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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:05,000 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 2 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,000 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 3 00:00:51,586 --> 00:00:53,896 Narrator: AT MANY WORK SITES, 4 00:00:53,896 --> 00:00:56,172 GRAPPLES DO ALL THE HEAVY LIFTING. 5 00:00:56,172 --> 00:00:57,965 DANGLING FROM CRANE BOOMS, 6 00:00:57,965 --> 00:01:01,379 THESE HUGE MECHANIZED CLAWS MOVE MOUNTAINS OF MATERIAL 7 00:01:01,379 --> 00:01:03,137 ONE LOAD AT A TIME. 8 00:01:03,137 --> 00:01:05,517 SOME ARE EQUIPPED WITH POWERFUL ELECTROMAGNETS 9 00:01:05,517 --> 00:01:07,310 FOR GATHERING SMALL BITS OF METAL 10 00:01:07,310 --> 00:01:09,034 ALONG WITH THE LARGE ONES. 11 00:01:12,620 --> 00:01:17,172 NOT MUCH CAN ESCAPE THE GRASP OF THE MIGHTY GRAPPLE. 12 00:01:17,172 --> 00:01:20,344 A MAGNET AT THE CENTER PULLS METAL FROM THE SCRAP HEAP, 13 00:01:20,344 --> 00:01:22,758 WHILE FOUR FINGERS DIG INTO THE PILE. 14 00:01:22,758 --> 00:01:27,000 IT THEN TRANSFERS THE LOAD OF STEEL FOR RECYCLING. 15 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:30,344 IT ACTUALLY TAKES SOME OF THAT RECYCLED STEEL 16 00:01:30,344 --> 00:01:34,137 TO MAKE A GRAPPLE IN THE FORM OF STEEL PLATE. 17 00:01:34,137 --> 00:01:37,103 A COMPUTER-GUIDED FLAME BURNS THROUGH THE STEEL 18 00:01:37,103 --> 00:01:39,758 TO CUT OUT THE VARIOUS PART SHAPES. 19 00:01:39,758 --> 00:01:42,103 IT WILL TAKE APPROXIMATELY 50 PIECES 20 00:01:42,103 --> 00:01:46,172 IN A RANGE OF SHAPES AND THICKNESSES TO MAKE ONE GRAPPLE. 21 00:01:50,172 --> 00:01:53,206 A PRESS BRAKE REPEATEDLY RAMS ONE OF THE PARTS 22 00:01:53,206 --> 00:01:56,793 WHILE AN OPERATOR ADJUSTS IT FORWARD BETWEEN THRUSTS. 23 00:01:56,793 --> 00:02:00,103 THE PROCESS CURLS THE PART TO GIVE IT A CLAW-LIKE PROFILE. 24 00:02:00,103 --> 00:02:03,068 IT'S THE BASIC SHAPE OF A GRAPPLE FINGER. 25 00:02:03,068 --> 00:02:05,034 USING A TEMPLATE, 26 00:02:05,034 --> 00:02:08,034 HE CHECKS THE CURVATURE TO CONFIRM IT'S ON TARGET. 27 00:02:08,034 --> 00:02:10,965 HE'LL CURL FOUR FINGERS PER GRAPPLE. 28 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:15,724 MEANWHILE, A WELDER PIECES TOGETHER THE GRAPPLE'S CORE, 29 00:02:15,724 --> 00:02:18,068 WORKING WITHIN A SPECIAL FIXTURE 30 00:02:18,068 --> 00:02:20,827 THAT ALLOWS HIM TO ASSEMBLE IT PRECISELY. 31 00:02:20,827 --> 00:02:22,896 AFTER HE TACK-WELDS THEM TOGETHER, 32 00:02:22,896 --> 00:02:24,793 IT'S OVER TO THE ROBOT. 33 00:02:24,793 --> 00:02:26,241 IT DOES THE PERMANENT WELDS 34 00:02:26,241 --> 00:02:29,758 AS THE CORE SLOWLY ROTATES IN A SPECIAL DEVICE. 35 00:02:33,379 --> 00:02:36,413 THEY HOIST THE WELDED GRAPPLE CORE OVER TO THE MAGNET 36 00:02:36,413 --> 00:02:39,413 AND FEED ITS MAIN WIRE UP THROUGH THE CORE. 37 00:02:39,413 --> 00:02:40,931 THEY LOWER THE CORE, 38 00:02:40,931 --> 00:02:44,137 AND IT FITS ONTO METAL DOWELS PROTRUDING FROM THE MAGNET. 39 00:02:44,137 --> 00:02:47,172 THIS ALLOWS THEM TO ALIGN THE TWO PRECISELY. 40 00:02:47,172 --> 00:02:49,655 THEY THREAD HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS INTO THE DOWELS 41 00:02:49,655 --> 00:02:51,931 TO SECURE THE ASSEMBLY. 42 00:02:55,034 --> 00:02:57,241 NEXT, THEY PLACE A TURNTABLE BEARING 43 00:02:57,241 --> 00:02:59,379 ON THE GRAPPLE'S TOP FLANGE. 44 00:02:59,379 --> 00:03:00,965 THIS BEARING IS AN IMPORTANT PART 45 00:03:00,965 --> 00:03:03,137 OF THE CLAW-ROTATOR MECHANISM. 