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The Ocean....
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the last frontier on earth.
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{\an8}So much is unexplored
and unexplained.
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{\an8}To change that...
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a kickass team of insanely
talented specialists is
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setting out to push the
frontiers of what we know
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about our oceans.
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Oh my gosh.
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Zoleka Filander,
deep sea scientist.
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Being a
deep-sea researcher means
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having front row tickets to
the best movie that everybody
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wants to watch.
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Melissa Márquez...
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Straight ahead, 12:00.
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Shark biologist.
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We just saw
what no one has seen before.
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Eric Stackpole...
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Scan now!
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Ocean
tech innovator.
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I love
building tools that allow us
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to see things in ways
we've never seen before.
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And Aldo Kane...
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This is insane.
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Former
Royal Marine; special ops.
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It doesn't get
any more cutting-edge
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exploration than this.
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Their secret weapon...
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...the OceanXplorer .
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The most technologically
advanced research vessel
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ever built.
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There's never been a more
urgent need to understand
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our ocean and the animals
that call it home...
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Because their
lives and ours depend on it.
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This time...
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we're on the trail of the
Arctic's ultimate predator...
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Go, go!
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The polar bear.
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{\an8}.
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The OceanXplorer is
deep inside the Arctic Circle...
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in Svalbard.
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400 miles North of Norway...
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It's wild, remote, and frozen.
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And Svalbard is home to
around 300 polar bears.
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{\an8}
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Polar bears are
actually considered marine
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mammals on account of how
much time they spend on ice.
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Yeah,
extraordinary really.
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Polar Bears have
evolved to thrive on the ice,
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searching for pretty
much one thing...
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Seals.
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{\an8}In one of the coldest
places on the planet,
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{\an8}calorie rich seal blubber...
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is the difference between life
and death for a polar bear.
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But bears can only hunt
seals when the sea is frozen.
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When the ice melts,
seal season ends.
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The team is here
in late summer...
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The sea ice is almost gone,
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tough times for the polar bear.
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But recently it's
become a lot harder.
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Their ice kingdom
is in danger...
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so the team needs to find
out if they can survive.
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The Arctic
region is warming
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{\an8}four times faster than
any part in the world
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{\an8}and this is a huge problem
for the polar bears
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because the summers are longer
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and this means that
there's not enough sea ice.
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But
that's just open water.
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Yeah.
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He's just wandering.
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When there's no
ice here, bears are forced to
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search for food on land.
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It's hard to
go here without thinking about
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change, and how these pieces
of ice are dwindling away,
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{\an8}and specifically is going to
affect the behavior of the
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{\an8}Polar bears.
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With this
environment changing so rapidly,
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the team's first
mission is to find out if
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Svalbard's bears
still have enough to eat.
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That means coming face to
face with one of nature's
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most dangerous predators.
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Aldo leads the aerial team,
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with two experts who survey
the bears' health each year.
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{\an8}Jon and Rolf are
both working for the Norwegian
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00:05:27,285 --> 00:05:31,372
{\an8}polar institute up here in
Svalbard, so they've got this
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study that's been going
for over 20 years now.
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What they're struggling
to work out is, is how the
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climate's changing is having
an effect on polar bears.
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{\an8}Almost every year,
you know they would have
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00:05:48,389 --> 00:05:51,768
{\an8}continuous sea ice down to the
islands here, and as that part
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00:05:51,851 --> 00:05:54,145
of the year gets shorter and
shorter it gets harder and
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00:05:54,228 --> 00:05:57,607
harder to, to be a polar bear.
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00:06:04,989 --> 00:06:07,533
Jon needs to
sedate and examine as many
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00:06:07,617 --> 00:06:10,328
bears as possible.
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00:06:10,787 --> 00:06:13,247
Let's go
over the fjord a bit.
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00:06:18,419 --> 00:06:20,296
With the
climate changing, with sea ice
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retreating further north, does
that mean there will be less
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00:06:23,383 --> 00:06:26,052
seals for the
bears here to eat?
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00:06:26,135 --> 00:06:27,970
The main thing
it's less seals that are
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possible to catch.
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Right, right.
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00:06:31,474 --> 00:06:33,351
They follow the
coastline looking for bears
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that are on the
prowl for food.
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Do you
see the fresh tracks?
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Yeah, yeah.
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Bear!
There's a bear down there!
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He's a big bear.
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{\an8}Rolf is a vet...
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his job is to dart
the bear safely.
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The dart won't hurt the bear.
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It should put it to
sleep in minutes...
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but it's not an exact science.
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He looks out cold...
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but they can't be sure.
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If he isn't fully sedated,
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he could easily kill
Rolf and the team.
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Yeah he's fine.
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If you want to bring the...
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Oxygen?
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Oxygen,
yeah you bring that and you
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00:08:04,108 --> 00:08:07,403
bring that there yeah.
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You want to put it on?
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Yep... wow.
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The blindfold
protects its eyes and helps to
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keep it sedated while
Rolf takes its vitals.
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He's
got deep, good breaths.
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Beautiful.
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Just the muscle...
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00:08:27,298 --> 00:08:28,633
- Yeah.
- In these shoulders.
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Try with your
hands and compare with those.
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Yeah, you can see
just how specialized these are
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for the way they hunt.
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They're
very specialized at waiting at
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a breathing hole for a seal
and it's got to catch it and
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00:08:39,727 --> 00:08:42,104
drag it away.
