All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S13E07.Pressure.Cookers.and.Buoys.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

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Narrator:
WHEN THE PRESSURE IS ON,

THE JUICES START FLOWING
FOR QUICK RESULTS.

THE PRESSURE COOKER
TRAPS STEAM INSIDE

TO RAISE THE COOKING TEMPERATURE
AND PRODUCE A MEAL IN MINUTES.

THE TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN AROUND
FOR CENTURIES

BUT WAS ONLY ADAPTED
FOR HOUSEHOLD USE IN THE 1930s,

WHEN THE CONCEPT
REALLY PICKED UP STEAM.

MODERN PRESSURE COOKERS HAVE
NEW LID-LOCKING TECHNOLOGY

AND SAFETY FEATURES,

KEEPING IT ON THE FRONT BURNER

IN THE KITCHEN-GADGET
DEPARTMENT.

A PRESSURE COOKER STARTS
WITH A STAINLESS-STEEL DISK.

A DIP OF SOME LUBRICANT
WILL AID THE FORMING PROCESS,

AS EQUIPMENT PUSHES THE DISK
OVER A POT-SHAPED DIE.

THAT FLAT DISK IS NOW
A NICELY ROUNDED POT.

NEXT, THIS PUNCH CUTTER MOVES IN

TO MAKE NOTCHES
IN THE POT'S RIM.

THESE NOTCHES WILL INTERLOCK
WITH THE PRESSURE-COOKER LID,

ALLOWING IT TO HOLD UP TIGHT
AGAINST STEAM PRESSURE.

NEXT,
THEY SUBMERGE ALUMINUM DISKS

IN A LIQUID MIX
OF ALUMINUM AND SILICON

TO GIVE THEM AN EVEN COATING.

WHILE THE DISK IS STILL DAMP,

THEY ARRANGE IT
ON THE BOTTOM OF THE POT,

THEN SET A STAINLESS-STEEL DISK
ON TOP OF IT.

A TURNTABLE DELIVERS THE POT
TO AN ELEMENT

THAT'S HEATED TO MORE THAN
1,100 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.

THIS INTENSE HEAT

ACTIVATES THE ALUMINUM
AND SILICON SOLUTION

TO FUSE THE DISK
TO THE BOTTOM OF THE POT.

THEN IT'S INTO A COOLING TANK,

WHERE THE POTS FLOAT
TOWARDS THE NEXT STATION.

THERE, TWO BLADES
SHAVE AWAY THE RAGGED EDGES

OF THE FUSED LAYERS
ON THE BOTTOM OF THE POT.

IT CREATES
A COSMETIC BEVELED EFFECT.

THAT LAYER OF ALUMINUM
SANDWICHED BETWEEN THE STEEL

WILL IMPROVE
THE POT'S HEAT CONDUCTIVITY.

AND NOW IT'S TIME
FOR SOME GRIT AND POLISH.

IN THIS SPECIAL CHAMBER,

SANDING AND BUFFING TOOLS
ADD LUSTER TO THE POTS.

THE PRESSURE-COOKER POT

THEN TAKES A TRIP
THROUGH A WASHING STATION

TO CLEAN OFF
THE SANDING RESIDUE.

AND NOW IT'S READY
FOR THE CROWNING TOUCH --

THE LID.

IT TAKES SIX PRESSING OPERATIONS
TO SHAPE IT COMPLETELY.

THE HOLES AT THE CENTER

ARE FOR THE PRESSURE COOKER'S
TWO SAFETY VALVES.

TO INSTALL THE MAIN VALVE,

THEY ALIGN A RETAINING RING
WITH THE LID'S LARGER HOLE,

THEN POP THE SPRING VALVE
INTO THAT HOLE.

AN AUTOMATED DEVICE UNDERNEATH
TIGHTLY SCREWS IT INTO PLACE.

THE BACKUP VALVE
GOES IN THE SMALLER HOLE.

THESE TWO VALVES ARE CRUCIAL.

THEY'LL RELEASE EXCESS STEAM
TO AVERT AN EXPLOSION.

A RUBBER RING CREATES
AN AIRTIGHT SEAL WITH THE POT.

THEY TEST THE VALVES
AND CHECK THE SEALING RING,

ALONG WITH THE LID'S
CLOSING MECHANISM.

THIS PLASTIC COOKING GUIDE
ENCIRCLES THE MAIN SAFETY VALVE,

BUT DOESN'T IMPEDE ITS FUNCTION.