46 00:03:03,137 --> 00:03:06,344 THEY FASTEN THE BEARING'S OUTER RING TO THE FLANGE 47 00:03:06,344 --> 00:03:07,724 WITH NUMEROUS BOLTS, 48 00:03:07,724 --> 00:03:09,758 TORQUEING EACH ONE TIGHTLY TO WITHSTAND THE SPINNING ACTION 49 00:03:09,758 --> 00:03:13,034 OF THE BEARING'S INNER RING. 50 00:03:13,034 --> 00:03:15,034 AS DEMONSTRATED HERE, 51 00:03:15,034 --> 00:03:17,103 THE BEARING TURNS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS 52 00:03:17,103 --> 00:03:20,413 TO GIVE THE GRAPPLE'S CLAW MOVEMENTS A LOT OF FLEXIBILITY. 53 00:03:25,172 --> 00:03:27,586 A WORKER NOW LOWERS THE UPPER ROTATOR ASSEMBLY 54 00:03:27,586 --> 00:03:29,793 ONTO THE TURNTABLE BEARING. 55 00:03:29,793 --> 00:03:31,827 THIS ASSEMBLY HOLDS THE ROTATOR'S MOTOR 56 00:03:31,827 --> 00:03:34,758 AND THE MANIFOLD THAT FEEDS HYDRAULIC FLUID 57 00:03:34,758 --> 00:03:37,379 TO THE CYLINDERS THAT POWER THE CLAW. 58 00:03:39,965 --> 00:03:43,137 THEY NOW SLIDE THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS INTO THEIR SLOTS 59 00:03:43,137 --> 00:03:45,827 AND LOCK THEM IN PLACE WITH PIVOT PINS. 60 00:03:48,827 --> 00:03:51,206 THEY INSTALL A TOTAL OF FOUR CYLINDERS. 61 00:03:51,206 --> 00:03:53,620 EACH ONE WILL POWER ONE GRAPPLE FINGER, 62 00:03:53,620 --> 00:03:58,620 AND TOGETHER, THEY'LL OPEN AND CLOSE THE GRAPPLE CLAW. 63 00:03:58,620 --> 00:04:02,620 THEY CONNECT THE HYDRAULIC FEED LINES TO THE CYLINDERS 64 00:04:02,620 --> 00:04:05,448 AND REINFORCE THE CONNECTION WITH A FOUR-BOLT FLANGE 65 00:04:05,448 --> 00:04:08,448 THAT CAN HANDLE THE PRESSURE OF THE HYDRAULIC FLUID. 66 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,172 THEY GUIDE EACH STEEL FINGER INTO SLOTS IN THE GRAPPLE CORE 67 00:04:19,172 --> 00:04:20,620 AND ALIGN THEM CORRECTLY. 68 00:04:24,724 --> 00:04:27,344 THEY SLIDE A PIVOT PIN INTO THE ATTACHMENT HOLES 69 00:04:27,344 --> 00:04:28,896 TO LINK THE TWO. 70 00:04:28,896 --> 00:04:31,241 THIS PIN WILL ALSO ACT AS A KIND OF HINGE 71 00:04:31,241 --> 00:04:34,034 AS THE FINGER OPENS AND CLOSES. 72 00:04:34,034 --> 00:04:36,103 THEY FASTEN THE PIVOT PIN TO THE GRAPPLE 73 00:04:36,103 --> 00:04:38,620 WITH A NUT THAT'S SPLIT IN ONE SPOT. 74 00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:40,482 THIS SPLIT ENABLES IT TO BE SQUEEZED TIGHTLY 75 00:04:40,482 --> 00:04:43,379 AROUND THE LARGE PIN WITH A SMALL BOLT. 76 00:04:48,793 --> 00:04:51,758 THEY ATTACH THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS TO THE CLAW FINGERS 77 00:04:51,758 --> 00:04:53,689 WITH MORE LARGE STEEL PINS. 78 00:04:57,448 --> 00:04:59,896 AND THEY'RE NOW READY TO POWER THE GRAPPLE CLAW 79 00:04:59,896 --> 00:05:02,448 AND TEST THE GRIPPING ACTION. 80 00:05:02,448 --> 00:05:05,586 THE FOUR TINES, OR FINGERS, OPEN AND CLOSE IN UNISON. 81 00:05:05,586 --> 00:05:09,241 THE TIPS MATE CORRECTLY. THERE'S NO OVERLAP. 82 00:05:09,241 --> 00:05:11,172 THEY ROLL PAINT ONTO THE COMPANY EMBLEM, 83 00:05:11,172 --> 00:05:14,827 AND THIS GRAPPLE CLAW IS NOW READY FOR THE JOBSITE. 84 00:05:17,896 --> 00:05:20,551 IT WEIGHS 4.5 TONS, 85 00:05:20,551 --> 00:05:22,689 AND JUST DROPPING IT ON A CAR 86 00:05:22,689 --> 00:05:24,620 WILL CRUMPLE IT LIKE A PIECE OF TISSUE PAPER. 87 00:05:27,655 --> 00:05:32,620 IT TAKES ABOUT 150 HOURS TO MANUFACTURE A GRAPPLE CLAW 88 00:05:32,620 --> 00:05:35,034 THAT CAN GET A GRIP ON THE REALLY BIG JOBS 89 00:05:35,034 --> 00:05:36,827 IN A MATTER OF SECONDS. 