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00:08:42,188 --> 00:08:44,857
Rolf thinks
he's around 8 years old.
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Quite a
lot of the adult males you see
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00:08:47,401 --> 00:08:49,862
their broken
teeth, fighting a lot.
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00:08:49,946 --> 00:08:51,948
But this guy he's
got really nice teeth.
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00:08:52,031 --> 00:08:53,658
He's in
the prime of his life.
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00:08:53,741 --> 00:08:55,243
He's in the
prime of his life really.
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Yeah.
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00:08:56,702 --> 00:08:58,621
Try to see, yeah.
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00:08:58,746 --> 00:09:00,748
By this point in
late summer, there's been very
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00:09:00,831 --> 00:09:03,918
little sea ice around Svalbard
for almost four months.
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He's a little bit thin.
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00:09:06,045 --> 00:09:08,464
He's a bit below
average I would say, yeah.
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Yeah.
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00:09:09,966 --> 00:09:11,717
A blood sample
will show whether this bear is
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eating seals, or
something else.
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00:09:15,012 --> 00:09:18,057
Each one of
these tubes will be tested for
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00:09:18,140 --> 00:09:19,392
something different?
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00:09:19,725 --> 00:09:21,811
Yeah, so you can
get some indication about what
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they have eaten, if he's
eaten mostly seals or more
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terrestrial food.
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00:09:26,816 --> 00:09:31,404
Starvation
is, is the biggest um cause of
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death for Polar Bears.
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But what we suspect
might happen is that where
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we've seen the effects of sea
ice loss, when things suddenly
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get worse, it will be the
youngest and oldest bears
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that will be affected first.
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There he is...
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so that's him back on his
feet now, he was under for
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just less than an hour, the
guys have got all their
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measurements done now,
given him the antidote to the
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anesthetic, so
he's now back awake.
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Um, he's standing there
just for a few more minutes
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probably just while
he gets his bearings,
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and then he'll head off.
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There's another
bear that Jon is really
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worried about.
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A much older bear
that he knows well.
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She's called Lyra.
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Jon first met her
nine years ago,
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as she emerged from
her den with new cubs.
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He's been
following her ever since.
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But the GPS collar that he
fitted to keep track of Lyra
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stopped moving.
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It's a worrying sign.
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Her collar data shows that
after a long summer with no
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{\an8}sea ice, she spent two months
walking almost 600 miles
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{\an8}up and down the coastline.
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{\an8}Jon believes she was
searching for food.
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{\an8}Then she stopped
moving altogether.
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{\an8}That was almost a year ago.
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Should be somewhere
here, should be to the right
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here, should be
just underneath.
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So it's 20 meters now,
about here.
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Oh right.
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There you go.
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Lyra
didn't make it.
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What's sad is that
she had two small cubs when we
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captured her last autumn.
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The cubs
you think are dead also?
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They, they
are for sure dead.
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00:12:28,164 --> 00:12:29,206
If she died then...
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Because there's
no, no way they could have
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survived without her.
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Hm.
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The mortality
rate is quite high then?
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It's pretty high
among juveniles, so maybe
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2 out of the 3 you know dies.
202
00:12:53,022 --> 00:12:54,190
Oh wow.
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00:12:54,273 --> 00:12:55,691
Within a
bit more than a year.
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Yeah.
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00:13:05,075 --> 00:13:07,953
Seeing a polar
bear that's starved to death
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00:13:08,037 --> 00:13:11,874
was really quite
emotional for me.
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00:13:13,125 --> 00:13:18,047
To think what she has gone
through, losing her two cubs
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00:13:18,130 --> 00:13:22,718
and wandering hundreds of
miles looking for food.
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00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:25,763
You hear about temperatures
rising and ice melting,
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00:13:25,846 --> 00:13:29,350
but this really brings it home
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00:13:29,433 --> 00:13:32,186
when you see the
fate of a family.
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00:13:44,907 --> 00:13:47,159
For the rest of
the team, seeing the speed of
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00:13:47,243 --> 00:13:50,579
change here is
equally shocking.
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00:13:51,914 --> 00:13:54,041
The amount of
sea ice that we're losing just
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00:13:54,124 --> 00:13:56,710
from changes in the
environment is greater than
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00:13:56,794 --> 00:14:01,090
the amount of rainforest we're
losing in the last 50 years.
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00:14:01,549 --> 00:14:03,342
Seeing this
loss makes their mission
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00:14:03,425 --> 00:14:06,303
even more urgent.
219
00:14:09,014 --> 00:14:10,975
Climate
change is not really something
220
00:14:11,058 --> 00:14:13,060
you can see...
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00:14:13,143 --> 00:14:15,771
but here in Svalbard,
you actually get to see it
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00:14:15,855 --> 00:14:18,566
happening right in
front of your eyes.
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00:14:21,485 --> 00:14:24,321
Aldo and the
helicopter team push on...
224
00:14:24,405 --> 00:14:27,867
they need to find out if other
polar bear cubs have survived
225
00:14:27,950 --> 00:14:31,036
with so little sea ice.
226
00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:33,831
There's a
bear, yeah that's a bear.
227
00:14:33,914 --> 00:14:36,500
A
mother and a cub.
228
00:14:37,710 --> 00:14:40,671
Both bears
are safely darted;
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00:14:40,754 --> 00:14:43,424
the team has to work fast.
230
00:14:44,258 --> 00:14:46,719
All good?
