All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S17E10.Heather.Gems.and.Instant.Film.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:53,275 --> 00:00:55,965 Narrator: MANUFACTURED GEMSTONES ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED 2 00:00:55,965 --> 00:00:58,448 TO IMITATE GENUINE MINED GEMSTONES. 3 00:00:58,448 --> 00:01:01,068 NOT THESE -- THEY'RE MADE FROM HEATHER, 4 00:01:01,068 --> 00:01:04,689 A HARDY FLOWERING PLANT WHICH GROWS WILD ACROSS SCOTLAND. 5 00:01:04,689 --> 00:01:07,241 FOR CENTURIES, SCOTS USED HEATHER TO 6 00:01:07,241 --> 00:01:10,862 THATCH ROOFS, STUFF MATTRESSES, AND EVEN BREW ALE. 7 00:01:15,689 --> 00:01:18,000 THIS SCOTTISH COMPANY TURNS HEATHER 8 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:19,448 INTO GEMSTONE MATERIAL 9 00:01:19,448 --> 00:01:21,689 FOR JEWELRY AND OTHER GIFT ITEMS. 10 00:01:21,689 --> 00:01:23,551 HEATHERGEMS, AS THEY'RE CALLED, 11 00:01:23,551 --> 00:01:28,034 HAVE VEINLIKE PATTERNS CREATED RANDOMLY BY THE PLANTS' STEMS. 12 00:01:28,034 --> 00:01:31,655 THEREFORE, NO TWO GEMS CAN BE IDENTICAL. 13 00:01:31,655 --> 00:01:34,275 WHEN THE HANDPICKED HEATHER ARRIVES AT THE FACTORY, 14 00:01:34,275 --> 00:01:38,517 ITS GREEN FOLIAGE STILL CLINGS TO THE UPPER PART OF THE STEMS. 15 00:01:38,517 --> 00:01:41,655 AFTER CUTTING THE PLANTS INTO LENGTHS OF ABOUT 10 INCHES, 16 00:01:41,655 --> 00:01:45,517 WORKERS LOAD THEM INTO A SANDBLASTING MACHINE. 17 00:01:45,517 --> 00:01:47,689 THE DRUM ROTATES FOR ABOUT HALF AN HOUR 18 00:01:47,689 --> 00:01:51,758 WHILE TINY IRON PELLETS BLAST THE HEATHER INSIDE. 19 00:01:51,758 --> 00:01:55,068 THE PELLETS CHIP AWAY THE BARK AND REMOVE THE FOLIAGE. 20 00:01:55,068 --> 00:01:56,620 THE HEATHER COMES OUT OF THE MACHINE 21 00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:59,068 AS BARE, DRIED-OUT, DELICATE WOOD. 22 00:02:00,655 --> 00:02:03,068 WORKERS FORM 1 1/2-POUND BUNDLES 23 00:02:03,068 --> 00:02:05,206 AND PLACE THEM IN A VACUUM-DIE CHAMBER 24 00:02:05,206 --> 00:02:07,206 FOR TWO WHOLE DAYS. 25 00:02:07,206 --> 00:02:08,931 FIRST, THE VACUUM DRAWS OUT 26 00:02:08,931 --> 00:02:11,068 THE AIR IN THE STEMS TO CLEAR THE WAY 27 00:02:11,068 --> 00:02:14,862 FOR THE DIE TO PENETRATE. 28 00:02:14,862 --> 00:02:18,655 THEN, AGAIN UNDER PRESSURE, THE STEMS SLOWLY ABSORB THE DYE. 29 00:02:25,724 --> 00:02:28,000 THIS VACUUM METHOD IS FAR MORE EFFECTIVE 30 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,620 THAN DIPPING OR SOAKING THE STEMS IN VATS OF DYE 31 00:02:30,620 --> 00:02:32,620 BECAUSE THE COLOR PENETRATES DEEPLY 32 00:02:32,620 --> 00:02:34,586 INTO THE HEATHER WOOD RATHER THAN 33 00:02:34,586 --> 00:02:36,103 MERELY SITTING ON THE SURFACE. 34 00:02:39,758 --> 00:02:42,896 THEY OPEN THE BUNDLES AND MAKE NEW ONES OF THE SAME WEIGHT, 35 00:02:42,896 --> 00:02:46,448 THIS TIME COMBINING COLORS. 36 00:02:46,448 --> 00:02:48,793 IT'S IMPORTANT TO COMBINE THICKER STEMS 37 00:02:48,793 --> 00:02:51,448 WITH THINNER ONES TO CREATE CONTRASTING LINES 38 00:02:51,448 --> 00:02:52,586 IN THE GEM PATTERN. 39 00:03:01,862 --> 00:03:03,758 NEXT, THEY SOAK EACH BUNDLE 40 00:03:03,758 --> 00:03:06,344 IN EPOXY RESIN FOR TWO OR THREE MINUTES, 41 00:03:06,344 --> 00:03:08,793 ENSURING THE STEMS ARE WELL SATURATED. 42 00:03:15,586 --> 00:03:17,758 THEN THEY PLACE THE BUNDLES ON RACKS 43 00:03:17,758 --> 00:03:20,034 TO ALLOW THE EXCESS RESIN TO DRAIN OFF. 44 00:03:27,586 --> 00:03:29,275 THEY LOAD FOUR BUNDLES BETWEEN 45 00:03:29,275 --> 00:03:31,241 THE TOP AND BOTTOM HALVES OF A MOLD. 46 00:03:34,551 --> 00:03:36,965 A PRESS THEN SLOWLY CLOSES THE MOLD, 47 00:03:36,965 --> 00:03:39,965 APPLYING 88 TONS OF PRESSURE FOR ABOUT A MINUTE. 