90 00:05:51,689 --> 00:05:54,000 Narrator: WHETHER IT'S BOYSENBERRY IN YOUR MUFFIN, 91 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:55,551 HAZELNUT IN YOUR COFFEE, 92 00:05:55,551 --> 00:05:57,379 BLUE CHEESE IN YOUR SALAD DRESSING, 93 00:05:57,379 --> 00:05:59,620 OR SPEARMINT IN YOUR CHEWING GUM, 94 00:05:59,620 --> 00:06:02,551 THE SOURCE IS USUALLY A PREPARED FLAVORING. 95 00:06:02,551 --> 00:06:05,758 FOOD AND DRINK MAKERS TYPICALLY APPROACH A FLAVORINGS COMPANY 96 00:06:05,758 --> 00:06:09,068 TO CUSTOM-DESIGN AND PRODUCE WHATEVER FLAVOR THEY NEED. 97 00:06:12,689 --> 00:06:15,275 NOT ONLY DO FLAVORING COMPANIES PRODUCE INGREDIENTS 98 00:06:15,275 --> 00:06:16,620 FOR COMMERCIAL USE, 99 00:06:16,620 --> 00:06:19,068 THEY ALSO MANUFACTURE STAND-ALONE FLAVORING PRODUCTS 100 00:06:19,068 --> 00:06:20,827 FOR RETAIL SALE, 101 00:06:20,827 --> 00:06:23,103 SUCH AS THOSE SYRUPS YOU SQUIRT INTO COFFEE, 102 00:06:23,103 --> 00:06:25,413 FOUNTAIN DRINKS, AND OTHER BEVERAGES. 103 00:06:29,310 --> 00:06:32,551 IN THE COMPANY'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY, 104 00:06:32,551 --> 00:06:34,862 FLAVOR CHEMISTS CREATE EACH RECIPE, 105 00:06:34,862 --> 00:06:38,620 DRAWING FROM AN ELABORATE ARSENAL OF INGREDIENTS. 106 00:06:38,620 --> 00:06:41,482 IF THEY'RE DESIGNING AN ORANGE FLAVORING, FOR EXAMPLE, 107 00:06:41,482 --> 00:06:43,655 THEY MIGHT COMBINE ORANGE ESSENCE AND ORANGE PEEL 108 00:06:43,655 --> 00:06:45,620 WITH EXTRACTS FROM OTHER CITRUS FRUITS, 109 00:06:45,620 --> 00:06:47,551 TWEAKING THE PROPORTIONS 110 00:06:47,551 --> 00:06:50,689 UNTIL THEY ACHIEVE EXACTLY THE TASTE THEY'RE AFTER. 111 00:06:55,448 --> 00:06:58,965 THIS CHEMIST IS DESIGNING FLAVORING FOR A SOFT DRINK. 112 00:06:58,965 --> 00:07:02,241 HE POURS A SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF HIS TRIAL RECIPE INTO WATER, 113 00:07:02,241 --> 00:07:04,137 THEN CARBONATES THE MIX 114 00:07:04,137 --> 00:07:06,275 BY ADDING PRESSURIZED CARBON DIOXIDE. 115 00:07:06,275 --> 00:07:08,000 THEN HE BOTTLES THE DRINK 116 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,413 AND SENDS IT TO THE CLIENT FOR APPROVAL. 117 00:07:12,517 --> 00:07:14,551 ONCE THE CLIENT GIVES THE OKAY, 118 00:07:14,551 --> 00:07:17,137 PLANT TECHNICIANS MIX A PRODUCTION FORMULA, 119 00:07:17,137 --> 00:07:19,620 FOLLOWING VERY PRECISE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 120 00:07:19,620 --> 00:07:22,241 SET OUT IN THE RECIPE. 121 00:07:22,241 --> 00:07:25,034 ONCE THEY COMBINE THE FORMULA'S KEY INGREDIENTS, 122 00:07:25,034 --> 00:07:26,862 THEY ADD THEM TO THE LIQUID FILLERS -- 123 00:07:26,862 --> 00:07:28,482 SUCH AS FRUIT JUICE AND WATER -- 124 00:07:28,482 --> 00:07:30,655 AND SOLVENTS SUCH AS ETHANOL. 125 00:07:30,655 --> 00:07:33,344 THE SOLVENTS TRIGGER MOLECULAR CHANGES 126 00:07:33,344 --> 00:07:35,965 THAT TRANSFORM THE OIL-SOLUBLE KEY INGREDIENTS 127 00:07:35,965 --> 00:07:38,068 INTO A WATER-SOLUBLE STATE. 128 00:07:38,068 --> 00:07:40,103 WITHOUT THIS CONVERSION, 129 00:07:40,103 --> 00:07:42,241 THE FINISHED FLAVORING WOULD SIMPLY FLOAT ON TOP 130 00:07:42,241 --> 00:07:45,551 OF ANY LIQUID TO WHICH IT'S ADDED. 131 00:07:45,551 --> 00:07:48,172 AT SEVERAL POINTS THROUGHOUT THE PROCESS, 132 00:07:48,172 --> 00:07:49,689 THE COMPANY'S QUALITY-CONTROL LAB 133 00:07:49,689 --> 00:07:51,965 PERFORMS AN ARRAY OF TESTS 134 00:07:51,965 --> 00:07:54,034 TO ASSESS COLOR, FLAVOR, VISCOSITY, 135 00:07:54,034 --> 00:07:56,896 AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS. 136 00:07:56,896 --> 00:08:01,103 THE LAST INGREDIENTS TO GO INTO THE PRODUCTION FORMULA, 137 00:08:01,103 --> 00:08:04,275 WHEN THE RECIPE CALLS FOR THEM, ARE COLORINGS. 