She's okay, she's fine?
231
00:14:46,802 --> 00:14:48,012
Yeah she's fine.
232
00:14:48,095 --> 00:14:49,179
Good condition?
233
00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,309
She's not too bad,
given that she has a small cub.
234
00:14:53,392 --> 00:14:56,020
And the cub is?
235
00:14:56,103 --> 00:14:58,898
Doing well.
236
00:14:58,981 --> 00:15:02,234
Jon's relieved
to find a healthy family.
237
00:15:07,615 --> 00:15:09,783
Is it a male cub?
238
00:15:09,867 --> 00:15:12,077
Let's
see...
239
00:15:12,578 --> 00:15:13,829
That's a male yeah.
240
00:15:13,913 --> 00:15:15,039
Yeah, male cub.
241
00:15:15,331 --> 00:15:17,041
He will be
8 months, he was born about
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00:15:17,124 --> 00:15:19,543
new year's.
243
00:15:20,920 --> 00:15:23,839
Jon knows
this mother bear too.
244
00:15:24,256 --> 00:15:29,053
He first met her seven years ago
when she was just a cub herself.
245
00:15:31,347 --> 00:15:34,934
It's now her turn to try
to keep her baby alive.
246
00:15:35,893 --> 00:15:37,811
This cub will,
will still be breast feeding,
247
00:15:37,895 --> 00:15:39,063
is that right?
248
00:15:39,146 --> 00:15:40,105
Yeah.
249
00:15:40,356 --> 00:15:42,232
I just checked that
she had milk, so it's like
250
00:15:42,316 --> 00:15:44,568
white milk, so I just note
that, which means she's
251
00:15:44,652 --> 00:15:46,278
still doing ok.
252
00:15:46,362 --> 00:15:49,156
Sometimes you know if they're
really food stressed,
253
00:15:49,239 --> 00:15:51,867
they stop giving milk.
254
00:15:51,951 --> 00:15:53,327
And that
stress would come from the
255
00:15:53,410 --> 00:15:54,787
environment and not
being able to eat?
256
00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:57,039
Yeah from too
little food, too little to eat.
257
00:15:57,122 --> 00:15:58,374
And
the cub is fine?
258
00:15:58,457 --> 00:16:01,001
Yeah.
259
00:16:01,085 --> 00:16:03,671
In fact,
he's on the heavy side.
260
00:16:03,754 --> 00:16:05,464
This
guy is a little chubby.
261
00:16:05,547 --> 00:16:07,341
Yeah.
262
00:16:08,217 --> 00:16:11,011
There we go.
263
00:16:11,637 --> 00:16:14,932
Weighing mom
requires all hands-on deck.
264
00:16:15,891 --> 00:16:20,646
A bit more so
she's almost on the back.
265
00:16:22,147 --> 00:16:23,732
- There?
- Yeah.
266
00:16:23,816 --> 00:16:25,693
Alright she's off the ground.
267
00:16:25,776 --> 00:16:28,112
Okay.
268
00:16:28,195 --> 00:16:30,072
She's 385 pounds,
269
00:16:30,155 --> 00:16:33,200
that means she's doing ok.
270
00:16:35,828 --> 00:16:38,706
Jon can now keep track of
both mum and cub with
271
00:16:38,789 --> 00:16:41,583
her GPS collar.
272
00:16:41,667 --> 00:16:43,210
She's starting
to have some twitching.
273
00:16:43,293 --> 00:16:45,295
Yeah, you
gotta be careful, now is not
274
00:16:45,379 --> 00:16:48,090
the time to put
fingers in her mouth.
275
00:16:50,968 --> 00:16:52,845
Rolf clears her
airway and makes sure she
276
00:16:52,928 --> 00:16:55,639
can't bite her own
tongue as she comes around.
277
00:17:07,276 --> 00:17:10,070
It's good to see
them both back up and awake now.
278
00:17:10,154 --> 00:17:12,406
Yeah.
279
00:17:16,368 --> 00:17:18,328
It's great to see
a well-fed mum and cub
280
00:17:18,412 --> 00:17:20,956
at this time of year...
281
00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:24,334
but with no seals to hunt,
what are they eating?
282
00:17:33,343 --> 00:17:35,721
The team's
second mission is to investigate
283
00:17:35,804 --> 00:17:39,349
if these bears are
adapting to hunt new prey.
284
00:17:40,476 --> 00:17:43,395
So Polar bears
have always been adaptive.
285
00:17:43,479 --> 00:17:45,564
They're opportunistic,
they always have been.
286
00:17:45,647 --> 00:17:49,568
But there isn't much else in
Svalbard and around Svalbard
287
00:17:49,651 --> 00:17:51,445
for them to eat.
288
00:17:51,528 --> 00:17:53,530
So we need to figure out
if they're switching to eat
289
00:17:53,614 --> 00:17:56,283
something else.
290
00:17:57,993 --> 00:17:59,953
Eric's up first.
291
00:18:00,037 --> 00:18:01,538
He's on the trail of an animal
292
00:18:01,622 --> 00:18:03,665
that could be filling
the seal gap...
293
00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:09,046
{\an8}walrus.
294
00:18:10,756 --> 00:18:13,509
{\an8}So, walruses
can weigh over 1,000 pounds
295
00:18:13,592 --> 00:18:16,095
and they have this thick
blubbery layer just like seals.
296
00:18:17,888 --> 00:18:19,598
Could that be what
the bears are eating?