48 00:03:56,517 --> 00:03:59,655 THEY CLAMP THE MOLD CLOSED AND REMOVE IT FROM THE PRESS. 49 00:04:01,758 --> 00:04:04,103 THEN THEY PUT THE MOLD INTO AN OVEN FOR AN HOUR 50 00:04:04,103 --> 00:04:05,551 TO CURE THE RESIN. 51 00:04:10,586 --> 00:04:13,172 THEY OPEN THE MOLD AND REMOVE WHAT IS NOW 52 00:04:13,172 --> 00:04:16,000 A ROCK-HARD, RESIN-BONDED BLOCK OF HEATHER WOOD. 53 00:04:18,689 --> 00:04:21,931 THEY PUT THE BLOCK ON A BAND SAW AND TRIM OFF THE ROUGH EDGES. 54 00:04:25,689 --> 00:04:28,931 THEY CUT SLICES BETWEEN 4/10 AND 5/10 OF AN INCH THICK, 55 00:04:28,931 --> 00:04:31,620 DEPENDING ON WHAT SHAPE GEM THEY'LL BE MAKING. 56 00:04:34,586 --> 00:04:37,655 AFTER GLUING EACH SLICE ONTO A PLASTIC BACKING, 57 00:04:37,655 --> 00:04:40,655 A ROBOTIC CUTTING MACHINE GUIDED BY A COMPUTER 58 00:04:40,655 --> 00:04:41,965 CUTS THE GEM SHAPES. 59 00:04:45,655 --> 00:04:49,448 THEN WORKERS SIMPLY POP THE GEMS OFF THE PLASTIC BACKING. 60 00:04:52,586 --> 00:04:57,827 THIS DOMED OVAL SHAPE IS CALLED A CABOCHON. 61 00:04:57,827 --> 00:05:00,862 THE FINISHING TEAM SMOOTHES AND POLISHES EACH GEM 62 00:05:00,862 --> 00:05:03,931 ON A BELT SANDER, THEN APPLIES FOUR OR FIVE COATS 63 00:05:03,931 --> 00:05:05,103 OF CLEAR LACQUER. 64 00:05:09,586 --> 00:05:11,413 LACQUERING DRAWS OUT THE COLORS 65 00:05:11,413 --> 00:05:13,517 WHILE SEALING AND PROTECTING THE WOOD. 66 00:05:19,793 --> 00:05:23,689 FINALLY, THEY GLUE EACH GEM ONTO THE JEWELRY OR GIFT ITEM. 67 00:05:26,793 --> 00:05:30,379 SOMETIMES THEY DYE THE HEATHER JUST A SINGLE COLOR. 68 00:05:30,379 --> 00:05:32,965 THIS STILL PRODUCES A STRIKING GEM, 69 00:05:32,965 --> 00:05:36,379 BECAUSE THE DYE PENETRATES THE WOOD WITH DIFFERENT INTENSITIES, 70 00:05:36,379 --> 00:05:39,103 CREATING CONTRASTING SHADES. 71 00:05:39,103 --> 00:05:41,793 THE SIGNATURE FEATURE IS THE UNIQUE VEINING 72 00:05:41,793 --> 00:05:44,275 PRODUCED BY THE HEATHER ENCASED WITHIN, 73 00:05:44,275 --> 00:05:46,827 EACH AND EVERY GEMSTONE TRULY CAPTURING 74 00:05:46,827 --> 00:05:49,586 THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS. 75 00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:04,103 Narrator: INVENTED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20th CENTURY, 76 00:06:04,103 --> 00:06:06,103 INSTANT FILM MADE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES 77 00:06:06,103 --> 00:06:08,517 MATERIALIZE ALMOST MAGICALLY. 78 00:06:08,517 --> 00:06:10,344 THE PICTURE APPEARED IN MINUTES. 79 00:06:10,344 --> 00:06:13,724 NO MORE WAITING FOR DAYS FOR FILM TO BE PROCESSED. 80 00:06:13,724 --> 00:06:15,413 TODAY IT'S A DIGITAL WORLD, 81 00:06:15,413 --> 00:06:18,655 BUT INSTANT FILM IS STILL GETTING PLENTY OF EXPOSURE. 82 00:06:23,448 --> 00:06:26,551 WITH INSTANT FILM, YOU CAN WATCH AN IMAGE DEVELOP 83 00:06:26,551 --> 00:06:28,103 BEFORE YOUR VERY EYES -- 84 00:06:28,103 --> 00:06:31,448 NO FILM LAB OR DIGITAL PRINTER NECESSARY. 85 00:06:31,448 --> 00:06:35,896 JUST SAY, "CHEESE," AND WAIT TO SEE WHAT DEVELOPS. 86 00:06:35,896 --> 00:06:38,137 MANY DECADES AFTER ITS INVENTION, 87 00:06:38,137 --> 00:06:41,551 INSTANT PHOTO DEVELOPMENT STILL SEEMS LIKE A NEAT TRICK. 88 00:06:44,448 --> 00:06:48,137 MAKING THE MAGIC HAPPEN IS A MANY-LAYERED PROCESS, 89 00:06:48,137 --> 00:06:51,827 ONE THAT INVOLVES MULTIPLE MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. 