All language subtitles for How.Its.Made.S32E05.Handmade.Hammers.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

Narrator: A HAMMER IS
AN ALL-PURPOSE TOOL

MOST COMMONLY USED
TO STRIKE NAILS.

SOME HAMMERS ARE DESIGNED FOR
A SPECIFIC PURPOSE

SUCH AS WOODWORKING,
METALWORKING, AND MASONRY.

PROFESSIONAL CRAFTSPEOPLE OFTEN
FOREGO MASS-PRODUCED TOOLS

AND INVEST IN HIGH-QUALITY
HAND-FORGED HAMMERS.

THE STEEL HEAD OF THIS HAMMER
WAS FORGED BY A BLACKSMITH.

THIS IS JUST ONE OUT OF
40 DIFFERENT STYLES OF HAMMERS

MADE BY A BLACKSMITH.

USING A METAL-CUTTING BAND SAW,

A BLACKSMITH CUTS A PIECE
OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL

HE MAKES THE CUT SLIGHTLY LARGER

THAN THE FINAL HAMMERHEAD SIZE.

NEXT, HE BURNS SMALL AMOUNT OF
PAPER ON COALS

IN A CAST STEEL POT.

A FAN,
LOCATED UNDERNEATH THE COALS

BLOWS AIR UPWARD
TO STOKE THE FIRE.

ONCE THE COALS ARE HOT,

THE CRAFTSMAN IMMERSES
THE STEEL PIECE IN THE FIRE.

ONCE THE STEEL IS
GLOWING BRIGHT RED,

HE REMOVES THE PIECE WITH FROM
THE FIRE WITH TONGS.

HE BEGINS STRIKING IT WITH A
MECHANICAL FORGING HAMMER

OPERATED BY A FOOT PEDAL.

THROUGHOUT THE FORGING PROCESS
THE STEEL IS REHEATED

TO KEEP IT FORMABLE.

THE CRAFTSMAN LOWERS THE PEDAL,

WHICH ACTIVATES
THE MACHINE'S HAMMER.

AS THE HAMMER STRIKES,

THE CRAFTSMAN TURNS
THE CYLINDRICAL PIECE OF STEEL

TO FLATTEN THE SIDES
AND SHAPE IT INTO A BLOCK.

USING A SPECIALIZED TOOL,

HE MAKES A PUNCH ON
THE BLOCK TO FORM A CHANNEL.

HE FLIPS THE BLOCK
AND PUNCHES OUT

THE COMPRESSED STEEL
TO CREATE A HOLE.

THIS HOLE IS
THE EYE OF THE HAMMER.

NEXT, THE CRAFTSMAN USES A TOOL
CALLED A SPRING SWAGE

TO FLATTEN ONE END OF THE BLOCK

INTO THE WEDGE-SHAPED END OF
THE HAMMER KNOWN AS THE PEEN.

EACH SIDE OF THE PEEN IS SHAPED
AGAINST THE GRINDING WHEEL

TO EVEN OUT THE SURFACE.

WORKING ON AN ANVIL,

THE CRAFTSMAN FLATTENS THE BLOCK
WITH A HANDHELD HAMMER.

THEN, WITH A TOOL
CALLED A FLATTER.

HE USES AN
OVAL EYE-CONTOURING TOOL

TO HAMMER A HOLE
TO FORM THE EYE.

NOW COMPLETE, THE CRAFTSMAN
POLISHES THE HAMMERHEAD

ON A SERIES OF GRINDING BELTS.

THEN THE HAMMERHEAD IS PLACED
BACK INTO THE FIRE

FOR MORE REHEATING.

BACK ON THE ANVIL,
HE USES A WIRE BRUSH

TO REMOVE SCALE
CAUSED BY OXIDATION.

THEN BRANDS
THE STEEL WITH HIS NAME.

AFTER HEAT TREATING BOTH
ENDS OF THE HAMMERHEAD,

TO HARDEN THE STEEL AT
THE STRIKING SURFACES,

HE FINISHES OFF THE METALWORK
WITH A DIE GRINDER,

SMOOTHING THE SHARP
EDGES AROUND THE EYE

AND FORMING A BEVEL.