297
00:18:19,681 --> 00:18:22,101
That's what I
want to find out.
298
00:18:22,935 --> 00:18:25,729
{\an8}
299
00:18:26,105 --> 00:18:28,524
{\an8}With wildlife
cinematographer David...
300
00:18:28,607 --> 00:18:31,860
{\an8}and polar safety guide Tom,
301
00:18:32,736 --> 00:18:36,323
Eric heads for the
walrus haul out.
302
00:18:39,118 --> 00:18:41,411
If we do see a
bear in the area, if either of
303
00:18:41,495 --> 00:18:44,081
you see anything that looks like
a bear, tell me straight away,
304
00:18:44,164 --> 00:18:46,291
uh if I see a bear, I'll let you
know, but the first thing
305
00:18:46,375 --> 00:18:48,377
we're gonna do if there is
a bear in the area is we're
306
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:49,962
gonna get back on the boat.
307
00:18:50,087 --> 00:18:51,964
OK.
308
00:18:59,388 --> 00:19:01,181
Some
sort of animal poop.
309
00:19:01,265 --> 00:19:02,975
Oh
yeah look at that.
310
00:19:03,058 --> 00:19:05,018
Let's, you know what that is?
311
00:19:05,102 --> 00:19:08,147
Um.
I mean it's sizable.
312
00:19:08,230 --> 00:19:10,566
I know,
it's kind of a big animal.
313
00:19:10,649 --> 00:19:12,693
- I mean it's not walrus poop...
- No.
314
00:19:12,776 --> 00:19:15,195
- And it's not fox poop.
- No. It's too big for that.
315
00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:18,073
It has fur in it
as well, I mean, so that means
316
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:19,658
it's a carnivore's poop.
317
00:19:19,741 --> 00:19:20,742
I mean...
318
00:19:20,826 --> 00:19:22,161
This
could be polar bear poop?
319
00:19:22,327 --> 00:19:23,245
Yep.
320
00:19:23,370 --> 00:19:24,371
They've been here.
321
00:19:24,454 --> 00:19:25,455
Yeah okay.
322
00:19:25,622 --> 00:19:27,124
Something's been in this area.
323
00:19:27,249 --> 00:19:28,917
Alright well
the, uh, the evidence is, is
324
00:19:29,001 --> 00:19:33,213
mounting that
perhaps we've got bears.
325
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:39,386
As they inch closer,
326
00:19:39,469 --> 00:19:41,305
they get a polar bear's eye view
327
00:19:41,388 --> 00:19:44,433
of the walrus colony.
328
00:19:45,017 --> 00:19:47,728
They've been spotted.
329
00:19:47,811 --> 00:19:48,896
Get down.
330
00:19:48,979 --> 00:19:51,732
Alright.
331
00:19:55,068 --> 00:19:56,445
Don't move.
332
00:19:58,405 --> 00:20:00,532
Look
at the size of them.
333
00:20:11,001 --> 00:20:14,421
They
beat a hasty retreat.
334
00:20:27,768 --> 00:20:29,770
By the time they
reach the boat...
335
00:20:29,853 --> 00:20:31,063
they're not alone.
336
00:20:41,531 --> 00:20:43,408
They're pretty curious...
337
00:20:43,492 --> 00:20:45,869
you might actually
wanna push off right now.
338
00:20:45,953 --> 00:20:47,537
- Yeah?
- Yeah.
339
00:20:47,621 --> 00:20:50,499
All right.
340
00:21:10,852 --> 00:21:13,272
They're sluggish on land, but
in the water, that is their
341
00:21:13,355 --> 00:21:16,191
turf and they know how to
handle themselves in it,
342
00:21:16,275 --> 00:21:19,111
so they can be very, very
dangerous, especially to a
343
00:21:19,194 --> 00:21:21,530
boat like this where you know
if they got aggressive with
344
00:21:21,613 --> 00:21:23,407
the boat, it could
puncture the, the hull.
345
00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:25,409
This is an inflatable boat...
346
00:21:25,492 --> 00:21:27,369
so these are these moments
where you don't really know
347
00:21:27,452 --> 00:21:29,871
what nature's gonna do.
348
00:21:29,955 --> 00:21:31,832
We're done,
we're gonna get out of here...
349
00:21:31,915 --> 00:21:34,501
All right, we gotta go.
350
00:21:49,016 --> 00:21:51,310
One encounter is not
definitive, but it seems very
351
00:21:51,393 --> 00:21:53,979
unlikely to me that a bear of
any size is going to be able
352
00:21:54,104 --> 00:21:57,399
to attack a fully
grown adult walrus.
353
00:22:07,576 --> 00:22:09,369
On the other
side of Svalbard, the helicopter
354
00:22:09,453 --> 00:22:12,497
team is also
looking for clues.
355
00:22:12,789 --> 00:22:14,791
It really
does boil life down into the
356
00:22:14,875 --> 00:22:18,503
absolute basics of, of
wandering around a barren
357
00:22:18,587 --> 00:22:21,256
wilderness looking
for your next meal.
358
00:22:21,340 --> 00:22:24,134
Yes.
Oh yeah absolutely.
359
00:22:25,010 --> 00:22:26,428
These bears
are definitely eating
360
00:22:26,511 --> 00:22:28,680
something substantial.
361
00:22:28,764 --> 00:22:30,515
He is fat.
362
00:22:30,599 --> 00:22:33,435
Yeah, super fat.
