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Narrator: MANUFACTURED GEMSTONES
ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED
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00:00:55,965 --> 00:00:58,448
TO IMITATE GENUINE
MINED GEMSTONES.
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00:00:58,448 --> 00:01:01,068
NOT THESE --
THEY'RE MADE FROM HEATHER,
4
00:01:01,068 --> 00:01:04,689
A HARDY FLOWERING PLANT WHICH
GROWS WILD ACROSS SCOTLAND.
5
00:01:04,689 --> 00:01:07,241
FOR CENTURIES,
SCOTS USED HEATHER TO
6
00:01:07,241 --> 00:01:10,862
THATCH ROOFS, STUFF MATTRESSES,
AND EVEN BREW ALE.
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00:01:15,689 --> 00:01:18,000
THIS SCOTTISH COMPANY
TURNS HEATHER
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00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:19,448
INTO GEMSTONE MATERIAL
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00:01:19,448 --> 00:01:21,689
FOR JEWELRY
AND OTHER GIFT ITEMS.
10
00:01:21,689 --> 00:01:23,551
HEATHERGEMS,
AS THEY'RE CALLED,
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00:01:23,551 --> 00:01:28,034
HAVE VEINLIKE PATTERNS CREATED
RANDOMLY BY THE PLANTS' STEMS.
12
00:01:28,034 --> 00:01:31,655
THEREFORE, NO TWO GEMS
CAN BE IDENTICAL.
13
00:01:31,655 --> 00:01:34,275
WHEN THE HANDPICKED HEATHER
ARRIVES AT THE FACTORY,
14
00:01:34,275 --> 00:01:38,517
ITS GREEN FOLIAGE STILL CLINGS
TO THE UPPER PART OF THE STEMS.
15
00:01:38,517 --> 00:01:41,655
AFTER CUTTING THE PLANTS
INTO LENGTHS OF ABOUT 10 INCHES,
16
00:01:41,655 --> 00:01:45,517
WORKERS LOAD THEM
INTO A SANDBLASTING MACHINE.
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00:01:45,517 --> 00:01:47,689
THE DRUM ROTATES
FOR ABOUT HALF AN HOUR
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00:01:47,689 --> 00:01:51,758
WHILE TINY IRON PELLETS
BLAST THE HEATHER INSIDE.
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00:01:51,758 --> 00:01:55,068
THE PELLETS CHIP AWAY THE BARK
AND REMOVE THE FOLIAGE.
20
00:01:55,068 --> 00:01:56,620
THE HEATHER
COMES OUT OF THE MACHINE
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00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:59,068
AS BARE, DRIED-OUT,
DELICATE WOOD.
22
00:02:00,655 --> 00:02:03,068
WORKERS FORM
1 1/2-POUND BUNDLES
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00:02:03,068 --> 00:02:05,206
AND PLACE THEM IN
A VACUUM-DIE CHAMBER
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00:02:05,206 --> 00:02:07,206
FOR TWO WHOLE DAYS.
25
00:02:07,206 --> 00:02:08,931
FIRST,
THE VACUUM DRAWS OUT
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00:02:08,931 --> 00:02:11,068
THE AIR IN THE STEMS
TO CLEAR THE WAY
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00:02:11,068 --> 00:02:14,862
FOR THE DIE TO PENETRATE.
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00:02:14,862 --> 00:02:18,655
THEN, AGAIN UNDER PRESSURE,
THE STEMS SLOWLY ABSORB THE DYE.
29
00:02:25,724 --> 00:02:28,000
THIS VACUUM METHOD
IS FAR MORE EFFECTIVE
30
00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,620
THAN DIPPING OR SOAKING
THE STEMS IN VATS OF DYE
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00:02:30,620 --> 00:02:32,620
BECAUSE THE COLOR
PENETRATES DEEPLY
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00:02:32,620 --> 00:02:34,586
INTO THE HEATHER WOOD
RATHER THAN
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00:02:34,586 --> 00:02:36,103
MERELY SITTING ON THE SURFACE.
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00:02:39,758 --> 00:02:42,896
THEY OPEN THE BUNDLES AND MAKE
NEW ONES OF THE SAME WEIGHT,
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00:02:42,896 --> 00:02:46,448
THIS TIME COMBINING COLORS.
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00:02:46,448 --> 00:02:48,793
IT'S IMPORTANT
TO COMBINE THICKER STEMS
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00:02:48,793 --> 00:02:51,448
WITH THINNER ONES
TO CREATE CONTRASTING LINES
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00:02:51,448 --> 00:02:52,586
IN THE GEM PATTERN.
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00:03:01,862 --> 00:03:03,758
NEXT,
THEY SOAK EACH BUNDLE
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00:03:03,758 --> 00:03:06,344
IN EPOXY RESIN
FOR TWO OR THREE MINUTES,
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00:03:06,344 --> 00:03:08,793
ENSURING THE STEMS
ARE WELL SATURATED.
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00:03:15,586 --> 00:03:17,758
THEN THEY PLACE THE BUNDLES
ON RACKS
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00:03:17,758 --> 00:03:20,034
TO ALLOW THE EXCESS RESIN TO
DRAIN OFF.
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00:03:27,586 --> 00:03:29,275
THEY LOAD FOUR BUNDLES
BETWEEN
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00:03:29,275 --> 00:03:31,241
THE TOP AND BOTTOM HALVES
OF A MOLD.
