All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S13E03.Oil.Tankers.and.Racing.Wheels.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

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Narrator:
THE SWISS ARMY KNIFE

IS AN ENTIRE TOOL KIT
IN A POCKET-SIZED PACKAGE.

THIS LITTLE MULTITOOL
ACTUALLY DATES BACK TO 1891

WITH THE ORIGINAL
SWISS SOLDIER'S KNIFE.

IT WASN'T LONG BEFORE
IT MORPHED INTO OTHER VERSIONS

FOR SALE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC,

AND A CENTURY LATER,
IT CONTINUES TO COME IN HANDY.

LOST IN THE WILDERNESS,

OR ARE YOU A SERIOUS
MULTITASKER?

EITHER WAY, A SWISS ARMY KNIFE
HAS TOOLS TO HELP YOU COPE.

PRODUCTION STARTS WITH THIS
BIG COIL OF STAINLESS STEEL.

EQUIPMENT PULLS THE STEEL
BETWEEN A PRESS AND A DIE.

THE PRESS FORCES THE STEEL
AGAINST THE DIE

TO PUNCH OUT BLADE SHAPES.

IT ALSO FORMS THE FINGER GROOVE

FOR PULLING THE BLADE
OUT OF THE HANDLE.

THEY MASS-PRODUCE PARTS
LIKE CAN OPENERS AND PLIERS

USING THE SAME TECHNIQUE.

THEY LOAD THE BLADES

INTO A VIBRATING MIX
OF CERAMIC STONES AND WATER.

THE FRICTION POLISHES THE STEEL.

A LITTLE POWDER KEEPS THE PARTS
FROM STICKING TOGETHER.

AFTER SEVERAL HOURS,
THEY ACTIVATE A POWERFUL MAGNET

TO EXTRACT THE PARTS
FROM THE VIBRATING MASS.

THE PROCESS HAS SMOOTHED
THE BLADES SIGNIFICANTLY.

BUT THE METAL IS WEAK AND DULL.

SO A WORKER ARRANGES THE BLADES
ON A MESH CONVEYOR

WHICH GOES INTO AN OVEN THAT
EXPOSES THEM TO INTENSE HEAT.

A QUICK COOLDOWN FOLLOWS,

WHICH TOUGHENS THE STEEL
CONSIDERABLY.

THE HARDENED BLADES
NOW RIDE A CAROUSEL

INTO A GRINDING STATION,
WHICH SLIMS AND TRIMS THEM.

THAT GREEN LIQUID
KEEPS THEM COOL

DURING THIS PROCESS.

AFTERWARDS, A COMPUTERIZED TOOL
MEASURES THE BLADES.

IF THE DIMENSIONS
ARE EVEN SLIGHTLY OFF,

THEY WON'T FIT
INTO THE KNIFE HANDLE.

A QUICK STAMP GIVES THE PART
ITS TRADEMARK NAME.

TO BUILD THE SWISS ARMY KNIFE,

THEY SLIDE EVERYTHING
ONTO BRASS RIVETS,

BEGINNING WITH
AN ALUMINUM SPACER.

A FLAT METAL SPRING
GOES ON NEXT,

FOLLOWED BY A CAN OPENER,
A SCREWDRIVER,

AND AN AWL, A PUNCH
TO MAKE HOLES IN LEATHER.

THEY STACK ANOTHER SPACER
AND SPRING ON TOP.

THEY TAMP IT DOWN

AND THEN SLIDE A MULTIPURPOSE
HOOK AND A PAIR OF SCISSORS

ONTO THE RIVETS.

ANOTHER DIVIDER, ANOTHER SPRING.

AND THEN THEY ADD A WOOD SAW
TO THIS MULTITOOL SANDWICH,

BECAUSE YOU NEVER KNOW
WHEN YOU MIGHT NEED ONE.

THEY PRESS-FIT THE MAIN BLADE,
A CORKSCREW,

AND A SMALLER BLADE
ONTO THE ASSEMBLY.

