MIXER
191
00:12:12,413 --> 00:12:15,206
AS THEY GRADUALLY
ADD THE INGREDIENTS.
192
00:12:15,206 --> 00:12:18,586
BLADES STIR THE MIX
AS IT SAUTéS.
193
00:12:18,586 --> 00:12:20,137
AS THE VEGETABLES COOK,
194
00:12:20,137 --> 00:12:22,586
THEIR NATURAL SUGARS
ARE RELEASED.
195
00:12:22,586 --> 00:12:26,000
THIS CAUSES THE VEGGIES
TO CARAMELIZE.
196
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:30,068
THE FLAVORS DEEPEN
AND BECOME MORE COMPLEX.
197
00:12:30,068 --> 00:12:32,862
THIS TECHNIQUE
IS CALLED MIREPOIX.
198
00:12:32,862 --> 00:12:35,000
IT'S A FRENCH CULINARY TERM
199
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:38,241
FOR A SAUTéED MIX
OF AROMATIC VEGETABLES.
200
00:12:42,896 --> 00:12:45,724
THE MIREPOIX IS VERY SUBSTANTIAL
201
00:12:45,724 --> 00:12:50,965
TO ADD BOTH TEXTURE AND FLAVOR
TO THIS VEGGIE-BURGER RECIPE.
202
00:12:50,965 --> 00:12:54,000
THEY ADD THE FINAL INGREDIENT,
THE MUSHROOMS.
203
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:56,448
AND AFTER
MORE MIXING AND COOKING,
204
00:12:56,448 --> 00:13:00,172
THIS VEGGIE-BURGER MIREPOIX
IS COMPLETE.
205
00:13:00,172 --> 00:13:01,965
THEY TRANSFER THE MIREPOIX
206
00:13:01,965 --> 00:13:04,586
TO A BIG MIXING TUB
CALLED THE GONDOLA.
207
00:13:04,586 --> 00:13:07,827
AND NOW THEY ADD THE DRY
INGREDIENTS.
208
00:13:07,827 --> 00:13:11,310
THEY INCLUDE WALNUTS,
COOKED BULGUR, OATS,
209
00:13:11,310 --> 00:13:14,931
POTATO FLAKES,
AND PURE GLUTEN FLOUR.
210
00:13:18,448 --> 00:13:21,172
THE WORKER ADDS PAILS FULL OF
EACH OF THESE INGREDIENTS
211
00:13:21,172 --> 00:13:22,413
TO THE MIREPOIX.
212
00:13:24,172 --> 00:13:25,724
THEN, USING A SHOVEL,
213
00:13:25,724 --> 00:13:28,931
HE FOLDS ALL THE DRY INGREDIENTS
INTO THE MIX.
214
00:13:28,931 --> 00:13:32,172
MOISTENED
BY THE COOKED VEGETABLES,
215
00:13:32,172 --> 00:13:34,586
THE GLUTEN FLOUR BECOMES STICKY.
216
00:13:34,586 --> 00:13:37,965
THIS CAUSES THE INGREDIENTS
TO CLING LOOSELY TOGETHER,
217
00:13:37,965 --> 00:13:42,551
TAKING ON A CONSISTENCY
SIMILAR TO THAT OF COOKIE DOUGH.
218
00:13:42,551 --> 00:13:45,344
HE NOW LOADS THE STICKY MIX
INTO A HOPPER
219
00:13:45,344 --> 00:13:48,517
THAT LEADS TO AN AUTOMATIC
PATTY-MAKING MACHINE.
220
00:13:48,517 --> 00:13:51,344
IT'S A MOLD
WITH A PLUNGER-LIKE MECHANISM
221
00:13:51,344 --> 00:13:54,827
THAT PRESSES AND SHAPES THE
MIXTURE INTO PERFECT PATTIES.
222
00:13:57,896 --> 00:14:01,896
A CONSTANT SPRAY OF WATER KEEPS
THINGS FROM BECOMING TOO STICKY,
223
00:14:01,896 --> 00:14:06,172
ALLOWING THE PATTIES TO BE
CLEANLY EJECTED FROM THE MOLDS.