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00:03:34,551 --> 00:03:36,965
A PRESS
THEN SLOWLY CLOSES THE MOLD,
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00:03:36,965 --> 00:03:39,965
APPLYING 88 TONS OF PRESSURE
FOR ABOUT A MINUTE.
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00:03:56,517 --> 00:03:59,655
THEY CLAMP THE MOLD CLOSED
AND REMOVE IT FROM THE PRESS.
49
00:04:01,758 --> 00:04:04,103
THEN THEY PUT THE MOLD
INTO AN OVEN FOR AN HOUR
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00:04:04,103 --> 00:04:05,551
TO CURE THE RESIN.
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00:04:10,586 --> 00:04:13,172
THEY OPEN THE MOLD
AND REMOVE WHAT IS NOW
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00:04:13,172 --> 00:04:16,000
A ROCK-HARD, RESIN-BONDED
BLOCK OF HEATHER WOOD.
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00:04:18,689 --> 00:04:21,931
THEY PUT THE BLOCK ON A BAND SAW
AND TRIM OFF THE ROUGH EDGES.
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00:04:25,689 --> 00:04:28,931
THEY CUT SLICES BETWEEN
4/10 AND 5/10 OF AN INCH THICK,
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00:04:28,931 --> 00:04:31,620
DEPENDING ON WHAT SHAPE GEM
THEY'LL BE MAKING.
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00:04:34,586 --> 00:04:37,655
AFTER GLUING EACH SLICE
ONTO A PLASTIC BACKING,
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00:04:37,655 --> 00:04:40,655
A ROBOTIC CUTTING MACHINE
GUIDED BY A COMPUTER
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00:04:40,655 --> 00:04:41,965
CUTS THE GEM SHAPES.
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00:04:45,655 --> 00:04:49,448
THEN WORKERS SIMPLY POP THE GEMS
OFF THE PLASTIC BACKING.
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00:04:52,586 --> 00:04:57,827
THIS DOMED OVAL SHAPE
IS CALLED A CABOCHON.
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00:04:57,827 --> 00:05:00,862
THE FINISHING TEAM
SMOOTHES AND POLISHES EACH GEM
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00:05:00,862 --> 00:05:03,931
ON A BELT SANDER,
THEN APPLIES FOUR OR FIVE COATS
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00:05:03,931 --> 00:05:05,103
OF CLEAR LACQUER.
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00:05:09,586 --> 00:05:11,413
LACQUERING
DRAWS OUT THE COLORS
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00:05:11,413 --> 00:05:13,517
WHILE SEALING
AND PROTECTING THE WOOD.
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00:05:19,793 --> 00:05:23,689
FINALLY, THEY GLUE EACH GEM
ONTO THE JEWELRY OR GIFT ITEM.
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00:05:26,793 --> 00:05:30,379
SOMETIMES THEY DYE THE HEATHER
JUST A SINGLE COLOR.
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00:05:30,379 --> 00:05:32,965
THIS STILL PRODUCES
A STRIKING GEM,
69
00:05:32,965 --> 00:05:36,379
BECAUSE THE DYE PENETRATES THE
WOOD WITH DIFFERENT INTENSITIES,
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00:05:36,379 --> 00:05:39,103
CREATING CONTRASTING SHADES.
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00:05:39,103 --> 00:05:41,793
THE SIGNATURE FEATURE
IS THE UNIQUE VEINING
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00:05:41,793 --> 00:05:44,275
PRODUCED BY THE HEATHER
ENCASED WITHIN,
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00:05:44,275 --> 00:05:46,827
EACH AND EVERY GEMSTONE
TRULY CAPTURING
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00:05:46,827 --> 00:05:49,586
THE NATURAL BEAUTY
OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS.
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00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:04,103
Narrator: INVENTED IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE 20th CENTURY,
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00:06:04,103 --> 00:06:06,103
INSTANT FILM
MADE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES
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00:06:06,103 --> 00:06:08,517
MATERIALIZE ALMOST MAGICALLY.
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00:06:08,517 --> 00:06:10,344
THE PICTURE APPEARED IN MINUTES.
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00:06:10,344 --> 00:06:13,724
NO MORE WAITING FOR DAYS
FOR FILM TO BE PROCESSED.
80
00:06:13,724 --> 00:06:15,413
TODAY IT'S A DIGITAL WORLD,
81
00:06:15,413 --> 00:06:18,655
BUT INSTANT FILM IS STILL
GETTING PLENTY OF EXPOSURE.
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00:06:23,448 --> 00:06:26,551
WITH INSTANT FILM,
YOU CAN WATCH AN IMAGE DEVELOP
83
00:06:26,551 --> 00:06:28,103
BEFORE YOUR VERY EYES --
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00:06:28,103 --> 00:06:31,448
NO FILM LAB
OR DIGITAL PRINTER NECESSARY.
85
00:06:31,448 --> 00:06:35,896
JUST SAY, "CHEESE,"
AND WAIT TO SEE WHAT DEVELOPS.
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00:06:35,896 --> 00:06:38,137
MANY DECADES
AFTER ITS INVENTION,
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00:06:38,137 --> 00:06:41,551
INSTANT PHOTO DEVELOPMENT
STILL SEEMS LIKE A NEAT TRICK.
88
00:06:44,448 --> 00:06:48,137
MAKING THE MAGIC HAPPEN
IS A MANY-LAYERED PROCESS,
89
00:06:48,137 --> 00:06:51,827
ONE THAT INVOLVES MULTIPLE
MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.