ONE FINAL SPACER,
AND THEN THEY SECURE THE RIVETS

WITH ATTACHMENTS
CALLED BUSHINGS.

INCREDIBLY, THEY'VE PACKED
NINE TOOLS INTO A BUNDLE

THAT'S JUST UNDER AN INCH THICK.

THEY CHOP OFF
THE TOPS OF THE RIVETS

TO MAKE THEM FLUSH
WITH THE BUSHINGS,

AND THEN THIS SPINNING TOOL
FLATTENS THEM.

THE RESULT
IS A MULTIPRONGED TOOL

THAT'S VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE
TO PULL APART.

THE BLADE ON THE
SWISS ARMY KNIFE IS THIN

COMPARED TO OTHER POCKET KNIVES

TO ALLOW IT
TO FIT INTO THE CASING.

THEY GRIND THE CUTTING EDGE

TO ANGLE IT
AT JUST UNDER 15 DEGREES.

THIS MAKES IT RAZOR-SHARP,

ENSURING THERE WON'T BE
MANY DULL MOMENTS

IN THIS BLADE'S LIFETIME.

THEY MEASURE THE ANGLED EDGE
WITH A LASER

TO VERIFY THAT IT'S ON THE MARK.

AND NOW IT'S TIME
FOR THE HANDLE.

IT COMES IN TWO PARTS.

THEY SANDWICH THE TOOL BUNDLE
BETWEEN THEM

AND PRESS EVERYTHING TOGETHER.

THIS EMBEDS THE BUSHINGS
IN THE HANDLE'S HOLES

FOR A TIGHT INSTALLATION.

AMAZINGLY, THERE'S STILL SPACE
IN THIS SWISS ARMY KNIFE

FOR A SET OF TWEEZERS
AND A TOOTHPICK.

FINALLY, THEY INSPECT EVERY TOOL

TO CONFIRM
THAT IT'S IN PERFECT CONDITION

AND THAT IT SPRINGS OUT OF
THE HANDLE AS IT'S DESIGNED TO.

MAKING A SWISS ARMY KNIFE

IS A JOB PERFORMED
WITH ALMOST MILITARY PRECISION.

THERE'S NO ROOM FOR ERROR

WHEN IT COMES TO PACKING
ALL THESE TOOLS

INTO A POCKET-SIZED UNIT.

AND ONCE THEY DO,

THIS MULTITOOL IS READY
TO SPRING INTO ACTION.

Narrator: THE FIRST
SELF-PLAYING PIANO SYSTEM

WAS INVENTED AROUND 1895.

IT SAT IN FRONT
OF A REGULAR PIANO,

AND THE MACHINE'S WOODEN FINGERS
WOULD PLAY THE KEYS.

GUIDING THOSE FINGERS
WAS A ROLL OF PERFORATED PAPER.

BY THE EARLY 20th CENTURY,

PIANO COMPANIES INCORPORATED
THE ROLL MECHANISM

RIGHT INTO THE PIANO ITSELF.

THE PLAYER-PIANO RAGE
PETERED OUT AROUND 1930,

BUT THERE ARE STILL PLENTY
OF OLD PLAYER PIANOS AROUND,

SO THERE REMAINS A MARKET
FOR THE MUSIC ROLLS THEY PLAY.

THE ORIGINAL ROLL-MAKING METHOD
USED A RECORDING PIANO.

AS THE MUSICIAN PLAYED,

EACH KEY WOULD TRIGGER
A PNEUMATIC VALVE

WHICH PRESSED
THE CORRESPONDING ROD

AGAINST PIANO ROLL PAPER
OVER CARBON PAPER.

THEN THEY JUST PERFORATE
THE CARBON MARKS.

THE MODERN METHOD
USES AN ELECTRONIC KEYBOARD

AND A COMPUTER.

AS THE MUSICIAN PLAYS,

THE COMPUTER
CONVERTS THE NOTES TO DATA.