90 00:06:51,827 --> 00:06:54,206 PRODUCTION BEGINS WITH THE FILM NEGATIVE. 91 00:06:54,206 --> 00:06:57,896 IT TAKES PLACE IN THE DARK TO PREVENT PRE-EXPOSURE. 92 00:06:57,896 --> 00:07:00,482 THE TECHNICIAN DONS NIGHT-VISION GOGGLES, 93 00:07:00,482 --> 00:07:02,896 ALLOWING HIM TO MONITOR PLASTIC FILM 94 00:07:02,896 --> 00:07:05,241 AS IT UNWINDS INTO A COATING MACHINE. 95 00:07:05,241 --> 00:07:08,103 INSIDE, VARIOUS DYES AND CHEMICALS 96 00:07:08,103 --> 00:07:11,413 WILL TRANSFORM THE FILM INTO A NEGATIVE. 97 00:07:11,413 --> 00:07:14,793 THEY SWITCH THE LIGHTS BACK ON BRIEFLY FOR OUR CAMERA. 98 00:07:14,793 --> 00:07:18,310 THE FILM TRAVELS UP AND DOWN TOWARDS THE COATING MACHINE. 99 00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:22,482 IT'S A SYSTEM THAT PREVENTS ANY SLACKENING IN THE FEED. 100 00:07:22,482 --> 00:07:24,896 THE COATING IS ALSO DONE IN THE DARK, 101 00:07:24,896 --> 00:07:27,379 SO THIS WORKER DEMONSTRATES THE PROCESS 102 00:07:27,379 --> 00:07:30,103 FOR OUR CAMERA ON A SMALL RESEARCH MACHINE. 103 00:07:30,103 --> 00:07:32,206 LIQUID PHOTO CHEMICALS AND DYES 104 00:07:32,206 --> 00:07:36,379 FLOW ONTO THE SURFACE OF THE PLASTIC FILM. 105 00:07:36,379 --> 00:07:38,379 HE SPREADS THE LIQUIDS ACROSS THE FILM 106 00:07:38,379 --> 00:07:40,586 FOR AN EVEN APPLICATION. 107 00:07:40,586 --> 00:07:45,413 THIS IS ALL DONE MECHANICALLY INSIDE THE REAL COATING MACHINE. 108 00:07:45,413 --> 00:07:48,931 ONCE COATED, THE FILM WILL HEAD INTO THE DRYER. 109 00:07:48,931 --> 00:07:51,482 THE VARIOUS COATINGS WILL DRY IN SEPARATE LAYERS 110 00:07:51,482 --> 00:07:53,241 WITHOUT INTERMINGLING. 111 00:07:54,482 --> 00:07:57,000 HERE'S A TEST TUBE LINEUP OF THE LIQUID COMPONENTS 112 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:58,689 OF THE NEGATIVE. 113 00:07:58,689 --> 00:08:00,655 THE COLORFUL ONES ARE DYES, 114 00:08:00,655 --> 00:08:04,137 AND THE WHITE ONES ARE OTHER CHEMICALS. 115 00:08:04,137 --> 00:08:07,413 THEY APPLY BLACK BACKING TO THE NEGATIVE TO BLOCK LIGHT, 116 00:08:07,413 --> 00:08:09,172 AGAIN PREVENTING PRE-EXPOSURE. 117 00:08:13,896 --> 00:08:17,482 THE TRIP THROUGH THE DRYER IS 87 YARDS LONG. 118 00:08:17,482 --> 00:08:20,689 HOT AIR DRIES THE CHEMICALS ON THE SURFACE OF THE FILM. 119 00:08:20,689 --> 00:08:23,655 ONCE AGAIN, IT ALL HAPPENS IN THE DARK 120 00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:26,482 TO PROTECT THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE FILM. 121 00:08:26,482 --> 00:08:29,034 COILED UP AND PACKED INTO LIGHTTIGHT DRUMS, 122 00:08:29,034 --> 00:08:31,482 THE COLOR-NEGATIVE MATERIAL IS NOW ON ITS WAY 123 00:08:31,482 --> 00:08:32,896 TO A SECOND FACTORY 124 00:08:32,896 --> 00:08:36,517 TO BE ASSEMBLED INTO THE INSTANT FILM PACK. 125 00:08:36,517 --> 00:08:39,896 UPON ARRIVAL, THEY THREAD THE NEGATIVE ONTO A MACHINE, 126 00:08:39,896 --> 00:08:42,793 ALONG WITH OTHER MATERIALS FOR THE FILM PACK. 127 00:08:42,793 --> 00:08:45,000 THEY INCLUDE A PLASTIC BASE MATERIAL 128 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,275 CALLED THE MASK AND THE POSITIVE PAPER 129 00:08:47,275 --> 00:08:50,413 THAT RECEIVES THE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FROM THE NEGATIVE. 130 00:08:50,413 --> 00:08:53,758 THE VARIOUS MATERIALS ARE STEERED TOWARD ASSEMBLY STATIONS 131 00:08:53,758 --> 00:08:55,206 BY A SYSTEM OF ROLLERS. 132 00:08:55,206 --> 00:08:58,551 HERE'S A LINEUP OF THE VARIOUS MATERIALS TO BE ASSEMBLED. 