Original subtitles

[Music]

in the summer of 1586 radical catholics

planned to assassinate Elizabeth the

first Queen of England Queen Mary the

plotters want to place the Catholic Mary

Queen of Scots on the throne Mary

dreamed that she was going to be free

she might even become Queen England

Elizabeth spymaster Sir Francis

Walsingham is determined to stop them

Walsingham's fear of Catholic conspiracy

really literally keeps him awake at

night he masterminds an extraordinary

spy war to defend the Tudor dynasty

double agents betray their masters they

send messages written in secret inks and

complex codes this is a textbook piece

of espionage aney he couldn't make it up

for the purposes of fiction to save his

Queen Walsingham must first kill a queen

[Music]

in July 15 86 in a moated house in

Staffordshire the most dangerous woman

in England is practicing of Catholic

faith Mary Queen of Scots had been

chased out of her own Kingdom 18 years

earlier by rebellious Nobles at first

Queen Elizabeth had offered her fellow

monarch sanctuary Mary after all was her

second cousin she was intelligent and

charming but the mood had darkened

Elizabeth now saw the Catholic Mary at

the direct threat to the Protestant rule

[Music]

Elizabeth had reigned successfully for

25 years but she had never married and

she had no heir this really was tutoring

he was looking down the barrel of a gun

I mean this was a period where there was

no successor Elizabeth had refused

pressure to marry if Elizabeth died it

would be the end of the Tudor dynasty a

dynasty that had reigned for more than a

hundred years you know people had grown

up knowing nothing else than the Tudors

her father Henry the Eighth had broken

with Rome setting Protestants against

Catholics England was surrounded by

powerful Catholic enemies in France and

Spain

they saw their fellow Catholic Mary

Queen of Scots as the legitimate heir to

the English throne Mary Queen of Scots

represented so many danger she was

pre-eminently a dynastic threat to the

Queen Elizabeth's government believed

that Catholics all Catholics believed

that Mary was England's true queen and

not Elizabeth Catholicism had been

banned in England and the faith had been

driven underground

the priests who practiced it risked

their lives just by being a Catholic you

were equated with being a traitor so

religious belief Catholic belief became

treason

this was the man charged with preventing

Catholic resentment turning into

rebellion Sir Francis Walsingham was an

ardent Protestant he was the Queen's

principal secretary and a leading member

of her pretty council Walsingham's fear

of Catholic conspiracy really literally

keeps him awake at night he's fearful of

Catholic rebellion he's fearful of

conspiracy and he's fearful of invasion

and above all he's fearful of all of

these coming together around the person

of Mary Queen of Scots Walsingham even

feared that Mary posed a threat to

England's Protestant faith so long as

that devilish woman neither some Majesty

must make a count to continue her quiet

possession of her crown nor her faithful

servants assure themselves of safety of

their lives Walsingham's fears were

well-founded

during the early 1580s at least three

assassination plots against Elizabeth

were exposed

there was one plot that was uncovered

that would have poisoned the the saddle

of her horse the pommel of her horse and

the belief that she you know when she

touched it the poisonous vapors would be

absorbed into her into her skin now this

obviously didn't work but there were

fears to the poison might be placed