THE MUSICIAN EDITS THE DATA,

THEN LOADS IT INTO A COMPUTER

THAT'S HOOKED UP
TO THE ROLL PERFORATOR,

A MACHINE THAT PRODUCES
18 ROLLS SIMULTANEOUSLY.

LIKE THE OLD RECORDING MACHINE,

THE ROLL PERFORATOR
HAS A PNEUMATIC VALVE

FOR EACH NOTE
OF THE PIANO KEYBOARD.

AS THE COMPUTER
ACTIVATES EACH NOTE,

THE CORRESPONDING VALVE
TRIGGERS A STEEL PUNCH

TO DESCEND AND PIERCE A HOLE
IN THE PASSING PAPER.

THE LONGER THE HOLE,
THE LONGER THE NOTE.

MOST MUSIC CONSISTS
OF MULTI-NOTE CHORDS,

SO THE MACHINE VIBRATES
LIKE CRAZY,

PUNCHING MANY NOTES
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

WHEN THE MACHINE
FINISHES PERFORATING,

THE OPERATOR CUTS OFF THE PAPER

AND STICKS ON A TEMPORARY LABEL
BEARING THE SONG TITLE.

THE PAPER THEN MOVES
ON TO ANOTHER AREA,

WHERE THEY PERMANENTLY STAMP ON
THE TITLE AND OTHER INFORMATION.

HERE, THEY SLICE THE FRONT END
OF THE PAPER INTO A POINT.

MEANWHILE, THIS MACHINE
RIVETS BRASS EYELETS

ONTO AN ADHESIVE-BACKED
POLYETHYLENE STRIP.

THEN AROUND EACH EYELET,
A DIE STAMPS OUT A TAB.

THEY STICK ONE EYELET TAB
TO THE POINTED TIP OF EACH ROLL.

THIS TAB END, AS IT'S CALLED,

HOOKS INTO THE MECHANISM
OF THE PLAYER PIANO.

A TOUCH OF CORNSTARCH
OVER ANY EXPOSED ADHESIVE

PREVENTS THE PAPERS
FROM STICKING TO ONE ANOTHER.

WHEN THE MUSIC HAS LYRICS,

THEY PRINT THE WORDS
RIGHT ON THE ROLLS

SO YOU CAN SING ALONG
AS THE PIANO PLAYS.

THE FIRST STEP
IS TO MAKE A LYRIC STENCIL,

WHICH REQUIRES CRANKING OUT
EACH WORD, LETTER BY LETTER.

THE PLACEMENT OF WORDS
ON THE STENCIL IS TRICKY

BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO SYNCHRONIZE
WITH THE NOTES.

THE STENCIL GOES INTO A PRINTER

WHICH APPLIES THE LYRICS
WITH AN INK ROLLER.

THE LAST STEP
IS TO ROLL UP THE ROLLS.

THEY WIND EACH ONE
AROUND A CARDBOARD SPOOL

THAT HAS A PLASTIC FLANGE
ON EACH END.

WHEN YOU LOAD A ROLL
INTO THE PIANO,

YOU MOUNT ITS FLANGES
ON HOLDERS,

THEN HOOK THE TAB END
TO A SPOOL

THAT PULLS THE ROLL
THROUGH THE PLAYER MECHANISM.

A RUBBER BAND TO KEEP THE ROLL
FROM UNRAVELING --

THEN IT'S INTO A CUSTOM BOX.

A MACHINE SHAPES AND HOT-GLUES

SHEETS OF ORNATELY PRINTED
CARDBOARD INTO THE BOX TOPS.

THE FINISHING TOUCH
IS A STICKER

WITH THE TITLE OF THE MUSIC.

WHEN A ROLL
MOVES THROUGH A PLAYER PIANO,

AIR FLOWS
THROUGH THE PERFORATIONS,

TRIGGERING THE CORRESPONDING
PNEUMATIC VALVES.

EACH VALVE PUSHES DOWN
THE CORRESPONDING NOTE.