133 00:08:58,551 --> 00:09:02,724 THAT'S THE MASK ON THE FAR LEFT AND THE NEGATIVE IN THE MIDDLE. 134 00:09:02,724 --> 00:09:05,896 THE NEGATIVE HEADS TOWARDS A SERIES OF HOT PRESSES. 135 00:09:05,896 --> 00:09:08,137 ONE PRESS LAMINATES A PLASTIC SPACER 136 00:09:08,137 --> 00:09:09,965 CALLED THE RAIL TO THE NEGATIVE. 137 00:09:13,586 --> 00:09:17,000 ANOTHER LAMINATION HEAD APPLIES THE MASK 138 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,103 TO THE POSITIVE SHEET THAT WILL RECEIVE THE IMAGE. 139 00:09:21,103 --> 00:09:23,586 ON A DIFFERENT MACHINE, EQUIPMENT FOLDS 140 00:09:23,586 --> 00:09:26,965 A KIND OF FOIL POUCH AND INJECTS IT WITH FILM DEVELOPER. 141 00:09:30,793 --> 00:09:32,931 HERE'S AN INSIDE LOOK AT THE POUCH. 142 00:09:32,931 --> 00:09:35,310 THE BLUE LIQUID IS THE DEVELOPER. 143 00:09:35,310 --> 00:09:38,103 ENCASED IN THE FOIL-LINED ENVELOPE, 144 00:09:38,103 --> 00:09:40,482 IT WILL STAY FRESH UNTIL NEEDED. 145 00:09:40,482 --> 00:09:42,448 BACK ON THE MAIN ASSEMBLY MACHINE, 146 00:09:42,448 --> 00:09:45,000 ANOTHER HOT PRESS LAMINATES THE DEVELOPER POUCH 147 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:46,517 TO THE OTHER FILM MATERIALS. 148 00:09:47,275 --> 00:09:49,620 THIS COMPLETES THE FILM SANDWICH, 149 00:09:49,620 --> 00:09:51,965 AND IT HEADS INTO ANOTHER STATION 150 00:09:51,965 --> 00:09:54,551 TO BE SLICED INTO PHOTO-SIZED PIECES. 151 00:09:54,551 --> 00:09:57,275 THE PHOTO FRAMES RIDE A WHEEL WITH A COUNTER 152 00:09:57,275 --> 00:09:59,758 THAT DIVIDES THEM INTO STACKS OF EIGHT. 153 00:09:59,758 --> 00:10:04,413 MEANWHILE, ROBOT ARMS DEPOSIT A RECTANGULAR SPRING ON A BATTERY. 154 00:10:04,413 --> 00:10:06,310 THEN THEY POSITION THE EIGHT PICTURES 155 00:10:06,310 --> 00:10:07,827 ON THE SPRING-BATTERY ASSEMBLY, 156 00:10:07,827 --> 00:10:10,517 FOLLOWED BY A LIGHT-BLOCKING COVER. 157 00:10:10,517 --> 00:10:13,620 THE STACK THEN MOVES FORWARD TO BE SQUEEZED 158 00:10:13,620 --> 00:10:15,344 INTO A PLASTIC CASSETTE. 159 00:10:15,344 --> 00:10:19,137 A SUCTION TYPE OF DEVICE NOW PICKS UP A CARDBOARD BOX 160 00:10:19,137 --> 00:10:22,724 AND TRANSFERS IT TO THE END OF THE FILM-PACK LINE. 161 00:10:22,724 --> 00:10:25,896 ANOTHER DEVICE CAPTURES THE FILM PACK 162 00:10:25,896 --> 00:10:30,620 AS IT COMES OFF THE LINE AND PLACES IT IN THE CARDBOARD BOX. 163 00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:32,241 ONCE FOLDED CLOSED, 164 00:10:32,241 --> 00:10:36,344 THE BOX OF INSTANT FILM RIDES THE CAROUSEL TO A SCALE. 165 00:10:36,344 --> 00:10:41,482 A QUICK WEIGHING CONFIRMS THERE'S ENOUGH FILM IN THE BOX, 166 00:10:41,482 --> 00:10:43,586 SO IT'S READY TO SHIP. 167 00:10:43,586 --> 00:10:45,896 THE ASSEMBLY OF THIS INSTANT FILM PACK 168 00:10:45,896 --> 00:10:47,758 HAS TAKEN ROUGHLY THREE MINUTES. 169 00:10:50,448 --> 00:10:54,517 NOW THOSE INSTANT MEMORIES ARE JUST A FEW CLICKS AWAY. 170 00:11:09,137 --> 00:11:11,931 Narrator: A COMMON ASSUMPTION IS THAT ALL WHITE SUGAR 171 00:11:11,931 --> 00:11:13,413 IS DERIVED FROM SUGAR CANE, 172 00:11:13,413 --> 00:11:16,172 BUT 30% OF THE WORLD'S WHITE-SUGAR SUPPLY 173 00:11:16,172 --> 00:11:17,931 COMES FROM THE SUGAR BEET. 174 00:11:17,931 --> 00:11:20,827 WHILE SUGARCANE GROWS ONLY IN TROPICAL CLIMATES, 175 00:11:20,827 --> 00:11:23,310 THE HARDIER SUGAR BEET CAN BE CULTIVATED 176 00:11:23,310 --> 00:11:25,689 IN COOLER REGIONS AND IN POORER SOIL. 177 00:11:29,482 --> 00:11:31,655 IT TAKES ABOUT 7 BEETS TO PRODUCE 178 00:11:31,655 --> 00:11:34,000 A LITTLE MORE THAN 2 POUNDS OF SUGAR. 