224
00:14:06,172 --> 00:14:09,586
THEN IT'S A SHORT CONVEYOR TRIP
TO THE NEXT STATION,
225
00:14:09,586 --> 00:14:12,379
WHERE WORKERS RETRIEVE
THE VEGGIE PATTIES
226
00:14:12,379 --> 00:14:15,655
AND ARRANGE THEM
ON BAKING TRAYS.
227
00:14:15,655 --> 00:14:18,689
IN THE PROCESS,
THEY INSPECT THE PATTIES
228
00:14:18,689 --> 00:14:21,827
AND CONFIRM THAT THEY'VE
BEEN PERFECTLY FORMED.
229
00:14:21,827 --> 00:14:23,931
THEY ROLL STACK TRAYS OF BURGERS
230
00:14:23,931 --> 00:14:26,655
INTO A PREHEATED
CONVECTION OVEN.
231
00:14:26,655 --> 00:14:28,620
WHEN THE OVEN DOOR CLOSES,
232
00:14:28,620 --> 00:14:33,310
THE BURGER-LADENED TRAYS ROTATE
INSIDE SO THEY COOK EVENLY.
233
00:14:37,793 --> 00:14:41,172
AFTER BAKING, THEY QUICKLY
FREEZE THE VEGGIE BURGERS
234
00:14:41,172 --> 00:14:44,965
TO LOCK IN NUTRIENTS
AND PRESERVE FRESHNESS.
235
00:14:44,965 --> 00:14:48,448
WORKERS THEN LOAD THE FROZEN
VEGGIE BURGERS ONTO A CONVEYOR
236
00:14:48,448 --> 00:14:51,000
AS THEY HEAD UP
INTO THE PACKAGING LINE.
237
00:14:52,586 --> 00:14:56,241
THESE BURGERS CAN'T SPEND TOO
MUCH TIME OUTSIDE THE FREEZER,
238
00:14:56,241 --> 00:14:58,137
OR THEY'LL START TO THAW.
239
00:15:03,517 --> 00:15:05,586
A HOT IRON
SEALS THE CELLOPHANE WRAP
240
00:15:05,586 --> 00:15:07,103
AROUND GROUPS OF FOUR BURGERS
241
00:15:07,103 --> 00:15:09,482
AND SEPARATES THEM INTO PACKETS.
242
00:15:11,586 --> 00:15:12,965
DOWN THE LINE,
243
00:15:12,965 --> 00:15:15,137
SUCTIONING DEVICES
OPEN CARDBOARD BOXES
244
00:15:15,137 --> 00:15:17,482
AND TRANSFER THEM TO A CONVEYOR.
245
00:15:17,482 --> 00:15:21,827
THE BOXES ARE NOW POSITIONED
TO RECEIVE THE BURGER PACKETS.
246
00:15:24,413 --> 00:15:28,000
AS THEY MOVE FORWARD,
WORKERS JUST SLIDE THEM INSIDE.
247
00:15:31,137 --> 00:15:34,137
THE BOXES OF VEGGIE BURGERS
THEN HEAD INTO A NARROW LANE
248
00:15:34,137 --> 00:15:37,068
TO CLOSE THE PRE-GLUED FLAPS.
249
00:15:40,103 --> 00:15:43,724
THIS ENTIRE PACKAGING OPERATION
TAKES LESS THAN A MINUTE.
250
00:15:43,724 --> 00:15:46,620
IN JUST ONE HOUR, THIS FACTORY
CAN WRAP AND PACKAGE
251
00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:49,896
MORE THAN 9,000 VEGGIE BURGERS.
252
00:15:52,103 --> 00:15:53,379
AT THE END OF THE DAY,
253
00:15:53,379 --> 00:15:55,344
THAT'S A LOT
OF MEATLESS BURGERS,
254
00:15:55,344 --> 00:15:57,931
BUT IT SHOULD BE ENOUGH
TO FEED A GROWING TREND
255
00:15:57,931 --> 00:16:00,275
OF VEGETARIANISM.
