All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S13E10.Socket.Sets.and.Bike.Chains.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

Narrator: THE INVENTION
OF THE SOCKET WRENCH IN 1864

PUT A WHOLE NEW TWIST
ON FASTENING THINGS.

WITH THE SOCKET WRENCH'S
RATCHET MECHANISM,

THE USER COULD TIGHTEN BOLTS
IN A CONTINUOUS MOTION

WITHOUT BREAKING TO REFIT
THE WRENCH TO THE FASTENER.

IT WAS A REAL TIME-SAVER.

MODERN SOCKET WRENCHES

COME WITH A RANGE OF SOCKETS
AND EXTENSIONS

TO HANDLE THE NUTS AND BOLTS
OF MANY DIFFERENT JOBS.

THEY START WITH THIS COIL
OF THICK STEEL.

IT TRAVELS THROUGH A DIE
WHICH STRAIGHTENS IT

TO A KNIFE THAT SLICES IT
INTO SHORT BILLETS.

A MACHINE THEN DRIVES
A SERIES OF FORMING TOOLS

INTO THE BILLETS.

THE TOOLS FORCE THEM
INTO A SOCKET SHAPE

AND CREATE THE ALL-IMPORTANT
HEXAGONAL OPENING

THAT MATCHES THE PROFILE
OF THE NUTS AND BOLTS.

TO GET RID OF LINGERING
LUBRICATING OIL,

THE PARTS GO FOR A TUMBLE

THROUGH A SPIRAL
WASHER/DRYER SYSTEM.

A CONVEYOR DELIVERS THEM
TO A COMPUTERIZED CUTTING TOOL.

IT REMOVES SHARP EDGES

AND SCULPTS A BEVEL
ON THE SOCKET'S INNER RIM

SO IT WILL SLIDE ONTO BOLTS
MORE EASILY.

IT TAKES JUST SECONDS TO IMPROVE
THIS SOCKET'S PROFILE.

DIFFERENT TOOLS THEN SCULPT
THE SQUARE OPENING

IN THE DRIVE END OF THE SOCKET.

THAT'S THE PART THAT LOCKS ONTO
THE END OF THE RATCHET WRENCH.

A POWERFUL ROLLING STAMP

NOW ENGRAVES THE PART'S SIZE
AND THE COMPANY NAME ONTO IT.

ONCE THOSE DETAILS
ARE OUT OF THE WAY,

IT'S INTO A FLAMING OVEN

TO UNDERGO
A HEAT-TREATING PROCESS.

A RAPID COOLDOWN
FOLLOWS THE HEAT TREATMENT,

HARDENING THE METAL.

THE SOCKETS NOW TOSS ABOUT
IN THIS ROTATING CHAMBER

AS THEY'RE BLASTED
WITH VERY FINE STEEL PARTICLES.

THIS CLEANS THE PARTS
AND BUFFS THE PARTS,

BUT THERE'S MUCH MORE POLISHING
TO COME.

THEY CLAMP THE SOCKETS
ONTO A ROTATING TABLE.

IT DELIVERS THE PART
TO A GRINDING BELT

FOR A VERY VIGOROUS POLISHING.

YOU CAN SEE
THE DIFFERENCE THIS MAKES

IN THE PART ON THE RIGHT,

BUT THESE SOCKETS NEED TO BE
ABSOLUTELY FLAWLESS.

SO THEY NEXT GO INTO A TUB
OF CERAMIC STONES.

THEY RUB MILD ACID
ONTO THE PARTS

TO GET RID OF ANY SMALL
BLEMISHES THAT REMAIN.

THE PARTS THEN RECEIVE
A THOROUGH WASH AND RINSE,

WHICH PREPARES THEM
FOR CHROME PLATING.

NOW FRESHLY CHROMED,

THE SOCKETS LOOK WAY TOO NICE

TO BE IMMERSED
IN THIS BROWNISH STUFF,

BUT IT'S ACTUALLY
A RUSTPROOFING SOLUTION

TO PROTECT THEM FROM CORROSION.

THEY LOCK THE TUB OF SOCKETS
IN A CENTRIFUGE MACHINE.

IT SPINS THE PARTS

TO GET RID OF THE EXCESS
RUSTPROOFING LIQUID.

AND NOW THESE SOCKETS
ARE READY TO SHINE ON THE JOB.

ATTACHABLE EXTENSIONS IMPROVE
THE REACH OF THE SOCKET WRENCH.