Elisabeth food or in her bed she the

most dangerous was an international

conspiracy masterminded by a

high-ranking English gentleman called

Sir Francis Throckmorton Francis

Throckmorton is intercepted in his

chamber in London when he's actually in

the process of writing a letter to Mary

Queen of Scots other correspondence is

found in his chamber relating to safe

landing places for a foreign Navy and

two English Catholic Nobles who could be

expected to rise up with this foreign

Catholic invading force

support the liberation of Mary Queen of

Scots and walking was so shaken by that

I think that it puts another spur into

his Secret Service activities to defend

the realm Walsingham set up an

intelligence HQ at his house in the

crowded streets around the Tower of

London

he was intercepting letters passing

between the Catholic governments in

France and Spain and their embassies in

London he was hunting for evidence of

plots against Elizabeth his team of

special accrue today gence began to spy

on Catholic enemies we have a picture of

Walsingham's

study in his home in the city of London

and it's an absolute mass of paper there

are bundles of interrogations

correspondence maps books that

information constantly flowing in there

are letters constantly flowing out

Walsingham's operation was mi5 and mi6

rolled into one washing them had a very

effective system of intercepting

correspondence even abroad on the post

ones of Europe he had an expert forger

on the payroll someone who was an

explosive opening packets and resealing

packets so it was if I was a business

standards rather extensive intelligence

operation above all Walsingham wanted to

stop the plotting between Mary and her

supporters he needed brilliant linguists

and clever code breakers and he found

one in his Cambridge educated chief

assistant Thomas Phillips the work that

Phillips was doing it along with the

other code breakers at the time is

equivalent to the work that say cheering

was doing at Bletchley Park in the

second world war it's essentially the

kind of cutting-edge research and level

of expertise encrypt analysis that is

currently being bound by GHQ

in the United Kingdom or NSA in America

Walsingham would break all the rules in

his war on Catholic extremism Phillips

and his team of agents would forge

documents torture priests and entrap

suspects nothing was off-limits Sir

Francis Walsingham sphere of a Catholic

rebellion in England was rooted deeply

in his own dramatic experience in August

1570 - he was the English ambassador in

Paris here he witnessed one of the

bloodiest massacres in sixteenth-century

history it began early on August the

23rd st. Bartholomew's day

[Applause]

it's a bell tolling from this church

sighs oh man look so wha that ignites a

general uprising of the Catholics of

Paris against their Protestant neighbors

the slaughter began with a murder of one

man but quickly spread to all

Protestants known as Hyuga nose across

the entire city tucked away of this busy

Paris streets as this statute - just

albertalli knew who was the first and

one of the great victims of the same

Quaffle amused a massacre colony was

admiral of france and he was the leader

of the Protestant Huguenots at fort he's

the man that will sing him new well

calling his death was particularly

horrible having been shot he was then

stabbed many times his body was thrown

out of a window and he was mutilated now

colony was a nobleman of course but the

same fate befell many ordinary citizens

of Paris hundreds of dead and dying

victims were hurled into the River Seine

[Music]