ONCE COMPLETE, THE CRAFTSMAN
MOVES ON TO THE WOODEN HANDLE.

HE SHAPES A BLOCK OF WOOD,

OFTEN USING HICKORY,
WITH AN ANGLE GRINDER.

USING THE GRINDING WHEEL,
HE SHAVES OFF THE TOP

TO FIT IN
THE EYE OF THE HAMMERHEAD.

WITH A BAND SAW, HE MAKES
A 2-INCH CUT INTO THE WOOD.

HE CUTS A WEDGE OUT OF
A SOFTER TYPE OF WOOD,

USUALLY PINE.

HE MARKS THE DIAMETER
OF THE EYE ON THE WEDGE

THEN SANDS OFF THE EXCESS WOOD

SO THAT THE WEDGE
WILL FIT IN THE EYE.

HE INSERTS THE SPLIT
END OF THE WOOD HANDLE

IN THE EYE, FORCING IT THROUGH.

THEN HE HAMMERS
THE WEDGE INTO THE SPLIT.

THIS PUSHES
THE TWO SIDES OF THE SPLIT

IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS,
LODGING THE HANDLE IN THE EYE.

NEXT, THE CRAFTSMAN HAMMERS IN
A HOLLOW ROUND STEEL WEDGE

UNTIL IT'S FLUSH
WITH THE HAMMERHEAD.

THIS WEDGE SPREADS THE WOOD
IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS,

LOCKING IN THE HANDLE.

HE REMOVES EXCESS WOOD
WITH AN ANGLE GRINDER

UNTIL THE TOP OF
THE HAMMER IS LEVEL AND SMOOTH.

FINALLY,
THIS HANDMADE TOOL IS READY

TO MAKE IT'S CONTRIBUTION
TO HAND CRAFTSMANSHIP.

Narrator:
GUMMY VITAMINS WERE INVENTED
IN THE LATE THE 20th CENTURY

BY AN COUPLE
LOOKING FOR A WAY

TO ENTICE THEIR DAUGHTER
TO TAKE HER VITAMINS.

INFUSED INTO A GUMMY CANDY,

VITAMINS ARE NOW A SWEET
AND CHEWY EXPERIENCE

FOR BOTH KIDS AND ADULTS.

JUST LIKE GUMMY CANDIES,

GUMMY VITAMINS COME IN A VARIETY
OF SWEET, FRUITY FLAVORS,

MAKING A VITAMIN
A LESS BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW.

EACH GUMMY VITAMIN STARTS
WITH A SPECIFIC FORMULA.

FIRST RAW INGREDIENTS ARE
SELECTED AND WEIGHED.

SOME ARE IN LIQUID FORM
AND OTHERS ARE SOLIDS.

THE NUTRITIONAL INGREDIENTS
ARE BLENDED WITH WATER.

THIS PARTICULAR BATCH IS
A MULTIVITAMIN PREPARATION.

IT INCLUDES MAGNESIUM,
CALCIUM, AND OTHER MINERALS.

IN A SEPARATE TANK, TECHNICIANS
PREPARE THE GELATIN BASE

WHICH GIVES THE VITAMINS
A JELLY-LIKE CONSISTENCY.

NEXT, SUGAR AND GELATIN PRE-MIX
IS POURED INTO THE TANK.

THE TECHNICIAN
ADDS A SUGAR SUBSTITUTE

TO THE OTHER INGREDIENTS.

MEANWHILE, SPECIFIC AMOUNTS OF
WATER AND GLUCOSE

ARE DISPENSED INTO THE TANK.

IT TAKES ABOUT FIVE MINUTES

TO BLEND THE INGREDIENTS
FOR THE GELATIN BASE.

THEN, THE GUMMY VITAMIN BASE

IS TRANSFERRED TO
A LARGE HOLDING TANK.

IN THE LAB, THE NUTRITIONAL
MIXTURE IS TESTED

FOR CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS
HEAVY METALS AND BACTERIA.

AN AUTOMATED SYRINGE INJECTS
THE SOLUTIONS INTO TEST TUBES

RINSING INBETWEEN INJECTIONS.