FORMING EQUIPMENT
SWINGS INTO ACTION,

PRESSING STEEL BILLETS
INTO DIES

TO MOLD THEM INTO THE ROUGH
SHAPE OF AN EXTENSION.

AFTER A WASH AND DRY,
IT'S OVER TO A LATHE.

AND AS THE EXTENSION SPINS,

CUTTING TOOLS CREATE
THE SQUARED OPENING

THAT ALLOWS IT TO BE ATTACHED
TO THE WRENCH.

CUTTERS THEN GO TO WORK
ON THE OTHER END.

THEY SHAPE IT SO IT WILL FIT
INTO VARIOUS SOCKETS

AND SHAVE THE SHANK
TO REDUCE ITS DIAMETER.

NEXT, A ROLLING STAMP CUTS
A KNURLED TEXTURE

INTO THE SOCKET-WRENCH
EXTENSION,

CREATING A MUCH LESS SLIPPERY
SURFACE TO HANG ON TO.

THEY INSERT
A STAINLESS-STEEL SPRING

INTO A HOLE FORMED AT THE END
OF THE EXTENSION...

THEN SCOOP UP A STEEL BALL

SO IT SITS IN THE CAVITY
ABOVE THE SPRING.

A MACHINE THEN PRESS-FITS IT
TO THE EXTENSION.

THIS CREATES A MECHANISM
ONTO WHICH THE SOCKETS ATTACH.

IT TAKES ABOUT THREE DAYS
TO COMPLETE THIS SOCKET SET,

BUT IT WILL EQUIP YOU
TO HANDLE JOBS OF MANY SIZES

AND JUST ABOUT
ANY TIGHT SITUATION.

Narrator: IF YOU'RE A LOVER
OF FINE FOOTWEAR,

WHEN IT COMES TO DRESSING
YOUR FEET,

NOTHING BEATS LEATHER

BECAUSE,
UNLIKE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS,

LEATHER LETS YOUR FEET BREATHE.

AND HIGH-END LEATHER SHOES
FEATURE SUPERIOR CONSTRUCTION

THAT MAKES THEM LIGHTWEIGHT
AND COMFORTABLE TO WEAR.

THE VISION ORIGINATES

WITH A DESIGN SKETCHED
ON A FLEXIBLE PLASTIC SHEET.

TO HELP THE STYLIST
PERFECT THE DESIGN,

THEY PUT IT ON A RIGID FOOT FORM
CALLED A LAST.

EXOTIC SKINS HAVE
NATURAL VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT,

SO A SPECIALIST MUST HAND-CUT
THE PATTERN PIECES

TO ENSURE THE RIGHT AND LEFT
SHOES MATCH WELL.

THEY USE A SPLITTING MACHINE

TO SHAVE OFF A LAYER
FROM THE UNDERSIDE,

EQUALIZING THE THICKNESS
OF ALL THE PIECES.

THEN A SKIVING MACHINE
THINS THE EDGES

SO THE PIECES WILL BE EASIER
TO SEW TOGETHER.

THEY PUNCH DECORATIVE HOLES
INTO CERTAIN PIECES

WITH A MANUAL PRESS,

SO IT'S UP TO THE OPERATOR

TO MAKE SURE THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN HOLES IS CONSISTENT.

THE TOP OF THE SHOE
IS CALLED THE UPPER.

THEY SEW TOGETHER
THE UPPER PIECES,

THEN HAMMER THE STITCHES TO MAKE
THE SEAM SMOOTH AND FLAT.

NEXT THEY GLUE
A NARROW LEATHER STRIP

ALONG THE BORDER OF THE UPPER

TO HIDE THE LEATHER'S
UNFINISHED EDGE.

THIS ALSO PRODUCES
A DECORATIVE TRIM.

NOW THEY ATTACH A LINING MADE
OF GOAT LEATHER AND FLAX.

THIS STYLE OF LINING
FITS SNUGLY OVER THE LAST,

A PARTICULAR TYPE
OF CONSTRUCTION

THAT ALLOWS FOR A MORE
COMFORTABLE TYPE OF INSOLE.

THEY PUT THE LINING
INSIDE THE UPPER

AND SLIP THEM ONTO THE LAST.

THEN THEY GLUE ON THE INSOLE.

THIS TYPE CONSISTS
OF A RIGID SECTION --

THE BLACK PART --

AND A MORE FLEXIBLE SECTION --
THE WHITE PART.