256
00:16:16,551 --> 00:16:19,103
Narrator: USED FOR CENTURIES
TO DRILL HOLES
257
00:16:19,103 --> 00:16:20,275
FOR PEGS AND BOLTS,
258
00:16:20,275 --> 00:16:22,482
AUGURS HAVE PLAYED A BIT ROLE
IN HISTORY
259
00:16:22,482 --> 00:16:24,551
AND WERE CRITICAL
TO THE CONSTRUCTION
260
00:16:24,551 --> 00:16:27,827
OF EVERYTHING FROM TALL SHIPS
TO MANOR HOMES.
261
00:16:27,827 --> 00:16:30,000
TRADITIONALLY ROTATED BY HAND,
262
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,379
TODAY'S POWER DRILLS GIVE THE
AUGUR BIT A MORE MODERN TWIST.
263
00:16:38,793 --> 00:16:40,586
ATTACHED TO A POWER DRILL,
264
00:16:40,586 --> 00:16:43,689
AN AUGUR BIT
CAN CHEW THROUGH WOOD IN SECONDS
265
00:16:43,689 --> 00:16:45,758
TO PRODUCE PERFECT SCREW HOLES.
266
00:16:45,758 --> 00:16:49,344
IT SPITS OUT SHAVINGS THROUGH
THE CORKSCREW-SHAPED PATHWAY,
267
00:16:49,344 --> 00:16:52,655
PREVENTING IT FROM CLOGGING
THE FRESHLY-DRILLED HOLES.
268
00:16:52,655 --> 00:16:54,931
OPERATED MANUALLY
OR BY DRILL BIT,
269
00:16:54,931 --> 00:16:56,448
THE AUGUR BIT
IS AN EFFICIENT GIZMO
270
00:16:56,448 --> 00:17:00,241
RESPONSIBLE FOR A LOT
OF PROJECTS COMING TOGETHER.
271
00:17:00,241 --> 00:17:03,551
AN AUGUR BIT STARTS
AS A SOLID STEEL ROD.
272
00:17:03,551 --> 00:17:07,000
THEY HEAT IT TO A BLISTERING
1,600 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
273
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,862
WHEN THE ROD IS WHITE-HOT,
IT'S SUPPLE ENOUGH TO BE SHAPED.
274
00:17:10,862 --> 00:17:13,241
HE MOVES ONE END
OF THE HOT STEEL ROD
275
00:17:13,241 --> 00:17:15,241
UNDER A LONG, PULSATING HAMMER.
276
00:17:15,241 --> 00:17:18,137
THE ANVILS BELOW ALLOW
THE ENERGY OF THE HAMMER
277
00:17:18,137 --> 00:17:21,344
TO BE TRANSFERRED TO THE ROD
AND FLATTEN IT.
278
00:17:21,344 --> 00:17:24,724
HE ANGLES THE FLATTENED END
SIDEWAYS TO SHAPE THE EDGES.
279
00:17:24,724 --> 00:17:27,275
HE THEN TWEAKS THE PROFILE
A BIT MORE
280
00:17:27,275 --> 00:17:30,000
BY MOVING THE ROD
FROM ANVIL TO ANVIL.
281
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:32,344
THE ANVILS ARE SET
AT VARIOUS HEIGHTS
282
00:17:32,344 --> 00:17:34,172
FOR IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT FORCE.
283
00:17:34,172 --> 00:17:36,689
WHEN HE'S DONE,
THE ONCE CIRCULAR STEEL ROD
284
00:17:36,689 --> 00:17:41,689
LOOKS LIKE A LONG PUTTY KNIFE,
BUT THIS IS JUST TEMPORARY.