363
00:22:40,317 --> 00:22:42,486
They spot a clue.
364
00:22:42,652 --> 00:22:44,488
Oh is there some
sort of carcass down there.
365
00:22:44,571 --> 00:22:47,324
Just in
front of you, 12:00.
366
00:22:48,617 --> 00:22:51,495
Oh
there is something here.
367
00:23:00,128 --> 00:23:02,672
That is
a reindeer carcass.
368
00:23:02,756 --> 00:23:05,717
Look at that.
369
00:23:08,428 --> 00:23:10,972
Ah, there's another
carcass there, look?
370
00:23:11,056 --> 00:23:12,766
Yeah.
371
00:23:12,849 --> 00:23:15,936
This is uh interesting.
372
00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:18,438
Jon has only
ever seen bears scavenge
373
00:23:18,522 --> 00:23:20,732
dead reindeer.
374
00:23:20,816 --> 00:23:23,819
{\an8}
Reindeer up here.
375
00:23:24,444 --> 00:23:27,072
{\an8}Yeah,
lot of reindeer here.
376
00:23:27,155 --> 00:23:29,074
It's not long
before they see the evidence
377
00:23:29,157 --> 00:23:31,326
they're looking for.
378
00:23:31,410 --> 00:23:34,121
It's a bear.
379
00:23:34,204 --> 00:23:35,831
On the hill right this
side of the snow line.
380
00:23:35,914 --> 00:23:37,207
Oh yeah, yeah.
381
00:23:37,290 --> 00:23:38,625
He's on the move.
382
00:23:38,708 --> 00:23:41,002
Yeah he looks fat.
383
00:23:41,086 --> 00:23:42,587
He's very nice condition.
384
00:23:42,671 --> 00:23:44,464
Yeah.
385
00:23:44,548 --> 00:23:46,508
He's sort of
stalking up these little
386
00:23:46,591 --> 00:23:48,635
valleys to where
the reindeer are.
387
00:23:48,718 --> 00:23:52,305
Perfect
terrain for a reindeer ambush.
388
00:23:52,389 --> 00:23:54,057
That's the thing
with the bears, they're not
389
00:23:54,141 --> 00:23:58,353
really evolved for running or
for that sort of predation,
390
00:23:58,437 --> 00:24:00,730
but I guess if the terrain
suits that's just like
391
00:24:00,814 --> 00:24:02,399
classic ambush country.
392
00:24:02,482 --> 00:24:05,026
Yup it is.
393
00:24:06,027 --> 00:24:07,904
It was thought
that polar bears couldn't
394
00:24:07,988 --> 00:24:11,116
outrun something as fast as a
reindeer, but they're using
395
00:24:11,199 --> 00:24:13,994
the terrain to
their advantage.
396
00:24:14,077 --> 00:24:16,580
As a sniper it's my job to
close the distance to the
397
00:24:16,663 --> 00:24:20,667
target using cover and that's
exactly what the bear's doing,
398
00:24:21,084 --> 00:24:23,879
before it uses a
final burst of speed.
399
00:24:26,006 --> 00:24:28,633
It seems that
some of Svalbard's polar bears
400
00:24:28,717 --> 00:24:30,844
have found ways to
hunt new species
401
00:24:30,927 --> 00:24:33,847
in the long summer months...
402
00:24:34,347 --> 00:24:36,892
a possible lifeline as
their home gets warmer.
403
00:24:50,697 --> 00:24:51,948
So that's
very interesting.
404
00:24:52,032 --> 00:24:53,617
Professional reindeer hunter.
405
00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:56,161
Yup.
406
00:24:58,788 --> 00:25:00,790
Analysis of the
blood Jon's taken from the
407
00:25:00,874 --> 00:25:05,003
sedated bears tells him exactly
what they've been eating.
408
00:25:05,420 --> 00:25:07,881
Bears here are now consuming
a higher proportion of
409
00:25:07,964 --> 00:25:10,800
land-based prey than before.
410
00:25:10,884 --> 00:25:13,553
So, I guess with
it becoming warmer up here
411
00:25:13,637 --> 00:25:17,390
and less sea ice, they have
to adapt their behavior and,
412
00:25:17,474 --> 00:25:19,726
and their hunting strategy.
413
00:25:19,851 --> 00:25:21,603
So there is a
couple of things we've seen
414
00:25:21,686 --> 00:25:25,899
studying these local Svalbard
bears, is that bears use much
415
00:25:25,982 --> 00:25:29,986
more time on land, and we also
get evidence that reindeer
416
00:25:30,070 --> 00:25:33,156
actually are taken by polar
bears, like what we saw,
417
00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:35,659
you know the reindeer carcass.
418
00:25:40,205 --> 00:25:42,874
Mission accomplished.
419
00:25:42,958 --> 00:25:45,418
The team has witnessed the
evidence for themselves,
420
00:25:45,502 --> 00:25:48,755
that polar bears might be
able to adapt and survive
421
00:25:48,838 --> 00:25:52,259
in a warming climate.
422
00:25:54,177 --> 00:25:58,098
It's a Hollywood ending...
423
00:25:58,765 --> 00:26:02,102
but nature doesn't
do Hollywood endings.
424
00:26:05,230 --> 00:26:07,774
Polar bears in their prime
might be able to switch
425
00:26:07,857 --> 00:26:10,777
from seals to reindeer.
426
00:26:12,654 --> 00:26:16,741
But for new-born cubs,
that's just not an option.