NOW THEY GLUE THE LINING
TO THE UPPER

AND PUT THE FRONT OF THE SHOE,
CALLED THE POINT,

INTO A MACHINE THAT GRIPS
THE EDGE OF THE LEATHER

AND PULLS IT STRAIGHT.

THE NEXT MACHINE'S
MECHANICAL FINGERS

WRAP THE EDGE UNDERNEATH
AND GLUE IT,

PULLING EVENLY ALL AROUND SO
THAT EVERYTHING'S SYMMETRICAL.

THE NEXT MACHINE DOES THE SAME
THING AT THE BACK OF THE SHOE.

THEY GRIND DOWN
THE LEATHER EDGE,

CREATING A FLAT, EVEN SURFACE
THAT'S READY FOR THE SOLE.

NEXT THEY HEAT THE LEATHER
TO MAKE IT MALLEABLE

AND HAMMER
UNTIL THE UPPER

ASSUMES THE SHAPE
OF THE LAST INSIDE.

THE HAMMERING ALSO RIDS
THE LEATHER OF ANY WRINKLES.

THEY COAT THE UNDERSIDE
WITH GLUE

AND CAREFULLY POSITION
THE SHOE'S LEATHER SOLE.

THE GLUE TAKES ABOUT 10 MINUTES
TO DRY.

THEN THEY RUN THE EDGE
OF THE SOLE

THROUGH A SPLITTING MACHINE.

THIS SEPARATES A THIN LAYER
WHICH THEY NOW SEW TO THE UPPER.

DURABLE TWINE
AND A HEAVY-DUTY LOOP STITCH

ENSURE THE UPPER AND SOLE
REMAIN INSEPARABLE.

TO HIDE THE STITCHING, THEY GLUE
AND GRIND DOWN THE EDGE.

A THOROUGH POLISHING GIVES
THE SOLE A SLICK-LOOKING FINISH.

EVERY PAIR OF SHOES
THIS FACTORY PRODUCES

IS POLISHED BY A SPECIALIST,

WHO CREATES
JUST THE RIGHT SHADING

TO BRING OUT THE LEATHER'S
BEST FEATURES.

THIS IS THE LAST STEP
OF ROUGHLY 200 MANUAL OPERATIONS

THAT GO INTO PRODUCING
JUST A SINGLE PAIR

OF THESE
LUXURIOUS LEATHER SHOES.

Narrator:
IT WAS SWISS HIKERS

WHO CARRIED THE FIRST
ALUMINUM DRINK BOTTLES

IN THE EARLY PART
OF THE 20th CENTURY.

TODAY'S LIGHTWEIGHT BOTTLES
CAN BE REUSED ENDLESSLY,

MEANING LESS WASTE IN LANDFILLS.

THEY CAN ALSO BE RECYCLED,

SO MAKING ONE
IS NOT A WASTED EFFORT.

SOME OF THOSE FIRST TRAILBLAZING
BOTTLES STILL SURVIVE TODAY,

REMINDING US THAT THIS KIND
OF CONTAINER IS MADE TO LAST.

TODAY'S BOTTLE STARTS
WITH AN ALUMINUM PUCK

2 3/4 INCHES IN DIAMETER.

THE PUCK TRAVELS DOWN A CHUTE
INTO A PUNCH PRESS.

IT USES 660 TONS OF FORCE

TO STRETCH THAT LITTLE PUCK

INTO A LONG CYLINDER
WITH A BOTTOM.

A BLADE CHOPS THE OPEN END
DOWN TO THE CORRECT SIZE,

AND THEN A TOOL PUSHES IT
ONTO A CONVEYOR

THAT SENDS IT DOWN THE LINE.

THE ALUMINUM CYLINDER
LANDS ON A WHEEL

WHICH RELAYS IT
TO THE NEXT STATION.

THERE, MACHINERY MOVES
THE CYLINDER'S OPEN END

INTO POSITION FOR TOOLS

TO SQUEEZE IT
INTO A BOTTLENECK.

THE TOOLS PINCH THE METAL
A TOTAL OF 26 TIMES

TO DRAW THE OPEN END DOWN
TO HALF ITS ORIGINAL DIAMETER.

THIS GENTLE FORMING PROCESS

RESULTS IN LESS STRESS
ON THE METAL.