NOW THE SAMPLES IN THE TEST
TUBES ARE READY TO BE ANALYZED.

FOR HEAVY METAL TESTING,

THE SAMPLE IS INJECTED INTO AN
EXTREMELY HOT VACUUM CHAMBER.

THE PLASMA FLAME TURNS THE METAL
CONTAMINANTS INTO ATOMS,

WHICH THE MACHINE
READS AS DIFFERENT COLORS.

THE MACHINE ALSO IDENTIFIES
AND QUANTIFIES CONTAMINANTS.

WITH THE SAMPLES
CLEARED FOR PROCESSING,

THEY'RE READY
FOR FLAVORING AND COLORANT.

MORE VITAMINS ARE ADDED
IN POWDER FORM

TO BOOST THE FORMULA'S POTENCY.

THE LIQUID VITAMIN PREPARATION
AND THE GELATIN BASE

IS PIPED INTO THE MIXING TANK

THEN, EVERYTHING
IS BLENDED TOGETHER.

THE BATTER IS NOW READY
TO BE MADE

INTO THOUSANDS OF GUMMY
VITAMINS.

A CONVEYOR QUEUES UP
THE VITAMIN MOLDS.

MULTIPLE NOZZLES DEPOSIT
PRECISE AMOUNTS OF BATTER

INTO SMALL MOLDS.

THE CONVEYOR MOVES
THE TRAY FORWARD

AS THE GUMMY VITAMINS
BEGIN TO SOLIDIFY.

A ROBOTIC ARM STACKS THE MOLD
TRAYS IN A HOLDING AREA.

THE ARM GENTLY LOWERS
THE TRAYS INTO PLACE.

FOR SEVERAL HOURS,

THE PILLS CONTINUE TO
HARDEN IN THE MOLDS.

ONCE COMPLETELY SOLIDIFIED,

THE GUMMY VITAMINS
ARE REMOVED FROM THE MOLDS

AND TRANSFERRED
INTO A REVOLVING DRUM.

THE TUMBLE IN
THE DRUM SEPARATES THEM.

THEY EXIT ONTO
A PERFORATED CONVEYOR

AND ANY SMALL BITS
FALL THROUGH THE HOLES.

THE CONVEYOR ZIGZAGS
BACK AND FORTH,

ALLOWING THE GUMMY VITAMINS
TO COOL AND FURTHER SOLIDIFY.

THE GUMMY VITAMINS HAVE NOW
REACHED THEIR FINAL CONSISTENCY.

THE GUMMY VITAMINS HEAD INTO
A STEAM CHAMBER.

THE HUMIDITY FROM THE STEAM

PREPS THE VITAMINS
FOR SUGARCOATING.

THE SUGAR CLINGS TO
THE GUMMY VITAMINS.

AND THE REVOLVING ACTION OF
THE DRUM SHAKES OFF ANY EXCESS,

LEAVING JUST A DUSTING
ON THE SURFACE.

AT THE PACKAGING STATION,
THE VITAMINS FUNNEL INTO CHUTES

WHERE SENSORS COUNT AND RELEASE
THE PILLS INTO BOTTLES.

AS THE BOTTLES MOVE FORWARD,
CAPS LAND ON THE RIMS.

AND SPINNING RUBBER MECHANISMS
SCREW THE CAPS ON TIGHTLY.

DOWN THE LINE,
LABELS WITH PRODUCT INFORMATION

ARE PLACED ONTO EACH BOTTLE.

DEPENDING ON THE FORMULATION,
IT CAN TAKE UP TO THREE WEEKS

TO PRODUCE GUMMY VITAMIN PILLS
AND THE RESULT?

NUTRITIOUS GUMDROPS
THAT ARE A REAL TREAT.

Narrator: BEFORE YOU CAN TAKE
A BOAT OUT ON THE WATER,

YOU HAVE TO TRANSPORT IT
TO THE WATER.

A BOAT TRAILER ATTACHES TO
THE REAR OF YOUR VEHICLE

WITH A TRAILER HITCH.

YOU BACK THE TRAILER
INTO THE WATER

THEN RELEASE THE BOAT
AND LET IT FLOAT AWAY FREELY.