427
00:26:23,498 --> 00:26:25,333
Polar bear cubs
are totally dependent on
428
00:26:25,417 --> 00:26:27,919
their mother's milk.
429
00:26:30,046 --> 00:26:35,927
Mom gives birth in winter and
keeps her cubs in the den for
430
00:26:36,011 --> 00:26:39,306
the first three months
while she nurses them.
431
00:26:41,224 --> 00:26:43,226
When they all emerge in spring,
432
00:26:43,310 --> 00:26:46,646
she's running on empty
and her cubs need solid food.
433
00:26:49,608 --> 00:26:51,651
Her salvation comes in
the form of a unique,
434
00:26:51,735 --> 00:26:54,112
frozen hunting ground,
435
00:26:54,195 --> 00:26:58,825
found at the base of Svalbard's
massive glacial cliffs.
436
00:27:01,745 --> 00:27:03,830
Glaciers are
an accumulation of snowfall
437
00:27:03,913 --> 00:27:08,627
over thousands of years, and
this forms a huge ice sheet.
438
00:27:10,378 --> 00:27:13,173
Where that ice meets the
ocean, it gives the sea ice
439
00:27:13,256 --> 00:27:15,884
a solid structure to latch onto.
440
00:27:16,926 --> 00:27:18,553
And it's the sea-ice
that's vital for
441
00:27:18,637 --> 00:27:20,597
polar bear mum's in spring...
442
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,142
It's where the
seals have their pup's.
443
00:27:28,605 --> 00:27:30,690
For a starving polar bear mum,
444
00:27:30,774 --> 00:27:34,611
these seals are the difference
between life and death.
445
00:27:42,077 --> 00:27:44,037
These feeding
grounds depend on
446
00:27:44,120 --> 00:27:47,207
glaciers like this
reaching the ocean...
447
00:27:49,250 --> 00:27:51,086
and there's the problem...
448
00:27:51,169 --> 00:27:53,963
Svalbard's
glaciers are melting...
449
00:27:54,047 --> 00:27:55,006
fast.
450
00:28:22,158 --> 00:28:26,204
If glaciers retreat onto land,
the sea-ice no longer has a
451
00:28:26,287 --> 00:28:29,582
strong anchor, it breaks
up and drifts away,
452
00:28:29,666 --> 00:28:34,170
taking the seals with it.
453
00:28:37,382 --> 00:28:40,593
Nearly a fifth of Svalbard's
glaciers have now retreated
454
00:28:40,677 --> 00:28:43,012
onto land.
455
00:28:43,847 --> 00:28:45,974
If this trend continues,
do polar bears even
456
00:28:46,057 --> 00:28:48,101
have a future here?
457
00:28:48,184 --> 00:28:50,228
For their final and most
important mission,
458
00:28:50,311 --> 00:28:52,230
the team wants to
answer the question,
459
00:28:52,313 --> 00:28:55,316
how fast are these
glaciers retreating?
460
00:29:00,905 --> 00:29:03,658
The OceanXplorer
has arrived at the largest
461
00:29:03,742 --> 00:29:06,369
glacier in Svalbard.
462
00:29:08,413 --> 00:29:11,374
Austfonna.
463
00:29:15,503 --> 00:29:18,965
This 3,000 square mile slab of
ice is ten times bigger than
464
00:29:19,048 --> 00:29:22,010
New York City.
465
00:29:26,181 --> 00:29:30,143
Every summer,
meltwater pours off it...
466
00:29:30,226 --> 00:29:32,812
and as the temperatures
increase, these waterfalls are
467
00:29:32,896 --> 00:29:36,191
expected to get bigger.
468
00:29:37,442 --> 00:29:41,780
Are these uncontrolled rivers
melting the glacier faster?
469
00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:51,247
{\an8}The team brings in top ice
scientist Andreas Alexander.
470
00:29:51,456 --> 00:29:52,749
{\an8}Hello,
nice to meet you...
471
00:29:52,832 --> 00:29:55,293
{\an8}Andreas
Alexander is a glacial
472
00:29:55,376 --> 00:29:57,796
scientist, he studies the way
the glaciers are changing
473
00:29:57,879 --> 00:30:00,799
over time, and he's been doing
this for many years, so he's an
474
00:30:00,882 --> 00:30:04,552
expert in all the subtle ways
glacial movement may be
475
00:30:04,636 --> 00:30:07,013
affecting the
environment around it.
476
00:30:09,516 --> 00:30:11,518
Melissa Márquez
will also be helping Andreas
477
00:30:11,601 --> 00:30:13,186
{\an8}on this mission.
478
00:30:13,311 --> 00:30:14,979
{\an8}Glaciers
are changing up here very,
479
00:30:15,313 --> 00:30:18,983
very fast, they're melting and
every year we get more melt.
480
00:30:19,067 --> 00:30:21,986
What is happening at the edge
where the ice meets the ocean?
481
00:30:22,070 --> 00:30:24,197
We don't know how much water
actually is flowing through
482
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:26,574
this channel, how fast is
the water flowing, at what
483
00:30:26,658 --> 00:30:28,034
temperature is it?
484
00:30:28,117 --> 00:30:30,036
And a big challenge that
we are facing is,
485
00:30:30,119 --> 00:30:32,580
we can't measure it.
486
00:30:32,664 --> 00:30:33,623
Lucky number 7.