90
00:06:51,827 --> 00:06:54,206
PRODUCTION BEGINS
WITH THE FILM NEGATIVE.
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00:06:54,206 --> 00:06:57,896
IT TAKES PLACE IN THE DARK
TO PREVENT PRE-EXPOSURE.
92
00:06:57,896 --> 00:07:00,482
THE TECHNICIAN DONS
NIGHT-VISION GOGGLES,
93
00:07:00,482 --> 00:07:02,896
ALLOWING HIM TO MONITOR
PLASTIC FILM
94
00:07:02,896 --> 00:07:05,241
AS IT UNWINDS
INTO A COATING MACHINE.
95
00:07:05,241 --> 00:07:08,103
INSIDE,
VARIOUS DYES AND CHEMICALS
96
00:07:08,103 --> 00:07:11,413
WILL TRANSFORM THE FILM
INTO A NEGATIVE.
97
00:07:11,413 --> 00:07:14,793
THEY SWITCH THE LIGHTS BACK ON
BRIEFLY FOR OUR CAMERA.
98
00:07:14,793 --> 00:07:18,310
THE FILM TRAVELS UP AND DOWN
TOWARDS THE COATING MACHINE.
99
00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:22,482
IT'S A SYSTEM THAT PREVENTS
ANY SLACKENING IN THE FEED.
100
00:07:22,482 --> 00:07:24,896
THE COATING IS ALSO DONE
IN THE DARK,
101
00:07:24,896 --> 00:07:27,379
SO THIS WORKER
DEMONSTRATES THE PROCESS
102
00:07:27,379 --> 00:07:30,103
FOR OUR CAMERA
ON A SMALL RESEARCH MACHINE.
103
00:07:30,103 --> 00:07:32,206
LIQUID PHOTO CHEMICALS AND DYES
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00:07:32,206 --> 00:07:36,379
FLOW ONTO THE SURFACE
OF THE PLASTIC FILM.
105
00:07:36,379 --> 00:07:38,379
HE SPREADS THE LIQUIDS
ACROSS THE FILM
106
00:07:38,379 --> 00:07:40,586
FOR AN EVEN APPLICATION.
107
00:07:40,586 --> 00:07:45,413
THIS IS ALL DONE MECHANICALLY
INSIDE THE REAL COATING MACHINE.
108
00:07:45,413 --> 00:07:48,931
ONCE COATED, THE FILM WILL HEAD
INTO THE DRYER.
109
00:07:48,931 --> 00:07:51,482
THE VARIOUS COATINGS
WILL DRY IN SEPARATE LAYERS
110
00:07:51,482 --> 00:07:53,241
WITHOUT INTERMINGLING.
111
00:07:54,482 --> 00:07:57,000
HERE'S A TEST TUBE LINEUP
OF THE LIQUID COMPONENTS
112
00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:58,689
OF THE NEGATIVE.
113
00:07:58,689 --> 00:08:00,655
THE COLORFUL ONES ARE DYES,
114
00:08:00,655 --> 00:08:04,137
AND THE WHITE ONES
ARE OTHER CHEMICALS.
115
00:08:04,137 --> 00:08:07,413
THEY APPLY BLACK BACKING
TO THE NEGATIVE TO BLOCK LIGHT,
116
00:08:07,413 --> 00:08:09,172
AGAIN PREVENTING PRE-EXPOSURE.
117
00:08:13,896 --> 00:08:17,482
THE TRIP THROUGH THE DRYER
IS 87 YARDS LONG.
118
00:08:17,482 --> 00:08:20,689
HOT AIR DRIES THE CHEMICALS
ON THE SURFACE OF THE FILM.
119
00:08:20,689 --> 00:08:23,655
ONCE AGAIN,
IT ALL HAPPENS IN THE DARK
120
00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:26,482
TO PROTECT
THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE FILM.
121
00:08:26,482 --> 00:08:29,034
COILED UP AND PACKED
INTO LIGHTTIGHT DRUMS,
122
00:08:29,034 --> 00:08:31,482
THE COLOR-NEGATIVE MATERIAL IS
NOW ON ITS WAY
123
00:08:31,482 --> 00:08:32,896
TO A SECOND FACTORY
124
00:08:32,896 --> 00:08:36,517
TO BE ASSEMBLED
INTO THE INSTANT FILM PACK.
125
00:08:36,517 --> 00:08:39,896
UPON ARRIVAL, THEY THREAD THE
NEGATIVE ONTO A MACHINE,
126
00:08:39,896 --> 00:08:42,793
ALONG WITH OTHER MATERIALS
FOR THE FILM PACK.
127
00:08:42,793 --> 00:08:45,000
THEY INCLUDE
A PLASTIC BASE MATERIAL
128
00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,275
CALLED THE MASK
AND THE POSITIVE PAPER
129
00:08:47,275 --> 00:08:50,413
THAT RECEIVES THE PHOTOGRAPHIC
IMAGE FROM THE NEGATIVE.
130
00:08:50,413 --> 00:08:53,758
THE VARIOUS MATERIALS ARE
STEERED TOWARD ASSEMBLY STATIONS
131
00:08:53,758 --> 00:08:55,206
BY A SYSTEM OF ROLLERS.
132
00:08:55,206 --> 00:08:58,551
HERE'S A LINEUP OF THE VARIOUS
MATERIALS TO BE ASSEMBLED.
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00:08:58,551 --> 00:09:02,724
THAT'S THE MASK ON THE FAR LEFT
AND THE NEGATIVE IN THE MIDDLE.