what has to be kept in mind is the fury

the rapidity of the beep those people

taken out slaughtered heap of bodies

industry bodies that were heap and cart

and dance in the river

The Killers wanted to wipe all trace of

the Protestant Huguenots from the city

there are a number of anecdotes of

witnesses that still women pregnant

women being stabbed being killed in the

street and thrown into the river water

of the river are turned red red with

blood

and the people say that they were

cradles on the river of those infants

that had been killed and thrown into the

water to make sure that they should and

outs have not survived around 3,000

people were butchered in Paris a third

of all the Protestants in the capital

thousands more were killed in other

towns across France Washington must have

been kept within the embassy for that it

wasn't in the streets when the throg

occurred but he must have heard his

queens of those people that were killed

in the streets

he must've smelled the bodies being

burned by the murderers he must have

known and seen four happy windows what

was occurring around for the embassy

wolfingham was plummet eyes by what he

saw as a slaughter of the innocent

without pity and compassion without

regard hand either of age or sex without

ordinary form of justice nothing has

made that extremity towards those of the

Potters of religion

he's tried to get his family out of the

embassy and his wife and her entourage

have been beaten up at 1:00 in the Paris

city gates so Wilson in genuine danger I

think during the massacre and this

really fears itself entity of mind he

never forgets what he witnesses the

murder a massacre of his friends and his

prophets and co-religionists and from

that moment on he is actually determined

to prevent seeing of sectarian violence

like this leaching into England in the

1580s Paris remained a hotbed for

radical Catholics including influential

English exiles fleeing from Elizabeth's

Protestant regime among them were a

handful who preached the violent

overthrow of Elizabeth as a heretic

Queen Mary Queen of Scots stayed in

touch with them through Thomas Morgan

her chief of intelligence Thomas Morgan

is an absolutely key player in Mary

Queen of Scots his intelligence

operation in Paris he's a specialist in

ciphers he's a cryptographer he devises

at 40 separate cipher alphabets for

Queen Mary but he's also important

because of the people he recruits

in the winter of 1585 Morgan was trying

to send secret letters to Mary he needed

a trusted courier and that December he

found one

he was an English Catholic gentleman who

had once trained as a priest gilbert

gifford a young Catholic radical meets

Morgan he absolutely makes a very

instantly favorable impression on Morgan

because Morgan immediately trusts him to

convey letters back to Mary Queen of

Scots we need to make sure our letters

get back to our queen gilbert Gifford

was perfect for Morgan he was a young

man used to traveling he had impeccable

Catholic credentials in England his

family came from Staffordshire and

Staffordshire was the county where Mary

was held prisoner ensuring litem home

Giffords mission was immensely dangerous

many Catholic exiles returning to

England risk severe punishment if they

were picked up by the security services

[Music]

Walsingham was even prepared to use

torture to extract information from

suspects he should be forced by torture

to deliver what he knows without torture

I know we shall not prevail but

undercover Catholics like Gilbert

Gifford had support networks to fill

them escaped arrest by the 1580s rich

Catholic families were building secret

chambers in their houses to conceal

visiting priests John Cooper is visiting

Harlington Hall built by the Packingtown

family to discover some of the most

remarkable hiding places

in Britain the house has seven secret

chambers or priest holds

john has not visited having Tanvir for

and his challenge now is to find them

it's actually very difficult to find

priest holes in a house of this period

the first priest holes that were

constructed were pretty rudimentary I

think but by the time that this house

was built for 1580s for this part of the

house they're really becoming very

sophisticated and very complicated they

needed to be to be because by the 1580s

to be a Catholic priest is to lead a

hunted existence oh that's it

my first priest hole

[Music]