THEY WELD SEVERAL BOLTS
INTO THE POT ON EITHER SIDE.

THEY LEAVE A BIT OF SPACE

BETWEEN THE BOLT HEADS
AND THE POT.

THIS ALLOWS THEM TO INSTALL
THE BRACKETS FOR THE HANDLES.

THEY TORQUE THE BOLTS

TO TIGHTLY SECURE
THE BRACKETED HANDLES.

AFTER ALL,
A PRESSURE COOKER IS ONE THING

YOU DON'T WANT TO LOSE
YOUR GRIP ON.

AND NOW THIS PRESSURE COOKER
IS IN THE HOME STRETCH.

THERE'S ONE LAST TEST,

WHICH THEY PERFORM
ON RANDOMLY SELECTED POTS.

THEY PUMP THE POT FULL OF AIR
TO SIMULATE THE EFFECT OF STEAM

AND CONFIRM THAT THIS POT
CAN HANDLE THE PRESSURE.

PRESSURE COOKERS WITH DOUBLE
WALLS ARE ANOTHER INNOVATION.

THEY'LL KEEP
THAT STEW WARM LONGER

TO EASE THE PRESSURE
ON THE CHEF.

Narrator:MECHANICAL SINGING BIRDSFIRST APPEARED IN 1780,

ADORNING SNUFFBOXES.

THE SWISS-MADE NOVELTY

SOON BECAME THE RAGE
AMONG CLASSY EUROPEANS.

A FEW DECADES LATER,

A FRENCH WATCHMAKER
PERFECTED THE SOUND MECHANISM,

MAKING THE BIRDSONG
VIRTUALLY INDISCERNIBLE

FROM THE REAL THING.

SWITZERLAND IS HOME
TO THE LAST REMAINING COMPANY

MAKING THESE SINGING AUTOMATONS.

THE WORKSHOP CRAFTS LARGE ONES
THAT GO IN BIRDCAGES

AND SMALL ONES THAT POP OUT
OF BOXES AND CLOCK CASES.

THE FIRST STEP IS TO ADJUST

THE BIRD'S TWO
SPRING-LOADED STEEL RODS.

ONE PIVOTS THE BIRD'S HEAD
AND THE OTHER ITS BEAK AND TAIL.

THEN IT'S TIME TO DRESS
THE BIRD'S BODY.

IT'S ILLEGAL TO HARVEST
REAL BIRD FEATHERS,

SO THE ARTIST USES
REAL ANTIQUE FEATHERS

IN A COUPLE OF KEY SPOTS

AND REALISTIC-LOOKING SYNTHETIC
FEATHERS EVERYWHERE ELSE.

TO CRAFT THE TAIL,

SHE GLUES FEATHERS
ONTO STIFF PAPER,

THEN FOLDS IT OVER
AND ADHERES IT TO THE BIRD.

THEN SHE ADDS MORE FEATHERS,

METICULOUSLY CREATING
COLORFUL LAYERS.

THE PLUMAGE ALONE
TAKES ABOUT FOUR HOURS' WORK.

NO TWO BIRDS ARE ALIKE.
EACH IS A UNIQUE PIECE OF ART.

IN THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT,

THEY SCREW THE WINDUP KEY

TO THE MECHANICAL MOVEMENT
THAT ANIMATES THE BIRDS.

THE MOVEMENT IS MADE UP OF
250 BRASS AND STEEL COMPONENTS

ASSEMBLED MANUALLY.

THEY CONNECT LEATHER BELLOWS.

THE MOVEMENT PUMPS THE BELLOWS,

WHICH SENDS AIR
THROUGH A TINY WHISTLE,

PRODUCING THE BIRDSONG.

NOW FOR THE BIRDIE.

THIS ONE'S THE SMALL POP-UP KIND

THAT GOES IN A BOX
OR CLOCK CASE.

THEY SCREW HIM
TO A LEVER IN THE MOVEMENT,

THEN, USING A BRASS TEMPLATE,
POSITION HIM CORRECTLY.

THIS RACK GEAR MOVES THE BIRD
FROM SIDE TO SIDE

WHILE HE'S UP AND SINGING.

THIS PIN ATTACHES THAT GEAR
TO THE MOVEMENT.

THIS LEVER POPS THE BIRD
OUT OF HIS NEST,

MOVES THE RACK GEAR,
AND PUMPS THE BELLOWS.