THIS FACTORY PRODUCES MORE THAN
4,500 DIFFERENT SONG TITLES

ON PLAYER-PIANO ROLLS,

FROM CLASSIC FAVORITES
TO TOP-10 HITS.

Narrator: THE FIRST OIL TANKER
WAS LAUNCHED BY THE BRITISH

IN THE LATTER PART
OF THE 19th CENTURY,

AND IT FUELED A REVOLUTION
IN TRANSPORTATION.

THESE ENORMOUS SHIPS
NOW DOMINATE THE WORLD'S OCEANS.

THEY MOVE MILLIONS OF TONS
OF OIL DAILY.

AND WITHOUT THEM,

MOST OF THE WORLD'S ECONOMIES
WOULD BE POWERLESS.

THE LIFE-SIZE VERSION
OF THIS TANKER SHIP

WILL BE BIGGER
THAN TWO FOOTBALL FIELDS.

IT'S SO BIG THAT THEY BUILD IT
IN SECTIONS CALLED GRAND BLOCKS,

WHICH THEY ASSEMBLE BY CRANE
IN A DRY DOCK.

THE PROCESS TAKES PLENTY
OF PLANNING AND ENGINEERING.

THEY MAP OUT THE JOB
ON A COMPUTER

AND ASSIGN A NUMBER
TO EACH OF THE 110,000 PARTS.

IN A BIG JOB LIKE THIS,

COMPUTER-COORDINATED LABELING
IS THE ONLY WAY TO GO.

THEY WELD STEEL SHEETS
TO BUILD THE SHIP'S HULL.

SAND, PLACED ON THE SEAM,
MELTS DURING THE WELDING

TO SHIELD THE SEAM FROM
ANY CONTAMINANTS IN THE AIR.

WORKERS READY
THE STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS.

A ROBOT PLACES THEM
AT JUST THE RIGHT SPOT

ON THE WELDED SECTION
OF THE HULL.

THEN AN OPERATOR VERIFIES
THAT THE PLACEMENT IS CORRECT.

MORE ROBOTS WELD THE BEAMS
TO THE HULL SECTION.

NEXT, THEY SUBMERGE
A STEEL PLATE IN WATER.

THE WATER SUPPRESSES THE NOISE
AND SMOKE FROM A PLASMA CUTTER

AS IT CARVES HOLES IN THE STEEL.

THIS STEEL PLATE WILL BE PART
OF THE BALLAST TANK.

SOME OF THE HOLES WILL ALLOW
WATER TO FLOW THROUGH

WHILE OTHERS LIGHTEN UP
THE STEEL STRUCTURE.

THE SUPERHEATED PLASMA
ALSO CUTS SLITS

TO INTERLOCK WITH THE STRUCTURAL
BEAMS ON THE HULL PART.

THEY THEN WELD THE ASSEMBLY

AND INSTALL A TOP PLATE
FOR A DOUBLE-LAYERED HULL.

DOUBLE HULLS PROVIDE EXTRA
PROTECTION AGAINST OIL SPILLAGE.

AFTER A PAINT JOB,

POWERFUL MACHINERY TRANSFERS
THE DOUBLE-HULL GRAND BLOCK

TO ITS FINAL POSITION
ON THE SIDE OF THE TANKER.

WHEN FULLY ASSEMBLED,

THE HULL
WILL HAVE 12 CARGO TANKS

WITH A TOTAL CAPACITY
OF 14 MILLION GALLONS.

THE ENGINE SECTION IS SITUATED
AT THE STERN OF THE TANKER.

IT WILL TAKE
THREE DIESEL GENERATORS

TO POWER THE SHIP'S LIGHTING,
VENTILATION,

AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS.

THEY CAREFULLY LOWER EACH ONE
ONTO THE DECK OF THE SHIP.

A 10,000-HORSEPOWER
DIESEL ENGINE

WILL BE THE TANKER'S
DRIVING FORCE.

INSTALLING IT
IS A VERY PRECISE BUSINESS.