138 00:08:08,206 --> 00:08:10,896 SOMETIMES A CLIENT WANTS A POWDERED FLAVORING 139 00:08:10,896 --> 00:08:12,413 RATHER THAN A LIQUID ONE. 140 00:08:12,413 --> 00:08:14,655 SO CHEMISTS DEVELOP A LIQUID RECIPE 141 00:08:14,655 --> 00:08:16,275 THAT A MACHINE CALLED A SPRAY DRYER 142 00:08:16,275 --> 00:08:19,103 CAN PROCESS INTO A POWDER. 143 00:08:19,103 --> 00:08:20,551 IN THE PRODUCTION PLANT, 144 00:08:20,551 --> 00:08:23,758 WORKERS POUR THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF PRODUCTION FORMULA 145 00:08:23,758 --> 00:08:25,862 INTO A LARGE PROCESSING KETTLE. 146 00:08:25,862 --> 00:08:27,344 THEY ADD WHATEVER ADDITIONAL INGREDIENTS 147 00:08:27,344 --> 00:08:29,103 THE RECIPE MAY CALL FOR, 148 00:08:29,103 --> 00:08:31,275 AND IF REQUIRED, HEAT THE MIX. 149 00:08:31,275 --> 00:08:34,034 IF THEY'RE MAKING A POWDERED FLAVORING, 150 00:08:34,034 --> 00:08:35,034 THEN FROM THE KETTLE, 151 00:08:35,034 --> 00:08:36,551 THEY POUR THE LIQUID INTO A MIXER 152 00:08:36,551 --> 00:08:39,241 CONTAINING WATER, GUMS, AND STARCHES. 153 00:08:39,241 --> 00:08:42,103 THESE KEEP ALL THE INGREDIENTS EVENLY BLENDED. 154 00:08:42,103 --> 00:08:43,931 THEN THEY OPEN A HATCH 155 00:08:43,931 --> 00:08:46,517 AND DROP THE MIX DIRECTLY INTO THE SPRAY DRYER. 156 00:08:46,517 --> 00:08:48,344 THE MACHINE USES HIGH PRESSURE 157 00:08:48,344 --> 00:08:51,034 TO TRANSFORM THE LIQUID INTO A FINE MIST, 158 00:08:51,034 --> 00:08:53,413 THEN HEAT TO DRY THE MIST PARTICLES 159 00:08:53,413 --> 00:08:55,103 INTO POWDER PARTICLES. 160 00:08:57,620 --> 00:08:58,758 THEY PUT THE POWDER 161 00:08:58,758 --> 00:09:00,827 INTO A MACHINE CALLED A RIBBON BLENDER 162 00:09:00,827 --> 00:09:06,137 AND ADD WHATEVER DRY INGREDIENTS THE FLAVORING RECIPE CALLS FOR. 163 00:09:06,137 --> 00:09:10,896 THEN MIXING BLADES SLOWLY BLEND ALL THE POWDERS TOGETHER. 164 00:09:10,896 --> 00:09:13,931 THE PLANT SENDS A SAMPLE FROM THE BLENDER 165 00:09:13,931 --> 00:09:15,344 TO THE QUALITY-CONTROL LAB. 166 00:09:15,344 --> 00:09:16,620 AMONG OTHER TESTS, 167 00:09:16,620 --> 00:09:19,275 LAB TECHNICIANS PUT THE SAMPLE UNDER A MICROSCOPE 168 00:09:19,275 --> 00:09:22,379 TO ANALYZE THE PARTICLE SIZE, 169 00:09:22,379 --> 00:09:26,689 WHICH INDICATES HOW THOROUGHLY THE INGREDIENTS ARE BLENDED. 170 00:09:26,689 --> 00:09:28,344 EXITING THE RIBBON BLENDER, 171 00:09:28,344 --> 00:09:31,655 THE FINISHED FLAVORING PASSES THROUGH A VIBRATING SCREEN, 172 00:09:31,655 --> 00:09:34,827 A MAGNET, AND A METAL DETECTOR. 173 00:09:34,827 --> 00:09:38,413 THE PACKAGING EQUIPMENT WEIGHS A SPECIFIC QUANTITY 174 00:09:38,413 --> 00:09:41,931 AND DISPENSES IT INTO CARTONS LINED WITH POLYETHYLENE. 175 00:09:41,931 --> 00:09:45,275 A SUCTION HOSE VACUUMS WHAT DUSTS UP IN THE PROCESS, 176 00:09:45,275 --> 00:09:48,620 BECAUSE AIRBORNE POWDER IS AN EXPLOSION HAZARD. 177 00:09:51,275 --> 00:09:54,103 THE PLANT SENDS A SAMPLE FROM EVERY BATCH IT PRODUCES 178 00:09:54,103 --> 00:09:55,655 BACK TO THE LAB. 179 00:09:55,655 --> 00:09:59,482 TRAINED TESTERS SMELL AND TASTE THE SAMPLE 180 00:09:59,482 --> 00:10:02,137 AND COMPARE IT TO THE MODEL LAB BATCH. 181 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:08,103 THE TESTERS FLAG ANY PRODUCTION SAMPLE 182 00:10:08,103 --> 00:10:10,241 THAT'S EVEN THE SLIGHTEST BIT OFF THE MARK, 183 00:10:10,241 --> 00:10:13,206 IN WHICH CASE THEY ALERT THE FLAVOR CHEMISTS, 184 00:10:13,206 --> 00:10:16,344 WHO THEN DIAGNOSE AND FIX THE PROBLEM. 