in the 16th century the entrance to the

pit would have been disguised as part of

the floor my word it is terrifying it's

a pit 12 maybe even 14 feet down my word

it must have been claustrophobic down

there it's really scary actually time to

come out I think I feel quite unsettled

having been in there it was it was cold

and claustrophobic but there is actually

an atmosphere as well I think I mean I'm

not sure I believe in goes to the

supernatural but you can certainly feel

the presence of history in a place like

that but while John was first walking

off the main staircase he missed the

most cleverly concealed priests hole of

all the men who built it knew they were

playing a deadly game of hide-and-seek

with Walsingham's agents Catholic

households sometimes concealed priests

like Gilbert Gifford for days while

their homes were searched repeatedly in

the end guide Barbara Parks had to

reveal the halls most secret chamber the

curse happens look at that do people

have any idea that this is here when

visitors come to the house they must

just walk up the stairs as I walked up

the stairs and walk straight over and

over yes

what do you think looks like to be

hidden away in a priest Hall like that

must've been terrifying

they were usually very very dark you'd

have nothing to eat or drink no toilet

facilities

and all you could do was wait and hope

and pray he wouldn't be found and all

the time around you you could hear the

searchers knocking the house to pieces

to try to find you and you knew what

would a way to at the end of it if they

did

Gilbert Givet reached Charley Hall where

Mary was under house arrest in early

1586 he now had to smuggle his secret

correspondence past Mary's jailer to Amy

as Paulette he was a brute he would come

into her presence chamber and he would

tear down her cloth estate he would pull

down the regalia that it was associated

with her queenship because he said there

could only be one Queen in England and

Mary would protest and sometimes she

would burst into tears and then he would

sort of storm off

Paulette ordered regular unannounced

searches but he insulted Mary's real

status even further he would strip

search some of Mary's servants including

women servants because some of them

clearly did have to have access to the

outside world I mean phony for the sort

of domestic things like laundry of

course that was all hugely an offensive

of many breeds all sort of diplomatic

protocol

we married was actually rather

experienced a rather clever at getting

correspondence in and out doctor she had

quite a lot of practice in extension

under house arrest and so as well as

legislative gently being slipped in

either through the pages of books that

were coming in or possibly through it

through small packets letters were put

inside the heels of issues and

remembering the stole Queen and so she

was getting you know the sort of top

shoemakers Paris to send her smart shoes

Mary dealt with the security clampdown

by turning to spy craft herself she even

sent messages in invisible ink professor

James des Beaux is an expert in the

history of secret writing I'm now going

to perform an experiment of invisible

ink one of the classic ways in the 16th

century of sending secret correspondence

the experiment that I'm going to be

doing is based on lemon juice and the

writer would write a secret message in

lemon juice and then in order to read it

you would warm it in front of a flame

such as the candle that we have here and

reveal the hidden writing we'll need to

keep it in front of the flame in one

spot in order to allow the juice to warm

up

James knows there's a message written on

the paper but he has no idea what it

says it looks like okay here followed by

an eye and an L just about discernible

kill

th e the queue as you

kill the Queen did you know that the

message no no it was completely

completely invisible to me nobody

holding a piece of paper like this would

have known that there was something

written on it and this was indeed what

was intended that it was supposed to

pass as an ordinary piece of writing

only to be revealed by the holding in

front of a flame

but super Dinks were no use when

Walsingham's men were intercepting all

Mary's letters the Catholic courier

Gilbert Gifford had to find a new way of

breaking the security cordon around Mary

the solution was spy craft genius every

day barrels of beer was sent from a

brewery in Burton to near his prison in

Charlie Hall the bum of the barrel made

a perfect hiding place for secret

messages the brilliance is in a sense

that it's concealing a secret in plain

sight nobody would think to search a

large barrel full of beer this is a

textbook piece of espionage no you

couldn't make it up for the purposes of

fiction because actually what they were

doing was getting the very letters the

correspondence that everybody most

wanted to see under the noses of the

guards just to and fro which is openly

paraded of course nobody knew about it

so it was so well concealed

[Music]

at last there was the promise of a

secure channel to communicate with Mary

in the summer of 1586 extremists

planning the downfall of Elizabeth could

now tell the Queen of Scots about their

astonishing plan

[Music]