A BOAT TRAILER HAS EITHER
A QUICK-RELEASE LATCH SYSTEM

OR A WINCH, A WHEEL YOU CRANK
TO WIND OR UNWIND A STRAP

THAT HOOKS ONTO THE BOAT.

BOAT TRAILERS BACK UP INTO WATER

SO USING CORROSION-RESISTANT
MATERIALS IS VITAL.

THIS TRAILER IS ALUMINUM

WITH TORSION AXLES MADE
OF GALVANIZED STEEL.

TORSION AXLES CONTAIN
SHOCK-ABSORBING RUBBER CORES.

ON EACH AXLE,
A MACHINIST GREASES THE SPINDLE,

AND INSTALLS A MOUNTING
BRACKET FOR THE BRAKE CALIPER.

ALL THE NUTS AND BOLTS HOLDING
THE TRAILER'S PARTS TOGETHER

ARE STAINLESS STEEL.

THE MACHINIST MOUNTS THE WHEEL
HUB ON THE SPINDLE.

THE BRAKE ROTOR IS BUILT
RIGHT INTO THE HUB.

HE SECURES THE HUB
WITH A CASTLE NUT

AND ADJUSTS THE TENSION.

HE INSERTS A COTTER PIN
TO LOCK THE CASTLE NUT,

BENDING THE PIN WITH
A FEW TAPS OF A HAMMER.

HE PUMPS GREASE INTO
THE HUB FOR LUBRICATION

THEN TAPS IN A DUST CAP
TO SEAL IN THE GREASE.

HE INSTALLS THE BRAKE CALIPER
ON THE MOUNTING BRACKET.

HE HOOKS UP THE BRAKE
LINE TO THE CALIPER

AND MOUNTS THE TIRE TO THE HUB.

ON THE BACK OF THE TIRE,

THERE'S A SMALL BRASS ELBOW
FOR CONNECTING THE BRAKE LINE.

THE FRAME THAT SITS ON
THE AXLES IS MADE OF ALUMINUM.

ALUMINUM IS STRONG
AND CORROSION-RESISTANT

BUT ALSO LIGHTWEIGHT.

THE FRAME HAS TWO MAIN
FRONT-TO-BACK BEAMS.

USING A TEMPLATE
FOR ACCURATE POSITIONING,

ANOTHER MACHINIST
PUNCHES BOLTHOLES

INTO THE BEAMS
WITH A HYDRAULIC TOOL.

HE USES A BENDING PRESS
TO CURVE THE BEAMS

TO THE SPECIFIED ANGLE.

THIS TYPE OF
ALUMINUM CAN BE BENT

WITHOUT COMPROMISING
ITS STRENGTH.

NEXT, AN ANTI-CORROSION COATING

IS BRUSHED ONTO THE AXLE'S
MOUNTING PLATES.

TECHNICIANS POSITION THE BEAMS
ON THE AXLE PLATES,

ALIGNING THE MATCHING BOLTHOLES.

THEY BOLT THE BEAMS
TO THE PLATES,

THEN BOLT A REAR CROSSMEMBER
UNDERNEATH THE TWO MAIN BEAMS.

THIS GIVES THE FRAME
SIDE-TO-SIDE STRENGTH

AND STABILITY
IN ADDITION TO HELPING

SUPPORT THE LOAD OF THE BOAT.

A PAIR OF MOUNTS ARE BOLTED
ONTO THE REAR CROSSMEMBER

AND ON EACH OF THE TWO AXLES.

THE BUNK, THE PART
THAT SUPPORTS THE BOAT,

SLOTS INTO THE GAP BETWEEN
EACH PAIR OF MOUNTS.

THE BUNK HAS A WOOD CAP
THAT'S CARPETED

TO PROTECT THE BOAT'S HULL.

TO REINFORCE THE BUNK,

PUNCH HOLES ARE MADE
IN ALUMINUM PLATES

AND BENT WITH A PRESS.

SWAY BRACES ARE BOLTED
TO THE MOUNTS

FOR ADDITIONAL SUPPORT.

THIS COMPANY MAKES
A PATENTED PIVOTING BUNK

THAT ADJUSTS TO BOAT HULLS
OF VARYING SHAPES.