185 00:10:16,344 --> 00:10:18,344 THIS PROCEDURE, 186 00:10:18,344 --> 00:10:20,620 ALONG WITH THE VARIOUS QUALITY-CONTROL MEASURES 187 00:10:20,620 --> 00:10:22,379 THROUGHOUT THE PRODUCTION PROCESS, 188 00:10:22,379 --> 00:10:25,827 ENSURES TASTE CONSISTENCY, WHICH IS ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL, 189 00:10:25,827 --> 00:10:28,689 WHETHER THE PREPARED FLAVORING IS AN INGREDIENT 190 00:10:28,689 --> 00:10:30,655 IN A COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED FOOD OR BEVERAGE 191 00:10:30,655 --> 00:10:32,103 OR A RETAIL FLAVORING 192 00:10:32,103 --> 00:10:35,758 THAT YOU SQUIRT INTO OR SPRINKLE ONTO A DRINK OR SNACK. 193 00:10:50,413 --> 00:10:51,689 Narrator: FOR CENTURIES, 194 00:10:51,689 --> 00:10:55,379 DOG-DRIVEN SLEDS WERE A LIFELINE ACROSS THE FROZEN NORTH, 195 00:10:55,379 --> 00:10:57,206 DELIVERING MEDICINE AND OTHER SUPPLIES 196 00:10:57,206 --> 00:10:59,172 TO FAR-FLUNG COMMUNITIES. 197 00:10:59,172 --> 00:11:01,413 TODAY, AIRCRAFT AND SNOWMOBILES 198 00:11:01,413 --> 00:11:03,310 HAVE MOSTLY TAKEN OVER THAT WORK, 199 00:11:03,310 --> 00:11:05,655 AND DOG-SLEDDING HAS BECOME A SPORT. 200 00:11:05,655 --> 00:11:09,068 AND A WELL-MADE SLED IS BEHIND EVERY WINNING TEAM. 201 00:11:12,310 --> 00:11:15,551 A DOG-SLED RACE IS AN ENDURANCE TEST FOR THE DOGS, 202 00:11:15,551 --> 00:11:18,206 THE DRIVER, AND THE SLED ITSELF. 203 00:11:18,206 --> 00:11:20,000 A GOOD SLED IS BOTH FLEXIBLE 204 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:22,724 AND STURDY ENOUGH TO GO THE DISTANCE. 205 00:11:22,724 --> 00:11:27,103 AT THIS FACTORY, THEY MAKE SLEDS FROM WHITE ASH. 206 00:11:27,103 --> 00:11:29,275 A WORKER ANGLES THE ENDS OF VERTICAL BARS 207 00:11:29,275 --> 00:11:30,413 SO THEY CAN BE FITTED 208 00:11:30,413 --> 00:11:32,827 TO THE SLED'S TOP RAIL AND HANDLEBAR. 209 00:11:32,827 --> 00:11:35,310 THESE BARS ARE CALLED STANCHIONS. 210 00:11:35,310 --> 00:11:36,689 HE SHAPES THE OTHER END OF THEM 211 00:11:36,689 --> 00:11:39,000 SO THEY'LL FIT INTO GROOVES IN THE SLED'S RUNNER. 212 00:11:41,517 --> 00:11:43,275 ALL THE PARTS OF THIS SLED ARE DESIGNED 213 00:11:43,275 --> 00:11:46,586 TO FIT TOGETHER LIKE PIECES OF A JIGSAW PUZZLE. 214 00:11:48,310 --> 00:11:50,551 A WORKER NOW SCREWS ALUMINUM RAILS 215 00:11:50,551 --> 00:11:53,103 ONTO THE BOTTOM OF THE TWO RUNNERS. 216 00:11:53,103 --> 00:11:56,034 HE SLIDES PLASTIC STRIPS INTO THOSE ALUMINUM RAILS, 217 00:11:56,034 --> 00:11:58,241 WHICH GIVES THE RUNNERS A SMOOTH BASE 218 00:11:58,241 --> 00:12:00,965 FOR GLIDING OVER ICE OR SNOW. 219 00:12:00,965 --> 00:12:04,793 HE SECURES THE PLASTIC STRIPS AT EACH END WITH SCREWS. 220 00:12:04,793 --> 00:12:06,620 THE CREW IS NOW READY TO ASSEMBLE 221 00:12:06,620 --> 00:12:09,068 ALL THE PIECES OF THE DOG SLED. 222 00:12:09,068 --> 00:12:12,000 THEY ATTACH METAL SCREW EYES TO THE RUNNERS. 223 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:13,827 THEY'LL THREAD ROPE THROUGH THEM 224 00:12:13,827 --> 00:12:16,827 WHEN THEY'RE READY TO TIE THE PARTS OF THE SLED TOGETHER. 225 00:12:16,827 --> 00:12:19,379 ALL THE PARTS OF THE FRAMEWORK 226 00:12:19,379 --> 00:12:22,379 FIT INTO NOTCHES MADE SPECIFICALLY FOR THEM. 227 00:12:22,379 --> 00:12:25,724 THE LOCATION OF THOSE NOTCHES HAS BEEN PRECISELY MAPPED OUT. 228 00:12:25,724 --> 00:12:28,448 IF ONE IS EVEN A FRACTION OF AN INCH OFF, 229 00:12:28,448 --> 00:12:32,620 THE SLED WOULD COLLAPSE LIKE A HOUSE OF CARDS. 