179 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,103 THE BY-PRODUCTS OF PROCESSING, 180 00:11:36,103 --> 00:11:39,517 MOLASSES AND BEET PULP, ARE USED FOR ANIMAL FEED. 181 00:11:39,517 --> 00:11:43,379 THE PROCESSING OF SUGAR BEETS YIELDS VARIOUS GRADES OF SUGAR. 182 00:11:43,379 --> 00:11:49,103 THE LOWER ONES ARE REPROCESSED TO BECOME WHITE SUGAR. 183 00:11:49,103 --> 00:11:51,620 FARMERS PLANT BEET SEEDS IN THE SPRING 184 00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:54,172 AND HARVEST THE MATURE CROP IN THE FALL. 185 00:11:57,241 --> 00:12:00,724 MECHANICAL HARVESTERS ATTACK SIX ROWS AT A TIME. 186 00:12:00,724 --> 00:12:03,034 THEY RIP THE PLANT OUT OF THE GROUND, 187 00:12:03,034 --> 00:12:06,413 CHOP OFF THE LEAVES AND CROWN, LEAVING JUST THE BULBOUS ROOT. 188 00:12:12,275 --> 00:12:15,379 A BEET ROOT TYPICALLY WEIGHS ABOUT 2 POUNDS. 189 00:12:15,379 --> 00:12:20,862 17% TO 18% OF THAT IS SUCROSE, WHICH IS SUGAR. 190 00:12:20,862 --> 00:12:24,586 A LOADER TRANSFERS THE HARVESTED BEETS INTO TRUCKS. 191 00:12:24,586 --> 00:12:27,137 THE LOADER'S SIEVE REMOVES ABOUT A THIRD OF THE SOIL 192 00:12:27,137 --> 00:12:28,172 ALONG THE WAY. 193 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:37,586 WHEN THE TRUCKS ARRIVE AT THE SUGAR FACTORY, 194 00:12:37,586 --> 00:12:40,379 THEY UNLOAD THE BEETS, SOIL AND STONES INCLUDED, 195 00:12:40,379 --> 00:12:41,655 ONTO A CONVEYER BELT, 196 00:12:41,655 --> 00:12:46,034 WHICH TRANSPORTS THEM TO A WASHING STATION. 197 00:12:46,034 --> 00:12:48,655 FIRST THEY HEAD INTO A REVOLVING DRUM, 198 00:12:48,655 --> 00:12:50,862 WHERE, UNDER A SHOWER OF WATER, 199 00:12:50,862 --> 00:12:53,172 THE BEETS RUB AGAINST EACH OTHER, 200 00:12:53,172 --> 00:12:54,551 DISLODGING THE SOIL. 201 00:12:54,551 --> 00:12:58,517 THE WATER FLOW FLOATS THE BEETS, WHICH THEN EXIT THE DRUM. 202 00:12:58,517 --> 00:13:00,379 THE STONES STAY BEHIND, 203 00:13:00,379 --> 00:13:04,137 COLLECTED IN SEPARATOR BUCKETS ALONG THE EDGE. 204 00:13:04,137 --> 00:13:07,275 A SCREW CONVEYER MOVES THE BEETS TO A TRANSFER SYSTEM, 205 00:13:07,275 --> 00:13:09,551 WHICH BRINGS THEM INSIDE THE FACTORY 206 00:13:09,551 --> 00:13:11,137 TO BE PROCESSED INTO SUGAR. 207 00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:24,275 INSIDE, SLICING MACHINES CUT THE INCOMING BEETS INTO CASSETTES, 208 00:13:24,275 --> 00:13:27,862 STRIPS ABOUT THE SHAPE OF FRENCH FRIES BUT SMALLER. 209 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,620 THE CASSETTES TRAVEL ON A CONVEYER BELT 210 00:13:38,620 --> 00:13:40,586 INTO A LARGE TANK OF HOT WATER, 211 00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:42,931 WHERE THEY SOAK FOR A FEW MINUTES. 212 00:13:42,931 --> 00:13:45,551 THIS GETS THEIR CELL MEMBRANES TO BEGIN OPENING, 213 00:13:45,551 --> 00:13:47,793 CLEARING THE WAY FOR THE SUCROSE TO EXIT 214 00:13:47,793 --> 00:13:49,241 DURING THE NEXT OPERATION, 215 00:13:49,241 --> 00:13:51,827 IN WHICH THE CASSETTES ARE PUMPED TO THE BOTTOM 216 00:13:51,827 --> 00:13:55,206 OF A 22-YARD-HIGH EXTRACTION TOWER. 217 00:13:55,206 --> 00:13:57,586 A ROTATING SHAFT WITHIN THE TOWER 218 00:13:57,586 --> 00:14:01,241 TRANSPORTS THEM SLOWLY UPWARD AGAINST THE DOWNWARD FLOW 219 00:14:01,241 --> 00:14:02,241 OF HOT WATER. 220 00:14:02,241 --> 00:14:04,896 THIS DRAWS OUT THE SUCROSE, 221 00:14:04,896 --> 00:14:09,103 PRODUCING A SUGARY WATER CALLED RAW JUICE. 222 00:14:09,103 --> 00:14:12,344 THE NEXT STEP IS TO PURIFY THIS RAW JUICE. 