487
00:30:33,832 --> 00:30:35,458
But Andreas
hopes to change that with a
488
00:30:35,542 --> 00:30:37,085
new piece of tech...
489
00:30:37,168 --> 00:30:38,211
Oh my gosh.
490
00:30:38,294 --> 00:30:39,337
This is a drifter.
491
00:30:39,420 --> 00:30:40,713
Here we go.
492
00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:42,882
The plan is to
drop it into a river 10 miles
493
00:30:42,966 --> 00:30:45,510
inland on the glacier.
494
00:30:47,428 --> 00:30:49,472
It will travel down the
rapids, recording the water
495
00:30:49,556 --> 00:30:52,141
speed and pressure on the ice.
496
00:30:54,644 --> 00:30:56,479
Finally, if the drifter
makes it to the front of the
497
00:30:56,563 --> 00:30:59,524
glacier, it'll tell us
how much these rivers and
498
00:30:59,607 --> 00:31:03,486
waterfalls are influencing
the rate of retreat.
499
00:31:05,405 --> 00:31:07,282
For us to be
able to gather any information
500
00:31:07,365 --> 00:31:09,659
from these drifters, they have
to be deployed upstream enough
501
00:31:09,742 --> 00:31:12,453
so that they'll follow the
stream for enough distance to
502
00:31:12,537 --> 00:31:14,706
collect good data and then
go over the waterfall
503
00:31:14,789 --> 00:31:17,208
into the ocean.
504
00:31:17,292 --> 00:31:19,043
No easy task,
505
00:31:19,127 --> 00:31:22,881
how do you get to the
headwaters of a glacier?
506
00:31:22,964 --> 00:31:25,258
You walk.
507
00:31:35,184 --> 00:31:38,605
The rivers
form a dangerous maze...
508
00:31:38,688 --> 00:31:43,318
one wrong step and you
risk broken bones, or worse.
509
00:31:45,278 --> 00:31:46,362
Some rapids there.
510
00:31:46,446 --> 00:31:48,406
Yeah.
511
00:31:52,201 --> 00:31:54,287
Uh-oh...
that's big.
512
00:31:54,370 --> 00:31:56,164
That's a big one.
513
00:31:59,667 --> 00:32:00,877
Whenever you're ready.
514
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:03,338
Three, two, one.
515
00:32:03,421 --> 00:32:04,339
Yeah.
516
00:32:04,422 --> 00:32:06,674
Here we go.
517
00:32:06,758 --> 00:32:08,801
And
let's get out of this.
518
00:32:08,885 --> 00:32:10,511
Go, go.
519
00:32:10,595 --> 00:32:11,721
Nice one.
520
00:32:11,804 --> 00:32:14,474
Dig in the axe yeah.
521
00:32:15,475 --> 00:32:18,102
Stand on those toes...
522
00:32:18,186 --> 00:32:20,647
there you go, good work.
523
00:32:25,401 --> 00:32:29,405
After ten miles
of trekking they reach a
524
00:32:29,489 --> 00:32:32,033
suitable deployment spot.
525
00:32:32,325 --> 00:32:36,079
A river big enough to go all the
way to the front of the glacier.
526
00:32:36,704 --> 00:32:38,206
I'm just
letting the boat know that
527
00:32:38,289 --> 00:32:39,958
we've got these two drifters
that we're about to send out
528
00:32:40,041 --> 00:32:44,128
and I've gone ahead and
sent the GPS coordinates.
529
00:32:44,504 --> 00:32:46,422
Then we
are ready to deploy yeah?
530
00:32:46,506 --> 00:32:47,674
Alright.
531
00:32:47,757 --> 00:32:48,967
And wish it the best.
532
00:32:49,050 --> 00:32:50,510
Wish it good luck.
533
00:32:50,593 --> 00:32:52,220
Good luck.
534
00:32:52,303 --> 00:32:56,140
Ok and
three, two, one, and off you go.
535
00:33:00,269 --> 00:33:02,647
Three, two, one.
536
00:33:02,730 --> 00:33:05,608
Two
drifters are away.
537
00:33:13,491 --> 00:33:16,452
Waiting on the ocean, Eric and
Zoleka have the difficult task
538
00:33:16,536 --> 00:33:18,997
of finding the drifters...
539
00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:22,083
if they've
survived the rapids.
540
00:33:22,166 --> 00:33:24,168
You can scan now...
541
00:33:24,252 --> 00:33:27,964
we're just waiting for this
terminal to show a signal.
542
00:33:32,677 --> 00:33:35,888
I haven't heard
anything yet, nothing yet.
543
00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:41,936
Oh, we've got
one we've got one.
544
00:33:42,020 --> 00:33:44,564
Yeah, we got one.
545
00:33:44,647 --> 00:33:46,733
It should be off our
port bow somewhere;
546
00:33:46,816 --> 00:33:49,318
I think it's closer
to the glacier.
547
00:33:51,612 --> 00:33:54,949
Oh my gosh,
the swell is not helping!
548
00:34:00,079 --> 00:34:02,165
I can see it...
549
00:34:02,248 --> 00:34:04,000
my 12:00...
550
00:34:04,083 --> 00:34:05,918
I've got eyes on it.
551
00:34:06,002 --> 00:34:07,462
Both
devices have made it
552
00:34:07,545 --> 00:34:09,547
out of the glacier...
553
00:34:09,630 --> 00:34:11,841
but they've landed
in dangerous waters.