IT HAS TO BE
IN JUST THE RIGHT POSITION

TO TURN THE MASSIVE PROPELLER.

FOUR MONTHS LATER,
THE HULL IS COMPLETE

AND THE MASSIVE PROPELLER
IS IN POSITION.

IT'S ALL HANDS ON DECK
TO BUILD THE DECKHOUSE,

WHERE A CREW WILL LIVE
FOR MONTHS AT A TIME.

THERE WILL BE AN INCREDIBLE
10 MILES OF PIPING ON THIS SHIP.

HERE, WORKERS WELD AND BOLT THEM
TO THE DECK GRAND BLOCKS.

IT'S AN ELABORATE MAZE
WITH AN IMPRESSIVE MASTER PLAN.

THEY CONNECT THESE PIPES TO
THE SERIES OF TANKS IN THE HULL

SO THEY CAN BE USED
TO LOAD AND UNLOAD CARGO.

MEANWHILE, INSIDE THE HULL,

THOSE CARGO TANKS
ARE COMING TOGETHER.

ON THE VERY BOTTOM,

THE CREW BUILDS A NETWORK
OF HEATING COILS.

THEY'LL BE USED
TO HEAT CRUDE OIL

TO A MORE FLUID FORM

SO IT CAN BE PUMPED
OUT OF THE TANKS.

OTHER WORKERS GRIND WELDED SEAMS
ON THE SHIP'S OUTER SKIN.

THIS EVENS THE SURFACE
FOR PAINTING.

THE PAINT IS AN EPOXY BLEND

THAT RESISTS CORROSION
IN SALT WATER.

THEY APPLY IT
IN THREE OR FOUR LAYERS

AND MEASURE ITS THICKNESS
WITH A SPECIAL ULTRASONIC GAUGE.

IN TOTAL, THEY SPRAY MORE
THAN 38,000 GALLONS OF PAINT

ON THIS TANKER.

IN THIS TIME-LAPSE VIDEO,

OUR TANKER COMES TOGETHER
LIKE TOY BUILDING BLOCKS

IN A MATTER OF SECONDS.

BUT AS YOU'VE JUST LEARNED,
THIS IS A COMPLEX JOB.

IT ACTUALLY TAKES 16 MONTHS.

A COUPLE MORE MONTHS OF TESTING,

AND THIS TANKER SHOULD BE GOOD
FOR THE LONG HAUL.

Narrator: AT FIRST GLANCE,

A RACING WHEEL DOESN'T LOOK MUCH
DIFFERENT THAN A STANDARD WHEEL.

BUT LOOK A LITTLE CLOSER.

THERE ARE SUBTLE DIFFERENCES

IN THE ANGLES AND CONTOURS
THAT SET IT APART.

THEY GIVE IT THE STRENGTH

TO HANDLE THE EXTREME FORCES
OF RACING

AND TO CORNER WELL
AT HIGH SPEED,

WHICH SHOULD HAVE THEM CHEERING
IN THE STANDS.

THE DRIVER WILL GET THE TROPHY
AND THE CREDIT,

BUT A GOOD SET OF WHEELS
IS BEHIND EVERY WIN.

THEY START WITH HIGH-STRENGTH,
LOW-ALLOY STEEL,

WHICH IS A VERY STABLE MATERIAL.

THE FIRST
OF A SERIES OF DIE PRESSES

GIVES THE CENTER DISC
A CONCAVE PROFILE

AND FORMS LUG HOLES.

THE NEXT PRESS PUNCHES A HOLE
FOR THE HUB

AND OTHERS CALLED WINDOWS.

WINDOWS HELP COOL THE BRAKES

WHILE MAINTAINING STRENGTH
WHERE NEEDED.

THEY STAMP RINGS
AROUND THE WINDOWS.

THIS IS CALLED COINING.

THE RINGS GIVE THE WINDOWS
A NICER LOOK,

AND THE ACTION
COMPRESSES THE STEEL

TO FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE PART.

THE NEXT PRESS IS CRITICAL.