A PUSH BUTTON ON THE MOVEMENT
TRIGGERS THE LEVER,

SETTING ALL THIS IN MOTION.

NOW THEY INSTALL THE MOVEMENT
INTO ITS DECORATIVE BOX.

BIRDCAGE MODELS REQUIRE AN
IDENTICAL BUT LARGER MOVEMENT.

THE BASE OF THE CAGE
SITS ON TOP OF IT.

THE RODS THAT MANIPULATE
THE BIRDS

CONNECT TO THE MOVEMENT
THROUGH TUBES IN BRASS PERCHES.

WORKERS CONSTRUCT
THE TOP OF THE CAGE

OVER A CURVED FORM.

FIRST, THEY SLIDE ON
TWO BRASS RINGS

AND POSITION A BRASS DISK
AT THE TOP.

THEN, THEY FEED
THICK BRASS WIRE

THROUGH HOLES IN THE RINGS.

THEY LOCK EACH WIRE
ONTO THE DISK TEMPORARILY,

THEN, WITH A BIT OF ACID
TO HELP THE PROCESS,

SOLDER THE WIRES
TO THE DISK PERMANENTLY.

AFTER MAKING SURE
EVERYTHING'S WELL-POSITIONED,

THEY SOLDER THE WIRES
TO THE RINGS, AS WELL.

ONCE THE STRUCTURE IS SOLDERED,

THE CAGE
CAN SAFELY COME OFF THE FORM.

DECORATIVE BRASS RINGS COVER
THE STRUCTURAL ONES.

THEY, TOO,
HAVE TO BE SOLDERED IN PLACE.

THIS REQUIRES
A LIGHT BRUSH OF ACID...

LEAD PELLETS...

...AND A TORCH TO MELT THE LEAD,

BINDING
THE OUTER AND INNER RINGS.

EVERY MECHANICAL SINGING BIRD
THIS COMPANY PRODUCES

IS A WORK OF ARTISTIC
AND TECHNICAL CRAFTSMANSHIP

THAT DELIVERS A PERFORMANCE
ON COMMAND.

Narrator:
OCEANOGRAPHIC BUOYS ENABLE
SCIENTISTS TO STUDY THE SEA,

HELP METEOROLOGISTS
PREDICT WEATHER,

AND RESCUE TEAMS
BETTER TO FIND A SEARCH AREA.

THE TOP PART OF THE BUOY
HOUSES INSTRUMENTATION

THAT TRACKS TEMPERATURE,
SURFACE CURRENTS,

AND OTHER CONDITIONS.

ITS ANTENNA TRANSMITS THE DATA
VIA SATELLITE TO A BASE STATION.

THIS MODEL HAS
A BALL-SHAPED SURFACE FLOAT

WITH A TETHER CABLE

CONNECTING A LONG FABRIC TUBE
CALLED A DROGUE.

THE DROGUE
DETECTS WATER MOVEMENTS

SEVERAL YARDS BELOW THE SURFACE.

THE COMPONENT THAT CONNECTS
THE SURFACE FLOAT TO THE CABLE

IS CALLED THE STRESS RELIEF.

THE FACTORY MAKES THIS PART
IN A MOLD,

CASTING 10 AT A TIME.

WORKERS INJECT LIQUID URETHANE
INTO THE MOLD CAVITIES.

IT'S THE SAME MATERIAL

FROM WHICH
IN-LINE SKATE WHEELS ARE MADE.

AFTER THREE HOURS,

THEY EXTRACT THE CASTINGS,
WHICH THEN CURE FOR A FULL WEEK.

THE SURFACE FLOAT
CONTAINS A BAROMETER SENSOR

THAT COLLECTS AIR-PRESSURE DATA,

AS WELL AS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR
AND A LOCATING SYSTEM.

A 13.5-VOLT BATTERY PACK
POWERS ALL THESE INSTRUMENTS.

WORKERS BUILD IT

BY ARRANGING 36 STANDARD
D-CELL BATTERIES.

USING NICKEL STRIPS,
THEY MAKE PAIRS,

LINKING THE NEGATIVE END
TO A POSITIVE END.

THEN, THEY SPOT-WELD THE STRIPS,
CREATING CIRCUIT PATHWAYS

ALONG WHICH
ELECTRICITY WILL FLOW.

NEXT,
THEY IMMOBILIZE THE BATTERIES

BY FILLING THE SPACES
BETWEEN THEM WITH HOT GLUE.