223 00:14:12,344 --> 00:14:15,827 IN A GIANT KILN, THEY BURN LIMESTONE WITH COKE 224 00:14:15,827 --> 00:14:19,586 TO PRODUCE THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 225 00:14:19,586 --> 00:14:21,275 ALSO CALLED LIME MILK. 226 00:14:21,275 --> 00:14:24,689 THEY ADD IT, IN SEVERAL STAGES, TO THE RAW JUICE. 227 00:14:24,689 --> 00:14:28,172 MEANWHILE, THEY PRESS THE SUCROSE-STRIPPED CASSETTES 228 00:14:28,172 --> 00:14:30,586 INTO PULP TO SELL AS ANIMAL FEED. 229 00:14:30,586 --> 00:14:34,448 THEY ADD CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE LIME MILK-AND-JUICE MIXTURE. 230 00:14:34,448 --> 00:14:37,517 THIS ABSORBS 1/3 OF THE JUICE'S IMPURITIES, 231 00:14:37,517 --> 00:14:40,655 ENABLING A FILTRATION SYSTEM TO REMOVE THEM. 232 00:14:40,655 --> 00:14:44,241 THE RAW JUICE EXITS AS A GOLDEN SUGAR SOLUTION 233 00:14:44,241 --> 00:14:45,758 CALLED THIN JUICE. 234 00:14:45,758 --> 00:14:49,241 THE THIN JUICE THEN ENTERS A 6-STEP EVAPORATION PROCESS, 235 00:14:49,241 --> 00:14:54,068 WHICH REDUCES IT TO A THICK SYRUP-LIKE JUICE. 236 00:14:54,068 --> 00:14:58,793 FROM THERE, THEY PUMP IT INTO A 4-PHASE CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEM. 237 00:14:58,793 --> 00:15:02,206 IN PHASE 1, THEY HEAT AND ADD SEED CRYSTALS, 238 00:15:02,206 --> 00:15:05,068 TINY, IDENTICAL-SIZED SUGAR CRYSTALS 239 00:15:05,068 --> 00:15:09,689 MADE SEPARATELY USING A COMPLEX COOLING AND EVAPORATING PROCESS. 240 00:15:09,689 --> 00:15:12,275 AS THE WATER IN THE JUICE EVAPORATES, 241 00:15:12,275 --> 00:15:14,965 ABOUT HALF OF THE SUCROSE CRYSTALLIZES, 242 00:15:14,965 --> 00:15:16,758 GROWING THE SEED CRYSTALS. 243 00:15:16,758 --> 00:15:20,172 THEN A CENTRIFUGE MACHINE SEPARATES THE CRYSTALS, 244 00:15:20,172 --> 00:15:23,413 CALLED REFINED SUGAR, FROM THE REMAINING SYRUP. 245 00:15:23,413 --> 00:15:24,793 THE SYRUP GOES THROUGH 246 00:15:24,793 --> 00:15:28,275 THIS CRYSTALLIZATION-CENTRIFUGE PROCESS THREE MORE TIMES, 247 00:15:28,275 --> 00:15:32,103 PRODUCING A LESSER GRADE OF SUGAR EACH TIME. 248 00:15:32,103 --> 00:15:37,137 THE FACTORY DISSOLVES AND RECRYSTALLIZES 249 00:15:37,137 --> 00:15:39,965 THE LOWEST TWO GRADES. 250 00:15:39,965 --> 00:15:43,482 THE HIGHEST GRADES OF SUGAR GO INTO DRYERS, 251 00:15:43,482 --> 00:15:46,379 ON THE WAY, PASSING THROUGH A SCREENING MACHINE 252 00:15:46,379 --> 00:15:49,413 WHICH SEPARATES ANY CRYSTALS WHICH ARE TOO LARGE. 253 00:15:49,413 --> 00:15:51,724 THE FACTORY DISSOLVES THESE CRYSTALS, 254 00:15:51,724 --> 00:15:53,310 THEN PUTS THE SUGARY LIQUID 255 00:15:53,310 --> 00:15:55,896 THROUGH THE CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS AGAIN. 256 00:15:55,896 --> 00:15:58,965 SO, IN THE END, THERE ARE TWO GRADES OF BEET SUGAR 257 00:15:58,965 --> 00:16:01,586 WHICH GO INTO SILOS, WHERE THEY'RE STORED 258 00:16:01,586 --> 00:16:04,137 UNTIL IT'S TIME TO PACKAGE THEM FOR SALE 259 00:16:04,137 --> 00:16:06,275 AS REFINED SUGAR AND WHITE SUGAR. 260 00:16:16,620 --> 00:16:20,862 Narrator: THE ELECTRIC CAR RULED THE ROAD EARLY IN THE 20th CENTURY, 261 00:16:20,862 --> 00:16:23,724 AND THEN THE TECHNOLOGY WAS SURPASSED BY GAS. 262 00:16:23,724 --> 00:16:26,482 TODAY THE CONCEPT IS CRUISING TOWARDS A COMEBACK, 263 00:16:26,482 --> 00:16:28,448 ITS RESURGENCE FUELED BY CONCERNS 264 00:16:28,448 --> 00:16:30,862 ABOUT POLLUTION FROM GAS-POWERED VEHICLES 265 00:16:30,862 --> 00:16:33,689 AND BY WORRIES ABOUT OVERDEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL. 266 00:16:37,862 --> 00:16:42,689 THIS SASSY-LOOKING SPORTS CAR IS LEADING THE CHARGE FOR CHANGE. 