in July 15 86 Sir Francis Walsingham was

gathering intelligence of our plots

against Queen Elizabeth one of his

targets was a group of rich young

Catholics their ringleader was a

gentleman called Anthony Babington what

runs in parallel with Gilbert Giffords

efforts to get lesson two from Mary a

Charlie was a group of young Catholic

man began to talk about how difficult it

was to be Catholic and it was a big from

England their worries are about

persecution their Warriors are about

their families and their livelihood and

it would seem that over time and

conversation disgruntlement terms and

shapes into planning too

well singham already has Anthony

Babington in his science and he knows

about some of the other conspirators as

well and the really frightening thing

about a number of the Babington plot

errs and conspirators is how close they

are to the royal court some of them have

positions minor positions at court or

they have access to the course and that

means that they are genuinely credible

threat to the person of the Queen to

news at first babbington's group talked

only a freeing Mary Queen of Scots but

that summer their plan became even more

ambitious the big twist and big

development of the June and July 1586

was that plan became an effort to get

rid of Elizabeth once and for all and it

became a plan

for assassination the plan grew into an

international conspiracy when a Catholic

priest called John Ballard arrived in

London from Paris this meeting between

Babbington and Ballard is absolutely

crucial what happens apparently is that

Babbington tells Ballard there are four

gentlemen who are willing to assassinate

Elizabeth Ballad then goes over to

France reports this to Mendoza the

spanish ambassador who then reports it

to his master philip ii so it seems to

Philip and the other Catholic powers of

Europe that there are men willing and

able and ready to kill their queen on

the 15th of July Anthony Babington wrote

an infamous letter to Mary Queen of

Scots myself with ten gentlemen and a

hundred of our followers will undertake

the delivery of your royal person in the

hands of your enemies

the letter also described how another

group would assassinate Elizabeth

so the dispatcher they used over there

b6 noble gentleman who for the zeal they

bear the Catholic cause and service to

your majesty will undertake that

tragical execution I think there would

have been a huge gulp as she read that

letter because of course in that letter

was everything that Mary had hoped for

that those around her had sought to

mastermind for years but of course there

it was written down in so many words and

the very fact that it was on paper was

also hugely dangerous the thing about

Mary is that you know she's actually

very clever she's not at all stupid

about this and of course she's quite

experienced in Turkey she's very

experienced in diplomacy

she's also by this time quite

experienced in country and you know she

is suspicious naturally of what should

happen and she also knows that she has

to be very circumspect in the way that

she replies to Paddington there is

reaction when she received the letter

was to proceed very very cautiously this

was a point of contention what did she

do what did she write probably very

little and if Mary responded it was by

dictation notes were taken by her

secretaries and it took them a long time

to compose the letter it was composed

over to several weeks

[Music]

but on July the 21st disaster struck

Mary's letter was intercepted by her

enemies

it was meant for Babbington and the

plotters who wanted to free her but it

went straight to Thomas Phillips

Walsingham's right-hand man and chief

code breaker the spymaster had outwitted

the Queen of Scots

he'd been intercepting every single

letter sent by the barrel method

Gilbert Gifford the courier mary had

entrusted with her secret correspondence

was in fact a double agent yes

he'd been turned by Walsingham when he

first arrived in England the truth was

that Gilbert Gifford was captured picked

up at the port of Rye in December and

that from that moment after an interview

with Walsingham perhaps or Phillips who

he was

under their control and he was their man

probably and your father genius of

Francis Walsingham as an intelligence

chief is revealed by the fact that he

has been running the action of the

Babington plot since the beginning so in

effect the Babington plot is a sting

operation it was a brilliant coup at

last it seemed that Elizabeth's greatest

enemy Mary Queen of Scots could be

exposed and destroyed but the letter

they had intercepted from Mary was in

code one of the most sophisticated of

its day

if you've intercepted one of Mary's

coded actors what you have seen on the

page is just what looks like a random

set of symbols there have been various

marks and it would just look like

someone it was almost look like a spider

and crawling across the piece of paper

[Music]