230 00:12:32,620 --> 00:12:34,620 THEY MEASURE THE SPACE BETWEEN THE RUNNERS 231 00:12:34,620 --> 00:12:37,172 TO CONFIRM THEY'RE PERFECTLY ALIGNED, 232 00:12:37,172 --> 00:12:40,172 AND NOW TIE THE JOINTS TOGETHER WITH NYLON ROPE. 233 00:12:40,172 --> 00:12:42,034 THESE TIES ARE CALLED LASHINGS, 234 00:12:42,034 --> 00:12:45,689 AND THERE ARE 22 OF THEM ON THIS DOG SLED. 235 00:12:45,689 --> 00:12:48,793 HISTORICALLY, LASHINGS WERE MADE OF MOOSE HIDE, 236 00:12:48,793 --> 00:12:50,827 BUT NYLON IS TOUGHER. 237 00:12:52,172 --> 00:12:54,517 THEY CUT THE ROPE WITH A HOT BLADE, 238 00:12:54,517 --> 00:12:57,655 WHICH SEALS THE FIBERS SO THAT THEY WON'T UNRAVEL. 239 00:13:01,689 --> 00:13:04,931 THEY TIE THE MIDPOINT JOINTS TOGETHER... 240 00:13:06,517 --> 00:13:10,206 ...AND THE FOCUS THEN MOVES TO THE DOG-SLED HANDLEBAR. 241 00:13:10,206 --> 00:13:14,379 A WORKER GLUES STRIPS OF ASH TOGETHER. 242 00:13:14,379 --> 00:13:17,689 THE STRIPS ARE THIN SO THEY CAN BE EASILY BENT, 243 00:13:17,689 --> 00:13:22,103 ALLOWING HIM TO CURL THE GLUED LAYER AROUND A U-FORM. 244 00:13:22,103 --> 00:13:24,862 HE CLAMPS THE WOOD TO THE FORM, 245 00:13:24,862 --> 00:13:27,241 AND THE GLUE CURES FOR THREE HOURS. 246 00:13:27,241 --> 00:13:29,172 IT HARDENS INTO THE U-SHAPE, 247 00:13:29,172 --> 00:13:32,931 CREATING THE DOG-SLED HANDLEBAR. 248 00:13:32,931 --> 00:13:35,379 HE SECURES THE HANDLEBAR TO THE DOG SLED 249 00:13:35,379 --> 00:13:37,448 WITH THE NYLON LASHINGS. 250 00:13:37,448 --> 00:13:41,931 THE TEAM THEN ASSEMBLES THE BED OF THE SLED. 251 00:13:41,931 --> 00:13:45,344 THEY CLAMP THE SLATS INTO PLACE, 252 00:13:45,344 --> 00:13:48,689 AND THEN SCREW THEM TO THE FRAMEWORK. 253 00:13:48,689 --> 00:13:52,034 THEY INSTALL THE SLED'S FRONT BUMPER, 254 00:13:52,034 --> 00:13:54,827 CALLED THE BRUSHBROW. 255 00:13:54,827 --> 00:13:57,931 NEXT, A WORKER CUTS OFF THE METAL BEAD OF A BICYCLE TIRE 256 00:13:57,931 --> 00:14:00,310 AND DISCARDS IT. 257 00:14:00,310 --> 00:14:04,310 HE USES THE REMAINING TIRE TREAD TO CREATE FOOT PADS 258 00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:06,379 BY WRAPPING IT AROUND PIECES OF THICK PLASTIC 259 00:14:06,379 --> 00:14:09,379 AND SCREWING IT INTO PLACE. 260 00:14:09,379 --> 00:14:12,517 HE INSTALLS A TREADED PAD ON EACH RUNNER 261 00:14:12,517 --> 00:14:14,655 TO KEEP THE DRIVER'S FEET FROM SLIPPING OFF. 262 00:14:17,482 --> 00:14:21,931 THEN THEY INSTALL AN ALUMINUM BAR BRAKE. 263 00:14:21,931 --> 00:14:24,103 THESE PIVOT BOLTS WILL ALLOW THIS BAR BRAKE 264 00:14:24,103 --> 00:14:25,965 TO BE RAISED WHEN NOT NEEDED, 265 00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:28,724 AND LOWERED TO ENGAGE THE METAL TALONS. 266 00:14:32,172 --> 00:14:34,862 HE LOOPS A BUNGEE CORD ON EACH SIDE OF A CROSS BAR 267 00:14:34,862 --> 00:14:38,379 AND BURNS OFF AN END. 268 00:14:38,379 --> 00:14:40,793 HE HOOKS THE OTHER END OF THE CORD TO THE BRAKE. 269 00:14:40,793 --> 00:14:42,310 THIS SIMPLE BUNGEE-CORD MECHANISM 270 00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:46,862 WILL ENABLE THE DOG-SLED MUSHER TO ACTIVATE THE BRAKE. 271 00:14:46,862 --> 00:14:50,275 HE HEAT-SHRINKS RUBBER TUBING AROUND THE BASE OF THE CORD 272 00:14:50,275 --> 00:14:52,896 TO PROTECT IT. 273 00:14:52,896 --> 00:14:55,137 THEY NOW WEAVE THE BACK OF THE SLED, 274 00:14:55,137 --> 00:14:59,241 USING NYLON CORD TO CREATE A BASKET FOR CARRYING THINGS. 275 00:14:59,241 --> 00:15:02,931 IT'S BIG ENOUGH TO HOLD A TIRED ANIMAL. 