267 00:16:42,689 --> 00:16:45,206 JUST PLUG IT INTO ANY ELECTRICAL OUTLET, 268 00:16:45,206 --> 00:16:47,827 AND AFTER A FEW HOURS, IT HAS ENOUGH JUICE 269 00:16:47,827 --> 00:16:50,068 FOR A DRIVE THROUGH THE COUNTRYSIDE 270 00:16:50,068 --> 00:16:52,517 OR FOR QUITE A FEW JAUNTS AROUND TOWN. 271 00:16:52,517 --> 00:16:55,827 WITH NO TAILPIPE, THERE ARE NO DIRECT EMISSIONS, 272 00:16:55,827 --> 00:16:59,827 AND IF THE POWER GENERATED BY THE ELECTRICAL PLANT IS CLEAN, 273 00:16:59,827 --> 00:17:02,379 EVERYONE BREATHES A LITTLE EASIER. 274 00:17:02,379 --> 00:17:05,517 BUT WITH A PRICE TAG IN THE 6-FIGURE RANGE, 275 00:17:05,517 --> 00:17:08,896 THIS ECO-FRIENDLY ROADSTER IS A LUXURY PRODUCT. 276 00:17:08,896 --> 00:17:12,344 PRODUCTION BEGINS WITH THE FIRST HALF OF THE GEAR BOX. 277 00:17:12,344 --> 00:17:15,137 A WORKER BOLTS A BRASS FITTING TO THE CENTER 278 00:17:15,137 --> 00:17:17,724 AND THEN ATTACHES PLASTIC TUBING TO IT. 279 00:17:17,724 --> 00:17:20,275 THE TUBING WILL DELIVER LUBRICANT TO 280 00:17:20,275 --> 00:17:22,172 THE TRANSMISSION'S BEARINGS. 281 00:17:22,172 --> 00:17:27,068 HE INSERTS THOSE BEARINGS INTO SLOTS IN THE GEARBOX 282 00:17:27,068 --> 00:17:31,931 AND PRESSES THEM INTO PLACE USING A HYDRAULIC TOOL. 283 00:17:31,931 --> 00:17:35,000 HE DRIPS THREAD-LOCKING COMPOUND INTO SCREW HOLES 284 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,137 AND INSTALLS A DEVICE FOR LOCKING THE TRANSMISSION. 285 00:17:38,137 --> 00:17:40,379 IT'S CALLED THE PARKING PAWL. 286 00:17:40,379 --> 00:17:42,689 HE APPLIES MORE ADHESIVE TO SCREWS 287 00:17:42,689 --> 00:17:45,827 AND THREADS THEM THROUGH THE PAWL TO THE GEARBOX. 288 00:17:45,827 --> 00:17:47,931 USING A CALIBRATED TORQUE WRENCH, 289 00:17:47,931 --> 00:17:50,241 HE TIGHTENS THEM TO A PRECISE SETTING. 290 00:17:50,241 --> 00:17:53,413 THE TRANSMISSION IS SINGLE SPEED WITH FOUR GEARS, 291 00:17:53,413 --> 00:17:56,689 WHICH THEY INSTALL IN THE OTHER HALF OF THE GEARBOX. 292 00:17:56,689 --> 00:17:58,517 THESE ARE HELICAL GEARS. 293 00:17:58,517 --> 00:18:00,793 THEIR TEETH ARE CUT AT AN ANGLE 294 00:18:00,793 --> 00:18:03,862 FOR GRADUAL ENGAGEMENT AND SMOOTH OPERATION. 295 00:18:03,862 --> 00:18:06,413 THEY'RE NOW READY FOR THE ROTOR AND THE STATOR. 296 00:18:06,413 --> 00:18:08,344 BOTH ARE ELECTROMAGNETS, 297 00:18:08,344 --> 00:18:12,793 AND TOGETHER THEY'LL BE THE ELECTRIC MOTOR'S DRIVING FORCE. 298 00:18:12,793 --> 00:18:14,965 THEY INSERT THE ROTOR INTO THE STATOR, 299 00:18:14,965 --> 00:18:17,068 WHERE THEIR TWO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 300 00:18:17,068 --> 00:18:19,689 WILL INTERACT TO CREATE TORQUE, 301 00:18:19,689 --> 00:18:24,793 TRANSFORMING ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY. 302 00:18:24,793 --> 00:18:27,793 THEY HOIST THE ROTOR-AND-STATOR ASSEMBLY 303 00:18:27,793 --> 00:18:30,793 ONTO THE GEARBOX AND BOLT THEM TOGETHER. 304 00:18:30,793 --> 00:18:33,655 THEY ATTACH CABLES FOR WIRING THE MOTOR TO 305 00:18:33,655 --> 00:18:36,172 THE POWER-ELECTRONICS MODULE LATER. 306 00:18:36,172 --> 00:18:40,310 IT'S A CRUCIAL PART THAT PROCESSES AND REGULATES 307 00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:43,827 THE FLOW OF BATTERY POWER TO THE MOTOR. 308 00:18:43,827 --> 00:18:46,379 THIS COMPLETES THE ELECTRIC-MOTOR DRIVETRAIN. 