cracking Mary's codes takes us deep into

the Elizabethan love of strange symbols

and hidden meanings

she used substitution codes in which

unusual characters represent individual

letters of the alphabet formula next

screen now is a fragment of one of the

letters that would have been sent by

Mary so as you can see it just looks

like a bunch of random symbols and

characters we can't see any information

about what the underlying English will

be and if you look at it it just just

seemed random but we look at it more

closely we suddenly see that some

letters are more telling than others

now it's a pretty big guess that if the

underlying language is English then the

most common letter that we see is likely

to correspond to a letter e to the

directory it's the most common letter in

English and then we start pursuing other

I'll reactors with in English the

letters came and I a very common

initially try and work out what the next

most common X's are and substitute those

in for the underlying point X comments

positive a bit more English if only it

was that simple

but Mary's code writers knew how

Walsingham's cryptographers worked so

they built in some clever little traps

to complicate matters for the person

tried to thank the code the person who's

made the code is added in extra details

that hide the underlying English so for

example there's either pink letters

which correspond to complete words so

for example they'll have a character

which will correspond to the common word

like that or work or and that this makes

the task of decrypt analyst much more

difficult because they've got much more

statistical information they need to

recover

as Philips labored over the letter

unlocking its secrets

he made an extraordinary discovery

Babbington had told Mary about the six

noble gentleman who would assassinate

Elizabeth Mary's reply was cautious but

it contained one incriminating sentence

by what means to the six gentlemen

deliberate to proceed Philips must have

been amazed at what he saw this is the

piece of evidence of Mary's complicity

in Babington plot it this is the piece

of evidence that Phillips on Walsingham

need to prove that Mary Queen of Scots

is guilty of treason it's the evidence

that they've been hunting for months and

years and Phillips had it in his hands

and he's so delighted with this that he

draws a gallows on his copy of the

original because he realizes this is a

piece of evidence which is going to hang

very Quinn's got he's at least of first

he's absolutely new for ik and of course

he writes those little gallows on LI or

on the back you know which is to say

gotcha

the thing is though that he then

reflects upon it a little bit more and

then he starts to worry have we really

got her you know there's this problem

the letter of baddington and Mary's

letter have got been read together and

what does and now set the gender' and

then set the six gentlemen to work what

does that actually mean Mary Queen of

Scots yes your sails will sing along

Philips worried that Mary's phrase was

not enough to guarantee her conviction

so they decided to let the plot continue

to see if Babbington and Mary would

incriminate themselves further

it's very important for Walsingham to

wait and see how many people will

respond when Mary sends the letter to

Asda Babbington mobilizing this

conspiracy incredibly Phillips now

forged a postscript to Mira's coded

letter the new section asked Babbington

for more information about the six

gentlemen that were going to kill

Elizabeth

it's as if Mary is asking Abington to

prove his allegiance by naming his

co-conspirators that is something of a

gamble but Walsingham's gamble went

horribly wrong although Phillips was

tracking Anthony Babington on August the

second he lost him the would-be assassin

was loose on the streets of London

[Music]

then Walsingham got lucky like her

chance

another of his agents spotted Babbington

the next day the spymaster now had to

decide whether to pull him in or to

leave him free to reply to Mary's letter

it is a hard matter to resolve only this

I conclude it would better to lack the

answer that electric come our Walsingham

acted too late

really I don't know the conspirators

were already fearful of discovery then

by chance one of them was arrested for

an unrelated offence Babbington panicked

on the 4th of august when John Ballard

was picked up not as a conspirator but

as a Catholic priest Paddington was

profoundly worried he panicked

he ran the conspirators the group of

conspirators dispersed

with Babbington on the run Walsingham

turned his attention to Mary on August

the 11th she was offered a brief taste

of freedom a chance to go out riding

Mary's been kept in she's been kept in

actually for weeks and a month

the one thing she wants to do is to get

outside and they say you can go riding

and legs are quite with that day she'll

answer horse it's the first time in

facts

ages that she's been on horseback they

come out and has a servant with her they

ride out and then just as they're going

over the brow of a small hill in front

of her she sees what she believes to be

ten catholic gentlemen and a hundred

followers riding towards her and for her

this is an apocalyptic moment because it

seems that it's all going to come true

she's going to be rescued she's going to

be freed she may even become queen of

England

but the writers were Walsingham's men

nari had been lured out that summer's

day so that her lodgings could be

searched for evidence

now Walsingham's trap was about to

spring the shot when the leader of the

posse approached he spoke to a Myers

Paulette and Paula told Mary if she was

to be taken here two ticks all through

this gateway at this she attempted to

lie her way out of the situation she

said why would I plot against my good

cousin it was a birth you know this

isn't this is not me I know nothing

about this so quick lot to kill her Paul

it wasn't having any of this you know

you're coming with us you know this is

it you've got to do what we're told Mary

Queen of Scots the thorn in the side of

Protestant England had finally been

snared

now Walsingham how to persuade Elizabeth

to order the execution of her fellow

Queen Sir Francis Walsingham spy

operation had trapped Mary Queen of

Scots

a few days later England's most wanted

man Anthony Babington was finally

tracked down hiding in a barn near

Harrow Babbington and the other

conspirators were taken to the tower

you

this is a piece of procedure by one of

the key conspirators in the Babington

plot John Ballard in 1586 after he'd

been arrested he was here in the Beecham

tower and here he says hope in God he

realizes that the end is nigh these were

men who devoutly believed in their cause

they were not just going to crumble at

the first sign of torture or threat and

so they really withheld as much as

possible the interrogations of Elizabeth

ministers but eventually they had to

give way and they suffered terribly for

that Babbington and 13 others were

sentenced to a hideous death elizabeth

had intervened and wanted their death to

be specially horrible as a warning to

all conspirators they were hanged until

they were nearly dead they were taken

down from the scaffold their bodies were

ripped open and they were disemboweled

their bowels were burnt in front of them

and then their limbs were removed and

put on poles a prominent public sites

all around London this was an appalling

and visceral warning against treason

[Music]