THE LAST TOOL
PRESSES A THREADED RING

INTO THE INSIDE OF THE BOTTLE
FOR SCREWING ON THE CAP.

THE PROCESS LEAVES
THE THREADED NECK

A LOT THICKER THAN THE REST
OF THE BOTTLE

SO IT WILL HOLD UP
TO HEAVY USAGE.

NOW THE BOTTLES HEAD
INTO A WASH STATION.

THEY GET A REALLY GOOD SCRUBBING

TO REMOVE THE LUBRICATING OIL
FROM THE FORMING PROCESS.

THEY THEN TRAVEL
THROUGH A DRYER,

AND AFTER A FEW MINUTES,

THEY EMERGE CLEAN AND READY
FOR THE NEXT OPERATION.

THE INTERIOR WALL
OF THE ALUMINUM DRINK BOTTLE

IS ABOUT TO BE LINED WITH
A MICROTHIN, HIGH-TECH POLYMER.

THIS REVOLVING DEVICE PICKS UP
EACH BOTTLE USING SUCTION

AND DELIVERS IT
TO AN INDIVIDUAL SPRAYER.

THE SPRAY NOZZLE COATS
THE INSIDE OF THIS CONTAINER

WITH A POLYMER.

THE LINER HAS BEEN
SPECIALLY FORMULATED

TO BE CHEMICALLY INERT,

WHICH MEANS IT WON'T ABSORB
OR TRANSFER FLAVORS.

AT THIS POINT,
THE COATING IS POWDERY,

AND YOU COULD WIPE IT OFF
WITH YOUR FINGER,

BUT THAT'S JUST TEMPORARY.

AS THEY BAKE IT,
THE POWDER WILL SOLIDIFY

AND BOND COMPLETELY
TO THE INSIDE OF THE BOTTLE.

THE BOTTLES
MOVE THROUGH AN OVEN

THAT'S HEATED
TO 356 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

FOR 10 MINUTES.

THE LINER DOESN'T ADD
MUCH WEIGHT TO THE BOTTLE.

HERE THEY WEIGH ONE
BEFORE LINING AND AFTER,

AND THE DIFFERENCE
IS JUST A FEW GRAMS.

NOW THE BOTTLES SPIN
BY A GAUNTLET OF SPRAY GUNS

FOR AN EVEN COAT OF PAINT.

LIKE THE INNER LINER,

THIS OUTER VENEER
WILL NEED TO BE BAKED ON.

WHEN IT DRIES, THE PAINT
TAKES ON A GLOSSY LOOK.

AN AUTOMATED SQUEEGEE

SILK-SCREENS DESIGNS
ONTO THE BOTTLES.

A JET OF AIR DRIES THE INK
BETWEEN PRINTINGS

AS THEY BUILD UP THE ARTWORK
USING DIFFERENT COLORS.

AND NOW IT'S TIME
TO SCREW ON THE CAP.

AS SHE CAPS THE BOTTLE,

THIS WORKER PERFORMS A FINAL
INSPECTION OF THE PRODUCT.

FROM A SMALL ALUMINUM PUCK
TO A HANDY DRINK BOTTLE --

INCREDIBLY, THIS TRANSFORMATION
HAS TAKEN JUST THREE HOURS.

AND IN ITS VARIOUS STYLES,

THIS REUSABLE BOTTLE IS SURE
TO MAKE A LASTING IMPRESSION.

Narrator: PEDALING A BICYCLE
CAUSES A CHAIN REACTION

THAT SETS WHEELS IN MOTION.

A BICYCLE CHAIN
IS ESSENTIALLY A ROLLER CHAIN.

IT'S DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY
TO TRANSFER PEDAL POWER

TO THE BICYCLE'S
REAR DRIVE WHEEL.

WITH A GOOD BICYCLE CHAIN,
YOU CAN GO FAR

OR, AT THE VERY LEAST,

TAKE A SHORT SPIN
AROUND THE HOOD.

THE CHAIN IS THE DRIVING FORCE

IN A BICYCLE'S
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

IT TRAVELS OVER GEARS
IN A PERPETUAL LOOP

TO KEEP THE CYCLIST
MOVING FORWARD.

ACTIONS LIKE SHIFTING GEARS
OR BRAKING

WILL REGULARLY PUT THIS
CRITICAL MECHANISM TO THE TEST.

IT ALL STARTS
WITH THIS PUNCH PRESS.