285
00:17:41,689 --> 00:17:45,586
NEXT, IT'S BACK INTO
THAT SUPER-HOT FURNACE
286
00:17:45,586 --> 00:17:49,413
TO REHEAT THE FORGED END
TO A MALLEABLE STATE ONCE AGAIN.
287
00:17:49,413 --> 00:17:52,275
HE CLAMPS THE WHITE-HOT ROD
IN A MACHINE
288
00:17:52,275 --> 00:17:56,413
THAT TWISTS THE FLATTENED END
TO A SPECIFIC CONFIGURATION.
289
00:17:56,413 --> 00:17:58,551
IN THIS HOT AND SUPPLE STATE,
290
00:17:58,551 --> 00:18:02,724
THE STEEL IS AS EASY TO TWIST
AS A PIECE OF STIFF RIBBON.
291
00:18:02,724 --> 00:18:05,862
AS THE STEEL COOLS,
IT BECOMES MORE RIGID,
292
00:18:05,862 --> 00:18:10,103
SO IT'S BACK INTO THE FURNACE
TO MAKE IT PLIABLE ONCE AGAIN.
293
00:18:10,103 --> 00:18:13,344
HE THEN PLACES IT BETWEEN
THE JAWS OF A TOOTHED VICE.
294
00:18:13,344 --> 00:18:17,517
HE CLOSES THE JAWS REPEATEDLY
AS HE PULLS THE AUGUR ALONG.
295
00:18:17,517 --> 00:18:21,551
THIS CRIMPS THE AUGUR'S SPIRALS
TO A PRECISE CONFIGURATION.
296
00:18:21,551 --> 00:18:24,862
EACH SPIRAL ENDS UP
EXACTLY THE SAME.
297
00:18:24,862 --> 00:18:26,206
IT'S A CRITICAL STEP.
298
00:18:26,206 --> 00:18:29,068
WITHOUT IT, THE AUGUR
WOULDN'T OPERATE SMOOTHLY
299
00:18:29,068 --> 00:18:32,517
AND COULD EVEN GET STUCK
AS IT DRILLS THROUGH WOOD.
300
00:18:32,517 --> 00:18:36,724
NOW HE SLAMS A DROP HAMMER ONTO
THE TIP OF THE AUGUR REPEATEDLY,
301
00:18:36,724 --> 00:18:39,000
FORCING IT INTO A DYE.
302
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,310
AS THE HOT STEEL
FILLS THE DYE CAVITY,
303
00:18:41,310 --> 00:18:42,689
IT TAKES ITS SHAPE,
304
00:18:42,689 --> 00:18:46,344
GIVING IT THE RUDIMENTARY
PROFILE OF THE DRILLING HEAD.
305
00:18:48,793 --> 00:18:50,896
IT'S NOW TAPERED LIKE A CONE,
306
00:18:50,896 --> 00:18:54,172
BUT THERE'S A LOT OF SURPLUS
MATERIAL SURROUNDING IT.
307
00:18:54,172 --> 00:18:57,068
THIS SURPLUS STEEL
IS A BIT OF SPILLOVER.
308
00:18:59,793 --> 00:19:03,137
HE TRIMS OFF THAT HARDENED
SPILLOVER WITH A CLIP PRESS,
309
00:19:03,137 --> 00:19:07,310
AND THIS FURTHER DEFINES
THE DRILLING HEAD.
310
00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:11,551
HE PRESSES THE AUGUR TIP
AGAINST A RIDGED GRINDING WHEEL
311
00:19:11,551 --> 00:19:15,172
TO CARVE A SCREW THREAD INTO IT.
312
00:19:15,172 --> 00:19:19,862
THE SCREW THREAD WILL GIVE
THE AUGUR BIT EXTRA BITE
313
00:19:19,862 --> 00:19:22,206
AS IT DRILLS THROUGH WOOD.
314
00:19:22,206 --> 00:19:27,413
THE FOCUS NOW TURNS TO THE OTHER
END OF THE AUGUR, THE SHANK.