134
00:09:02,724 --> 00:09:05,896
THE NEGATIVE HEADS TOWARDS
A SERIES OF HOT PRESSES.
135
00:09:05,896 --> 00:09:08,137
ONE PRESS LAMINATES
A PLASTIC SPACER
136
00:09:08,137 --> 00:09:09,965
CALLED THE RAIL TO THE NEGATIVE.
137
00:09:13,586 --> 00:09:17,000
ANOTHER LAMINATION HEAD
APPLIES THE MASK
138
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,103
TO THE POSITIVE SHEET
THAT WILL RECEIVE THE IMAGE.
139
00:09:21,103 --> 00:09:23,586
ON A DIFFERENT MACHINE,
EQUIPMENT FOLDS
140
00:09:23,586 --> 00:09:26,965
A KIND OF FOIL POUCH AND
INJECTS IT WITH FILM DEVELOPER.
141
00:09:30,793 --> 00:09:32,931
HERE'S AN INSIDE LOOK
AT THE POUCH.
142
00:09:32,931 --> 00:09:35,310
THE BLUE LIQUID
IS THE DEVELOPER.
143
00:09:35,310 --> 00:09:38,103
ENCASED IN
THE FOIL-LINED ENVELOPE,
144
00:09:38,103 --> 00:09:40,482
IT WILL STAY FRESH UNTIL NEEDED.
145
00:09:40,482 --> 00:09:42,448
BACK ON
THE MAIN ASSEMBLY MACHINE,
146
00:09:42,448 --> 00:09:45,000
ANOTHER HOT PRESS
LAMINATES THE DEVELOPER POUCH
147
00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:46,517
TO THE OTHER FILM MATERIALS.
148
00:09:47,275 --> 00:09:49,620
THIS COMPLETES
THE FILM SANDWICH,
149
00:09:49,620 --> 00:09:51,965
AND IT HEADS INTO
ANOTHER STATION
150
00:09:51,965 --> 00:09:54,551
TO BE SLICED
INTO PHOTO-SIZED PIECES.
151
00:09:54,551 --> 00:09:57,275
THE PHOTO FRAMES
RIDE A WHEEL WITH A COUNTER
152
00:09:57,275 --> 00:09:59,758
THAT DIVIDES THEM
INTO STACKS OF EIGHT.
153
00:09:59,758 --> 00:10:04,413
MEANWHILE, ROBOT ARMS DEPOSIT A
RECTANGULAR SPRING ON A BATTERY.
154
00:10:04,413 --> 00:10:06,310
THEN THEY POSITION
THE EIGHT PICTURES
155
00:10:06,310 --> 00:10:07,827
ON THE SPRING-BATTERY ASSEMBLY,
156
00:10:07,827 --> 00:10:10,517
FOLLOWED BY
A LIGHT-BLOCKING COVER.
157
00:10:10,517 --> 00:10:13,620
THE STACK THEN MOVES FORWARD
TO BE SQUEEZED
158
00:10:13,620 --> 00:10:15,344
INTO A PLASTIC CASSETTE.
159
00:10:15,344 --> 00:10:19,137
A SUCTION TYPE OF DEVICE
NOW PICKS UP A CARDBOARD BOX
160
00:10:19,137 --> 00:10:22,724
AND TRANSFERS IT TO THE END
OF THE FILM-PACK LINE.
161
00:10:22,724 --> 00:10:25,896
ANOTHER DEVICE
CAPTURES THE FILM PACK
162
00:10:25,896 --> 00:10:30,620
AS IT COMES OFF THE LINE AND
PLACES IT IN THE CARDBOARD BOX.
163
00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:32,241
ONCE FOLDED CLOSED,
164
00:10:32,241 --> 00:10:36,344
THE BOX OF INSTANT FILM
RIDES THE CAROUSEL TO A SCALE.
165
00:10:36,344 --> 00:10:41,482
A QUICK WEIGHING CONFIRMS
THERE'S ENOUGH FILM IN THE BOX,
166
00:10:41,482 --> 00:10:43,586
SO IT'S READY TO SHIP.
167
00:10:43,586 --> 00:10:45,896
THE ASSEMBLY
OF THIS INSTANT FILM PACK
168
00:10:45,896 --> 00:10:47,758
HAS TAKEN ROUGHLY THREE MINUTES.
169
00:10:50,448 --> 00:10:54,517
NOW THOSE INSTANT MEMORIES
ARE JUST A FEW CLICKS AWAY.
170
00:11:09,137 --> 00:11:11,931
Narrator: A COMMON ASSUMPTION
IS THAT ALL WHITE SUGAR
171
00:11:11,931 --> 00:11:13,413
IS DERIVED FROM SUGAR CANE,
172
00:11:13,413 --> 00:11:16,172
BUT 30% OF THE WORLD'S
WHITE-SUGAR SUPPLY
173
00:11:16,172 --> 00:11:17,931
COMES FROM THE SUGAR BEET.
174
00:11:17,931 --> 00:11:20,827
WHILE SUGARCANE GROWS
ONLY IN TROPICAL CLIMATES,
175
00:11:20,827 --> 00:11:23,310
THE HARDIER SUGAR BEET
CAN BE CULTIVATED
176
00:11:23,310 --> 00:11:25,689
IN COOLER REGIONS
AND IN POORER SOIL.