IT CUTS AND PRESSES STEEL

INTO THE SHAPE
OF THE CHAIN'S INNER LINKS,

WHICH LOOKS A LOT
LIKE A FIGURE EIGHT.

INCREDIBLY, IT GENERATES
10,000 LINKS PER HOUR.

EACH OF THESE FIGURE-EIGHT LINKS
HAS BEEN MADE TO INTERCONNECT,

AND THEIR CONTOURS ALLOW THEM

TO TRAVEL EASILY ACROSS
THE BIKE'S GEAR SPROCKETS.

THEY SEND SAMPLES OF THE LINKS
TO A MEASURING STATION

TO CONFIRM THE SPACE
BETWEEN THE HOLES

IS PRECISELY 12.7 MILLIMETERS.

THE TESTER ALSO GAUGES
THE DIAMETER OF THE HOLES,

WHICH MUST BE ACCURATE TO WITHIN
A FRACTION OF A MILLIMETER.

THEN THE LINKS BAKE IN AN OVEN

AT MORE
THAN 1,500 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.

THE BLAZING HEAT,
FOLLOWED BY A QUICK COOLDOWN,

HARDENS THE STEEL.

THEY NOW SHOVEL
THESE INNER LINKS

INTO A DOUGHNUT-SHAPED MACHINE.

THEY ADD CERAMIC
AND SILICA POWDERS...

AND POUR IN
A SMALL AMOUNT OF WATER.

THEY THEN SCREW THE LID
ON THIS MACHINE.

IT SHAKES VIGOROUSLY,

CAUSING THE POWDERS AND WATER
TO FORM AN ABRASIVE PASTE

THAT POLISHES THE LINKS.

THEY LOAD THE POLISHED
INNER LINKS INTO A METAL BASKET

AND SHUT THE DOOR.

MACHINERY PLUNGES THE BASKET
INTO A SERIES OF CHEMICAL BATHS

TO GIVE THESE INNER LINKS
A NICKEL-TEFLON VENEER.

THE NICKEL-TEFLON SURFACE
WILL RESIST CORROSION,

AND ITS SMOOTH TEXTURE
WILL ALLOW THE CHAIN

TO TRAVEL EASILY
OVER GEAR SPROCKETS.

THE BIKE CHAIN'S OUTER LINKS
GET A DIFFERENT KIND OF FINISH.

UNLIKE THE INNER LINKS,

THEY DON'T TRAVEL
OVER SPROCKETS,

SO A SIMPLE NICKEL PLATING
WILL DO.

THEY'RE NOW READY
TO ASSEMBLE THE CHAIN

ONE SECTION AT A TIME.

TUBES FEED THE PARTS ONE BY ONE
INTO THIS ASSEMBLY MACHINE.

GRIPPER ARMS
ADJUST THEIR POSITION

TO ASSEMBLE THE LINKS
TO OTHER CHAIN COMPONENTS,

SUCH AS RETAINER RINGS
AND SPACERS.

THE MACHINERY PRESSES PINS
INTO THE LINKS' HOLES

TO SECURE THE ASSEMBLY.

THEN GRIPPERS MOVE THE COMPLETED
SECTION OF CHAIN DOWN THE LINE.

IT TAKES A WHOLE LOT
OF LITTLE PIECES

TO BUILD ONE SHORT SECTION
OF BICYCLE CHAIN.

THE SECTIONS ARE LINKED TOGETHER
IN ONE LONG CHAIN,

WHICH NOW WINDS
BY AN INSPECTION STATION

TO BE EXAMINED FOR FLAWS.

AFTER THAT, THE CHAIN TAKES
A DIP IN HOT OIL,

WHICH LUBRICATES THE LINKS

TO PREVENT SQUEAKINESS
AND WEAR DOWN THE ROAD.

THE CHAIN EXITS
THE LUBRICATING STATION

AND TRAVELS BY WADS
OF ABSORBENT MATERIAL,

WHICH SOAKS UP
THE EXCESS GREASE.

A LASER TOOL THEN SIGNALS

THE LOCATION WHERE THE CHAIN
IS TO BE CUT,

AND A BLADE CHOPS IT
AT THE EXACT SPOT.

A STANDARD BIKE CHAIN IS
JUST OVER 56 INCHES IN LENGTH.

IT CONSISTS OF 114 INNER LINKS
AND 114 EXTERNAL ONES,

SO IT'S GOT WHAT IT TAKES
TO GO THE DISTANCE.

--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
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