276 00:15:02,931 --> 00:15:05,517 THE WORKER THEN LOOPS AND TIES THE BRIDLE 277 00:15:05,517 --> 00:15:07,724 TO FRONT STANCHIONS BENEATH THE SLED. 278 00:15:11,551 --> 00:15:13,310 HE FORMS A "V" AS HE THREADS IT 279 00:15:13,310 --> 00:15:15,724 FROM THE BACK OF THE SLED TO THE FRONT. 280 00:15:22,379 --> 00:15:24,310 HE PAINTS URETHANE ONTO THE WOOD, 281 00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:25,827 AND EVEN OVER THE LASHINGS. 282 00:15:25,827 --> 00:15:28,724 THIS WILL PROTECT THEM AGAINST WEAR. 283 00:15:30,931 --> 00:15:33,068 IT'S TAKEN ABOUT THREE DAYS 284 00:15:33,068 --> 00:15:35,482 TO MAKE THIS TRADITIONAL BASKET DOG SLED, 285 00:15:35,482 --> 00:15:38,206 AND NOW IT'S READY TO MUSH. 286 00:15:50,689 --> 00:15:53,793 Narrator: ATHLETIC FOOTWEAR DATES BACK TO ANCIENT TIMES, 287 00:15:53,793 --> 00:15:55,379 BUT THE CONCEPT GAINED TRACTION 288 00:15:55,379 --> 00:15:57,724 WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TREADED RUBBER SOLES 289 00:15:57,724 --> 00:16:00,137 IN THE EARLY PART OF THE 20th CENTURY. 290 00:16:00,137 --> 00:16:01,655 THESE RUBBER-SOLED SHOES 291 00:16:01,655 --> 00:16:05,068 WERE LIGHTWEIGHT, COMFORTABLE, AND HIT THE GROUND QUIETLY, 292 00:16:05,068 --> 00:16:07,689 EARNING THEM THE NAME "SNEAKERS." 293 00:16:12,206 --> 00:16:13,896 DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS 294 00:16:13,896 --> 00:16:16,137 HAVE BROADENED THE APPEAL OF ATHLETIC SHOES. 295 00:16:16,137 --> 00:16:17,965 PEOPLE WEAR THEM EVERYWHERE. 296 00:16:17,965 --> 00:16:20,724 THE ATHLETIC SHOE HAS DEFINITELY GONE MAIN STREET. 297 00:16:24,689 --> 00:16:26,551 USING A HYDRAULIC PRESS, 298 00:16:26,551 --> 00:16:29,413 THIS EMPLOYEE FORCES A DIE THROUGH SYNTHETIC FABRIC 299 00:16:29,413 --> 00:16:32,000 TO CUT OUT PATTERNS FOR THE UPPER PART OF THE SHOE. 300 00:16:35,517 --> 00:16:38,965 AT THE NEXT STATION, HE PUNCHES OUT LEATHER TOE TIPS. 301 00:16:38,965 --> 00:16:41,793 THE TOE TIP IS ONE OF NUMEROUS CUT-OUTS 302 00:16:41,793 --> 00:16:44,689 THAT ADD SHAPE AND STRUCTURE TO THE SYNTHETIC UPPER. 303 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,655 AFTER ARRANGING THE TIP PARTS ON A NONSTICK TRAY, 304 00:16:50,655 --> 00:16:53,793 THIS WORKER PLACES STRIPS OF THERMAL RESIN ONTO THEM. 305 00:16:56,034 --> 00:16:59,172 SHE DRAPES A NONSTICK SHEET OVER THE TRAY, 306 00:16:59,172 --> 00:17:02,241 THEN SLIDES IT INTO A HOT METAL PRESS. 307 00:17:02,241 --> 00:17:05,379 THE RESIN MELTS INTO THE LEATHER TO STIFFEN AND STRENGTHEN IT. 308 00:17:09,448 --> 00:17:12,931 ANOTHER WORKER STAMPS THE MODEL NUMBER ONTO THE HEEL CUTOUT. 309 00:17:15,137 --> 00:17:17,103 THEN IT'S OVER TO THE SEWING DEPARTMENT, 310 00:17:17,103 --> 00:17:18,931 WHERE A WORKER STITCHES A REFLECTOR 311 00:17:18,931 --> 00:17:20,931 ONTO THE ATHLETIC SHOE UPPER. 312 00:17:24,275 --> 00:17:27,586 OTHER ACCENT PIECES CALL FOR MORE INTRICATE STITCHING, 313 00:17:27,586 --> 00:17:31,344 SO SHE ARRANGES THE PARTS ON A COMPUTERIZED PLATFORM. 314 00:17:33,103 --> 00:17:35,551 THE PLATFORM MOVES BACK AND FORTH, 315 00:17:35,551 --> 00:17:37,689 ALLOWING THE NEEDLE TO DO A PERFECT JOB 316 00:17:37,689 --> 00:17:40,275 OF STITCHING THE ACCENT PIECES TO THE UPPER. 317 00:17:40,275 --> 00:17:43,586 THIS STITCHING WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO EXECUTE MANUALLY. 318 00:17:46,758 --> 00:17:49,000 ONCE SOME OF THE MORE SUBSTANTIAL PIECES 319 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:50,586 HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO THE SHOE, 320 00:17:50,586 --> 00:17:53,034 IT'S TIME TO SEW ON A REFLECTIVE LOGO, 321 00:17:53,034 --> 00:17:56,310 AND THE NEEDLE IS ONCE AGAIN GUIDED BY COMPUTER SOFTWARE. 