177
00:11:29,482 --> 00:11:31,655
IT TAKES ABOUT 7 BEETS
TO PRODUCE
178
00:11:31,655 --> 00:11:34,000
A LITTLE MORE THAN
2 POUNDS OF SUGAR.
179
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,103
THE BY-PRODUCTS OF PROCESSING,
180
00:11:36,103 --> 00:11:39,517
MOLASSES AND BEET PULP,
ARE USED FOR ANIMAL FEED.
181
00:11:39,517 --> 00:11:43,379
THE PROCESSING OF SUGAR BEETS
YIELDS VARIOUS GRADES OF SUGAR.
182
00:11:43,379 --> 00:11:49,103
THE LOWER ONES ARE REPROCESSED
TO BECOME WHITE SUGAR.
183
00:11:49,103 --> 00:11:51,620
FARMERS PLANT BEET SEEDS
IN THE SPRING
184
00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:54,172
AND HARVEST THE MATURE CROP
IN THE FALL.
185
00:11:57,241 --> 00:12:00,724
MECHANICAL HARVESTERS
ATTACK SIX ROWS AT A TIME.
186
00:12:00,724 --> 00:12:03,034
THEY RIP THE PLANT
OUT OF THE GROUND,
187
00:12:03,034 --> 00:12:06,413
CHOP OFF THE LEAVES AND CROWN,
LEAVING JUST THE BULBOUS ROOT.
188
00:12:12,275 --> 00:12:15,379
A BEET ROOT TYPICALLY WEIGHS
ABOUT 2 POUNDS.
189
00:12:15,379 --> 00:12:20,862
17% TO 18% OF THAT IS SUCROSE,
WHICH IS SUGAR.
190
00:12:20,862 --> 00:12:24,586
A LOADER TRANSFERS
THE HARVESTED BEETS INTO TRUCKS.
191
00:12:24,586 --> 00:12:27,137
THE LOADER'S SIEVE REMOVES
ABOUT A THIRD OF THE SOIL
192
00:12:27,137 --> 00:12:28,172
ALONG THE WAY.
193
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:37,586
WHEN THE TRUCKS ARRIVE
AT THE SUGAR FACTORY,
194
00:12:37,586 --> 00:12:40,379
THEY UNLOAD THE BEETS,
SOIL AND STONES INCLUDED,
195
00:12:40,379 --> 00:12:41,655
ONTO A CONVEYER BELT,
196
00:12:41,655 --> 00:12:46,034
WHICH TRANSPORTS THEM TO
A WASHING STATION.
197
00:12:46,034 --> 00:12:48,655
FIRST THEY HEAD INTO
A REVOLVING DRUM,
198
00:12:48,655 --> 00:12:50,862
WHERE,
UNDER A SHOWER OF WATER,
199
00:12:50,862 --> 00:12:53,172
THE BEETS
RUB AGAINST EACH OTHER,
200
00:12:53,172 --> 00:12:54,551
DISLODGING THE SOIL.
201
00:12:54,551 --> 00:12:58,517
THE WATER FLOW FLOATS THE BEETS,
WHICH THEN EXIT THE DRUM.
202
00:12:58,517 --> 00:13:00,379
THE STONES STAY BEHIND,
203
00:13:00,379 --> 00:13:04,137
COLLECTED IN SEPARATOR BUCKETS
ALONG THE EDGE.
204
00:13:04,137 --> 00:13:07,275
A SCREW CONVEYER MOVES THE BEETS
TO A TRANSFER SYSTEM,
205
00:13:07,275 --> 00:13:09,551
WHICH BRINGS THEM
INSIDE THE FACTORY
206
00:13:09,551 --> 00:13:11,137
TO BE PROCESSED INTO SUGAR.
207
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:24,275
INSIDE, SLICING MACHINES CUT THE
INCOMING BEETS INTO CASSETTES,
208
00:13:24,275 --> 00:13:27,862
STRIPS ABOUT THE SHAPE
OF FRENCH FRIES BUT SMALLER.
209
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,620
THE CASSETTES TRAVEL
ON A CONVEYER BELT
210
00:13:38,620 --> 00:13:40,586
INTO A LARGE TANK OF HOT WATER,
211
00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:42,931
WHERE THEY SOAK
FOR A FEW MINUTES.
212
00:13:42,931 --> 00:13:45,551
THIS GETS THEIR CELL MEMBRANES
TO BEGIN OPENING,
213
00:13:45,551 --> 00:13:47,793
CLEARING THE WAY
FOR THE SUCROSE TO EXIT
214
00:13:47,793 --> 00:13:49,241
DURING THE NEXT OPERATION,
215
00:13:49,241 --> 00:13:51,827
IN WHICH THE CASSETTES
ARE PUMPED TO THE BOTTOM
216
00:13:51,827 --> 00:13:55,206
OF A 22-YARD-HIGH
EXTRACTION TOWER.
217
00:13:55,206 --> 00:13:57,586
A ROTATING SHAFT
WITHIN THE TOWER
218
00:13:57,586 --> 00:14:01,241
TRANSPORTS THEM SLOWLY UPWARD
AGAINST THE DOWNWARD FLOW
219
00:14:01,241 --> 00:14:02,241
OF HOT WATER.
220
00:14:02,241 --> 00:14:04,896
THIS DRAWS OUT THE SUCROSE,
221
00:14:04,896 --> 00:14:09,103
PRODUCING A SUGARY WATER
CALLED RAW JUICE.
222
00:14:09,103 --> 00:14:12,344
THE NEXT STEP IS TO PURIFY
THIS RAW JUICE.