AT THE FRONT OF THE FRAME,
MACHINISTS INSTALL THE TONGUE.

THE TONGUE UNITES THE TWO MAIN
BEAMS WITH THE COUPLER

THAT HOOKS UP TO THE TOE HITCH
AT THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE.

FOR TRAILERS WITH A WINCH,

ALUMINUM PARTS ARE CUT
FOR THE WINCH STAND.

A TECHNICIAN PLACES THE PARTS
IN AN ASSEMBLY JIG

WHICH ALIGNS THEM CORRECTLY.

THEN, THE PARTS
ARE TACK WELDED TOGETHER.

ONCE WELDING IS COMPLETE,

THE TECHNICIAN REMOVES THEM
FROM THE JIG,

TACK WELDS ONE ADDITIONAL PART,

THEN WELDS
ALL THE PARTS TOGETHER.

HE REMOVES ANY DEBRIS
FROM THE WELDED SEAMS

WITH A CLEANING SOLUTION.

NEXT, THE WINCH STAND
IS BOLTED TO THE TONGUE

AND THE WINCH IS INSTALLED.

THEN, THE BRAKE LINE
AND THE ELECTRICAL CABLE

FOR THE TRAILER'S L.E.D. LIGHTS
ARE CONNECTED.

GUIDES ARE ALSO INSTALLED, WHICH
CENTER THE BOAT ON THE TRAILER.

AN ALUMINUM FENDER IS MOUNTED
OVER EACH PAIR OF TIRES

AND REINFORCE IT WITH
A SUPPORT BRACKET

WHICH THEY BOLT TO THE FRAME.

LATCH SYSTEM TRAILERS
HAVE AN ALUMINUM BAR

WHICH STOPS THE BOW,

SECURING THE BOAT AT
JUST THE RIGHT POSITION.

FINALLY, THIS TOW TRAILER IS
READY FOR SMOOTH SAILING.

Narrator: THERE'S A LOT MORE TO
CANDLES THAN LIGHTS THE EYE.

BEFORE THEY WERE INVENTED,
PEOPLE RELIED ON CANDLES

MADE WITH WICKS FLOATING
IN FLAMMABLE, SPILLABLE OIL.

IN THE PAST, CANDLES WEREN'T
JUST USED FOR ILLUMINATION.

SINCE THEY BURN
AT SUCH A STEADY RATE,

PEOPLE HAVE EVEN
USED THEM AS CLOCKS.

THANKS TO ELECTRICITY,

CANDLES NO LONGER HAVE
TO ILLUMINATE OUR HOMES.

THEY CAN SIMPLY
BRIGHTEN OUR EVENINGS

WITH ATMOSPHERIC LIGHTING.

THIS WAX HAS BEEN MADE INTO
A POWDER WITH A ROTATING BAR

THAT SPRAYS DROPS OF
HOT WAX INTO THE AIR.

AS THE DROPS FALL, THEY COOL
AND BECOME SOLID WAX PARTICLES.

A SPECIALIZED MACHINE
CALLED A CORE PRESS

VACUUMS THE POWDER AND BEGINS A
MULTI-STEP PROCESS.

A SERIES OF SMALL
TUBE-SHAPED HOLES WITH POWDER

THEN HYDRAULIC PISTONS
COMPRESS THE POWDER

INTO SHORT CYLINDERS.

TRANSPORT UNITS MOVE
THEM TO THE NEXT STATION.

THE COMPRESSED WAX CYLINDER
WILL FORM THE CORE OF THE CANDLE

AND PREVENT THE BURNING WICK

FROM TOUCHING
THE EDGES OF THE GLASS.

FIRST, IT NEEDS
A WICK AND A SUSTAINER.

THE METAL SUSTAINER
IS THE WICK'S BASE.

THIS MACHINE SHOOTS WICKS
INTO THE SUSTAINERS,

CRIMPS THEM,
AND INSERTS THE COMPONENTS

INTO THE CANDLE CORE.

A MACHINE PLACES DROPS OF GLUE

IN THE BOTTOM OF A SERIES
OF SMALL GLASS CONTAINERS

BEFORE PLACING
THE CANDLE CORES INSIDE.