IT FORCES THE DISC
INTO A BOWL SHAPE

AND GIVES IT PRECISE DIMENSIONS
TO ACCOMMODATE BRAKES.

THE SPECIFIC ANGLES
ALSO REINFORCE THE PART.

IT HAS TAKEN A LOT
OF PUNCHING AND PRESSING,

BUT THE CENTER DISC
OF THIS RACING WHEEL

HAS REALLY TAKEN SHAPE.

A SMALLER PRESS
NOW PUNCHES OUT THE LUG HOLES

THAT WERE OUTLINED EARLIER.

THESE HOLES WILL ALLOW THE WHEEL
TO BE MOUNTED TO A VEHICLE.

THEN THE CENTER DISC
GOES FOR A SPIN

AS A SERIES OF TOOLS TRIM IT.

THE PART IS NOW COMPLETE.

TO MAKE THE RIM,
A MACHINE UNWINDS COILED STEEL,

AND ROLLERS IRON OUT THE CURL.

A MECHANICAL ARM MAINTAINS SLACK

AS THE FLATTENED STEEL
GOES UNDER THE KNIFE.

THE BLADE, CALLED A SHEARER,

CUTS THE STEEL TO LENGTH

AND STAMPS PRODUCT INFORMATION
ONTO IT IN ONE SWOOP.

AN OPERATOR NOW WINDS THE STEEL
BETWEEN THREE ROLLERS

TO TWIST IT INTO A BAND.

HE THEN PLACES THE BAND
INTO THE JAWS OF A WELDER,

WHICH FUSES
THE TWO ENDS TOGETHER.

HE THEN SLIDES THE BAND
INTO A MACHINE

THAT SCRAPES OFF EXCESS MATERIAL
FROM THE WELL.

IT'S STILL WARM,
SO IT CAN BE EASILY REMOVED.

NOW THE BAND COMES UNDER
SOME SERIOUS PRESSURE

AS A MACHINE FORCES IT
AROUND DIES AT BOTH ENDS

TO CREATE FLARES.

THIS RACK TRANSFERS THE RIM
TO A SERIES OF ROLLERS

WHICH SHAPE ITS INNER LEDGE.

THIS PART OF THE RIM
IS CALLED THE BEAD SEED,

AND IT WILL BE ATTACHED
TO THE BEAD WALL OF THE TIRE.

THEY TRIM THE RIM
TO MAKE THE EDGES NEATER.

THIS FINISHES OFF THE PART.

THEY NESTLED THE CENTER DISC
LOOSELY IN THE RIM.

AS THE RIM SPINS, THEY HEAT
THE OUTSIDE WITH A TORCH.

THIS CAUSES THE STEEL TO EXPAND,

AND THE CENTER DISC
DROPS FURTHER INTO THE RIM.

AS THE RIM COOLS, IT CONTRACTS,
SHRINKING TO THE CENTER PART.

THE TWO PARTS
ARE NOW INTERCONNECTED,

AND A WELDING JOB
MAKES THE BOND PERMANENT.

A WORKER DRILLS
THREADED HOLES ONTO THE WHEEL

TO ATTACH VALVE STEMS.

AS IT EXITS,
THE DRILL TURNS IN REVERSE

SO IT DOESN'T WRECK THE THREADS.

AFTER A FRESH COAT OF PAINT,

THEY APPLY A THREAD-LOCKING
ADHESIVE TO THE VALVE STEMS

AND SCREW THEM INTO THE HOLES.

THE VALVES WILL BE USED
TO ADD AIR TO THE TIRES.

THE WHEEL ROTATES
AS A SMALL ROLLER

PAINTS A STRIPE ONTO THE RIM
FOR ACCENT.

THEN A PRESS STAMPS
A NUMBER ONTO IT

TO IDENTIFY THIS WHEEL
IN THE EVENT OF A PROBLEM.

AND NOW THIS WHEEL IS ON
A FAST TRACK TO THE FINISH LINE.

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