309 00:18:50,827 --> 00:18:52,862 THEY LOWER THE DRIVETRAIN INTO THE BACK 310 00:18:52,862 --> 00:18:54,344 OF THE PREASSEMBLED CAR BODY. 311 00:18:57,310 --> 00:19:00,724 THEY POSITION THE MOTOR MOUNTS 312 00:19:00,724 --> 00:19:04,862 OVER SLOTS IN THE STEEL SUBFRAME. 313 00:19:04,862 --> 00:19:08,517 AND ONCE IN PLACE, THEY BOLT THE DRIVETRAIN TO THE CHASSIS. 314 00:19:12,965 --> 00:19:14,482 NOW, UNDER THE CAR, 315 00:19:14,482 --> 00:19:17,137 THEY PULL BACK THE REAR SUSPENSION TEMPORARILY 316 00:19:17,137 --> 00:19:19,517 TO ATTACH THE DRIVE AXLE TO THE GEARBOX. 317 00:19:21,206 --> 00:19:24,551 THE AXLE IS EQUIPPED WITH A RUBBER-ENCASED JOINT 318 00:19:24,551 --> 00:19:28,482 THAT ALLOWS A REAR WHEEL TO REACT TO BUMPS INDEPENDENTLY, 319 00:19:28,482 --> 00:19:31,068 WITHOUT REVERBERATION TO THE OTHER. 320 00:19:31,068 --> 00:19:32,758 THE BATTERY IS NEXT. 321 00:19:32,758 --> 00:19:36,379 SEEN HERE IN A DISPLAY MODEL OF THE POWER TRAIN, 322 00:19:36,379 --> 00:19:40,517 THE METAL PACK CONTAINS MORE THAN 6,800 LITHIUM-ION CELLS 323 00:19:40,517 --> 00:19:43,379 AND DELIVERS 215 KILOWATTS OF POWER, 324 00:19:43,379 --> 00:19:47,827 ENOUGH JUICE TO ENABLE THIS ELECTRIC CAR TO ACCELERATE TO 325 00:19:47,827 --> 00:19:50,896 60 MILES AN HOUR IN UNDER 4 SECONDS. 326 00:19:50,896 --> 00:19:53,896 MACHINERY NOW LOWERS THE CAR ONTO THE BATTERY, 327 00:19:53,896 --> 00:19:56,689 POSITIONING IT IN THE FRONT OF THE GEARBOX 328 00:19:56,689 --> 00:19:58,620 AND JUST BEHIND THE CAR SEATS. 329 00:19:58,620 --> 00:20:02,896 THEY JACK UP THE BATTERY FOR A PRECISION FIT. 330 00:20:02,896 --> 00:20:06,655 THEY CONNECT WIRING FOR LOW-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS, 331 00:20:06,655 --> 00:20:08,862 LIKE THE LIGHTS AND FANS. 332 00:20:08,862 --> 00:20:11,931 AND NOW THE BRAINS OF THE ELECTRIC CAR -- 333 00:20:11,931 --> 00:20:14,103 THE POWER-ELECTRONICS MODULE. 334 00:20:14,103 --> 00:20:17,310 THEY INSTALL IT ON TOP OF THE MOTOR AND BATTERY 335 00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:18,758 AND WIRE IT TO BOTH. 336 00:20:18,758 --> 00:20:20,827 WITH ALL THE WIRES CONNECTED, 337 00:20:20,827 --> 00:20:23,931 THE MODULE IS EQUIPPED TO CONVERT DC POWER 338 00:20:23,931 --> 00:20:26,448 FROM THE BATTERY TO THE AC POWER. 339 00:20:26,448 --> 00:20:29,586 IT WILL THEN SUPPLY THAT CURRENT TO THE MOTOR 340 00:20:29,586 --> 00:20:32,379 AS THE DRIVER STEPS ON THE ACCELERATOR. 341 00:20:32,379 --> 00:20:34,034 WITH THE VACUUM SYSTEM, 342 00:20:34,034 --> 00:20:37,965 THEY DRAIN AIR FROM THE BATTERY AND PUMP IN LIQUID COOLANT. 343 00:20:37,965 --> 00:20:41,275 COOLANT CONTINUOUSLY FLOWS THROUGH THE BATTERY 344 00:20:41,275 --> 00:20:44,413 TO MAINTAIN AN EVEN TEMPERATURE THROUGHOUT. 345 00:20:44,413 --> 00:20:47,413 THE BODY PANELS ARE MADE OF DURABLE, 346 00:20:47,413 --> 00:20:49,413 LIGHTWEIGHT CARBON FIBER. 347 00:20:49,413 --> 00:20:51,827 AND WITH THE COMPUTER SOFTWARE UPDATED 348 00:20:51,827 --> 00:20:54,137 AND THE CAR NOW COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED, 349 00:20:54,137 --> 00:20:55,689 IT'S TIME FOR A TEST RUN. 350 00:20:57,172 --> 00:21:01,137 AS THIS SPORTS CAR ACCELERATES, THERE'S NO THROATY ROAR. 351 00:21:01,137 --> 00:21:02,862 UNLIKE A GAS-POWERED ENGINE, 352 00:21:02,862 --> 00:21:05,793 THE ELECTRIC MOTOR TAKES OFF QUIETLY AND QUICKLY. 353 00:21:22,034 --> 00:21:24,206 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 354 00:21:24,206 --> 00:21:26,793 OR YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 355 00:21:26,793 --> 00:21:29,379 DROP US A LINE AT... 28945

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