223
00:14:12,344 --> 00:14:15,827
IN A GIANT KILN,
THEY BURN LIMESTONE WITH COKE
224
00:14:15,827 --> 00:14:19,586
TO PRODUCE THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE,
225
00:14:19,586 --> 00:14:21,275
ALSO CALLED LIME MILK.
226
00:14:21,275 --> 00:14:24,689
THEY ADD IT, IN SEVERAL STAGES,
TO THE RAW JUICE.
227
00:14:24,689 --> 00:14:28,172
MEANWHILE, THEY PRESS THE
SUCROSE-STRIPPED CASSETTES
228
00:14:28,172 --> 00:14:30,586
INTO PULP
TO SELL AS ANIMAL FEED.
229
00:14:30,586 --> 00:14:34,448
THEY ADD CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE
LIME MILK-AND-JUICE MIXTURE.
230
00:14:34,448 --> 00:14:37,517
THIS ABSORBS 1/3
OF THE JUICE'S IMPURITIES,
231
00:14:37,517 --> 00:14:40,655
ENABLING A FILTRATION SYSTEM
TO REMOVE THEM.
232
00:14:40,655 --> 00:14:44,241
THE RAW JUICE
EXITS AS A GOLDEN SUGAR SOLUTION
233
00:14:44,241 --> 00:14:45,758
CALLED THIN JUICE.
234
00:14:45,758 --> 00:14:49,241
THE THIN JUICE THEN ENTERS A
6-STEP EVAPORATION PROCESS,
235
00:14:49,241 --> 00:14:54,068
WHICH REDUCES IT TO
A THICK SYRUP-LIKE JUICE.
236
00:14:54,068 --> 00:14:58,793
FROM THERE, THEY PUMP IT INTO A
4-PHASE CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEM.
237
00:14:58,793 --> 00:15:02,206
IN PHASE 1,
THEY HEAT AND ADD SEED CRYSTALS,
238
00:15:02,206 --> 00:15:05,068
TINY, IDENTICAL-SIZED
SUGAR CRYSTALS
239
00:15:05,068 --> 00:15:09,689
MADE SEPARATELY USING A COMPLEX
COOLING AND EVAPORATING PROCESS.
240
00:15:09,689 --> 00:15:12,275
AS THE WATER
IN THE JUICE EVAPORATES,
241
00:15:12,275 --> 00:15:14,965
ABOUT HALF
OF THE SUCROSE CRYSTALLIZES,
242
00:15:14,965 --> 00:15:16,758
GROWING THE SEED CRYSTALS.
243
00:15:16,758 --> 00:15:20,172
THEN A CENTRIFUGE MACHINE
SEPARATES THE CRYSTALS,
244
00:15:20,172 --> 00:15:23,413
CALLED REFINED SUGAR,
FROM THE REMAINING SYRUP.
245
00:15:23,413 --> 00:15:24,793
THE SYRUP GOES THROUGH
246
00:15:24,793 --> 00:15:28,275
THIS CRYSTALLIZATION-CENTRIFUGE
PROCESS THREE MORE TIMES,
247
00:15:28,275 --> 00:15:32,103
PRODUCING A LESSER GRADE
OF SUGAR EACH TIME.
248
00:15:32,103 --> 00:15:37,137
THE FACTORY DISSOLVES
AND RECRYSTALLIZES
249
00:15:37,137 --> 00:15:39,965
THE LOWEST TWO GRADES.
250
00:15:39,965 --> 00:15:43,482
THE HIGHEST GRADES OF SUGAR
GO INTO DRYERS,
251
00:15:43,482 --> 00:15:46,379
ON THE WAY, PASSING THROUGH
A SCREENING MACHINE
252
00:15:46,379 --> 00:15:49,413
WHICH SEPARATES ANY CRYSTALS
WHICH ARE TOO LARGE.
253
00:15:49,413 --> 00:15:51,724
THE FACTORY DISSOLVES
THESE CRYSTALS,
254
00:15:51,724 --> 00:15:53,310
THEN PUTS THE SUGARY LIQUID
255
00:15:53,310 --> 00:15:55,896
THROUGH THE
CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS AGAIN.
256
00:15:55,896 --> 00:15:58,965
SO, IN THE END, THERE ARE
TWO GRADES OF BEET SUGAR
257
00:15:58,965 --> 00:16:01,586
WHICH GO INTO SILOS,
WHERE THEY'RE STORED
258
00:16:01,586 --> 00:16:04,137
UNTIL IT'S TIME TO
PACKAGE THEM FOR SALE
259
00:16:04,137 --> 00:16:06,275
AS REFINED SUGAR
AND WHITE SUGAR.
260
00:16:16,620 --> 00:16:20,862
Narrator:
THE ELECTRIC CAR RULED THE ROAD
EARLY IN THE 20th CENTURY,
261
00:16:20,862 --> 00:16:23,724
AND THEN THE TECHNOLOGY
WAS SURPASSED BY GAS.
262
00:16:23,724 --> 00:16:26,482
TODAY THE CONCEPT
IS CRUISING TOWARDS A COMEBACK,
263
00:16:26,482 --> 00:16:28,448
ITS RESURGENCE
FUELED BY CONCERNS
264
00:16:28,448 --> 00:16:30,862
ABOUT POLLUTION
FROM GAS-POWERED VEHICLES
265
00:16:30,862 --> 00:16:33,689
AND BY WORRIES ABOUT
OVERDEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL.
266
00:16:37,862 --> 00:16:42,689
THIS SASSY-LOOKING SPORTS CAR IS
LEADING THE CHARGE FOR CHANGE.