THEN, THEY WELD
THE FINAL CONNECTIONS

AND SOLDER ON THE LEADS

THAT WILL CONNECT THE BATTERY
PACK TO THE INSTRUMENTATION.

NOW THEY APPLY
SPECIAL INSULATING PAPER

TO PREVENT THE BATTERY PACK
FROM SHORTING,

SHOULD IT COME INTO CONTACT
WITH A METAL OBJECT.

A WIDE BAND OF ELECTRICAL TAPE

SAFELY SEALS
THIS 13-POUND BATTERY PACK.

THE NYLON/POLYPROPYLENE DROGUE

IS TOO LIGHTWEIGHT
TO HANG VERTICALLY IN THE WATER,

SO IT NEEDS SOMETHING
TO WEIGH IT DOWN.

THAT SOMETHING
IS A HEAVY, PLASTIC HOOP.

THEY MAKE THE HOOP BY BLOWING
SAND INTO A PLASTIC GARDEN HOSE.

THE SAND MAKES IT HEAVY.

AFTER CAPPING THE HOSE,

THEY INSERT IT IN A POCKET
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DROGUE.

SO NOW THE DROGUE,
ALL 26 FEET OF IT,

WILL DANGLE STRAIGHT DOWN
INTO THE WATER.

NOW FOR THAT STRESS RELIEF
THEY MOLDED EARLIER ON.

IT ATTACHES
UNDERNEATH THE BOTTOM HALF

OF THE SURFACE FLOAT.

INSIDE THE BOTTOM HALF,
THEY INSTALL THE BATTERY PACK...

THEN A CONTROL BOARD...

A TRANSMITTER...

AND AN ANTENNA.

THE SURFACE FLOAT
IS MADE OF A.B.S. PLASTIC,

THE TOP SURFACE COATED
FOR U.V. PROTECTION,

BECAUSE IT WILL BE EXPOSED
TO DIRECT SUNLIGHT.

THEY ATTACH ONE END
OF THE TETHER CABLE

TO THE STRESS RELIEF

AND THE OTHER END TO THE DROGUE.

THEY REINFORCE THE CONNECTION
WITH EPOXY.

THIS TYPE OF BUOY

IS DESIGNED TO MONITOR
ONLY THE TOP YARD OF WATER,

SO IT DOESN'T HAVE
A LONG VERTICAL DROGUE

LIKE THE OTHER ONE.

WHAT IT DOESHAVE
IS A PARACHUTE,

BECAUSE IT'S DESIGNED
TO BE DROPPED BY AIRCRAFT

IN A SEARCH-AND-RESCUE
OPERATION,

TO MARK THE LOCATION
OF AN INCIDENT.

AS THE DEMONSTRATION SHOWS,
THE BUOY OPENS ON IMPACT.

ALL THE COMPONENTS
ARE SPRING-LOADED --

FLOATS MADE OF FOAM,

DROGUES AROUND
THE CENTRAL CYLINDER

HOUSING THE INSTRUMENTATION,

AND ON TOP AN ANTENNA.

THE BUOY PACKAGING IS
WATER-SOLUBLE AND BIODEGRADABLE,

SO, OVER TIME,
IT SIMPLY DISINTEGRATES.

NO NEED TO RETRIEVE THEM.

Narrator:
STAINLESS-STEEL TANK TRAILERS
CARRY ALL KINDS OF PRODUCTS,

FROM MILK, SUGAR,
AND ANIMAL FEED

TO FERTILIZER, SHAMPOO,
OR EVEN WINE.

SOME TANK TRAILERS ONLY HAUL
CHEMICALS LIKE METHANOL.

MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL
INSIDE AND OUT,

THEY KEEP ALL THE PRODUCTS
THEY'RE TRANSPORTING

CONTAMINANT-FREE.

STAINLESS-STEEL TANK TRAILERS

CARRY AS MUCH
AS 12,000 GALLONS OF PRODUCT.

THEY START
WITH A LASER CUTTING MACHINE

WHICH CUTS PIECES
LIKE THIS MANHOLE OPENING

FROM THE STAINLESS-STEEL SHEET
USED TO MAKE THE TANK.

THE LASER THAT CUTS THE STEEL
IS AS PRECISE

AS THE PEN YOU USE
TO SIGN YOUR NAME.

NEXT, THEY MAKE
THE LARGER PIECES OF THE TANK

BY PUTTING TWO SHEETS
OF STAINLESS STEEL

INTO A MACHINE CALLED
A PLASMA SEAM WELDER.