322 00:18:00,517 --> 00:18:02,827 THIS ATHLETIC-SHOE UPPER IS NOW READY 323 00:18:02,827 --> 00:18:05,206 FOR ITS RESIN-FORTIFIED LEATHER TOE TIP. 324 00:18:05,206 --> 00:18:08,034 SHE STITCHES IT IN PLACE, 325 00:18:08,034 --> 00:18:10,931 AND THEN PIECES TOGETHER THE COLLAR 326 00:18:10,931 --> 00:18:13,793 AND SEWS IT TO THE BACK OF THE SHOE. 327 00:18:16,379 --> 00:18:20,965 SHE INSTALLS THICK FOAM PADDING ON THE INSIDE OF THE COLLAR, 328 00:18:20,965 --> 00:18:23,241 AND THEN TURNS IT RIGHT-SIDE-OUT 329 00:18:23,241 --> 00:18:26,103 TO TUCK THE PADDING NEATLY INSIDE AND HIDE THE SEAM. 330 00:18:31,034 --> 00:18:34,689 PUTTING ON THE COLLAR HAS OBSCURED THE TOP LACE HOLES, 331 00:18:34,689 --> 00:18:37,620 SO SHE CLEARS THEM WITH A COMPRESSED-AIR PUNCH. 332 00:18:41,413 --> 00:18:42,724 DOWN THE LINE, 333 00:18:42,724 --> 00:18:45,655 MORE COMPUTERIZED NEEDLES EMBROIDER BRAND INFORMATION 334 00:18:45,655 --> 00:18:47,551 ONTO THE TONGUE PANELS. 335 00:18:54,275 --> 00:18:57,275 THE NEXT WORKER SEWS A LINER AND PADDING TO THE PANEL, 336 00:18:57,275 --> 00:19:00,137 AGAIN WORKING INSIDE-OUT TO HIDE THE SEAM. 337 00:19:07,137 --> 00:19:09,482 ANOTHER WORKER THEN STITCHES A FABRIC BASE 338 00:19:09,482 --> 00:19:11,482 ONTO THE ATHLETIC SHOE. 339 00:19:15,172 --> 00:19:18,482 SHE APPLIES A RIGID PLASTIC TO THE HEEL. 340 00:19:20,172 --> 00:19:23,862 THAT ADDS STRUCTURE AND SUPPORT TO THE BACK PART OF THE SHOE. 341 00:19:28,206 --> 00:19:30,034 FURTHER DOWN THE PRODUCTION LINE, 342 00:19:30,034 --> 00:19:35,241 A WORKER TUGS THE SHOE ONTO A FOOT FORM CALLED A LAST. 343 00:19:35,241 --> 00:19:37,448 THEY HEAT IT TO MAKE IT MALLEABLE ENOUGH 344 00:19:37,448 --> 00:19:39,862 FOR THIS MACHINE TO PULL IT TO THE SHAPE OF THE LAST. 345 00:19:39,862 --> 00:19:41,862 AT THE SAME TIME, 346 00:19:41,862 --> 00:19:47,310 NOZZLES APPLY CEMENT TO GLUE THE OVERLAP TO THE FABRIC BASE. 347 00:19:47,310 --> 00:19:51,413 THEN A MACHINE HEATS BOTH THE UPPER AND THE RUBBER SOLE. 348 00:19:51,413 --> 00:19:54,103 THE HEAT ACTIVATES GLUE APPLIED TO THE SOLE EARLIER 349 00:19:54,103 --> 00:19:57,034 AND ALSO PREPARES THE UPPER FOR BONDING TO THAT SOLE. 350 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:04,862 THEY INITIALLY USE MANUAL FORCE TO PRESS THE TWO TOGETHER, 351 00:20:04,862 --> 00:20:08,034 AND THEN THE SHOE IS SUBJECTED TO MECHANIZED PRESSURE. 352 00:20:08,034 --> 00:20:09,896 INSIDE THIS MACHINE, 353 00:20:09,896 --> 00:20:12,793 A RUBBER BLADDER EXPANDS TO FORCE THE TWO TOGETHER 354 00:20:12,793 --> 00:20:15,068 FOR A COMPLETE SEAL. 355 00:20:15,068 --> 00:20:18,758 THE SHOE THEN GETS A FOAM INSOLE WITH AN ARCH SUPPORT. 356 00:20:18,758 --> 00:20:20,724 THE WORKER LACES IT PARTIALLY 357 00:20:20,724 --> 00:20:23,482 AND THEN PAIRS IT UP WITH THE OTHER SHOE. 358 00:20:26,758 --> 00:20:30,724 AN INSPECTOR EXAMINES THE PAIR FOR DEFECTS. 359 00:20:32,241 --> 00:20:34,896 IT HAS TAKEN ABOUT 21 MINUTES 360 00:20:34,896 --> 00:20:38,689 TO MAKE THIS PAIR OF ATHLETIC SHOES. 361 00:20:38,689 --> 00:20:42,206 AND THEY SHOULD BE ABLE TO TAKE A REAL WORKOUT. 362 00:20:51,482 --> 00:20:53,655 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 363 00:20:53,655 --> 00:20:56,482 OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 364 00:20:56,482 --> 00:20:58,103 DROP US A LINE AT... 29144

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