554
00:34:15,386 --> 00:34:20,141
Oh, calving
just happened, oh, oh my gosh.
555
00:34:26,439 --> 00:34:27,648
So,
what is the plan here?
556
00:34:28,024 --> 00:34:30,318
We're gonna do a
drive by and try and pick it up.
557
00:34:30,401 --> 00:34:31,444
Got it.
558
00:34:31,611 --> 00:34:33,321
I mean look at this the whole
glacier is disintegrating as
559
00:34:33,404 --> 00:34:36,574
we're up to it we really
have to be careful here.
560
00:34:38,409 --> 00:34:41,037
He's got it,
he's got it, he's got it.
561
00:34:41,120 --> 00:34:42,413
Great Job...
562
00:34:42,747 --> 00:34:45,875
okay we're ready for number two
if you're able to get that out.
563
00:34:45,958 --> 00:34:47,877
Two of them in.
564
00:34:47,960 --> 00:34:50,671
For the very
first time, Andreas's drifters
565
00:34:50,755 --> 00:34:53,466
have been successfully
retrieved from the ocean
566
00:34:53,549 --> 00:34:56,719
after a glacier deployment.
567
00:34:59,138 --> 00:35:02,266
In the ship's mixed reality lab,
the team is eager to see
568
00:35:02,350 --> 00:35:04,477
what secrets they reveal.
569
00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:06,104
This
basically shows what it looks
570
00:35:06,187 --> 00:35:10,358
like just below the waterfall
when it reaches the ocean.
571
00:35:11,067 --> 00:35:13,444
Glaciers with no
waterfalls are insulated by a
572
00:35:13,528 --> 00:35:16,697
layer of calm, cold
water at their base,
573
00:35:16,781 --> 00:35:20,076
so they melt very slowly.
574
00:35:22,370 --> 00:35:24,997
But here on Austfonna,
the drifter data reveals
575
00:35:25,081 --> 00:35:27,542
a different picture altogether.
576
00:35:27,667 --> 00:35:29,418
But what
we see now is you have the
577
00:35:29,502 --> 00:35:31,629
fresh water coming in and
that fresh water destroys the
578
00:35:31,712 --> 00:35:34,132
insulation layer of the cold
water, and what that will do
579
00:35:34,215 --> 00:35:36,843
is create heat, and that
heat is what's melting,
580
00:35:36,926 --> 00:35:38,761
what's driving the melt.
581
00:35:38,845 --> 00:35:41,139
Well it's a combination of
warmer ocean water and then
582
00:35:41,222 --> 00:35:44,308
the freshwater hitting and
creating the currents and
583
00:35:44,392 --> 00:35:47,603
those currents are the ones
that are driving the ice melt.
584
00:35:48,646 --> 00:35:50,481
Scientists had
expected this glacier to
585
00:35:50,565 --> 00:35:54,777
retreat at least
130 feet a year.
586
00:35:56,696 --> 00:35:59,907
But from the new drifter data,
Andreas has calculated,
587
00:35:59,991 --> 00:36:03,953
around each waterfall, the rate
of retreat could double.
588
00:36:08,207 --> 00:36:11,127
{\an8}And that's bad news
for polar bear moms.
589
00:36:16,174 --> 00:36:19,677
They need glaciers to reach
the ocean so that sea-ice can
590
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:23,848
anchor to them and make a
stable hunting platform.
591
00:36:32,940 --> 00:36:37,028
This revelation is
bittersweet for the team.
592
00:36:37,945 --> 00:36:39,822
It's
this really big sense of
593
00:36:39,906 --> 00:36:43,826
achievement that we've got
brand new data on how quickly
594
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:45,286
these glaciers are melting.
595
00:36:46,787 --> 00:36:48,915
But what it's telling us,
596
00:36:48,998 --> 00:36:51,918
well that makes me really
worried for polar bears.
597
00:36:52,001 --> 00:36:54,962
If the climate keeps warming,
is there a limit to how much
598
00:36:55,046 --> 00:36:57,423
more they can adapt?
599
00:37:01,052 --> 00:37:03,846
We've seen that
some of them can adapt,
600
00:37:03,930 --> 00:37:08,142
but is it enough with their
world changing so quickly?
601
00:37:12,813 --> 00:37:14,565
This
isn't just about polar bears.
602
00:37:14,649 --> 00:37:17,652
So much of the Arctic
is teeming with life.
603
00:37:18,361 --> 00:37:21,489
It drives ocean currents,
it moderates our climate...
604
00:37:21,572 --> 00:37:24,533
So much depends on it.
605
00:37:27,536 --> 00:37:30,665
{\an8}But the team
has hope for the future.
606
00:37:30,748 --> 00:37:32,750
{\an8}If the
world keeps to its promise and
607
00:37:32,833 --> 00:37:36,837
{\an8}limits temperature rise
to 1.5 degrees Celsius,
608
00:37:36,921 --> 00:37:40,383
{\an8}there should still be an ice
kingdom for polar bears.
609
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:44,804
{\an8}Svalbard's
polar bears are just about
610
00:37:44,887 --> 00:37:46,931
{\an8}hanging in there for now,
611
00:37:47,014 --> 00:37:50,184
{\an8}but for them to have
a real future...
612
00:37:50,268 --> 00:37:52,186
{\an8}that's on us.
613
00:37:57,650 --> 00:37:59,151
{\an8}Captioned by
Cotter Media Group.
42734
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