USING STAINLESS-STEEL WIRE
AS A FILLER METAL,

THE COMPUTER-CONTROLLED MACHINE

WELDS THE TWO SHEETS
OF STEEL TOGETHER.

A WORKER THEN USES A BELT SANDER
THAT RIDES ON A TRACK

TO SMOOTH OUT THE WELD
EVENLY AND IN A STRAIGHT LINE.

THE SHEET THEN GOES THROUGH
A ROLLING MACHINE

THAT SHAPES IT INTO A CYLINDER.

IT TAKES TWO TO FOUR CYLINDERS
TO MAKE A TANK,

DEPENDING ON THE SIZE.

MEANWHILE,
A RING-ROLLING MACHINE

MAKES WHAT'S CALLED
CHANNEL RINGS

THAT WILL STRENGTHEN
THE CYLINDERS

AND HELP THEM
KEEP THEIR ROUND SHAPE.

THE RINGS ARE ALSO MADE

OF CORROSION-RESISTANT
STAINLESS STEEL.

SOME TANKS NEED UP TO 12
OF THESE REINFORCEMENT RINGS.

A WORKER THEN WELDS
THE CHANNEL RINGS ONTO THE TANK,

STOPPING PERIODICALLY
TO INSPECT THE WELD.

NEXT, THEY WELD TANK HEADS
TO THE CYLINDER.

WELDING PARTS
ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE TANK

CAUSES HEAT DISCOLORATION
TO THE STEEL ON THE INSIDE.

THAT'S WHY A WORKER THEN
POLISHES THE STAINLESS STEEL,

GIVING THE FULL INTERIOR
OF THE TANK

A NOTICEABLY CLEAN
AND BRIGHT FINISH.

THEN, THEY ATTACH POLYURETHANE
SPACER BANDS TO THE TANK.

THESE CREATE THE SECTIONS
THEY NEED

TO MOUNT FIBERGLASS INSULATION
AROUND THE TANK,

WHICH KEEPS THE PRODUCT
EITHER WARM OR COLD.

WORKERS THEN INSTALL THIN
SECTIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL

AROUND THE TANK
TO PROTECT THE INSULATION.

THIS STEEL IS SHINY
FOR COSMETIC REASONS ONLY.

THEY HOLD THE SECTIONS
IN PLACE TEMPORARILY

USING LEATHER BELTS.

THEY SECURE THIS ENTIRE OUTER
WRAPPER SO IT FITS PROPERLY.

THEN, THEY WELD
EACH SECTION OF STEEL

TO THE FRAME OF THE TANK.

NEXT, THEY PREPARE
THE OUTER WRAPPER HEADS

USING WHAT'S CALLED
A LOCK-SEAM FLANGER.

THAT MAKES A LIP
IN THE EDGE OF THE HEADS.

THEY ATTACH
THE FRONT AND REAR HEADS

TO THE OUTER WRAPPER

BY FITTING THE LIP INTO
THE OUTER WRAPPER'S GROOVED EDGE

AND CRIMPING THEM TOGETHER
USING A HAMMER.

NEXT, THEY INSTALL THE ALUMINUM
FENDERS OVER THE REAR TIRES.

AFTER THAT, THEY ATTACH
A STAINLESS-STEEL TUBE LADDER

THAT GIVES ACCESS TO THE MANHOLE
AT THE TOP OF THE TANK,

WHERE THEY LOAD THE PRODUCT.

THEY PUT THE MUDGUARDS ON NEXT,

FOLLOWED BY THE REFLECTIVE
CONSPICUITY TAPE

THAT GOES ON BOTH SIDES
OF THE TANK

AND ON THE TWO REAR BUMPERS.

THEY INSTALL THE STOPLIGHTS
AND TAILLIGHTS

INTO A LIGHT BOX
AT THE REAR OF THE TRAILER.

AFTER THAT, THEY INSTALL
THE TURN INDICATORS

ON THE SIDES OF THE TRAILER

AND TEST THEM TO ENSURE
THEY FUNCTION PROPERLY.

FINALLY, THEY CHECK
ALL THE CONNECTIONS

USED TO OPERATE
THE TANK TRAILER,

SO WHEN IT LEAVES THE PLANT,
IT WORKS PERFECTLY

AND THE CUSTOMER CAN TRANSPORT
THEIR PRODUCT SAFELY.

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