267
00:16:42,689 --> 00:16:45,206
JUST PLUG IT INTO
ANY ELECTRICAL OUTLET,
268
00:16:45,206 --> 00:16:47,827
AND AFTER A FEW HOURS,
IT HAS ENOUGH JUICE
269
00:16:47,827 --> 00:16:50,068
FOR A DRIVE
THROUGH THE COUNTRYSIDE
270
00:16:50,068 --> 00:16:52,517
OR FOR QUITE A FEW JAUNTS
AROUND TOWN.
271
00:16:52,517 --> 00:16:55,827
WITH NO TAILPIPE,
THERE ARE NO DIRECT EMISSIONS,
272
00:16:55,827 --> 00:16:59,827
AND IF THE POWER GENERATED BY
THE ELECTRICAL PLANT IS CLEAN,
273
00:16:59,827 --> 00:17:02,379
EVERYONE BREATHES
A LITTLE EASIER.
274
00:17:02,379 --> 00:17:05,517
BUT WITH A PRICE TAG
IN THE 6-FIGURE RANGE,
275
00:17:05,517 --> 00:17:08,896
THIS ECO-FRIENDLY ROADSTER
IS A LUXURY PRODUCT.
276
00:17:08,896 --> 00:17:12,344
PRODUCTION BEGINS WITH
THE FIRST HALF OF THE GEAR BOX.
277
00:17:12,344 --> 00:17:15,137
A WORKER BOLTS A BRASS FITTING
TO THE CENTER
278
00:17:15,137 --> 00:17:17,724
AND THEN ATTACHES
PLASTIC TUBING TO IT.
279
00:17:17,724 --> 00:17:20,275
THE TUBING
WILL DELIVER LUBRICANT TO
280
00:17:20,275 --> 00:17:22,172
THE TRANSMISSION'S BEARINGS.
281
00:17:22,172 --> 00:17:27,068
HE INSERTS THOSE BEARINGS
INTO SLOTS IN THE GEARBOX
282
00:17:27,068 --> 00:17:31,931
AND PRESSES THEM INTO PLACE
USING A HYDRAULIC TOOL.
283
00:17:31,931 --> 00:17:35,000
HE DRIPS THREAD-LOCKING COMPOUND
INTO SCREW HOLES
284
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,137
AND INSTALLS A DEVICE
FOR LOCKING THE TRANSMISSION.
285
00:17:38,137 --> 00:17:40,379
IT'S CALLED THE PARKING PAWL.
286
00:17:40,379 --> 00:17:42,689
HE APPLIES MORE ADHESIVE
TO SCREWS
287
00:17:42,689 --> 00:17:45,827
AND THREADS THEM
THROUGH THE PAWL TO THE GEARBOX.
288
00:17:45,827 --> 00:17:47,931
USING A CALIBRATED
TORQUE WRENCH,
289
00:17:47,931 --> 00:17:50,241
HE TIGHTENS THEM TO
A PRECISE SETTING.
290
00:17:50,241 --> 00:17:53,413
THE TRANSMISSION IS SINGLE SPEED
WITH FOUR GEARS,
291
00:17:53,413 --> 00:17:56,689
WHICH THEY INSTALL IN
THE OTHER HALF OF THE GEARBOX.
292
00:17:56,689 --> 00:17:58,517
THESE ARE HELICAL GEARS.
293
00:17:58,517 --> 00:18:00,793
THEIR TEETH
ARE CUT AT AN ANGLE
294
00:18:00,793 --> 00:18:03,862
FOR GRADUAL ENGAGEMENT
AND SMOOTH OPERATION.
295
00:18:03,862 --> 00:18:06,413
THEY'RE NOW READY FOR
THE ROTOR AND THE STATOR.
296
00:18:06,413 --> 00:18:08,344
BOTH ARE ELECTROMAGNETS,
297
00:18:08,344 --> 00:18:12,793
AND TOGETHER THEY'LL BE THE
ELECTRIC MOTOR'S DRIVING FORCE.
298
00:18:12,793 --> 00:18:14,965
THEY INSERT THE ROTOR
INTO THE STATOR,
299
00:18:14,965 --> 00:18:17,068
WHERE THEIR TWO
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
300
00:18:17,068 --> 00:18:19,689
WILL INTERACT TO CREATE TORQUE,
301
00:18:19,689 --> 00:18:24,793
TRANSFORMING ELECTRICAL ENERGY
INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY.
302
00:18:24,793 --> 00:18:27,793
THEY HOIST THE
ROTOR-AND-STATOR ASSEMBLY
303
00:18:27,793 --> 00:18:30,793
ONTO THE GEARBOX
AND BOLT THEM TOGETHER.
304
00:18:30,793 --> 00:18:33,655
THEY ATTACH CABLES
FOR WIRING THE MOTOR TO
305
00:18:33,655 --> 00:18:36,172
THE POWER-ELECTRONICS MODULE
LATER.
306
00:18:36,172 --> 00:18:40,310
IT'S A CRUCIAL PART
THAT PROCESSES AND REGULATES
307
00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:43,827
THE FLOW OF BATTERY POWER
TO THE MOTOR.
308
00:18:43,827 --> 00:18:46,379
THIS COMPLETES THE
ELECTRIC-MOTOR DRIVETRAIN.
309
00:18:50,827 --> 00:18:52,862
THEY LOWER THE DRIVETRAIN
INTO THE BACK
310
00:18:52,862 --> 00:18:54,344
OF THE PREASSEMBLED CAR BODY.