315
00:19:27,413 --> 00:19:29,241
AS IT SPINS IN A LATHE,
316
00:19:29,241 --> 00:19:31,517
CUTTING TOOLS SLIM THE SHANK
317
00:19:31,517 --> 00:19:34,758
AND SHORTEN IT
TO PRECISE SPECIFICATIONS.
318
00:19:34,758 --> 00:19:38,103
NOW THEY TOUGHEN UP THE STEEL
BY FIRST HEATING IT
319
00:19:38,103 --> 00:19:40,275
AND THEN DIPPING IT IN COOL OIL.
320
00:19:40,275 --> 00:19:43,068
THE SHOCK CAUSED BY
THE ABRUPT TEMPERATURE CHANGE
321
00:19:43,068 --> 00:19:45,379
MAKES THE STEEL HARDER.
322
00:19:45,379 --> 00:19:49,379
THEN THE AUGUR SPINS
BETWEEN TWO WHEELS.
323
00:19:49,379 --> 00:19:51,000
ONE WHEEL ROLLS IT.
324
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,448
THE OTHER GRINDS
THE OUTER DIAMETER OF THE TWIST
325
00:19:53,448 --> 00:19:54,931
TO SPECIFICATION.
326
00:19:54,931 --> 00:19:59,103
A WORKER GRINDS THE VALLEYS
IN THE AUGUR TWIST BY HAND
327
00:19:59,103 --> 00:20:02,034
IN ORDER TO REACH EVERY SPOT.
328
00:20:02,034 --> 00:20:03,551
THIS SMOOTHES THE SURFACE
329
00:20:03,551 --> 00:20:05,620
SO WOOD SHAVINGS
WILL FLOW UPWARD
330
00:20:05,620 --> 00:20:08,379
AS THE AUGUR BORES DEEP
INTO THE WOOD.
331
00:20:12,241 --> 00:20:15,103
HE CHANGES THE BELT
TO A FINER ABRASIVE
332
00:20:15,103 --> 00:20:17,310
AND PREPS IT WITH A SMALL STONE.
333
00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:21,206
HE SPINS THE BELT AND POLISHES
THE AUGUR UNTIL IT SHINES.
334
00:20:21,206 --> 00:20:24,482
AND THE RESULT
IS A GLOSSY SHEEN.
335
00:20:24,482 --> 00:20:27,379
IT LOOKS GOOD
AND WILL FURTHER SMOOTH THE WAY
336
00:20:27,379 --> 00:20:30,517
FOR THE EXTRACTION OF WOOD
SHAVINGS THROUGH THE TWISTS.
337
00:20:30,517 --> 00:20:33,241
NOW WITH A DIFFERENT
AND MUCH SMALLER GRINDER,
338
00:20:33,241 --> 00:20:38,137
HE CARVES WINGS AND SHARP EDGES
BELOW THE AUGUR'S CUTTING HEAD.
339
00:20:38,137 --> 00:20:42,758
FROM A SIMPLE STEEL CYLINDER
TO A USEFUL WOOD-DRILLING BIT,
340
00:20:42,758 --> 00:20:47,000
THIS HAS TRULY BEEN A STORY
WITH MANY TWISTS AND TURNS.
341
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,310
AND WITH THE WORK OF THE FACTORY
NOW DONE,
342
00:20:50,310 --> 00:20:54,689
THESE AUGURS ARE READY
FOR ANY JOB.
343
00:20:54,689 --> 00:20:57,241
THEY COME IN A RANGE
OF DIAMETERS AND LENGTHS
344
00:20:57,241 --> 00:20:59,655
FOR TASKS OF ANY SIZE.
345
00:21:03,862 --> 00:21:05,620
WITH SO MANY OPTIONS,
346
00:21:05,620 --> 00:21:09,655
ALL THOSE PROJECTS
SHOULD COME TOGETHER BIT BY BIT.
347
00:21:21,931 --> 00:21:24,241
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
348
00:21:24,241 --> 00:21:27,068
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
349
00:21:27,068 --> 00:21:28,862
DROP US A LINE AT...
28335
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