three weeks after the execution of the

Babington plot errs Mary herself was

brought to trial she denied the charges

and turned on Walsingham accusing him of

entrapment Mary put a finger on this

because at the trial she actually calls

wolfing and briefly to account

you know she serves you know basically

you've used immoral methods you trap me

she knew that she'd been got by some

form of in front of it didn't know quite

exactly what it was Mary even dared to

ask wadding him whether he was an honest

man I assure you that Ivor no ill will

to no other I have attempted no one's

death I protested on an an of conscience

and a faithful servant to my mistress

Walsingham would not admit that he had

actively controlled the entire plot no

mention of recruiting gilbert gifford no

acknowledgement that Mary's letters have

been sent via the beer barrel system set

up by Walsingham's men

besides that all Mary's accusations by

making just one bland admission I

confess that I am ever vigilant

regarding all concerning the safety of

my Queen and country

I have closely watched all conspiracies

against either

these are weasel words really I mean the

fact is she being framed yes but was the

plot but if you would if this was a case

that was going to be heard in the US

Supreme Court she get off because it was

entrapment she does engage in acts of

entrapment but at the core of it some of

these conspiracies some of this Catholic

threat is real I think and there is this

shadow of a chance that without Francis

Walsingham one of those assassins would

have got through Elizabeth might have

been poisoned she might have been shot

she must be run through with a rapier

and then the course of English history

would have been very different there

could only be one verdict in Mary's

trial on October the 25th she was

sentenced to death for conspiring to

murder Elizabeth

but Elizabeth delayed signing Mary's

execution warrant she was a fellow

Moloch blessed by God however many

crimes she had committed Elizabeth I

think where they felt that to execute

Mary with an offense to set a pretty

awful precedent Elizabeth finally signed

the warrant in February 1587 but even

then she wouldn't release it Elizabeth

signed Barry's death warrant

pretty reluctantly and she appears or

which said that she can tomb and at her

action fairly quickly but the warrant

was whisked away on the orders of the

Privy Council it was carried to

Fotheringay it was taken to certain

areas Paulette Mary's keeper and Mary

was executed within practically hour

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Elizabeth was furious she says that she

hadn't sanctioned this she threatens to

throw all of her counters in the tower

in these days after the execution

Elizabeth you know neither eats nor

sleeps and she she's completely

tormented by what's happened she

actually feels like it's undermined her

position or the by virtue of the fact

that she says that she was you know that

the counselors had acted without her

direct safe though

Elizabeth's rage over Mary's

unauthorised execution eventually died

down but the consequences of the heading

an anointed monarch were serious

from Elizabeth's point of view in

executing Mary what had happened was

that she had been a party to the killing

of a Divine Right Queen

these were rulers who they believed had

been put there by God and they were

accountable only to God if you become a

party to killing a fellow ruler you have

in effect devalued monarchy and indeed

in England it did largely make it

accountable to Parliament art at that

time and the equipment's have cut off

Charles the first head in 1649 with

quite such means if you haven't first of

all cut off Mary Stewart's head

Walsingham had hoped that Mary's death

would remove the Catholic threat instead

their execution enraged the Catholic

world

a year later King Philip of Spain

launched an armada against England

once again Walsingham's intelligence

operation turned to the defense of the

realm he'd saved his queen now he had to

save his country

the difference between life and death

addressed the decision-making of an

elite squad of medics next slide as the

new trauma doctors every second counts

continue

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