311
00:18:57,310 --> 00:19:00,724
THEY POSITION THE MOTOR MOUNTS
312
00:19:00,724 --> 00:19:04,862
OVER SLOTS
IN THE STEEL SUBFRAME.
313
00:19:04,862 --> 00:19:08,517
AND ONCE IN PLACE, THEY BOLT
THE DRIVETRAIN TO THE CHASSIS.
314
00:19:12,965 --> 00:19:14,482
NOW, UNDER THE CAR,
315
00:19:14,482 --> 00:19:17,137
THEY PULL BACK
THE REAR SUSPENSION TEMPORARILY
316
00:19:17,137 --> 00:19:19,517
TO ATTACH THE DRIVE AXLE
TO THE GEARBOX.
317
00:19:21,206 --> 00:19:24,551
THE AXLE IS EQUIPPED
WITH A RUBBER-ENCASED JOINT
318
00:19:24,551 --> 00:19:28,482
THAT ALLOWS A REAR WHEEL TO
REACT TO BUMPS INDEPENDENTLY,
319
00:19:28,482 --> 00:19:31,068
WITHOUT REVERBERATION TO
THE OTHER.
320
00:19:31,068 --> 00:19:32,758
THE BATTERY IS NEXT.
321
00:19:32,758 --> 00:19:36,379
SEEN HERE IN A DISPLAY MODEL
OF THE POWER TRAIN,
322
00:19:36,379 --> 00:19:40,517
THE METAL PACK CONTAINS MORE
THAN 6,800 LITHIUM-ION CELLS
323
00:19:40,517 --> 00:19:43,379
AND DELIVERS 215 KILOWATTS
OF POWER,
324
00:19:43,379 --> 00:19:47,827
ENOUGH JUICE TO ENABLE THIS
ELECTRIC CAR TO ACCELERATE TO
325
00:19:47,827 --> 00:19:50,896
60 MILES AN HOUR
IN UNDER 4 SECONDS.
326
00:19:50,896 --> 00:19:53,896
MACHINERY NOW LOWERS THE CAR
ONTO THE BATTERY,
327
00:19:53,896 --> 00:19:56,689
POSITIONING IT IN THE FRONT
OF THE GEARBOX
328
00:19:56,689 --> 00:19:58,620
AND JUST BEHIND THE CAR SEATS.
329
00:19:58,620 --> 00:20:02,896
THEY JACK UP THE BATTERY
FOR A PRECISION FIT.
330
00:20:02,896 --> 00:20:06,655
THEY CONNECT WIRING
FOR LOW-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS,
331
00:20:06,655 --> 00:20:08,862
LIKE THE LIGHTS AND FANS.
332
00:20:08,862 --> 00:20:11,931
AND NOW THE BRAINS OF THE
ELECTRIC CAR --
333
00:20:11,931 --> 00:20:14,103
THE POWER-ELECTRONICS MODULE.
334
00:20:14,103 --> 00:20:17,310
THEY INSTALL IT
ON TOP OF THE MOTOR AND BATTERY
335
00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:18,758
AND WIRE IT TO BOTH.
336
00:20:18,758 --> 00:20:20,827
WITH ALL THE WIRES CONNECTED,
337
00:20:20,827 --> 00:20:23,931
THE MODULE IS EQUIPPED
TO CONVERT DC POWER
338
00:20:23,931 --> 00:20:26,448
FROM THE BATTERY TO
THE AC POWER.
339
00:20:26,448 --> 00:20:29,586
IT WILL THEN SUPPLY
THAT CURRENT TO THE MOTOR
340
00:20:29,586 --> 00:20:32,379
AS THE DRIVER STEPS ON
THE ACCELERATOR.
341
00:20:32,379 --> 00:20:34,034
WITH THE VACUUM SYSTEM,
342
00:20:34,034 --> 00:20:37,965
THEY DRAIN AIR FROM THE BATTERY
AND PUMP IN LIQUID COOLANT.
343
00:20:37,965 --> 00:20:41,275
COOLANT CONTINUOUSLY FLOWS
THROUGH THE BATTERY
344
00:20:41,275 --> 00:20:44,413
TO MAINTAIN AN EVEN TEMPERATURE
THROUGHOUT.
345
00:20:44,413 --> 00:20:47,413
THE BODY PANELS
ARE MADE OF DURABLE,
346
00:20:47,413 --> 00:20:49,413
LIGHTWEIGHT CARBON FIBER.
347
00:20:49,413 --> 00:20:51,827
AND WITH
THE COMPUTER SOFTWARE UPDATED
348
00:20:51,827 --> 00:20:54,137
AND THE CAR
NOW COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED,
349
00:20:54,137 --> 00:20:55,689
IT'S TIME FOR A TEST RUN.
350
00:20:57,172 --> 00:21:01,137
AS THIS SPORTS CAR ACCELERATES,
THERE'S NO THROATY ROAR.
351
00:21:01,137 --> 00:21:02,862
UNLIKE A GAS-POWERED ENGINE,
352
00:21:02,862 --> 00:21:05,793
THE ELECTRIC MOTOR TAKES OFF
QUIETLY AND QUICKLY.
353
00:21:22,034 --> 00:21:24,206
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
354
00:21:24,206 --> 00:21:26,793
OR YOU'D LIKE TO
SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
355
00:21:26,793 --> 00:21:29,379
DROP US A LINE AT...
28945
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