THE GLUE HOLDS
THE SUSTAINERS IN PLACE

TO PREVENT THEM FROM
SLIDING AROUND WHEN HOT.

ONTO THE NEXT PHASE
OF PRODUCTION,

LIQUEFIED WAX IS POURED
INTO A MIXING TANK.

A TECHNICIAN POURS IN
A SERIES OF ADDITIVES.

THEY INCLUDE PLASTICIZERS
TO HELP SOLIDIFY THE WAX

AND PREVENT CRYSTALLIZATION,

AS WELL AS UV LIGHT INHIBITORS

THAT CAN PROTECT
THE WAX FROM COLOR FADING.

HE POURS A PREMEASURED QUANTITY
OF DYE INTO THE CONTAINER.

AN AGITATOR BEGINS
THE MIXING PROCESS

WHICH TAKES 20 TO 30 MINUTES

TO ENSURE THAT EVERYTHING
IS THOROUGHLY COMBINED.

THE WAX IS MAINTAINED
AT 185 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

SO THE LIQUID IS KEPT IN
ITS LIQUID STATE.

THEN, THE LIQUID WAX
TRAVELS THROUGH TUBING

TO A COMPUTERIZED
FILLING STATION.

A SET OF NOZZLES FILL THE JARS,

SURROUNDING
AND COVERING THE CORES.

ONCE FILLED,
THE JARS MOVE SLOWLY

THROUGH TWO SEPARATE
COOLING CHAMBERS.

THE CANDLES UNDERGO EXTENSIVE
QUALITY CONTROL TESTING

FOR FLAME HEIGHT

AND THE TEMPERATURE ON
THE EXTERIOR OF THE CONTAINER.

THIS FACILITY ALSO
MANUFACTURES TEA LIGHT CANDLES.

THE CONTAINERS ARE
MADE OF ALUMINUM ALLOY

PRESSED INTO A CUP SHAPE WITH
SMALL PANELS AT THE BOTTOM

DESIGNED TO DIRECT
MELTED WAX TO THE CENTER.

MOVED BY AIR, THE CONTAINERS
FALL INTO A SORTER

WHICH SPINS THEM INTO
AN UPRIGHT POSITION

AND ONTO A CONVEYOR
THAT OFFLOADS THEM

TO THE NEXT STATIONS.

LIKE CANDLES, TEA LIGHTS REQUIRE
SUSTAINERS AND GLUE

TO HOLD THE WICK IN PLACE.

THE STEEL DISCS DROP INTO
A VIBRATING SORTING DEVICE.

A GIANT SPOOL OF WAXED THREAD
IS FED INTO THE WICKING MACHINE

THE MACHINE CUTS, AND INSERTS IT
INTO THE SUSTAINER CLIP,

AND GLUES THE ASSEMBLY
INTO A TEA LIGHT CONTAINER,

THE CONTAINERS, WITH
SUSTAINERS AND WICKS IN PLACE,

MOVE TO A CIRCULAR
BUFFERING TABLE

WHICH DISPERSES
INTO THREE CHANNELS.

A MULTI-PRONG DEVICE
ADVANCES THE CONTAINERS

ONTO THE FILLING MACHINE'S
CONVEYOR SYSTEM.

THE MACHINE FILLS THE CONTAINERS
IN A TWO-STEP PROCESS,

FILLING THEM HALFWAY,
LETTING THEM COOL,

THEN TOPPING THEM UP AND COOLING
THE COMPLETED PRODUCT.

THE TWO-STEP FILLING PROCESS
ENSURES A CONSISTENT PRODUCT

AT A FASTER MANUFACTURING RATE.

THE COOLING CHAMBER CIRCULATES
AIR THROUGH THE SPACE

AT A SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE

TO COOL THE CANDLES
AT A CALIBRATED RATE.

FROM START TO FINISH,

IT TAKES JUST 45 MINUTES TO
PRODUCE AND PACKAGE A TEA LIGHT.

THERE'S A LOT MORE TO
THAT COZY CANDLE GLOW

THAN JUST WAX AND WICKS.